作者要感谢蒂姆·克兰茨来自美国宇航局格伦和杜安Detwiler本田研发的技术支持和实物捐助。由智能汽车概念中心（www.SmartVehicleCenter.org）的成员组织提供的这项研究的财政支持，国家科学基金会工业/大学合作研究中心（I / UCRC）。 SD由一个智能汽车概念研究生奖学金和大学奖学金俄亥俄州立大学研究生院的支持。

1.开发改性摩擦磨损试验机<ol><li>安装卡盘电机子系统。 <ol><li>等级隔振表。放置在桌子上的直流电动机;平电机垫片，并用struts和螺栓固定。将电机周围支撑架。 </li><li>花键轴连接到使用密钥电机轴。把支承板与花键轴经历在板孔中的框架上。集推力针滚子轴承在支撑板和周围的花键轴。润滑轴承，切削液。 </li><li>通过适配器板，其具有在一侧具有花键轴连接，而在另一侧的卡盘的螺栓图案连接花键轴到卡盘。在这一点上，卡盘支持通过推力轴承的帧并且连接到通过适配器板的马达。 </li></ol></li><li>安装gymbal组装。 <ol><li>构建使用U型支柱，支架支撑框架，和螺栓。使用四长支柱的支柱，并使用三个短的如横梁。 </li><li>使用固定支架和螺钉的四大支柱，以隔振表。该gymbal组装连接用螺栓和螺母中间横梁。 </li><li>安装在gymbal装配一个水平取向的负载传感器;刚性地连接的负载传感器的gymbal组件的框架的一侧，而另一侧连接到gymbal臂用钢丝。 </li></ol></li><li>组装压电促动器。 <ol><li>插入3在长，通过在压电叠层的孔全螺纹杆;放一个垫圈和一个螺母在堆栈的每一端;留下约1/8的线程一个螺母的端部突出的。 </li><li>拧紧螺母两端用来在堆叠的预压。使用连接螺母和垫圈长，外露螺纹的gymbal手臂。螺纹橡子螺母上，在卡盘压电致动器和插入盘的另一端（本橡子螺母和光盘用于建立的目的，不用于测试）。 </li><li>调整gymbal组件的高度，使橡子螺母是在与盘的顶部接触和gymbal臂处于水平状态。 </li><li>调整gymbal组件的位置，以使橡子螺母和圆盘之间的接触点为约25毫米远离光盘的旋转中心。拧紧所有螺栓的设置，以确保稳定。 </li></ol></li><li>设置信号产生，信号放大，和数据采集子系统。 <ol><li>数据采集​​系统连接到一个实验室计算机。信号发生器的输出连接到电源放大器的输入。连接放大器的输出与压电堆的输入线。放大器显示器连接到所述数据采集系统。 </li><li>测力传感器连接到信号调节器，然后将信号调节器的输出端连接到数据采集系统。 </li></ol></li><li>其他的设置。<ol><li>连接空气软管铺空气。固定软管到框架的端部，使得在所述压电致动器的出口点。胶带热电偶的尖端向压电致动器。连接热电偶导线读者;挂读者在框架上。 </li></ol></li></ol> 2.预试验前的准备<ol><li>校准马达的旋转速度。 <ol><li>连接磁铁到卡盘的边缘。代替霍尔效应探头靠近卡盘。连接霍尔效应探头的输出，以高斯计，其连接到数据采集系统。 </li><li>打开数据采集软件，并开始数据采集。转动电机上;转动电机控制器的速度旋钮10（最低转速的马达提供）。之后，电机转动10圈，关闭电机。结束数据采集。 </li><li>分析所保存的数据;从高斯计的输出信号的两个峰值之间的时间是时间为电机腐烂吃了一整圈。 </li><li>转动旋钮从10到100（最高转速的马达提供）以10为增量;重复步骤2.1.2至2.1.3。 </li></ol></li><li>放置负荷传感器垫橡子螺母和盘之间以测量在界面上的法向力。精细机使用车床测试盘的表面上。 </li><li>清洁橡子螺母和光盘进行测试之前，立即进行测试。 <ol><li>戴上塑料手套，面对mask.Prepare个实验室湿巾;它们折叠成1平方英寸。喷在组织广场乙醇;轻轻擦拭橡子螺母和光盘与他们的表面。 </li></ol></li><li>安装干净的橡子螺母和光盘。 <ol><li>螺纹橡子螺母到压电致动器，具有开口扳手拧紧。插入在卡盘盘;调整位置，以确保橡子螺母的前端与所述磁盘表面接触。 </li><li>对准盘和gymbal臂的顶表面上。拧紧卡盘等等该盘被牢固地保持。 </li></ol></li><li>测量盘旋转的跳动。 <ol><li>在夹具安装激光位移传感器，并放置旁边的摩擦计夹具。调整传感器的高度和角度，使该盘是在传感器的范围内，并且所述激光束是垂直于盘。 </li><li>传感器的输出连接到数据采集系统。启动数据采集。打开电机和旋转盘10圈;关闭电机。结束数据采集。 </li></ol></li></ol> 3.执行测试<ol><li>试验的超声波振动。 <ol><li>杭2 N重上一个钩连接到gymbal臂通过电线和两个滑轮。重量被用于应用橡子螺母和盘之间的正常负载。 </li><li>挂起另一2N的重量上，连接到gymbal臂，以提供一个水平预紧称重传感器的其它钩。 </li><li>设置信号发电机以提供连续的正弦信号的DC的3伏偏置，的3伏幅度，和22千赫（压电致动器的谐振频率）的频率。需要注意的是3伏偏置被用来防止张力在压电致动器。 </li><li>开始数据采集（减少摩擦力）。打开放大器并转动增益旋钮15，其对应于4.67的实际增益（该增益旋钮数字是任意的）。 </li><li>转动电机上;设定的旋转速度，以6.67的转速，以提供20.3毫米/秒的线速度。运行测试4小时。 </li><li>关闭电机和驱动器，然后停止数据采集。取出测试橡子螺母和光盘从设置向上;重复步骤2.3至2.5，安装新的橡子螺母和光盘。 </li><li>重复步骤3.1.1至3.1.6。在步骤3.1.5，设置转速13.3转速和28.7的转速，以提供40.6毫米/秒，87毫米/秒，分别线速度;运行测试2和0.94小时correspondingly。 </li></ol></li><li>测试没有超声波振动。 <ol><li>重复步骤3.1.6改变橡子坚果和光盘。重复步骤3.1.1至3.1.6与信号发生器和信号放大器关闭（测得的摩擦是内在的摩擦）。 </li></ol></li></ol> 4.光学轮廓测量<ol><li>测量准备<ol><li>立即用2.3步测量前清洗光盘。使周围的盘的轮缘8均匀分布的标记。打开轮廓软件。 </li><li>提高透镜，以便有透镜和样品平台之间有足够的间隙。级的样品平台。将一块实验室擦拭平台上。 </li><li>轻轻地放在试样上朝向轮廓的前八个标记之一的组织的顶部。 </li></ol></li><li>测量设置。 <ol><li>选择VSI（立式扫描干涉）为处理类型。选择5X镜头大视场和整体造型。通过2.4毫米挑0.55X倍率为1.8毫米的扫描区域。 </li><li>选择1X扫描速度。设定扫描范围为-100米到100米。向下把镜头对着样品，直到在屏幕上的图像模糊。调整透镜的高度，直到该图像清晰。 </li><li>选择2作为扫描的数量来平均每个测量。点击测量按钮。 </li></ol></li><li>后测量程序。 <ol><li>使用软件中的纠正原始图像为整个样本的倾斜所定义的视觉配方。打开分析工具箱中的软件。 </li><li>从"基本统计"项目获得测量粗糙度值。从"卷"项得到的扫描区域内的磨损伤痕的测量体积损失。 </li><li>减的1D轮廓的图像在x和y方向的二维轮廓，所述三维轮廓，以及粗糙度值表。顺时针旋转样品，直到第Ë下一个标记所面临的轮廓的前面。 </li></ol></li><li>重复步骤4.2至4.3的其余7痕迹。 </li><li>重复步骤4.1。 4.4对所有六个光盘。 </li></ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

实验使用该协议来研究线性速度对超声波摩擦和磨损减少的效果进行。的测量结果表明，超声波振动有效地减少摩擦和磨损，在三个线性速度。符合现有的观察，摩擦减小的量从62.2％在20.3毫米/秒减小到29.3％，在87毫米/秒。磨损减少是微不足道的不断变化的线速度（45.8％至48.6％）。 材料特性如杨氏模量和屈服强度可能当超声波穿过材料发射发生变化。这通常被称为超声软?...

摩擦存在于两个接触表面的界面，当他们滑动或相对于彼此滚动。摩擦通常发生随着磨料或粘附磨损。1超声波的背后是高频现象的科学，也就是说，波行进以上频率的声范围（20千赫）。超声波的领域包括两种根本不同的制度。一种机制包括象在成像过程使用，例如医疗超声或结构的非破坏性检查低强度波。另一种是，其中高能量​​波被用于执行或帮助工程过程，如塑料和金属焊接的高功率制度。它已被证明在两个表面的界面，后一种超声波振动的应用在滑动接触减少有效摩擦力在界面处。这种现象被称为超声润滑。 实现两个滑动对象之间的超声波的润滑，以超声波频率相对振动，必须在它们之间建立。振动通常施加到两个对象中的一个，无论是在纵向，横向，或垂直的方向相对于滑动速度。在这项研究中，一个摩擦计的销装配有压电致动器，使得其尖端垂直振动的方向与摩擦计的旋转盘。压电材料是一类"智能"的材料变形时，接触到的电场，振动在相同的频率作为激励场。压电材料可在频率以及振动到MHz范围内。被叠加到宏观速度，超声振动具有交替的瞬时摩擦力的方向与所述表面之间的接触，这在组合导致减少的有效摩擦力和表面磨损的效果。 </p&gt; 超声波摩擦减少已被证明在实用的制造系统。例如，此技术已被用于降低刀具和工件在金属加工和成形，例如钻孔，冲压，轧制片，和拉丝过程之间的力。好处包括改善表面光洁度2和昂贵的和有害环境的洗涤剂减少需要从最终产物中除去润滑剂。有在其他区域的超声波润滑潜在应用程序。例如，超声波润滑可通过省去了润滑剂或涂层基本上提高个人保健品的用户体验。在汽车应用中，摩擦调制可以提高球窝接头的性能，而车辆座椅和轨之间的摩擦减少有助于座椅移动，节省空间和质量，否则将通过传统的组件和mechani被占用短信。超声波的润滑也有助于提高燃料效率通过减少摩擦在动力总成和悬挂系统。3在空间应用中，传统的润滑剂不能使用，超声波润滑可以用于减少磨损，显着延长的关键部件的寿命。 通过超声波润滑减摩实验室演示多不胜数。摩擦减少被量化为没有超声波润滑和施加超声振动的摩擦力测量的摩擦力之间的差别。在两种情况下，摩擦力直接测量与力传感器。利特曼等人4-5连接的压电驱动致动器到一个滑动件，在其上的力传感器和一帧被安装用于测量摩擦力和施加正常负载。气动致动器被用来将滑动件一起沿导轨致动器推动。 UltrasoniÇ振动进行的方向上施加纵向的滑动速度。巴拉德瓦和Dapino 6-7进行使用连接到一个锥形波导在堆叠的任一端的压电致动器叠层类似的实验。触点锥体的球形边缘和导轨的表面之间发生了。系统参数，例如接触刚度，正常负载，和整体刚度的影响进行了研究。 Kumar和哈钦斯8安装在其通过超声换能器激励的超声波发生器的销。分别产生并传送到销，将其放置成与工具钢表面接触的超声波振动。法向力是由一个气压缸施加和由测力传感器测得。销和盘之间的相对运动是由一个往复表创建。 Pohlman和Lehfeldt 9还实施了销-盘试验。不像其他的研究中，他们使用了一个magnetostrict香港专业教育学院换能器产生超声波振动。为了研究最佳方向超声波减小摩擦，换能器小心地对准，使得所述振动方向为纵向，横向，并垂直于宏观速度。他们研究了干燥和润滑表面超声波减少摩擦。波波夫等人10利用带锥形波导的致动器。致动器被放置在与旋转底板接触。取得九材料的各种硬度锥被采纳，研究材料的硬度对超声波摩擦减小的影响。洞和Dapino 11月13日使用的压电换能器以产生并传送超声波振动的棱柱波导具有圆边。纵向振动引起的垂直振动，由于泊松效应。采用了弧形顶部的滑盖划归在接触波导。一个框架的建立是为了应用法向力在接触界面。 Ť他滑块被手动拉动围绕波导的中心区域;摩擦力是通过被连接到所述滑动件的负载传感器测量的。 超声波诱导降低磨损进行了研究和论证。容积损失，体重减轻，以及表面粗糙度的改变被用来量化wear.Chowdhury的严重程度和Helali 14中的销-盘设置振动的旋转盘。由位于旋转盘下两个平行的板的支撑结构中产生的振动。顶板具有球形球安装偏离中心在底表面上，滑动在被刻在底板的上表面，一个槽。槽被加工具有周期性可变深度，使得顶板旋转期间上下移动。频率按照旋转速度大约100赫兹不等。 科比和约克15-16研究对W微振动的影响耳下降。它们通过一个保持器插入一个碳圆筒一端休息纺丝钢盘，并连接到一个线圈弹簧的另一端上。在一种情况下，该圆筒紧贴装配在支架中，使有振动没有空间。在另一些情况下，间隙被留，以允许微振动气缸而气缸是在与纺丝盘接触。重量损失气缸测定来计算磨损率。结果表明，在自生的微振动得益于高达50％的减少磨损。 后藤和芦田17-18还通过销-盘试验。它们经由一锥形锥和一个喇叭连接销样品的换能器。销垂直于盘表面振动的方向。一团是连接到换能器在其顶部施加正常负载。摩擦力从被施加到转动盘上的扭矩被翻译。磨损被认定为粘接剂，因为这两个碳钢针和盘发了言。磨损率计算从量损耗测量。 它已经显示，线性速度起着超声波润滑中起重要作用。这项研究的实验部分侧重于摩擦和磨损减少对线速度的依赖性。

<table><tbody><tr><td>DC Motor&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Minarik&amp;nbsp;</td><td>SL14</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Electrical amplifier</td><td>AE Techron</td><td>LVC5050</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Signal conditioner&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Vishay Measurements Group</td><td>2310</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Signal generator</td><td>Agilent&amp;nbsp;</td><td>33120A</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Piezoelectric stack</td><td>EDO corporation</td><td>EP200-62</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Load cell</td><td>Transducer Techniques</td><td>MLP-50</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Load sensor pad</td><td>FlexiForce</td><td>A201</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Laser meter</td><td>Keyence corporation&amp;nbsp;</td><td>LK-G32</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Hall-effect probe and gaussmeter</td><td>Walker Scientific, Inc.</td><td>MG-4D</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Data acquisition module</td><td>Data Physics</td><td>Quattro</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Data acquisition software</td><td>Data Physics</td><td>SignalCalc Ace</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Thermocouple reader</td><td>Omega</td><td>HH22</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Optical profilometer</td><td>Bruker</td><td>Contour GT</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Profilometer operation software</td><td>Bruker&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Vision 64</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

experiments on ultrasonic lubrication using a piezoelectrically-assisted tribometer and optical profilometer

摩擦和磨损是不利的工程系统。当两个滑动表面之间的界面被振动在高于声范围（20千赫）的频率的超声波的润滑得以实现。作为一个固态技术，超声波润滑可以用在常规的润滑剂是不可行或不希望的。此外，超声波润滑允许两个滑动表面之间的有效摩擦系数的电调制。此属性可允许修改其摩擦状态和相关的动态响应的经营条件的变化自适应系统。面磨损，也可以通过超声波润滑降低。我们开发的协议，调查减少摩擦力的依赖，并减少磨损对超声波润滑表面之间的线性滑动速度。的销 - 盘摩擦计建其不同于商业单位中的压电堆用于振动该销22在千赫垂直于旋转盘的表面。摩擦和磨损指标，包括有效摩擦力，体积损失，和表面粗糙度测量不具有和具有超声波振动以1至4兆帕和三种不同的滑动速度恒定的压力:20.3，40.6，和87毫米/秒。光学轮廓被利用到耐磨表面表征。有效摩擦力是由62％的在20.3毫米/秒减小。始终与现有理论的超声波润滑，在摩擦力减小％的减少而增加的速度，下降到减少29％的摩擦力在87毫米/秒。磨损减少基本保持恒定（49％），在考虑的三个速度。

这里提出的代表性的测量是从图 1中所示的改进摩擦计获得的。所述压电致动器产生振动与为2.5μm振幅在22千赫的频率。来研究摩擦的依赖性和磨损减少的线速度，三种不同的速度（20.3，40.6，和87毫米/秒）通过改变电动机的旋转速度被施加到盘。对所有三个组，盘片的转数和销的行进距离被选为1600和292.5米分别。标称旋转直径为50毫米。其他参数，诸如法向力，振动频率和振动振幅保...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Experiments on Ultrasonic Lubrication Using a Piezoelectrically-assisted Tribometer and Optical Profilometer at JoVE.com

Experiments on Ultrasonic Lubrication Using a Piezoelectrically-assisted Tribometer and Optical Profilometer

We present a protocol for using a piezoelectrically-assisted tribometer and optical profilometer to investigate the dependence of ultrasonic wear and friction reduction on linear velocity, contact pressure, and surface properties.

使用超声波润滑实验一压电辅助摩擦试验机和光学轮廓

Friction and wear are detrimental to engineered systems. Ultrasonic lubrication is achieved when the interface between two sliding surfaces is vibrated at ...

experiments-on-ultrasonic-lubrication-using-piezoelectrically

Research

JoVE Journal

Engineering

12.5K 次观看.  The Ohio State University. We present a protocol for using a piezoelectrically-assisted tribometer and optical profilometer to investigate the dependence of ultrasonic wear and friction reduction on linear velocity, contact pressure, and surface properties. 

视频: Experiments on Ultrasonic Lubrication Using a Piezoelectrically-assisted Tribometer and Optical Profilometer

Characterization of Surface Modifications by White Light Interferometry: Applications in Ion Sputtering, Laser Ablation, and Tribology Experiments

In materials science and engineering it is often necessary to obtain quantitative measurements of surface topography with micrometer lateral resolution. From the measured surface, 3D topographic maps can be subsequently analyzed using a variety of software packages to extract the information that is needed.
In this article we describe how white light interferometry, and optical profilometry (OP) in general, combined with generic surface analysis software, can be used for materials science and engineering tasks. In this article, a number of applications of white light interferometry for investigation of surface modifications in mass spectrometry, and wear phenomena in tribology and lubrication are demonstrated. We characterize the products of the interaction of semiconductors and metals with energetic ions (sputtering), and laser irradiation (ablation), as well as ex situ measurements of wear of tribological test specimens.
Specifically, we will discuss:
<ol class="lroman">
	<li>Aspects of traditional ion sputtering-based mass spectrometry such as sputtering rates/yields measurements on Si and Cu and subsequent time-to-depth conversion.</li>
	<li>Results of quantitative characterization of the interaction of femtosecond laser irradiation with a semiconductor surface. These results are important for applications such as ablation mass spectrometry, where the quantities of evaporated material can be studied and controlled via pulse duration and energy per pulse. Thus, by determining the crater geometry one can define depth and lateral resolution versus experimental setup conditions.</li>
	<li>Measurements of surface roughness parameters in two dimensions, and quantitative measurements of the surface wear that occur as a result of friction and wear tests.</li>
</ol>
Some inherent drawbacks, possible artifacts, and uncertainty assessments of the white light interferometry approach will be discussed and explained.

White light microscope interferometry is an optical, noncontact and quick method for measuring the topography of surfaces. It is shown how the method can be applied toward mechanical wear analysis, where wear scars on tribological test samples are analyzed; and in materials science to determine ion beam sputtering or laser ablation volumes and depths.

白光干涉表面改性中的应用离子溅射，激光烧蚀，与摩擦学实验表征

In materials science and engineering it is often necessary to obtain quantitative measurements of surface topography with micrometer lateral resolution. ...

科研

工程学

Ultrasound Velocity Measurement in a Liquid Metal Electrode

A growing number of electrochemical technologies depend on fluid flow, and often that fluid is opaque. Measuring the flow of an opaque fluid is inherently more difficult than measuring the flow of a transparent fluid, since optical methods are not applicable. Ultrasound can be used to measure the velocity of an opaque fluid, not only at isolated points, but at hundreds or thousands of points arrayed along lines, with good temporal resolution. When applied to a liquid metal electrode, ultrasound velocimetry involves additional challenges: high temperature, chemical activity, and electrical conductivity. Here we describe the experimental apparatus and methods that overcome these challenges and allow the measurement of flow in a liquid metal electrode, as it conducts current, at operating temperature. Temperature is regulated within &#177;2 &#176;C using a Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) controller that powers a custom-built furnace. Chemical activity is managed by choosing vessel materials carefully and enclosing the experimental setup in an argon-filled glovebox. Finally, unintended electrical paths are carefully prevented. An automated system logs control settings and experimental measurements, using hardware trigger signals to synchronize devices. This apparatus and these methods can produce measurements that are impossible with other techniques, and allow optimization and control of electrochemical technologies like liquid metal batteries.

Ultrasound velocimetry is used to study mixing by fluid flow in liquid metal electrodes. The focus of this manuscript is to illustrate the methods used for making precise, spatially-resolved ultrasound measurements while limiting oxidation and controlling and monitoring temperature, applied current, and the heater power being supplied.

超声速度测量的液态金属电极

A growing number of electrochemical technologies depend on fluid flow, and often that fluid is opaque. Measuring the flow of an opaque fluid is inherently ...

Measurement of Vibration Detection Threshold and Tactile Spatial Acuity in Human Subjects

Tests that allow the precise determination of psychophysical thresholds for vibration and grating orientation provide valuable information about mechanosensory function that are relevant for clinical diagnosis as well as for basic research. Here, we describe two psychophysical tests designed to determine the vibration detection threshold (automated system) and tactile spatial acuity (handheld device). Both procedures implement a two-interval forced-choice and a transformed-rule up and down experimental paradigm. These tests have been used to obtain mechanosensory profiles for individuals from distinct human cohorts such as twins or people with sensorineural deafness.

Here, we present protocols to determine vibration detection thresholds and tactile acuity using psychophysical methods in man.

振动检测阈值和触觉敏锐的空间在人类受试者的测量

Tests that allow the precise determination of psychophysical thresholds for vibration and grating orientation provide valuable information about ...

行为学

Characterization of Full Set Material Constants and Their Temperature Dependence for Piezoelectric Materials Using Resonant Ultrasound Spectroscopy

During the operation of high power electromechanical devices, a temperature rise is unavoidable due to mechanical and electrical losses, causing the degradation of device performance. In order to evaluate such degradations using computer simulations, full matrix material properties at elevated temperatures are needed as inputs. It is extremely difficult to measure such data for ferroelectric materials due to their strong anisotropic nature and property variation among samples of different geometries. Because the degree of depolarization is boundary condition dependent, data obtained by the IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) impedance resonance technique, which requires several samples with drastically different geometries, usually lack self-consistency. The resonant ultrasound spectroscopy (RUS) technique allows the full set material constants to be measured using only one sample, which can eliminate errors caused by sample to sample variation. A detailed RUS procedure is demonstrated here using a lead zirconate titanate (PZT-4) piezoceramic sample. In the example, the complete set of material constants was measured from room temperature to 120 &#176;C. Measured free dielectric constants <img alt="Equation 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/53461/image001.jpg" /> and&#160;<img alt="Equation 2" src="/files/ftp_upload/53461/image002.jpg" /> were compared with calculated ones based on the measured full set data, and piezoelectric constants d15 and d33 were also calculated using different formulas. Excellent agreement was found in the entire range of temperatures, which confirmed the self-consistency of the data set obtained by the RUS.

This protocol describes the procedure of measuring the temperature dependence of the full set material constants of piezoelectric materials using resonant ultrasound spectroscopy (RUS).

全套材料常数表征及其温度依赖性的压电材料使用共振超声波谱

During the operation of high power electromechanical devices, a temperature rise is unavoidable due to mechanical and electrical losses, causing the ...

Ultrasonic Welding of Thermoplastic Composite Coupons for Mechanical Characterization of Welded Joints through Single Lap Shear Testing

This paper presents a novel straightforward method for ultrasonic welding of thermoplastic-composite coupons in optimum processing conditions. The ultrasonic welding process described in this paper is based on three main pillars. Firstly, flat energy directors are used for preferential heat generation at the joining interface during the welding process. A flat energy director is a neat thermoplastic resin film that is placed between the parts to be joined prior to the welding process and heats up preferentially owing to its lower compressive stiffness relative to the composite substrates. Consequently, flat energy directors provide a simple solution that does not require molding of resin protrusions on the surfaces of the composite substrates, as opposed to ultrasonic welding of unreinforced plastics. Secondly, the process data provided by the ultrasonic welder is used to rapidly define the optimum welding parameters for any thermoplastic composite material combination. Thirdly, displacement control is used in the welding process to ensure consistent quality of the welded joints. According to this method, thermoplastic-composite flat coupons are individually welded in a single lap configuration. Mechanical testing of the welded coupons allows determining the apparent lap shear strength of the joints, which is one of the properties most commonly used to quantify the strength of thermoplastic composite welded joints.

A straightforward procedure for ultrasonic welding of thermoplastic composite coupons for basic mechanical testing is described. Key characteristics of this ultrasonic welding process are the use of flat energy directors for simplified process preparation and the use of process data for the fast definition of optimum processing conditions.

通过单搭接剪切试验的热塑性复合材料优惠券焊接接头的力学特性的超声波焊接

This paper presents a novel straightforward method for ultrasonic welding of thermoplastic-composite coupons in optimum processing conditions. The ...

In Situ High Pressure Hydrogen Tribological Testing of Common Polymer Materials Used in the Hydrogen Delivery Infrastructure

High pressure hydrogen gas is known to adversely affect metallic components of compressors, valves, hoses, and actuators. However, relatively little is known about the effects of high pressure hydrogen on the polymer sealing and barrier materials also found within these components. More study is required in order to determine the compatibility of common polymer materials found in the components of the hydrogen fuel delivery infrastructure with high pressure hydrogen. As a result, it is important to consider the changes in physical properties such as friction and wear in situ while the polymer is exposed to high pressure hydrogen. In this protocol, we present a method for testing the friction and wear properties of ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) elastomer samples in a 28 MPa high pressure hydrogen environment using a custom-built in situ pin-on-flat linear reciprocating tribometer. Representative results from this testing are presented which indicate that the coefficient of friction between the EPDM sample coupon and steel counter surface is increased in high pressure hydrogen as compared to the coefficient of friction similarly measured in ambient air.

In Situ High Pressure Hydrogen Tribological Testing of Common Polymer Materials Used in the Hydrogen Delivery Infrastructure

A test methodology for quantifying tribological properties of polymers used in hydrogen infrastructure service is demonstrated and characteristic results for a common elastomer are discussed.

就地氢气输送基础设施用普通高分子材料的高压氢摩擦学试验

High pressure hydrogen gas is known to adversely affect metallic components of compressors, valves, hoses, and actuators. However, relatively little is ...

Ultrasonic Fatigue Testing in the Tension-Compression Mode

Ultrasonic fatigue testing is one of a few methods which allow investigating fatigue properties in the ultra-high cycle region. The method is based on exposing the specimen to longitudinal vibrations on its resonance frequency close to 20 kHz. With use of this method, it is possible to significantly decrease the time required for the test, when compared to conventional testing devices usually working at frequencies under 200 Hz. It is also used to simulate loading of material during operation in high speed conditions, such as those experienced by components of jet engines or car turbo pumps. It is necessary to operate only in the high and ultra-high cycle region, due to the possibility of extremely high deformation rates, which can have a significant influence on the test results. Specimen shape and dimensions have to be carefully selected and calculated to fulfill the resonance condition of the ultrasonic system; thus, it is not possible to test the full components or specimens of arbitrary shape. Before each test, it is necessary to harmonize the specimen with the frequency of the ultrasonic system to compensate for deviations of the real shape from the ideal one. It is not possible to run a test until a total fracture of the specimen, since the test is automatically terminated after initiation and propagation of the crack to a certain length, when the stiffness of the system changes enough to shift the system out of the resonance frequency. This manuscript describes the process of evaluation of materials' fatigue properties at high-frequency ultrasonic fatigue loading with use of mechanical resonance at a frequency close to 20 kHz. The protocol includes a detailed description of all steps required for a correct test, including specimen design, stress calculation, harmonizing with the resonance frequency, performing the test, and final static fracture.

A protocol for ultrasonic fatigue testing in the high and ultra-high cycle region in axial tension-compression loading mode.

拉伸压缩模式下的超声疲劳试验

Ultrasonic fatigue testing is one of a few methods which allow investigating fatigue properties in the ultra-high cycle region. The method is based on ...

Fabrication and Characterization of Thickness Mode Piezoelectric Devices for Atomization and Acoustofluidics

We present a technique to fabricate simple thickness mode piezoelectric devices using lithium niobate (LN). Such devices have been shown to atomize liquid more efficiently, in terms of &#64258;ow rate per power input, than those that rely on Rayleigh waves and other modes of vibration in LN or lead zirconate titanate (PZT). The complete device is composed of a transducer, a transducer holder, and a &#64258;uid supply system. The fundamentals of acoustic liquid atomization are not well known, so techniques to characterize the devices and to study the phenomena are also described. Laser Doppler vibrometry (LDV) provides vibration information essential in comparing acoustic transducers and, in this case, indicates whether a device will perform well in thickness vibration. It can also be used to &#64257;nd the resonance frequency of the device, though this information is obtained more quickly via impedance analysis. Continuous &#64258;uid atomization, as an example application, requires careful &#64258;uid flow control, and we present such a method with high-speed imaging and droplet size distribution measurements via laser scattering.

Fabrication of piezoelectric thickness mode transducers via direct current sputtering of plate electrodes on lithium niobate is described. Additionally, reliable operation is achieved with a transducer holder and &#64258;uid supply system and characterization is demonstrated via impedance analysis, laser doppler vibrometry, high-speed imaging, and droplet size distribution using laser scattering.

用于原子化和抗波流体的厚度模式压电器件的制造和特性

We present a technique to fabricate simple thickness mode piezoelectric devices using lithium niobate (LN). Such devices have been shown to atomize liquid ...

Roughness Impact of Piezoelectric Dental Scaler on Two Distinct Flowable Composite Filling Materials

Dental ultrasonic scalers are commonly employed in periodontal treatment; however, their ability to roughen tooth surfaces is a worry since roughness may increase plaque production, a key cause of periodontal disease. This research studied the influence of a piezoelectric ultrasonic scaler on the roughness of two distinct flowable composite filling materials. To do this, 10 disc-shaped samples were generated from each of the two flowable composite materials. After standardized polishing, samples were submerged in water for 24 h before the first surface examination using electron microscopy and profilometry. The ultrasonic scaler was applied to a specified location of each sample for 60 s under water cooling and regulated force. Post-scaler surface parameters were again examined. Following the application of the scaler, both composite materials exhibited a notable increase in surface roughness, as determined by profilometry (p &lt; 0.01). Additionally, the observed surface roughness was also qualitatively visualized with scanning electron microscopy. While initial roughness levels were comparable across the two composites (p = 0.143) after scaler application, no substantial discrepancy in surface texture was noticed between them (p = 0.684). The use of a high-power piezoelectric ultrasonic scaler on routinely used flowable composite restorations might generate considerable surface roughness, possibly leading to increased plaque accumulation. Nevertheless, it might be postulated that nanohybrid flowable composite materials having conventional monomer ingredients may demonstrate comparable surface alterations within the limitations of this experiment.

This methodology allows applying a dental appliance on any specimen at any angle with standardized force and stability. This approach might be extensively used in health sciences to standardize the impacts of dental equipment with hand-holding elements such as micromotors, turbines, and ultrasonic scalers on varied surfaces.

压电洁牙机对两种不同流动性复合填充材料的粗糙度影响

Dental ultrasonic scalers are commonly employed in periodontal treatment; however, their ability to roughen tooth surfaces is a worry since roughness may ...

Mimicking and Measuring Occlusal Erosive Tooth Wear with the "Rub&amp;Roll" and Non-contact Profilometry

Chewing, drinking, and occasional tooth grinding will result in physiological tooth wear during a lifetime. Extreme challenges, such as bruxism or habitual chewing on foreign objects, may lead to excessive wear. Recently, the role of erosion in accelerating mechanical tooth wear has been recognized, but the interplay between chemical and mechanical wear processes has not been extensively studied. Our laboratory recently introduced a novel oral wear simulation device, the Rub&#38;Roll, that enables the user to perform wear and loading studies separately or simultaneously in an erosive and/or abrasive environment. This manuscript describes an application of the device: the combined mechanical and erosive loading of extracted human (pre)molars in a simulated chewing movement, with a controlled application of force, velocity, fluid, and time, and the application of non-contact profilometry in visualizing and measuring the resulting wear pattern. The occlusal morphology that was created in the experiment with the highest loading level is very similar to the clinical presentation of erosive wear.

Mimicking and Measuring Occlusal Erosive Tooth Wear with the "Rub&Roll" and Non-contact Profilometry

The Rub&#38;Roll can mimic the chewing cycle, allowing variation of chewing force, sliding distance, chewing velocity, number of cycles, and frequency, and with a combination of erosive and abrasive challenges can result in a complex simulation of oral ageing.