The authors thank the NRF (CRP-4-2008-06), A*Star (SERC 112-120-2011) and MOE (RG14/13) Singapore for financial supports.

注意：请咨询相关的所有材料安全数据表（MSDS）。在这些合成中使用的一些化学物质腐蚀，有毒和致癌可能。相比，其大宗同行纳米材料可能有无法识别的危害。表演时的反应，包括使用通风橱和个人防护装备（护目镜，手套，实验室外套，全长长裤，闭趾鞋等 ），请使用适当的安全做法。 1.合成金属纳米粒子的注意：在合成中使用的所有玻璃器皿都用王水 （注意：高度酸性和腐蚀性，处理谨慎和处置以下规定），彻底清洗，然后在60℃烘箱中干燥。金属杂质或残余物可能会导致过早的成核和纳米颗粒合成的失败。 <ol><li> 16和32纳米的金纳米粒子合成（金纳米粒子） <ol><li>溶于10毫克hydroge的Ñ ​​四氯（Ⅲ）水合物（氯金酸4∙3H 2 O）的入100ml的去离子（DI）水的圆底烧瓶装有冷凝器和搅拌棒。 </li><li>在搅拌时，加热溶液至回流（沸点，100℃）。的氯金酸4的黄色保持不变。 </li><li>通过将30毫克的柠檬酸钠于3ml去离子水制得1％的柠檬酸钠溶液。 </li><li>合成16nm的纳米金，注资30毫升1％柠檬酸钠溶液（1.1.3）放入沸水氯金酸4溶液（1.1.2）。该解决方案变为灰色在1分钟内，然后逐渐变成红色。 <ol><li>合成32纳米的金纳米粒子，使用1.5的柠檬酸钠溶液的毫升来代替。较小量的还原剂导致更少广泛均匀成核，使得每个核可以变得更大。 </li></ol></li><li>保持溶液在另外的30分钟沸腾，然后冷却到室温，在随后的反应中使用。 </li><li> CON牢固所得金纳米粒子通过透射电子显微镜（TEM）的大小和形态。 <ol><li>为了制备TEM样品，首先通过将1.5毫升合成后原样的溶液至离心管中浓缩的AuNPs，并离心它在16000×g离心15分钟。除去透明的上清液后，滴将残余溶液的10微升等分试样上的TEM铜网格上。灯芯断用滤纸多余液体样品和干燥铜网在空气中。 </li><li>为了进行TEM表征，铜网格样品加载到TEM保持器，固定在样品上，而保持器加载到试样腔室以下的标准操作程序（特定于类型/品牌仪器）。22 </li></ol></li></ol></li><li>金棒的合成（AuNRs） <ol><li>准备种子的解决方案。在剧烈搅拌下，加0.6毫升为10mM冰冷却的硼氢化钠（加入NaBH 4）至10毫升0.25毫氯金酸4 </sUB&gt;∙3H 2 O准备在0.1M溴化十六（CTAB）解决方案。继续搅拌10分钟。 </li><li>加95毫升0.1M的CTAB，将1ml的10mM硝酸银（ 硝酸银），5毫升10毫氯金酸4∙3H 2 O中的序列至200ml锥形瓶中。 </li><li>加0.55毫升0.1M的L-抗坏血酸的溶液，并轻轻摇动以均化溶液。 </li><li>马上会增加0.12毫升的种子液（1.2.1步）的。轻轻摇动混合解决方案，让它不受干扰O / N（14-16小时）。 </li></ol></li><li> 叔 -Te合成纳米线（TeNWs） <ol><li>通过混合纯净的N 2 H 4·H 2 O1毫升用9ml去离子水中制备出10毫升N 2 H 4溶液。 </li><li>添加16毫克二氧化碲的2粉末缓慢的N 2 H 4溶液（步骤1.3.1）在烧杯中在RT下持续搅拌。在约10分钟时，粉末完全溶解。该SOLU化会从无色变为黄色，紫色，并最终以蓝色，表示的叔-Te纳米线的形成。 </li><li>稀释溶液的10倍以十二烷基硫酸钠（10毫米）以终止反应。溶液的蓝色变成了稀释后不太激烈。 </li></ol></li></ol> 2.合成PSPAA封装金属纳米粒子的（在单体） 注意：在下文中，精确的量使用以实现最终的DMF /水溶剂混合物的精确比率。因为离心和提取上清液后的残渣体积总是不同，大致测量残余物体积用移液管，然后加入DMF /水，使最终的解决方案时补偿这种体积。溶剂比率的小变化通常不是一个问题。 <ol><li>金纳米粒子封装（D AU = 16纳米，32纳米）与PSPAA（金纳米粒子@ PSPAA） <ol><li>金纳米粒子的纯化解决方案。加入3毫升合成的金纳米粒子溶液（步骤1.1）的两个离心管（1.5毫升每），离心机在16000×g离心15分钟，并除去上清液。稀释浓缩的溶液（约20微升）与160微升的去离子水。 </li><li>在1ml DMF中（二-PAA 22聚苯乙烯154 - - B -PAA 49或PS 144）通过溶解PSPAA 8毫克制备PSPAA原液。 </li><li> b -PAA 49原液-通过将740微升DMF中的80微升的PS 154准备PSPAA解决方案。对于PS 144封装的金纳米粒子- B -PAA 22弹，使用80微升PS 144 - B -PAA 22原液。 </li><li>在玻璃小瓶中，所述金纳米颗粒（〜180微升溶液中，步骤2.1.1）加入820微升PSPAA溶液（步骤2.1.3）。最终混合物具有1毫升为V DMF / V H 2 O = 4.5体积：1。 </li><li>加入40微升溶液1,2- dipalmitoyl- SN -glycero -3- phosphothioethanol（P-SH）的乙醇（2毫克/毫升）。 </li><li>孵育在110℃将混合物搅拌2小时，以允许聚合物自组装。 </li><li>缓慢冷却在油浴溶液至室温。样品可以储存在该状态下几个星期。 </li><li>确认形成金纳米粒子@ PSPAA用TEM。 <ol><li>为了制备TEM样品，通过将200μl的合成后原样的溶液至离心管中浓缩该金纳米粒子@ PSPAA，添加1.3 DI水和离心机它混合物在16000×g离心15分钟。 </li><li>混合的浓缩样品溶液5微升等份与5微升的1％钼酸铵染色溶液（注：染色用于含PSPAA改善聚合物的对比样品），并删除该混合物到的TEM铜网格上。灯芯断用滤纸多余液体样品和干燥铜网在空气中。 </li></ol></li></ol></li><li>封装AuNRs与PSPAA（AuNR @ PS &lt;子&gt; 154 - B -PAA 49） <ol><li>纯化所合成AuNR溶液（步骤1.2）两次以除去过量的CTAB。加入3毫升AuNR溶液分成两个离心管，然后离心他们在8100×g离心15分钟。除去上清液后，再次添加加入1.5ml去离子水和离心机以除去上清液。 </li><li>结合浓缩AuNR溶液，并添加160微升的去离子水。 </li><li>在玻璃小瓶中，该AuNR溶液（〜180微升）添加到820微升的PS 154 - B -PAA 49溶液（步骤2.1.3）。最终混合物具有1毫升为V DMF / V H 2 O = 4.5体积：1。 </li><li>添加2-萘（NPSH）的乙醇（2毫克/毫升）的40μl溶液到混合物中。 </li><li>孵育在110℃将混合物搅拌2小时，以允许聚合物自组装。 </li><li>慢慢冷却该溶液至室温。 </li></ol></li><li>封装TeNWs与PSPAA（TeNW @ 154 PS- B -PAA 49） <ol><li>纯化所合成TeNWs（步骤1.3），以除去过量的SDS。加入3毫升TeNW溶液分成两个离心管，并离心他们在2900×g离心10分钟。除去上清液后，加入将1.5ml乙醇并再次离心管中。重复此净化过程一次（共3轮离心）。 </li><li>结合浓缩TeNWs溶液，并添加160微升的去离子水。 </li><li>添加TeNWs溶液（〜180微升），以820微升PS 154 - B -PAA 49溶液（2.1.3步）。最终混合物具有1毫升为V DMF / V H 2 O = 4.5体积：1。 </li><li>孵育在110℃将混合物搅拌2小时。 </li><li>慢慢冷却该溶液至室温。 </li></ol></li><li>封装碳纳米管（CNT）与PSPAA（CNT @ PS 154 - B -PAA 49） <ol><li>混合730微升DMF 80微升的PS 154- B -PAA 49原液（步骤2.1.2）。 </li><li>分散约0.05mg的单壁碳纳米管到PS 154 - B -PAA 49溶液。 注：这是很难衡量的重量小的碳纳米管;通常为0.2毫克CNT的称重和关于样品（由估计体积）的四分之一被加入。 </li><li>在冰 - 水浴超声处理该混合物，直到它变成透明的深溶液。使用明确的解决方案，并丢弃不溶物碳纳米管。 </li><li>加入180微升去离子水中2 O下拉明智的解决方案。最终混合物具有990微升采用V DMF / V H2O = 4.5卷：1。 </li><li>超声处理的溶液在约50℃下进行2小时。 </li><li>慢慢冷却该溶液至室温。 </li></ol></li><li>准备PS 154球形胶束- B- PAA 49。 <ol><li>添加80微升的PS 154 - B -PAA 49原液（步骤2.1.1），以740μ升DMF，再加入180微升水，使得第V DMF / V H2O = 4.5的解决方案：1。 </li><li>孵育在110℃的聚合物溶液2小时。 </li><li>慢慢冷却该溶液至室温。 </li></ol></li></ol> 3.均聚合的PSPAA封装金属纳米粒子的<ol><li>单线链从金纳米粒子@ PSPAA合成<ol><li>净化金纳米粒子@ PSPAA。 <ol><li>稀释800微升合成的金纳米粒子@ PSPAA（第2.1节）的11.2毫升水，分解成单个微离心管（1.5毫升每），并离心它们在16000×g离心30分钟。进行两个独立的反应中，使用封装在PS 154中的16纳米的AuNPs - B -PAA 49和封装在PS 144中的32纳米的AuNPs - B -PAA 22作为单体。 </li><li>取出并弃去上清液，加入1.5毫升0.1毫米氢氧化钠（pH值= 10）每管和离心他们股份公司泉在16000×g离心30分钟，除去上清。 注意：NaOH在纯化过程中使用的用于离心的pH值不应太高。较高的pH值会导致聚集在离心分离过程中，将残留碱将包括酸在链增长步骤的影响，导致球状聚集体。 </li></ol></li><li>分散浓缩金纳米粒子@ PSPAA（结合所有的管子）的1ml DMF中/ H 2 O（V DMF / V H 2 O = 6:1）在玻璃小瓶中，并添加5微升的1M HCl中。 注意：控制在前面的步骤中的金纳米粒子@ PSPAA的残基NaOH和损失是重要的，以便在组装过程中所需的盐酸量在不同批次之间是一致的。孵育前涡反应混合物，以确保各组分的完全混合。 </li><li>孵育在60℃下该混合物2小时，以使共同的聚集，聚结，和形态变换重 - 壳纳米颗粒。 </li><li>冷却该混合物至室温。 </li><li>对于均聚的AuNR @ PS 154 - B -PAA 49和TeNW @ PS 154 - B -PAA 49，遵循同样的程序，包括净化过程。 注：在实验中，塑料离心管通常用于纯化和离心和玻璃小瓶用于反应在升高的温度下进行。当分散在微量离心管中高的DMF含量溶液的PSPAA涂覆的纳米颗粒通常是在溶液中稳定，所不同的是，它们会粘在塑料表面上。为了避免这种情况下，纳米颗粒的高的DMF含量的解决方案中的玻璃小瓶仅制备。 </li></ol></li><li>双线链的金纳米粒子@ PSPAA合成<ol><li>净化金纳米粒子@ PSPAA（按照步骤3.1.1）。只有封装在PS 154的16纳米的金纳米粒子- B -PAA 49炮弹进行了测试。 </li&gt; <li>分散浓缩金纳米粒子@ PSPAA在1ml DMF中/ H 2 O（V DMF / V H 2 O = 7:3）在玻璃小瓶中，并添加5微升的1M HCl中。 </li><li>孵育在60℃下将混合物搅拌2小时。 </li><li>冷却该混合物至室温。 </li></ol></li><li>纳米粒子链的净化 注：为-综合解决方案包含产品纳米粒子链，小链/集群，大团块，金纳米粒子@ PSPAA单体，空PSPAA胶束，DMF和过量的酸。 <ol><li>取出空PSPAA胶束，DMF和酸。 <ol><li>稀释800微升作为合成溶液11.2毫升0.1毫米氢氧化钠，划分溶液成单独的微离心管（1.5毫升每），并离心它们在16000×g离心30分钟。 </li><li>再次添加将1.5ml 0.1mM的氢氧化钠稀释浓缩的溶液，并离心管在16000×g离心30分钟。再一次重复此步骤。 </li></ol></li><li>丰富的金纳米粒子链 注：纯化液含有纳米颗粒的产品链，小链/集群，金纳米粒子@ PSPAA单体。它们通过差速离心分离。 <ol><li>离心管中，在300×g离心25分钟以分离和去除大团块。 </li><li>收集上清液，离心它在2000×g离心30分钟。删除含有大多是单体和小型连锁店/集群上清。 </li><li>收集底部溶液，稀释在1.5ml的0.1mM的氢氧化钠，和离心机在2000×g离心20分钟以除去过量的单体。重复该过程一次。 注意：氢氧化钠用在离心分离中的所有净化过程的pH值不应太高。较高的pH值会导致聚集在离心分离过程中，引起球形聚集体的形成。 </li></ol></li></ol></li><li>单行纳米粒子链的改造，双精度型/三线链<ol><li>净化单线链（步骤3.3.1，而不富集步骤）。 </li><li>通过离心浓缩800微升纯化的溶液到约20微升。 </li><li>转变为双行链分散在1ml的DMF / H的溶液2 O混合物溶剂（ⅤDMF / V H 2 O = 7:3），并添加2.5微升的1M盐酸，[HCl]的最后 = 2.5毫米。转换到三线链，选用1毫升DMF / H 2 O的（V DMF / V H2O = 3：2）和2.5mm] [HCL 决赛 。 </li><li>孵育溶液在70℃下1小时，以允许纳米结构的转变。 </li><li>慢慢冷却该溶液至室温。 </li></ol></li></ol> 4.共聚合的PSPAA封装金属纳米粒子的<ol><li>无规共聚合为16nm金纳米粒子的@的PS 154 - B -PAA 49和32纳米金纳米粒子@ PS 144 - B -PAA 22。这个过程是非常类似于步骤3.1不同的是两种单体的使用。 <ol><li>净化两类合成的金纳米粒子@ PSPAA分开（步骤3.1.1）的。 </li><li>分散浓缩为16nm金纳米粒子@ PS 154 - B -PAA 49和32纳米金纳米粒子@ PS 144 - B -PAA 22在1：1的比例在1ml的DMF / H 2 O混合物（ⅤDMF / V H 2 O = 6： 1）。 </li><li>加入5微升1 M盐酸，[盐酸] 最后 = 5毫米。 </li><li>孵育溶液，在60℃进行2小时，以使纳米颗粒的共组装。 </li><li>冷却该溶液至室温。 </li></ol></li><li>无规共聚合为16nm金纳米粒子的@的PS 154 - B -PAA 49和AuNR @ PS 154 - B -PAA 49 <ol><li>净化金纳米粒子@ PS 154 - B -PAA 49和AuNR @ PS 154 - B -PAA 49分开（步骤3.1.1）。 </li><li>分散的金纳米粒子@ PS 154 - B -PAA 49和AuNR @PS 154 - B -PAA 49在1：1的比例在1ml的DMF / H的2 O混合物（ⅤDMF / V H 2 O = 6:1）。 </li><li>加入5微升1 M盐酸，[盐酸] 最后 = 5毫米。 </li><li>孵育溶液，在60℃进行2小时，以使纳米颗粒的共组装。 </li><li>冷却该溶液至室温。 </li></ol></li><li>无规共聚合为16nm金纳米粒子的@的PS 154 - B -PAA 49和PS 154 - B -PAA 49微胶粒<ol><li>净化的16纳米的金纳米粒子@ PS 154 - B -PAA 49（步骤3.1.1）。 </li><li>添加浓缩的金纳米粒子的PS @ 154 - B -PAA 49和60微升球形的PS 154 - B -PAA 49胶束（步骤2.5）到940毫升DMF / H 2 O的在最后的溶液中，V DMF / V H 2 O = 6:1。 </li><li>加入5微升1 M盐酸，[盐酸] 最后 = 5毫米。 </li> &lt;李&gt;孵育溶液，在60℃进行1.5小时。 </li><li>冷却该溶液至室温。 </li></ol></li><li>无规共聚物聚合金纳米粒子@ PS 154 - B -PAA 49和PS 154 - B -PAA 49囊泡<ol><li>遵循相同的方法步骤4.3.1-4.3.3。 </li><li>孵育溶液，在60℃下进行6小时，以允许PSPAA气瓶囊泡的形状转变。 </li><li>冷却该溶液至室温。 </li></ol></li><li>嵌段共聚TeNWs与金纳米粒子<ol><li>净化16纳米的金纳米粒子@ PS 154 - B -PAA 49和TeNW @ PS 154 - B -PAA 49（步骤3.1.1） </li><li>分散浓缩TeNW @ PS 154 - B -PAA 49在1毫升DMF中/ H 2 O混合物（ⅤDMF / V H 2 O = 6:1） </li><li>加入2微升1 M盐酸。 </li><li>孵育在60℃下该混合物20分钟。 </li><li>添加浓缩为16nm金纳米粒子@ PS154中- B -PAA 49和3微升的1M HCl中。 </li><li>孵育在60℃下将混合物搅拌2小时。 </li><li>冷却该溶液至室温。 </li><li> b -PAA 49（步骤2.4） -对嵌段共聚碳纳米管与金纳米粒子，通过使用碳纳米管@ PS 154按照相同的程序，步骤4.5.1-4.5.7。 </li></ol></li></ol>

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A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Local+detection+of+electromagnetic+energy+transport+below+the+diffraction+limit+in+metal+nanoparticle+plasmon+waveguides.">Local detection of electromagnetic energy transport below the diffraction limit in metal nanoparticle plasmon waveguides.</a> Nat. Mater. 2, 229-232 (2003).</li><li>Gong, J., Li, G., Tang, Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Self-assembly+of+noble+metal+nanocrystals:+Fabrication,+optical+property,+and+application.">Self-assembly of noble metal nanocrystals: Fabrication, optical property, and application.</a> Nano Today. 7, 564-585 (2012).</li><li>Wei, Q. H., Su, K. H., Durant, S., Zhang, X. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Plasmon Resonance of Finite One-Dimensional Au Nanoparticle Chains. Nano Lett. 4, 1067-1071 (2004).</li><li>Warner, M. G., Hutchison, J. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Linear+assemblies+of+nanoparticles+electrostatically+organized+on+DNA+scaffolds.">Linear assemblies of nanoparticles electrostatically organized on DNA scaffolds.</a> Nat Mater. 2, 272-277 (2003).</li><li>DeVries, G. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Divalent+Metal+Nanoparticles.">Divalent Metal Nanoparticles.</a> Science. 315, 358-361 (2007).</li><li>Kim, B. Y., Shim, I. -. B., Monti, O. L. 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A., Giersig, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Spontaneous+Organization+of+Single+CdTe+Nanoparticles+into+Luminescent+Nanowires.">Spontaneous Organization of Single CdTe Nanoparticles into Luminescent Nanowires.</a> Science. 297, 237-240 (2002).</li><li>Zhang, H., Wang, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Controlling+the+Growth+of+Charged-Nanoparticle+Chains+through+Interparticle+Electrostatic+Repulsion.">Controlling the Growth of Charged-Nanoparticle Chains through Interparticle Electrostatic Repulsion.</a> Angew. Chem. Int. 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Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Colloidal+Polymerization+of+Polymer-Coated+Ferromagnetic+Nanoparticles+into+Cobalt+Oxide+Nanowires.">Colloidal Polymerization of Polymer-Coated Ferromagnetic Nanoparticles into Cobalt Oxide Nanowires.</a> ACS Nano. 3, 3143-3157 (2009).</li><li>Xia, H., Su, G., Wang, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Size-Dependent+Electrostatic+Chain+Growth+of+pH-Sensitive+Hairy+Nanoparticles.">Size-Dependent Electrostatic Chain Growth of pH-Sensitive Hairy Nanoparticles.</a> Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 52, 3726-3730 (2013).</li><li>Wang, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Unconventional+Chain-Growth+Mode+in+the+Assembly+of+Colloidal+Gold+Nanoparticles.">Unconventional Chain-Growth Mode in the Assembly of Colloidal Gold Nanoparticles.</a> Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 51, 8021-8025 (2012).</li><li>Wang, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Homo-+and+Co-polymerization+of+Polysytrene-block-Poly(acrylic+acid)-Coated+Metal+Nanoparticles.">Homo- and Co-polymerization of Polysytrene-block-Poly(acrylic acid)-Coated Metal Nanoparticles.</a> ACS Nano. 8, 8063-8073 (2014).</li><li>Fred, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Controlled+Nucleation+for+Regulation+of+Particle-size+in+Monodisperse+Gold+Suspensions.">Controlled Nucleation for Regulation of Particle-size in Monodisperse Gold Suspensions.</a> Nature-Phys. Sci. 241, 20-22 (1973).</li><li>Gole, A., Murphy, C. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Azide-Derivatized+Gold+Nanorods:+Functional+Materials+for+&#8220;Click&#8221;+Chemistry.">Azide-Derivatized Gold Nanorods: Functional Materials for &#8220;Click&#8221; Chemistry.</a> Langmuir. 24, 266-272 (2007).</li><li>Lin, Z. -. H., Yang, Z., Chang, H. -. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Preparation+of+Fluorescent+Tellurium+Nanowires+at+Room+Temperature.">Preparation of Fluorescent Tellurium Nanowires at Room Temperature.</a> Cryst. Growth Des. 8, 351-357 (2007).</li><li>Xia, Y. N., Xiong, Y. J., Lim, B., Skrabalak, S. 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The authors have nothing to disclose.

该合成的机理细节报告，并在以前的出版物讨论。20,21下面我们重点的综合条件的理由。对于纳米颗粒的聚合，优选的是纳米颗粒大小均匀的被使用。我们遵循文献程序来获得均匀的金纳米粒子，23的Au纳米棒，24和Te纳米线25在一般情况下，更好的尺寸均匀性时，成核和生长阶段的分离而获得。26最初爆发均相成核后，所有的核增长以相同的速率为同一期间?...

Despite great advances in the synthesis of nanoparticles over the past two decades, their orderly assembly remains a great challenge. Our synthetic capabilities in putting the basic building blocks together are of critical importance for the exploration and exploitation of their synergistic effects and collective properties. Thus, developing new reaction pathways and exploring the underlying mechanisms are the stepping stones towards the rational synthesis of complex nanodevices. 
Among the rich structural variety of possible nanoparticle assemblies, one-dimensional (1D) chains have shown useful applications in nanoelectronics, optoelectronics, and biosensors.1-4 Typically, self-assembly of nanoparticles into chain-like structures requires magnetic or electric dipole interactions, anisotropic electrostatic repulsion, or external templates.5-11 For dipole-induced assembly, one needs nanoparticles with permanent dipoles, such as magnetic nanoparticles and semiconductor nanoparticles under special environments.12-15 For nanoparticles with no permanent dipole, it has been shown that the relatively weaker electrostatic repulsion at the ends of the nanoparticle chains can promote the selective attachment of nanoparticle thereon and thus, 1D chain growth.16,17 Because the nanoparticles can aggregate with each other and with the oligomers, the aggregation often follows the intrinsic step-growth mode, leading to short chain length and the lack of control over branching. Lastly, nanoparticles can be adsorbed onto 1D templates to form chains, but usually it is very difficult to achieve secure anchoring and avoid gaps among the nanoparticles. 
With these existing methods, hetero-assembly or &#8220;co-polymerization&#8221; of nanoparticles is particularly difficult. A few pioneer works have demonstrated the &#8220;co-polymerization&#8221; of short nanoparticle chains exploiting magnetic dipole18 or electrostatic repulsion.19
Recently, we reported the homo- and co-polymerization of PSPAA-coated nanoparticles into chains.20,21 This new synthetic pathway involves facile colloidal synthesis and generic use of different types of nanoparticles. It affords ultralong chains without branching and allows ready control of their length and width (single-, double-, and triple-line chains). Most importantly, random- and co-polymers of nanoparticles can be synthesized with improved structural control. In this work, we provide video protocols for the related syntheses, intending to give a detailed demonstration and presentation.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Gold(III) chloride trihydrate, ACS reagent, &#8805;49.0% Au basis 
			&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>G4022</td>
			<td>HAuCl4</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium citrate dihydrate, 99%</td>
			<td>Alfa Aesar</td>
			<td>A12274</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium borohydride, &#8805;99% 
			&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>71321, Fluka</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide,&#8805;98%&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>H5882</td>
			<td>CTAB</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Silver Nitrate, 99.9999% trace metals basis</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>204390</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>L-ascorbic acid,BioXtra, &#8805;99.0%, crystalline 
			&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>A5960</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tellurium dioxide,&#8805;99%&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>243450</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hydrazine monohydrate, 64-65 %, reagent grade, 98%&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>207942</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Poly(styrene-b-acrylic acid)(PS154-PAA49)</td>
			<td>Polymer Source</td>
			<td>P4673A-SAA</td>
			<td>PS16000-PAA3500</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Poly(styrene-b-acrylic acid)(PS144-PAA28)</td>
			<td>Polymer Source</td>
			<td>P4002-SAA</td>
			<td>PS15000-PAA1600</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2-Naphthalenethiol, 
			&#160;&#8805;99.0% (GC)&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>88910, Fluka</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium dodecyl sulfate, 99%</td>
			<td>Alfa Aesar</td>
			<td>A11183</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>single wall carbon nanotubes, 99%&#160; ultra-pure</td>
			<td>NanoIntegris</td>
			<td>PC10344a</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium hydroxide</td>
			<td>Sinopharm</td>
			<td>S1900136</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphothioethanol (sodium salt)&#160;</td>
			<td>Avanti polar lipids</td>
			<td>870160P</td>
			<td>PSH</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>N,N-dimethylformamide</td>
			<td>Merck</td>
			<td>SA4s640012</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethanol, absolute</td>
			<td>Fischer</td>
			<td>E/0650DF/17</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hydrochloric acid, 37%</td>
			<td>Honey well</td>
			<td>10189005</td>
			<td>Dilute to 1M before use&#160;</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

using polystyrene-block-poly(acrylic acid)-coated metal nanoparticles as monomers for their homo- and co-polymerization

We present a template-free method for &#8220;polymerizing&#8221; nanoparticles into long chains without side branches. A variety of nanoparticles are encapsulated in polystyrene-block-poly(acrylic acid) (PSPAA) shells and then used as monomers for their self-assembly. Spherical PSPAA micelles upon acid treatment are known to assemble into cylindrical micelles. Exploiting this tendency, the core-shell nanoparticles are induced to aggregate, coalesce, and then transform into long chains. When more than one type of nanoparticles are used, random and block &#8220;copolymers&#8221; of nanoparticles can be obtained. Detailed procedures are reported for the PSPAA encapsulation of nanoparticles, homo- and co-polymerization of the core-shell nanoparticles, separation and purification of the resulting nanoparticle chains. Transformations of single-line chains into double- and triple-line chains are also presented. The synergy between the polymer shell and the embedded nanoparticles leads to an unusual chain-growth polymerization mode, giving long nanoparticle chains that are distinct from the products of the traditional step-growth aggregation process.

所述纳米颗粒的单体和链的特征在于通过TEM， 图1示出了PSPAA包封单体的代表性TEM图像，确认了形态和大小（ 图1）。因为一些单体典型地保留在“聚合”后的样品中，样品通常提纯和浓缩被用于TEM表征之前。污渍通过混合有1％钼酸铵样品溶液，以使聚合物壳中的TEM图像清楚对比制备TEM样品的过程中进行了介绍。的“均聚物”和“共聚物”代表TEM图像示于图2?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Using Polystyrene-block-polyacrylic acid-coated Metal Nanoparticles as Monomers for Their Homo- and Co-polymerization at JoVE.com

Using Polystyrene-block-polyacrylic acid-coated Metal Nanoparticles as Monomers for Their Homo- and Co-polymerization

We report protocols for &#8220;polymerizing&#8221; various types of polymer-encapsulated metal nanoparticles into long chains of &#8220;homo-&#8220; and &#8220;co-polymers&#8221;.

使用聚苯乙烯<em&gt;块</em&gt; - 聚（丙烯酸）涂层的金属纳米颗粒作为单体他们均聚物和共聚物聚合

We present a template-free method for &#8220;polymerizing&#8221; nanoparticles into long chains without side branches. A variety of nanoparticles are ...

using-polystyrene-block-polyacrylic-acid-coated-metal-nanoparticles

Research

JoVE Journal

Chemistry

Using Polystyrene-block-poly(acrylic acid)-coated Metal Nanoparticles as Monomers for Their Homo- and Co-polymerization

12.0K 次观看.  Nanyang Technological University. We report protocols for “polymerizing” various types of polymer-encapsulated metal nanoparticles into long chains of “homo-“ and “co-polymers”. 

视频: Using Polystyrene-block-polyacrylic acid-coated Metal Nanoparticles as Monomers for Their Homo- and Co-polymerization

Structure and Coordination Determination of Peptide-metal Complexes Using 1D and 2D 1H NMR

Copper (I) binding by metallochaperone transport proteins prevents copper oxidation and release of the toxic ions that may participate in harmful redox reactions. The Cu (I) complex of the peptide model of a Cu (I) binding metallochaperone protein, which includes the sequence MTCSGCSRPG (underlined is conserved), was determined in solution under inert conditions by NMR spectroscopy.
NMR is a widely accepted technique for the determination of solution structures of proteins and peptides. Due to difficulty in crystallization to provide single crystals suitable for X-ray crystallography, the NMR technique is extremely valuable, especially as it provides information on the solution state rather than the solid state. Herein we describe all steps that are required for full three-dimensional structure determinations by NMR. The protocol includes sample preparation in an NMR tube, 1D and 2D data collection and processing, peak assignment and integration, molecular mechanics calculations, and structure analysis. Importantly, the analysis was first conducted without any preset metal-ligand bonds, to assure a reliable structure determination in an unbiased manner.

Structure and Coordination Determination of Peptide-metal Complexes Using 1D and 2D 1H NMR

The NMR-solution structure of a metallochaperone model peptide with Cu (I) was determined, and a detailed protocol from sample preparation and 1D and 2D data collection to a three-dimensional structure is described.

Copper (I) binding by metallochaperone transport proteins prevents copper oxidation and release of the toxic ions that may participate in harmful redox ...

科研

化学

Amide Coupling Reaction for the Synthesis of Bispyridine-based Ligands and Their Complexation to Platinum as Dinuclear Anticancer Agents

Amide coupling reactions can be used to synthesize bispyridine-based ligands for use as bridging linkers in multinuclear platinum anticancer drugs. Isonicotinic acid, or its derivatives, are coupled to variable length diaminoalkane chains under an inert atmosphere in anhydrous DMF or DMSO with the use of a weak base, triethylamine, and a coupling agent, 1-propylphosphonic anhydride. The products precipitate from solution upon formation or can be precipitated by the addition of water. If desired, the ligands can be further purified by recrystallization from hot water. Dinuclear platinum complex synthesis using the bispyridine ligands is done in hot water using transplatin. The most informative of the chemical characterization techniques to determine the structure and gross purity of both the bispyridine ligands and the final platinum complexes is 1H NMR with particular analysis of the aromatic region of the spectra (7-9 ppm). The platinum complexes have potential application as anticancer agents and the synthesis method can be modified to produce trinuclear and other multinuclear complexes with different hydrogen bonding functionality in the bridging ligand.

This protocol describes the use of amide coupling reactions of isonicotinic acid and diaminoalkanes to form bridging ligands suitable for use in the synthesis of multinuclear platinum complexes, which combine aspects of the anticancer drugs BBR3464 and picoplatin.

酰胺偶联反应为双吡啶基配体及其络合合成，以白金为双核抗癌药物

Amide coupling reactions can be used to synthesize bispyridine-based ligands for use as bridging linkers in multinuclear platinum anticancer drugs. ...

Reverse Microemulsion-mediated Synthesis of Monometallic and Bimetallic Early Transition Metal Carbide and Nitride Nanoparticles

A reverse microemulsion is used to encapsulate monometallic or bimetallic early transition metal oxide nanoparticles in microporous silica shells. The silica-encapsulated metal oxide nanoparticles are then carburized in a methane/hydrogen atmosphere at temperatures over 800 &#176;C to form silica-encapsulated early transition metal carbide nanoparticles. During the carburization process, the silica shells prevent the sintering of adjacent carbide nanoparticles while also preventing the deposition of excess surface carbon. Alternatively, the silica-encapsulated metal oxide nanoparticles can be nitridized in an ammonia atmosphere at temperatures over 800 &#176;C to form silica-encapsulated early transition metal nitride nanoparticles. By adjusting the reverse microemulsion parameters, the thickness of the silica shells, and the carburization/nitridation conditions, the transition metal carbide or nitride nanoparticles can be tuned to various sizes, compositions, and crystal phases. After carburization or nitridation, the silica shells are then removed using either a room-temperature aqueous ammonium bifluoride solution or a 0.1 to 0.5 M NaOH solution at 40-60 &#176;C. While the silica shells are dissolving, a high surface area support, such as carbon black, can be added to these solutions to obtain supported early transition metal carbide or nitride nanoparticles. If no high surface area support is added, then the nanoparticles can be stored as a nanodispersion or centrifuged to obtain a nanopowder.

A &#8220;removable ceramic coating method&#8221; is presented in visual format for the synthesis of non-sintered and metal-terminated monometallic and bimetallic early transition metal carbide and nitride nanoparticles with tunable sizes and crystal structures.

单金属和双金属前过渡金属碳化物和氮化物纳米粒子的反相微乳液介导的合成

A reverse microemulsion is used to encapsulate monometallic or bimetallic early transition metal oxide nanoparticles in microporous silica shells. The ...

Generation of Zerovalent Metal Core Nanoparticles Using n-(2-aminoethyl)-3-aminosilanetriol

In this work, a facile one-pot reaction for the formation of metal nanoparticles in a water solution through the use of n-(2-aminoethyl)-3-aminosilanetriol is presented. This compound can be used to effectively reduce and complex metal salts into metal core nanoparticles coated with the compound. By controlling the concentrations of salt and silane one is able to control reaction rates, particle size, and nanoparticle coating. The effects of these changes were characterized through transmission electron microscopy (TEM), UV-Vis spectrometry (UV-Vis), Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy (NMR) and Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). A unique aspect to this reaction is that usually silanes hydrolyze and cross-link in water; however, in this system the silane is water-soluble and stable. It is known that silicon and amino moieties can form complexes with metal salts. The silicon is known to extend its coordination sphere to form penta- or hexa-coordinated species. Furthermore, the silanol group can undergo hydrolysis to form a Si-O-Si silica network, thereby transforming the metal nanoparticles into a functionalized nanocomposites.

Generation of Zerovalent Metal Core Nanoparticles Using n-2-aminoethyl-3-aminosilanetriol

A novel method for metal core nanoparticle synthesis using a water stable silanol is described.

使用N-零价金属芯纳米粒子的生成（2-氨基乙基）-3- aminosilanetriol

In this work, a facile one-pot reaction for the formation of metal nanoparticles in a water solution through the use of ...

Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization of Functionalized Vinyl Monomers Using Perylene as a Visible Light Photocatalyst

A standardized technique for atom transfer radical polymerization of vinyl monomers using perylene as a visible-light photocatalyst is presented. The procedure is performed under an inert atmosphere using air- and water-exclusion techniques. The outcome of the polymerization is affected by the ratios of monomer, initiator, and catalyst used as well as the reaction concentration, solvent, and nature of the light source. Temporal control over the polymerization can be exercised by turning the visible light source off and on. Low dispersities of the resultant polymers as well as the ability to chain-extend to form block copolymers suggest control over the polymerization, while chain end-group analysis provides evidence supporting an atom-transfer radical polymerization mechanism.

A method for the atom transfer radical polymerization of functionalized vinyl monomers using perylene as a visible-light photocatalyst is described.

使用苝作为可见光光催化功能化的乙烯基单体原子转移自由基聚合

A standardized technique for atom transfer radical polymerization of vinyl monomers using perylene as a visible-light photocatalyst is presented. The ...

Au-Interaction of Slp1 Polymers and Monolayer from Lysinibacillus sphaericus JG-B53 - QCM-D, ICP-MS and AFM as Tools for Biomolecule-metal Studies

In this publication the gold sorption behavior of surface layer (S-layer) proteins (Slp1) of Lysinibacillus sphaericus JG-B53 is described. These biomolecules arrange in paracrystalline two-dimensional arrays on surfaces, bind metals, and are thus interesting for several biotechnical applications, such as biosorptive materials for the removal or recovery of different elements from the environment and industrial processes. The deposition of Au(0) nanoparticles on S-layers, either by S-layer directed synthesis 1 or adsorption of nanoparticles, opens new possibilities for diverse sensory applications. Although numerous studies have described the biosorptive properties of S-layers 2-5, a deeper understanding of protein-protein and protein-metal interaction still remains challenging. In the following study, inductively coupled mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) was used for the detection of metal sorption by suspended S-layers. This was correlated to measurements of quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D), which allows the online detection of proteinaceous monolayer formation and metal deposition, and thus, a more detailed understanding on metal binding.
The ICP-MS results indicated that the binding of Au(III) to the suspended S-layer polymers is pH dependent. The maximum binding of Au(III) was obtained at pH 4.0. The QCM-D investigations enabled the detection of Au(III) sorption as well as the deposition of Au(0)-NPs in real-time during the in situ experiments. Further, this method allowed studying the influence of metal binding on the protein lattice stability of Slp1. Structural properties and protein layer stability could be visualized directly after QCM-D experiment using atomic force microscopy (AFM). In conclusion, the combination of these different methods provides a deeper understanding of metal binding by bacterial S-layer proteins in suspension or as monolayers on either bacterial cells or recrystallized surfaces.

Au-Interaction of Slp1 Polymers and Monolayer from Lysinibacillus sphaericus JG-B53 - QCM-D, ICP-MS and AFM as Tools for Biomolecule-metal Studies

To obtain basic information on the sorption and recycling of gold from aqueous systems the interaction of Au(III) and Au(0) nanoparticles on S-layer proteins were investigated. The sorption of protein polymers was investigated by ICP-MS and that of proteinaceous monolayers by QCM-D. Subsequent AFM enables the imaging of the nanostructures.

SLP1聚合物和单层从金交互<em&gt; Lysinibacillus球形</em&gt; JG-B53 - QCM-D，ICP-MS和原子力显微镜的工具生物分子金属研究

In this publication the gold sorption behavior of surface layer (S-layer) proteins (Slp1) of Lysinibacillus sphaericus JG-B53 is described. These ...

In Situ Detection and Single Cell Quantification of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles Using Nuclear Microprobe Analysis

Micro-analytical techniques based on chemical element imaging enable the localization and quantification of chemical composition at the cellular level. They offer new possibilities for the characterization of living systems and are particularly appropriate for detecting, localizing and quantifying the presence of metal oxide nanoparticles both in biological specimens and the environment. Indeed, these techniques all meet relevant requirements in terms of (i) sensitivity (from 1 up to 10 &#181;g.g-1 of dry mass), (ii) micrometer range spatial resolution, and (iii) multi-element detection. Given these characteristics, microbeam chemical element imaging can powerfully complement routine imaging techniques such as optical and fluorescence microscopy. This protocol describes how to perform a nuclear microprobe analysis on cultured cells (U2OS) exposed to titanium dioxide nanoparticles. Cells must grow on and be exposed directly in a specially designed sample holder used on the optical microscope and in the nuclear microprobe analysis stages. Plunge-freeze cryogenic fixation of the samples preserves both the cellular organization and the chemical element distribution. Simultaneous nuclear microprobe analysis (scanning transmission ion microscopy, Rutherford backscattering spectrometry and particle induced X-ray emission) performed on the sample provides information about the cellular density, the local distribution of the chemical elements, as well as the cellular content of nanoparticles. There is a growing need for such analytical tools within biology, especially in the emerging context of Nanotoxicology and Nanomedicine for which our comprehension of the interactions between nanoparticles and biological samples must be deepened. In particular, as nuclear microprobe analysis does not require nanoparticles to be labelled, nanoparticle abundances are quantifiable down to the individual cell level in a cell population, independently of their surface state.

In Situ Detection and Single Cell Quantification of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles Using Nuclear Microprobe Analysis

We describe a procedure for the detection of chemical elements present in situ in human cells as well as their in vitro quantification. The method is well-suited to any cell type and is particularly useful for quantitative chemical analyses in single cells following in vitro metal oxide nanoparticles exposure.

原位金属氧化物纳米粒子的核探针检测与单细胞定量研究

Micro-analytical techniques based on chemical element imaging enable the localization and quantification of chemical composition at the cellular level. ...

Ligand-Mediated Nucleation and Growth of Palladium Metal Nanoparticles

The size, size distribution and stability of colloidal nanoparticles are greatly affected by the presence of capping ligands. Despite the key contribution of capping ligands during the synthesis reaction, their role in regulating the nucleation and growth rates of colloidal nanoparticles is not well understood. In this work, we demonstrate a mechanistic investigation of the role of trioctylphosphine (TOP) in Pd nanoparticles in different solvents (toluene and pyridine) using in situ SAXS and ligand-based kinetic modeling. Our results under different synthetic conditions reveal the overlap of nucleation and growth of Pd nanoparticles during the reaction, which contradicts the LaMer-type nucleation and growth model. The model accounts for the kinetics of Pd-TOP binding for both, the precursor and the particle surface, which is essential to capture the size evolution as well as the concentration of particles in situ. In addition, we illustrate the predictive power of our ligand-based model through designing the synthetic conditions to obtain nanoparticles with desired sizes. The proposed methodology can be applied to other synthesis systems and therefore serves as an effective strategy for predictive synthesis of colloidal nanoparticles.

The main goal of this work is to elucidate the role of capping agents in regulating the size of palladium nanoparticles by combining in situ small angle x-ray scattering (SAXS) and ligand-based kinetic modeling.

配体介导成核与钯金属纳米粒子的生长

The size, size distribution and stability of colloidal nanoparticles are greatly affected by the presence of capping ligands. Despite the key contribution ...

Surface Functionalization of Metal-Organic Frameworks for Improved Moisture Resistance

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are a class of porous inorganic materials with promising properties in gas storage and separation, catalysis and sensing. However, the main issue limiting their applicability is their poor stability in humid conditions. The common methods to overcome this problem involve the formation of strong metal-linker bonds by using highly charged metals, which is limited to a number of structures, the introduction of alkylic groups to the framework by post-synthetic modification (PSM) or chemical vapour deposition (CVD) to enhance overall hydrophobicity of the framework. These last two usually provoke a drastic reduction of the porosity of the material. These strategies do not permit to exploit the properties of the MOF already available and it is imperative to find new methods to enhance the stability of MOFs in water while keeping their properties intact. Herein, we report a novel method to enhance the water stability of MOF crystals featuring Cu2(O2C)4&#160;paddle-wheel units, such as HKUST (where HKUST stands for Hong Kong University of Science &#38; Technology), with the catechols functionalized with alkyl and fluoro-alkyl chains. By taking advantage of the unsaturated metal sites and the catalytic catecholase-like activity of CuII ions, we are able to create robust hydrophobic coatings through the oxidation and subsequent polymerization of the catechol units on the surface of the crystals under anaerobic and water-free conditions without disrupting the underlying structure of the framework. This approach not only affords the material with improved water stability but also provides control over the function of the protective coating, which enables the development of functional coatings for the adsorption and separations of volatile organic compounds. We are confident that this approach could also be extended to other unstable MOFs featuring open metal sites.

Robust functional catechol coatings were produced in one step by direct reaction of the material known as HKUST with synthetic catechols under anaerobic conditions. The formation of homogeneous coatings surrounding the entire crystal is ascribed to the biomimetic catalytic activity of Cu(II) dimers on the external surface of the crystals.

金属-有机框架的表面功能化改善防潮性能

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are a class of porous inorganic materials with promising properties in gas storage and separation, catalysis and sensing. ...

Molten-Salt Synthesis of Complex Metal Oxide Nanoparticles

The development of feasible synthesis methods is critical for the successful exploration of novel properties and potential applications of nanomaterials. Here, we introduce the molten-salt synthesis (MSS) method for making metal oxide nanomaterials. Advantages over other methods include its simplicity, greenness, reliability, scalability, and generalizability. Using pyrochlore lanthanum hafnium oxide (La2Hf2O7) as a representative, we describe the MSS protocol for the successful synthesis of complex metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs). Furthermore, this method has the unique ability to produce NPs with different material features by changing various synthesis parameters such as pH, temperature, duration, and post-annealing. By fine-tuning these parameters, we are able to synthesize highly uniform, non-agglomerated, and highly crystalline NPs. As a specific example, we vary the particle size of the La2Hf2O7&#160;NPs by changing the concentration of the ammonium hydroxide solution used in the MSS process, which allows us to further explore the effect of particle size on various properties. It is expected that the MSS method will become a more popular synthesis method for nanomaterials and more widely employed in the nanoscience and nanotechnology community in the upcoming years.

Here, we demonstrate a unique, relatively low-temperature, molten-salt synthesis method for preparing uniform complex metal oxide lanthanum hafnate nanoparticles.

复合金属氧化物纳米粒子的熔融盐合成

The development of feasible synthesis methods is critical for the successful exploration of novel properties and potential applications of nanomaterials. ...