作者要感谢蒂姆·克兰茨来自美国宇航局格伦和杜安Detwiler本田研发的技术支持和实物捐助。由智能汽车概念中心（www.SmartVehicleCenter.org）的成员组织提供的这项研究的财政支持，国家科学基金会工业/大学合作研究中心（I / UCRC）。 SD由一个智能汽车概念研究生奖学金和大学奖学金俄亥俄州立大学研究生院的支持。

1.开发改性摩擦磨损试验机<ol><li>安装卡盘电机子系统。 <ol><li>等级隔振表。放置在桌子上的直流电动机;平电机垫片，并用struts和螺栓固定。将电机周围支撑架。 </li><li>花键轴连接到使用密钥电机轴。把支承板与花键轴经历在板孔中的框架上。集推力针滚子轴承在支撑板和周围的花键轴。润滑轴承，切削液。 </li><li>通过适配器板，其具有在一侧具有花键轴连接，而在另一侧的卡盘的螺栓图案连接花键轴到卡盘。在这一点上，卡盘支持通过推力轴承的帧并且连接到通过适配器板的马达。 </li></ol></li><li>安装gymbal组装。 <ol><li>构建使用U型支柱，支架支撑框架，和螺栓。使用四长支柱的支柱，并使用三个短的如横梁。 </li><li>使用固定支架和螺钉的四大支柱，以隔振表。该gymbal组装连接用螺栓和螺母中间横梁。 </li><li>安装在gymbal装配一个水平取向的负载传感器;刚性地连接的负载传感器的gymbal组件的框架的一侧，而另一侧连接到gymbal臂用钢丝。 </li></ol></li><li>组装压电促动器。 <ol><li>插入3在长，通过在压电叠层的孔全螺纹杆;放一个垫圈和一个螺母在堆栈的每一端;留下约1/8的线程一个螺母的端部突出的。 </li><li>拧紧螺母两端用来在堆叠的预压。使用连接螺母和垫圈长，外露螺纹的gymbal手臂。螺纹橡子螺母上，在卡盘压电致动器和插入盘的另一端（本橡子螺母和光盘用于建立的目的，不用于测试）。 </li><li>调整gymbal组件的高度，使橡子螺母是在与盘的顶部接触和gymbal臂处于水平状态。 </li><li>调整gymbal组件的位置，以使橡子螺母和圆盘之间的接触点为约25毫米远离光盘的旋转中心。拧紧所有螺栓的设置，以确保稳定。 </li></ol></li><li>设置信号产生，信号放大，和数据采集子系统。 <ol><li>数据采集​​系统连接到一个实验室计算机。信号发生器的输出连接到电源放大器的输入。连接放大器的输出与压电堆的输入线。放大器显示器连接到所述数据采集系统。 </li><li>测力传感器连接到信号调节器，然后将信号调节器的输出端连接到数据采集系统。 </li></ol></li><li>其他的设置。<ol><li>连接空气软管铺空气。固定软管到框架的端部，使得在所述压电致动器的出口点。胶带热电偶的尖端向压电致动器。连接热电偶导线读者;挂读者在框架上。 </li></ol></li></ol> 2.预试验前的准备<ol><li>校准马达的旋转速度。 <ol><li>连接磁铁到卡盘的边缘。代替霍尔效应探头靠近卡盘。连接霍尔效应探头的输出，以高斯计，其连接到数据采集系统。 </li><li>打开数据采集软件，并开始数据采集。转动电机上;转动电机控制器的速度旋钮10（最低转速的马达提供）。之后，电机转动10圈，关闭电机。结束数据采集。 </li><li>分析所保存的数据;从高斯计的输出信号的两个峰值之间的时间是时间为电机腐烂吃了一整圈。 </li><li>转动旋钮从10到100（最高转速的马达提供）以10为增量;重复步骤2.1.2至2.1.3。 </li></ol></li><li>放置负荷传感器垫橡子螺母和盘之间以测量在界面上的法向力。精细机使用车床测试盘的表面上。 </li><li>清洁橡子螺母和光盘进行测试之前，立即进行测试。 <ol><li>戴上塑料手套，面对mask.Prepare个实验室湿巾;它们折叠成1平方英寸。喷在组织广场乙醇;轻轻擦拭橡子螺母和光盘与他们的表面。 </li></ol></li><li>安装干净的橡子螺母和光盘。 <ol><li>螺纹橡子螺母到压电致动器，具有开口扳手拧紧。插入在卡盘盘;调整位置，以确保橡子螺母的前端与所述磁盘表面接触。 </li><li>对准盘和gymbal臂的顶表面上。拧紧卡盘等等该盘被牢固地保持。 </li></ol></li><li>测量盘旋转的跳动。 <ol><li>在夹具安装激光位移传感器，并放置旁边的摩擦计夹具。调整传感器的高度和角度，使该盘是在传感器的范围内，并且所述激光束是垂直于盘。 </li><li>传感器的输出连接到数据采集系统。启动数据采集。打开电机和旋转盘10圈;关闭电机。结束数据采集。 </li></ol></li></ol> 3.执行测试<ol><li>试验的超声波振动。 <ol><li>杭2 N重上一个钩连接到gymbal臂通过电线和两个滑轮。重量被用于应用橡子螺母和盘之间的正常负载。 </li><li>挂起另一2N的重量上，连接到gymbal臂，以提供一个水平预紧称重传感器的其它钩。 </li><li>设置信号发电机以提供连续的正弦信号的DC的3伏偏置，的3伏幅度，和22千赫（压电致动器的谐振频率）的频率。需要注意的是3伏偏置被用来防止张力在压电致动器。 </li><li>开始数据采集（减少摩擦力）。打开放大器并转动增益旋钮15，其对应于4.67的实际增益（该增益旋钮数字是任意的）。 </li><li>转动电机上;设定的旋转速度，以6.67的转速，以提供20.3毫米/秒的线速度。运行测试4小时。 </li><li>关闭电机和驱动器，然后停止数据采集。取出测试橡子螺母和光盘从设置向上;重复步骤2.3至2.5，安装新的橡子螺母和光盘。 </li><li>重复步骤3.1.1至3.1.6。在步骤3.1.5，设置转速13.3转速和28.7的转速，以提供40.6毫米/秒，87毫米/秒，分别线速度;运行测试2和0.94小时correspondingly。 </li></ol></li><li>测试没有超声波振动。 <ol><li>重复步骤3.1.6改变橡子坚果和光盘。重复步骤3.1.1至3.1.6与信号发生器和信号放大器关闭（测得的摩擦是内在的摩擦）。 </li></ol></li></ol> 4.光学轮廓测量<ol><li>测量准备<ol><li>立即用2.3步测量前清洗光盘。使周围的盘的轮缘8均匀分布的标记。打开轮廓软件。 </li><li>提高透镜，以便有透镜和样品平台之间有足够的间隙。级的样品平台。将一块实验室擦拭平台上。 </li><li>轻轻地放在试样上朝向轮廓的前八个标记之一的组织的顶部。 </li></ol></li><li>测量设置。 <ol><li>选择VSI（立式扫描干涉）为处理类型。选择5X镜头大视场和整体造型。通过2.4毫米挑0.55X倍率为1.8毫米的扫描区域。 </li><li>选择1X扫描速度。设定扫描范围为-100米到100米。向下把镜头对着样品，直到在屏幕上的图像模糊。调整透镜的高度，直到该图像清晰。 </li><li>选择2作为扫描的数量来平均每个测量。点击测量按钮。 </li></ol></li><li>后测量程序。 <ol><li>使用软件中的纠正原始图像为整个样本的倾斜所定义的视觉配方。打开分析工具箱中的软件。 </li><li>从“基本统计”项目获得测量粗糙度值。从“卷”项得到的扫描区域内的磨损伤痕的测量体积损失。 </li><li>减的1D轮廓的图像在x和y方向的二维轮廓，所述三维轮廓，以及粗糙度值表。顺时针旋转样品，直到第Ë下一个标记所面临的轮廓的前面。 </li></ol></li><li>重复步骤4.2至4.3的其余7痕迹。 </li><li>重复步骤4.1。 4.4对所有六个光盘。 </li></ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

实验使用该协议来研究线性速度对超声波摩擦和磨损减少的效果进行。的测量结果表明，超声波振动有效地减少摩擦和磨损，在三个线性速度。符合现有的观察，摩擦减小的量从62.2％在20.3毫米/秒减小到29.3％，在87毫米/秒。磨损减少是微不足道的不断变化的线速度（45.8％至48.6％）。 材料特性如杨氏模量和屈服强度可能当超声波穿过材料发射发生变化。这通常被称为超声软?...

摩擦存在于两个接触表面的界面，当他们滑动或相对于彼此滚动。摩擦通常发生随着磨料或粘附磨损。1超声波的背后是高频现象的科学，也就是说，波行进以上频率的声范围（20千赫）。超声波的领域包括两种根本不同的制度。一种机制包括象在成像过程使用，例如医疗超声或结构的非破坏性检查低强度波。另一种是，其中高能量​​波被用于执行或帮助工程过程，如塑料和金属焊接的高功率制度。它已被证明在两个表面的界面，后一种超声波振动的应用在滑动接触减少有效摩擦力在界面处。这种现象被称为超声润滑。 实现两个滑动对象之间的超声波的润滑，以超声波频率相对振动，必须在它们之间建立。振动通常施加到两个对象中的一个，无论是在纵向，横向，或垂直的方向相对于滑动速度。在这项研究中，一个摩擦计的销装配有压电致动器，使得其尖端垂直振动的方向与摩擦计的旋转盘。压电材料是一类“智能”的材料变形时，接触到的电场，振动在相同的频率作为激励场。压电材料可在频率以及振动到MHz范围内。被叠加到宏观速度，超声振动具有交替的瞬时摩擦力的方向与所述表面之间的接触，这在组合导致减少的有效摩擦力和表面磨损的效果。 </p&gt; 超声波摩擦减少已被证明在实用的制造系统。例如，此技术已被用于降低刀具和工件在金属加工和成形，例如钻孔，冲压，轧制片，和拉丝过程之间的力。好处包括改善表面光洁度2和昂贵的和有害环境的洗涤剂减少需要从最终产物中除去润滑剂。有在其他区域的超声波润滑潜在应用程序。例如，超声波润滑可通过省去了润滑剂或涂层基本上提高个人保健品的用户体验。在汽车应用中，摩擦调制可以提高球窝接头的性能，而车辆座椅和轨之间的摩擦减少有助于座椅移动，节省空间和质量，否则将通过传统的组件和mechani被占用短信。超声波的润滑也有助于提高燃料效率通过减少摩擦在动力总成和悬挂系统。3在空间应用中，传统的润滑剂不能使用，超声波润滑可以用于减少磨损，显着延长的关键部件的寿命。 通过超声波润滑减摩实验室演示多不胜数。摩擦减少被量化为没有超声波润滑和施加超声振动的摩擦力测量的摩擦力之间的差别。在两种情况下，摩擦力直接测量与力传感器。利特曼等人4-5连接的压电驱动致动器到一个滑动件，在其上的力传感器和一帧被安装用于测量摩擦力和施加正常负载。气动致动器被用来将滑动件一起沿导轨致动器推动。 UltrasoniÇ振动进行的方向上施加纵向的滑动速度。巴拉德瓦和Dapino 6-7进行使用连接到一个锥形波导在堆叠的任一端的压电致动器叠层类似的实验。触点锥体的球形边缘和导轨的表面之间发生了。系统参数，例如接触刚度，正常负载，和整体刚度的影响进行了研究。 Kumar和哈钦斯8安装在其通过超声换能器激励的超声波发生器的销。分别产生并传送到销，将其放置成与工具钢表面接触的超声波振动。法向力是由一个气压缸施加和由测力传感器测得。销和盘之间的相对运动是由一个往复表创建。 Pohlman和Lehfeldt 9还实施了销-盘试验。不像其他的研究中，他们使用了一个magnetostrict香港专业教育学院换能器产生超声波振动。为了研究最佳方向超声波减小摩擦，换能器小心地对准，使得所述振动方向为纵向，横向，并垂直于宏观速度。他们研究了干燥和润滑表面超声波减少摩擦。波波夫等人10利用带锥形波导的致动器。致动器被放置在与旋转底板接触。取得九材料的各种硬度锥被采纳，研究材料的硬度对超声波摩擦减小的影响。洞和Dapino 11月13日使用的压电换能器以产生并传送超声波振动的棱柱波导具有圆边。纵向振动引起的垂直振动，由于泊松效应。采用了弧形顶部的滑盖划归在接触波导。一个框架的建立是为了应用法向力在接触界面。 Ť他滑块被手动拉动围绕波导的中心区域;摩擦力是通过被连接到所述滑动件的负载传感器测量的。 超声波诱导降低磨损进行了研究和论证。容积损失，体重减轻，以及表面粗糙度的改变被用来量化wear.Chowdhury的严重程度和Helali 14中的销-盘设置振动的旋转盘。由位于旋转盘下两个平行的板的支撑结构中产生的振动。顶板具有球形球安装偏离中心在底表面上，滑动在被刻在底板的上表面，一个槽。槽被加工具有周期性可变深度，使得顶板旋转期间上下移动。频率按照旋转速度大约100赫兹不等。 科比和约克15-16研究对W微振动的影响耳下降。它们通过一个保持器插入一个碳圆筒一端休息纺丝钢盘，并连接到一个线圈弹簧的另一端上。在一种情况下，该圆筒紧贴装配在支架中，使有振动没有空间。在另一些情况下，间隙被留，以允许微振动气缸而气缸是在与纺丝盘接触。重量损失气缸测定来计算磨损率。结果表明，在自生的微振动得益于高达50％的减少磨损。 后藤和芦田17-18还通过销-盘试验。它们经由一锥形锥和一个喇叭连接销样品的换能器。销垂直于盘表面振动的方向。一团是连接到换能器在其顶部施加正常负载。摩擦力从被施加到转动盘上的扭矩被翻译。磨损被认定为粘接剂，因为这两个碳钢针和盘发了言。磨损率计算从量损耗测量。 它已经显示，线性速度起着超声波润滑中起重要作用。这项研究的实验部分侧重于摩擦和磨损减少对线速度的依赖性。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>DC Motor&#160;</td>
			<td>Minarik&#160;</td>
			<td>SL14</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Electrical amplifier</td>
			<td>AE Techron</td>
			<td>LVC5050</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Signal conditioner&#160;</td>
			<td>Vishay Measurements Group</td>
			<td>2310</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Signal generator</td>
			<td>Agilent&#160;</td>
			<td>33120A</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Piezoelectric stack</td>
			<td>EDO corporation</td>
			<td>EP200-62</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Load cell</td>
			<td>Transducer Techniques</td>
			<td>MLP-50</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Load sensor pad</td>
			<td>FlexiForce</td>
			<td>A201</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Laser meter</td>
			<td>Keyence corporation&#160;</td>
			<td>LK-G32</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hall-effect probe and gaussmeter</td>
			<td>Walker Scientific, Inc.</td>
			<td>MG-4D</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Data acquisition module</td>
			<td>Data Physics</td>
			<td>Quattro</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Data acquisition software</td>
			<td>Data Physics</td>
			<td>SignalCalc Ace</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Thermocouple reader</td>
			<td>Omega</td>
			<td>HH22</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Optical profilometer</td>
			<td>Bruker</td>
			<td>Contour GT</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Profilometer operation software</td>
			<td>Bruker&#160;</td>
			<td>Vision 64</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

experiments on ultrasonic lubrication using a piezoelectrically-assisted tribometer and optical profilometer

摩擦和磨损是不利的工程系统。当两个滑动表面之间的界面被振动在高于声范围（20千赫）的频率的超声波的润滑得以实现。作为一个固态技术，超声波润滑可以用在常规的润滑剂是不可行或不希望的。此外，超声波润滑允许两个滑动表面之间的有效摩擦系数的电调制。此属性可允许修改其摩擦状态和相关的动态响应的经营条件的变化自适应系统。面磨损，也可以通过超声波润滑降低。我们开发的协议，调查减少摩擦力的依赖，并减少磨损对超声波润滑表面之间的线性滑动速度。的销 - 盘摩擦计建其不同于商业单位中的压电堆用于振动该销22在千赫垂直于旋转盘的表面。摩擦和磨损指标，包括有效摩擦力，体积损失，和表面粗糙度测量不具有和具有超声波振动以1至4兆帕和三种不同的滑动速度恒定的压力：20.3，40.6，和87毫米/秒。光学轮廓被利用到耐磨表面表征。有效摩擦力是由62％的在20.3毫米/秒减小。始终与现有理论的超声波润滑，在摩擦力减小％的减少而增加的速度，下降到减少29％的摩擦力在87毫米/秒。磨损减少基本保持恒定（49％），在考虑的三个速度。

这里提出的代表性的测量是从图 1中所示的改进摩擦计获得的。所述压电致动器产生振动与为2.5μm振幅在22千赫的频率。来研究摩擦的依赖性和磨损减少的线速度，三种不同的速度（20.3，40.6，和87毫米/秒）通过改变电动机的旋转速度被施加到盘。对所有三个组，盘片的转数和销的行进距离被选为1600和292.5米分别。标称旋转直径为50毫米。其他参数，诸如法向力，振动频率和振动振幅保...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Experiments on Ultrasonic Lubrication Using a Piezoelectrically-assisted Tribometer and Optical Profilometer at JoVE.com

Experiments on Ultrasonic Lubrication Using a Piezoelectrically-assisted Tribometer and Optical Profilometer

We present a protocol for using a piezoelectrically-assisted tribometer and optical profilometer to investigate the dependence of ultrasonic wear and friction reduction on linear velocity, contact pressure, and surface properties.

使用超声波润滑实验一压电辅助摩擦试验机和光学轮廓

Friction and wear are detrimental to engineered systems. Ultrasonic lubrication is achieved when the interface between two sliding surfaces is vibrated at ...

experiments-on-ultrasonic-lubrication-using-piezoelectrically

Research

JoVE Journal

Engineering

12.5K 次观看.  The Ohio State University. We present a protocol for using a piezoelectrically-assisted tribometer and optical profilometer to investigate the dependence of ultrasonic wear and friction reduction on linear velocity, contact pressure, and surface properties. 

视频: Experiments on Ultrasonic Lubrication Using a Piezoelectrically-assisted Tribometer and Optical Profilometer

Construction and Testing of Coin Cells of Lithium Ion Batteries

Rechargeable lithium ion batteries have wide applications in electronics, where customers always demand more capacity and longer lifetime. Lithium ion batteries have also been considered to be used in electric and hybrid vehicles1 or even electrical grid stabilization systems2. All these applications simulate a dramatic increase in the research and development of battery materials3-7, including new materials3,8, doping9, nanostructuring10-13, coatings or surface modifications14-17 and novel binders18. Consequently, an increasing number of physicists, chemists and materials scientists have recently ventured into this area. Coin cells are widely used in research laboratories to test new battery materials; even for the research and development that target large-scale and high-power applications, small coin cells are often used to test the capacities and rate capabilities of new materials in the initial stage. 
 In 2010, we started a National Science Foundation (NSF) sponsored research project to investigate the surface adsorption and disordering in battery materials (grant no. DMR-1006515). In the initial stage of this project, we have struggled to learn the techniques of assembling and testing coin cells, which cannot be achieved without numerous help of other researchers in other universities (through frequent calls, email exchanges and two site visits). Thus, we feel that it is beneficial to document, by both text and video, a protocol of assembling and testing a coin cell, which will help other new researchers in this field. This effort represents the "Broader Impact" activities of our NSF project, and it will also help to educate and inspire students.
In this video article, we document a protocol to assemble a CR2032 coin cell with a LiCoO2 working electrode, a Li counter electrode, and (the mostly commonly used) polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) binder. To ensure new learners to readily repeat the protocol, we keep the protocol as specific and explicit as we can. However, it is important to note that in specific research and development work, many parameters adopted here can be varied. First, one can make coin cells of different sizes and test the working electrode against a counter electrode other than Li. Second, the amounts of C black and binder added into the working electrodes are often varied to suit the particular purpose of research; for example, large amounts of C black or even inert powder were added to the working electrode to test the "intrinsic" performance of cathode materials14. Third, better binders (other than PVDF) have also developed and used18. Finally, other types of electrolytes (instead of LiPF6) can also be used; in fact, certain high-voltage electrode materials will require the uses of special electrolytes7.

A protocol to construct and test coin cells of lithium ion batteries is described. The specific procedures of making a working electrode, preparing a counter electrode, assembling a cell inside a glovebox and testing the cell are presented.

钮扣电池锂离子电池的建设和测试

Rechargeable lithium ion batteries have wide applications in electronics, where customers always demand more capacity and longer lifetime.  Lithium ion ...

科研

工程学

Fabricating Metamaterials Using the Fiber Drawing Method

Metamaterials are man-made composite materials, fabricated by assembling components much smaller than the wavelength at which they operate 1. They owe their electromagnetic properties to the structure of their constituents, instead of the atoms that compose them. For example, sub-wavelength metal wires can be arranged to possess an effective electric permittivity that is either positive or negative at a given frequency, in contrast to the metals themselves 2. This unprecedented control over the behaviour of light can potentially lead to a number of novel devices, such as invisibility cloaks 3, negative refractive index materials 4, and lenses that resolve objects below the diffraction limit 5. However, metamaterials operating at optical, mid-infrared and terahertz frequencies are conventionally made using nano- and micro-fabrication techniques that are expensive and produce samples that are at most a few centimetres in size 6-7. Here we present a fabrication method to produce hundreds of meters of metal wire metamaterials in fiber form, which exhibit a terahertz plasmonic response 8. We combine the stack-and-draw technique used to produce microstructured polymer optical fiber 9 with the Taylor-wire process 10, using indium wires inside polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) tubes. PMMA is chosen because it is an easy to handle, drawable dielectric with suitable optical properties in the terahertz region; indium because it has a melting temperature of 156.6 &deg;C which is appropriate for codrawing with PMMA. We include an indium wire of 1 mm diameter and 99.99% purity in a PMMA tube with 1 mm inner diameter (ID) and 12 mm outside diameter (OD) which is sealed at one end. The tube is evacuated and drawn down to an outer diameter of 1.2 mm. The resulting fiber is then cut into smaller pieces, and stacked into a larger PMMA tube. This stack is sealed at one end and fed into a furnace while being rapidly drawn, reducing the diameter of the structure by a factor of 10, and increasing the length by a factor of 100. Such fibers possess features on the micro- and nano- scale, are inherently flexible, mass-producible, and can be woven to exhibit electromagnetic properties that are not found in nature. They represent a promising platform for a number of novel devices from terahertz to optical frequencies, such as invisible fibers, woven negative refractive index cloths, and super-resolving lenses.

Metamaterials at terahertz frequencies offer unique opportunities, but are challenging to fabricate in bulk. We adapt the fabrication procedure for microstructured polymer optical fibers to inexpensively fabricate metamaterials potentially on an industrial scale. We produce polymethylmethacrylate fibers containing ~10 &mu;m diameter indium wires separated by ~100 &mu;m, which exhibit a terahertz plasmonic response.

制造超材料使用光纤拉丝法

Metamaterials are man-made composite materials, fabricated by assembling components much smaller than the wavelength at which they operate 1. They owe ...

Optical Trapping of Nanoparticles

Optical trapping is a technique for immobilizing and manipulating small objects in a gentle way using light, and it has been widely applied in trapping and manipulating small biological particles. Ashkin and co-workers first demonstrated optical tweezers using a single focused beam1. The single beam trap can be described accurately using the perturbative gradient force formulation in the case of small Rayleigh regime particles1. In the perturbative regime, the optical power required for trapping a particle scales as the inverse fourth power of the particle size. High optical powers can damage dielectric particles and cause heating. For instance, trapped latex spheres of 109 nm in diameter were destroyed by a 15 mW beam in 25 sec1, which has serious implications for biological matter2,3.
A self-induced back-action (SIBA) optical trapping was proposed to trap 50 nm polystyrene spheres in the non-perturbative regime4. In a non-perturbative regime, even a small particle with little permittivity contrast to the background can influence significantly the ambient electromagnetic field and induce a large optical force. As a particle enters an illuminated aperture, light transmission increases dramatically because of dielectric loading. If the particle attempts to leave the aperture, decreased transmission causes a change in momentum outwards from the hole and, by Newton's Third Law, results in a force on the particle inwards into the hole, trapping the particle. The light transmission can be monitored; hence, the trap can become a sensor. The SIBA trapping technique can be further improved by using a double-nanohole structure.
The double-nanohole structure has been shown to give a strong local field enhancement5,6. Between the two sharp tips of the double-nanohole, a small particle can cause a large change in optical transmission, thereby inducing a large optical force. As a result, smaller nanoparticles can be trapped, such as 12 nm silicate spheres7 and 3.4 nm hydrodynamic radius bovine serum albumin proteins8. In this work, the experimental configuration used for nanoparticle trapping is outlined. First, we detail the assembly of the trapping setup which is based on a Thorlabs Optical Tweezer Kit. Next, we explain the nanofabrication procedure of the double-nanohole in a metal film, the fabrication of the microfluidic chamber and the sample preparation. Finally, we detail the data acquisition procedure and provide typical results for trapping 20 nm polystyrene nanospheres.

The following setup approach details low power optical trapping of dielectric nanoparticles using a double-nanohole in metal film.

纳米粒子的光学捕获

Optical trapping is a technique for immobilizing and manipulating small objects in a gentle way using light, and it has been widely applied in trapping ...

Characterization of Surface Modifications by White Light Interferometry: Applications in Ion Sputtering, Laser Ablation, and Tribology Experiments

In materials science and engineering it is often necessary to obtain quantitative measurements of surface topography with micrometer lateral resolution. From the measured surface, 3D topographic maps can be subsequently analyzed using a variety of software packages to extract the information that is needed.
In this article we describe how white light interferometry, and optical profilometry (OP) in general, combined with generic surface analysis software, can be used for materials science and engineering tasks. In this article, a number of applications of white light interferometry for investigation of surface modifications in mass spectrometry, and wear phenomena in tribology and lubrication are demonstrated. We characterize the products of the interaction of semiconductors and metals with energetic ions (sputtering), and laser irradiation (ablation), as well as ex situ measurements of wear of tribological test specimens.
Specifically, we will discuss:
<ol class="lroman">
	<li>Aspects of traditional ion sputtering-based mass spectrometry such as sputtering rates/yields measurements on Si and Cu and subsequent time-to-depth conversion.</li>
	<li>Results of quantitative characterization of the interaction of femtosecond laser irradiation with a semiconductor surface. These results are important for applications such as ablation mass spectrometry, where the quantities of evaporated material can be studied and controlled via pulse duration and energy per pulse. Thus, by determining the crater geometry one can define depth and lateral resolution versus experimental setup conditions.</li>
	<li>Measurements of surface roughness parameters in two dimensions, and quantitative measurements of the surface wear that occur as a result of friction and wear tests.</li>
</ol>
Some inherent drawbacks, possible artifacts, and uncertainty assessments of the white light interferometry approach will be discussed and explained.

White light microscope interferometry is an optical, noncontact and quick method for measuring the topography of surfaces. It is shown how the method can be applied toward mechanical wear analysis, where wear scars on tribological test samples are analyzed; and in materials science to determine ion beam sputtering or laser ablation volumes and depths.

白光干涉表面改性中的应用离子溅射，激光烧蚀，与摩擦学实验表征

In materials science and engineering it is often necessary to obtain quantitative measurements of surface topography with micrometer lateral resolution. ...

Flame Experiments at the Advanced Light Source: New Insights into Soot Formation Processes

The following experimental protocols and the accompanying video are concerned with the flame experiments that are performed at the Chemical Dynamics Beamline of the Advanced Light Source (ALS) of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory1-4. This video demonstrates how the complex chemical structures of laboratory-based model flames are analyzed using flame-sampling mass spectrometry with tunable synchrotron-generated vacuum-ultraviolet (VUV) radiation. This experimental approach combines isomer-resolving capabilities with high sensitivity and a large dynamic range5,6. The first part of the video describes experiments involving burner-stabilized, reduced-pressure (20-80 mbar) laminar premixed flames. A small hydrocarbon fuel was used for the selected flame to demonstrate the general experimental approach. It is shown how species&#8217; profiles are acquired as a function of distance from the burner surface and how the tunability of the VUV photon energy is used advantageously to identify many combustion intermediates based on their ionization energies. For example, this technique has been used to study gas-phase aspects of the soot-formation processes, and the video shows how the resonance-stabilized radicals, such as C3H3, C3H5, and i-C4H5, are identified as important intermediates7. The work has been focused on soot formation processes, and, from the chemical point of view, this process is very intriguing because chemical structures containing millions of carbon atoms are assembled from a fuel molecule possessing only a few carbon atoms in just milliseconds. The second part of the video highlights a new experiment, in which an opposed-flow diffusion flame and synchrotron-based aerosol mass spectrometry are used to study the chemical composition of the combustion-generated soot particles4. The experimental results indicate that the widely accepted H-abstraction-C2H2-addition (HACA) mechanism is not the sole molecular growth process responsible for the formation of the observed large polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs).

Gas sampling from laboratory-scale flames with online analysis of all species by mass spectrometry is a powerful method to investigate the complex mixture of chemical compounds occurring during combustion processes. Coupled with tunable soft ionization via synchrotron-generated vacuum-ultraviolet radiation, this technique provides isomer-resolved information and potentially fragment-free mass spectra.

火焰在实验的先进光源：全新洞察烟灰形成过程

The following experimental protocols and the accompanying video are concerned with the flame experiments that are performed at the Chemical Dynamics ...

Fabrication and Operation of a Nano-Optical Conveyor Belt

The technique of using focused laser beams to trap and exert forces on small particles has enabled many pivotal discoveries in the nanoscale biological and physical sciences over the past few decades. The progress made in this field invites further study of even smaller systems and at a larger scale, with tools that could be distributed more easily and made more widely available. Unfortunately, the fundamental laws of diffraction limit the minimum size of the focal spot of a laser beam, which makes particles smaller than a half-wavelength in diameter hard to trap and generally prevents an operator from discriminating between particles which are closer together than one half-wavelength. This precludes the optical manipulation of many closely-spaced nanoparticles and&#160;limits the&#160;resolution of optical-mechanical systems. Furthermore, manipulation using focused beams requires beam-forming or steering optics, which can be very bulky and expensive. To address these limitations in the system scalability of conventional optical trapping our lab has devised an alternative technique which utilizes near-field optics to move particles across a chip. Instead of focusing laser beams in the far-field, the optical near field of plasmonic resonators produces the necessary local optical intensity enhancement to overcome the restrictions of diffraction and manipulate particles at higher resolution. Closely-spaced resonators produce strong optical traps which can be addressed to mediate the hand-off of particles from one to the next in a conveyor-belt-like fashion. Here, we describe how to design and produce a conveyor belt using a gold surface patterned with plasmonic C-shaped resonators and how to operate it with polarized laser light to achieve super-resolution nanoparticle manipulation and transport. The nano-optical conveyor belt chip can be produced using lithography techniques and easily packaged and distributed.

The scalability and resolution of conventional optical manipulation techniques are limited by diffraction. We circumvent the diffraction limit and describe a method of optically transporting nanoparticles across a chip using a gold surface patterned with a path of closely spaced C-shaped plasmonic resonators.

一个纳米光输送带的制作和操作

The technique of using focused laser beams to trap and exert forces on small particles has enabled many pivotal discoveries in the nanoscale biological ...

Visualizing Hyporheic Flow Through Bedforms Using Dye Experiments and Simulation

Advective exchange between the pore space of sediments and the overlying water column, called hyporheic exchange in fluvial environments, drives solute transport in rivers and many important biogeochemical processes. To improve understanding of these processes through visual demonstration, we created a hyporheic flow simulation in the multi-agent computer modeling platform NetLogo. The simulation shows virtual tracer flowing through a streambed covered with two-dimensional bedforms. Sediment, flow, and bedform characteristics are used as input variables for the model. We illustrate how these simulations match experimental observations from laboratory flume experiments based on measured input parameters. Dye is injected into the flume sediments to visualize the porewater flow. For comparison virtual tracer particles are placed at the same locations in the simulation. This coupled simulation and lab experiment has been used successfully in undergraduate and graduate laboratories to directly visualize river-porewater interactions and show how physically-based flow simulations can reproduce environmental phenomena. Students took photographs of the bed through the transparent flume walls and compared them to shapes of the dye at the same times in the simulation. This resulted in very similar trends, which allowed the students to better understand both the flow patterns and the mathematical model. The simulations also allow the user to quickly visualize the impact of each input parameter by running multiple simulations. This process can also be used in research applications to illustrate basic processes, relate interfacial fluxes and porewater transport, and support quantitative process-based modeling.

This manuscript describes how to create regular bedforms in a flume, visualize flow through the bedforms, and use computer simulations to simulate the hyporheic flow. The computer simulations compare well with the experimental observations. This coupled simulation and experiment is well-suited for both research and educational purposes.

可视化潜流流通过底形用染料试验及仿真

Advective exchange between the pore space of sediments and the overlying water column, called hyporheic exchange in fluvial environments, drives solute ...

Writing Bragg Gratings in Multicore Fibers

Fiber Bragg gratings in multicore fibers can be used as compact and robust filters in astronomical and other research and commercial applications. Strong suppression at a single wavelength requires that all cores have matching transmission profiles. These gratings cannot be inscribed using the same method as for single-core fibers because the curved surface of the cladding acts as a lens, focusing the incoming UV laser beam and causing variations in exposure between cores. Therefore we use an additional optical element to ensure that the beam shape does not change while passing through the cross-section of the multicore fiber. This consists of a glass capillary tube which has been polished flat on one side, which is then placed over the section of the fiber to be inscribed. The laser beam enters the fiber through the flat surface of the capillary tube and hence maintains its original dimensions. This paper demonstrates the improvements in core-to-core uniformity for a 7-core fiber using this method. The technique can be generalized to larger multicore fibers.

We describe a technique for inscribing identical fiber Bragg gratings into each core of a multicore fiber. This is achieved by introducing an additional surface into the optical path to mitigate lensing by the curved surface of the fiber cladding.

写布拉格光栅在多核纤维

Fiber Bragg gratings in multicore fibers can be used as compact and robust filters in astronomical and other research and commercial applications. Strong ...

Compact Lens-less Digital Holographic Microscope for MEMS Inspection and Characterization

A micro-electro-mechanical-system (MEMS) is a widely used component in many industries, including energy, biotechnology, medical, communications, and automotive. However, effective inspection and characterization metrology systems are needed to ensure the functional reliability of MEMS. This study presents a system based on digital holography as a tool for MEMS metrology. Digital holography has gained increasing attention in the past 20 years. With the fast development and decreasing cost of sensor arrays, resolution of such systems has increased broadening potential applications. Thus, it has attracted attention from both research and industry sides as a potential reliable tool for industrial metrology. Indeed, by recording the interference pattern between an object beam (which contains sample height information) and a reference beam on a CCD camera, one can retrieve the quantitative phase information of an object. However, most of digital holographic systems are bulky and thus not easy to implement on industry production lines. The novelty of the system presented is that it is lens-less and thus very compact. In this study, it is shown that the Compact Digital Holographic Microscope (CDHM) can be used to evaluate several characteristics typically consider as criteria in MEMS inspections. The surface profiles of MEMS in both static and dynamic conditions are presented. Comparison with AFM is investigated to validate the accuracy of the CDHM.

We present a compact reflection digital holographic system (CDHM) for inspection and characterization of MEMS devices. A lens-less design using a diverging input wave providing natural geometrical magnification is demonstrated. Both static and dynamic studies are presented.

紧凑的镜头少数字全息显微镜的MEMS检测与表征

A micro-electro-mechanical-system (MEMS) is a widely used component in many industries, including energy, biotechnology, medical, communications, and ...

Ultrasonic Fatigue Testing in the Tension-Compression Mode

Ultrasonic fatigue testing is one of a few methods which allow investigating fatigue properties in the ultra-high cycle region. The method is based on exposing the specimen to longitudinal vibrations on its resonance frequency close to 20 kHz. With use of this method, it is possible to significantly decrease the time required for the test, when compared to conventional testing devices usually working at frequencies under 200 Hz. It is also used to simulate loading of material during operation in high speed conditions, such as those experienced by components of jet engines or car turbo pumps. It is necessary to operate only in the high and ultra-high cycle region, due to the possibility of extremely high deformation rates, which can have a significant influence on the test results. Specimen shape and dimensions have to be carefully selected and calculated to fulfill the resonance condition of the ultrasonic system; thus, it is not possible to test the full components or specimens of arbitrary shape. Before each test, it is necessary to harmonize the specimen with the frequency of the ultrasonic system to compensate for deviations of the real shape from the ideal one. It is not possible to run a test until a total fracture of the specimen, since the test is automatically terminated after initiation and propagation of the crack to a certain length, when the stiffness of the system changes enough to shift the system out of the resonance frequency. This manuscript describes the process of evaluation of materials' fatigue properties at high-frequency ultrasonic fatigue loading with use of mechanical resonance at a frequency close to 20 kHz. The protocol includes a detailed description of all steps required for a correct test, including specimen design, stress calculation, harmonizing with the resonance frequency, performing the test, and final static fracture.

A protocol for ultrasonic fatigue testing in the high and ultra-high cycle region in axial tension-compression loading mode.

拉伸压缩模式下的超声疲劳试验

Ultrasonic fatigue testing is one of a few methods which allow investigating fatigue properties in the ultra-high cycle region. The method is based on ...