笔者感谢马可Roelcke博士，德克Niekisch博士罗伯特博士Quakernack，康妮博士他们在开发和这种方法的进一步发力。非常感谢也给现场技术人员多丽丝Ziermann和杨君。底层的调查是由德意志研究联合会，俄罗斯联邦国家的Schleswig Holstein，欧盟和SKW Piesteritz CORP的EFRE资助。如在引用的出版物中详细说明。

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作者宣称，他有没有竞争经济利益。

<html>结果表明，该方法可以用来比较不同施肥处理氨氮排放量在重复田间试验，并利用从这些测量得到的统计显著信息，提高氮肥的管理。通过这种方法获得的排放量已经在早期的研究与微气象测量13,15,16验证的比较。在本文中，这种方法的有效性定量测量所氨氮排放量和吸氮量之间有密切的线性关系，间接证明。因此，该方法可以被认为是适用于的农艺相关氮损失的氨排放的测定。这种...

氨（NH 3）是从在欧盟农业源发射的唯一大气微量气体主要（90％）。虽然农业也是一个主要来源（&gt;欧盟排放的50％），这些既有助于一下〜5％的总EU15人为温室气体排放量。与此相反，农业的NH 3排放负责大约45％的排放衍生富营养化，欧盟15 1内酸化和12％的细粉尘形成的31％。除了 ​​不利影响生态系统和人类健康，通过NH 3排放氮（N）的损失是经济损失给农民2。氮肥是一种通过现代农业提供食品生产率高的关键。除了 ​​对环境的损害，NH 3排放，因此，意味着营养素相当大的损失，作为NH 3从肥料铵衍生，除硝化密钥矿物氮物种直接利用能治作物生长过程和产量的工厂。氮肥应用的贡献20-80十亿€每年的利润为欧盟农民，但反过来，据估计，NH 3从农业释放到空气中造成〜年度损坏50个十亿€欧盟3。因此，还原的NH 3排放的是必不可少的既降低对环境的影响，并增加施加N的效率在农业方面，NH 3主要发出动物的房子，粪便（泥浆，厌氧digestates（AD），固体肥料）的存储和管理，以及肥料领域的应用。的倾向发出NH 3的不同取决于粪便成分， 如干物质含量和肥料的pH值。基于合成氮肥如尿素，磷酸二铵一定程度铵和胺也有助于NH 3排放。虽然钙质硝酸铵（CAN）是主要的氮肥在许多欧洲国家，使用大颗粒尿素的增加，并且是第二次在中欧和西欧CAN于2012年4尿素是在发展中国家尤为流行，由于高N含量的优势，安全，运输方便，是世界上最重要的合成氮肥5。然而，pH值和表层土壤NH 4 +尿素水解产生-concentrations的增加可导致高NH 3排放。这会导致低氮利用效率，尤其是在碱性土壤或土壤具有低吸附能力，这限制了在欧洲6,7-使用尿素肥料。 从有机和无机肥和牲畜外壳上NH 3排放许多研究近几十年来6,8。然而，相关的研究NH氨emitt的申请后3排放已执行ING化肥仍然是有限的。这特别适用于氨的排放量，使用肥料类型，场地条件和作物生长之间的关系。在理想情况下，这需要重复的田间试验中，由于作物对只能在一个实验设计包括用于统计检验字段复制进行验证处理的可变响应。 氨损 ​​失，因此应该还复制多情节的现场试验9确定，但占主导地位的氨的减肥方法产生的量化的排放（ 即公斤N /（公顷* H））需要大的场区（微气象方法），昂贵的设备（风洞），或者在场的电力供给这使得它们在重复的田间试验中应用困难或不可能。此外，风洞的特定设置而受到批评相对于得到的发光值10的精确度。因此，存在为强烈需要2N氨损失的方法来确定在重复的田间试验中氨氮排放量。这种方法可以用来帮助提高农业的措施，以减少基础上，场地条件，施肥种类，使用方法和作物生长统计学验证效果氨氮排放量。 新方法的基本思想，校准被动采样，是提供一种用于测量在许多小区通过同时测量结果与上几个重复这两种方法链接的简单的半定量测量方法中，用一个定量的方法。相比，在原始出版物11中的设计修改被动采样用作半定量测量方法。动态管法（DTM）12，一个校准动态室法中，采用以获得传递系数，它转换被动取样定量损失的半定量的损失（千克氮公顷-1）。由于在腔室中的低的空气交换率从DTM获得系统未校准的排放量要比真正的排放量低约一个数量级。不过，这个问题是由校准方程，校正该室通量取决于原位风力条件13克服。当腔室具有相同的内部顶空体积和设计中的那些校准试验中使用这些校准方程只能应用。腔室可以直接插在土壤或放置在土壤环。后者防止土壤过度干扰，并允许在密集的草皮或压实土几乎密不透风引进室。此外，待测试肥料的确切量可以在土壤环内施加。然而，在土壤环土壤土块也可以意味着在腔和土壤环之间的夹紧。 <img alt="图1" src="/files/ftp_upload/53273/53273fig1.jpg" /> 图1:同时measuremeNT与被动采样，并在田间室法（DTM）。被动采样位于方密谋0.15米以上土壤/冠层的中心。与DTM测量是根据测量日期剧情内进行至少2个位置。专门用于收割面积不应室和被动采样测量操作的影响。 来导出传递系数测量在这两种方法的少数地块同时进行（ 图1）。重要的是，它们都具有相同的总测量持续时间应用，该测量是在同一时间进行的（1小时内）。原则促进许多重复的转移系数的应用是基于这样的事实，被动采样器放置在一个均匀的试验田，以适当的距离到障碍物干扰风场作为树篱，建筑物等。（至少10倍，理想地20 obstac次乐高）14，具有相同的环境条件下同一NH 3吸收行为。因此，例如，在一个情节低50％的发射将直接由一个取样溶液转化为减少50％的氨的吸收。因此，用于酸阱值的比例在单个情节的转移系数可用于按比例在相同的现场试验所用的所有酸的陷阱的值。由于对被动采样11的氨吸收效率变化的环境条件（温度，风速，表面粗糙度）效应的传递系数具有分别以导出针对每个测量活动。 采用这两种方法的一般特征和要求的田间试验设计包括4个放置在由波纹管泵（DTM），被动采样和大型二次试验田大缓冲与聚四氟​​乙烯（PTFE）油管相连，通风的土壤动态室对于空间热度庆安NH 3漂移地块之间的发射测量实际情节的影响。 被动采样填充用稀硫酸（0.05 MH 2 SO 4）并放置在图的中心。在被动采样溶液不断吸收氨，并根据排放的预期强度定期更换。同时，NH 3通量与在两个处理区的DTM和在时间的特定时间点的控制积测量。相反，风洞，这两种方法组合在校准被动采样只对土壤湿度，土壤温度和降雨非常有限的影响，从而影响氨气排放的损失非常强烈6,8。虽然被动采样是在这些变量上面装土壤，植被表面0.15米，无任何影响，与DTM室测量最后只剩下约5分钟减少潜在室效应降至最低。 </p&gt; 在取样溶液的 NH 4 +浓度精确的结果可以通过与铵敏感电极测量来获得。用连续流自动分析仪的测量可能是有问题如在这些仪器可以通过所使用的取样溶液和化学品的酸性pH通过阻碍施加pH敏感色反应需要修改。在通过DTM的室系统通过空气NH 3浓度瞬间带指示灯管测量。测得的NH 3浓度记录每次测量后数据表。 对于DTM，NH 3通量（毫克N /（平方米* h））进行从测量的 NH 3浓度，并通过四腔系统中的空气流率和由腔室（式1，段落2.5.1）所覆盖的面积来计算。由此产生的未校准通量（这低估了真正的排放量）被调整为亏损定量用校准方程（方程2和3，请参见第2.5.1）。 DTM中的缩放累积的 NH 3损失（公斤/公顷）由平均两个后续测量日期之间的磁通量，此平均流量与每个间隔的持续时间相乘，并从测量的所有测量间隔加入式的所有损失计算运动。从被动采样累积定性NH 3负（ppm的总和）由累加在试验活动中的一个情节收集NH 4 + -concentrations（PPM）计算。这是可行的，因为在相同的体积和温度测量，PPM值直接转化为捕获的氨。缩放这些定性损失定量损失传递系数（公斤/（公顷* ppm的））由与所述DTM的累积最终损失衍生（千克氮公顷-1），以在该取样器的浓度的总和所测量的同样的地块。然后，该传热系数用吨Ø通过累积浓度与传热系数乘以转换被动采样量化通量（ 如千克/公顷）半定量排放。 通过蒸发的水损失从收集器不影响吸收能力但在以后进行数据分析进行校正。由于在强风的蔓延的解决方案还没有被观察到，即使在德国北部的沿海沼泽地。决定性这种方法的成功应用在包括地块内同一位置和布局的高度领域应用的所有被动采样的相同的设计。被动采样的几种设计在过去得到了成功应用。本文认为这已被证明可靠，易于现场测量操作一个特殊的设计。所提出的方法已经通过比较标准的氨损失的方法（微气象方法）在约15 FIEL广泛的测试Ð试验确认程序15,16的定量有效性和排放动态17一个不带偏见的代表性。相比于校准研究13微气象测量校准通量测定（R 2）的系数为0.84，非常类似于在最近的一项研究比较18对测得的大气氨的浓度氨气传感器获得的系数。累计损失氨氮相对根均方误差为17％，也相当接近在比较微气象测量13其它研究得出的值。在所提出的方法相比，从有机浆料氨气排放（5个独立试验），0.96（曲线的斜率≈1）和5％的相对根均方误差的R 2的微气象测量所述第二验证得到最终累积氨氮排放量15。该方法已被证明在敏感使用不同的合成氮肥19 3年田间试验。这种方法的应用受到限制，以平均风速≤4米/秒以2米的高度作为该室方法只有那些条件13,15,16下验证。 一个测量活动被定义为一个实验测试氨氮排放量在几个地块持续​​数天，长达数周施肥后。在一块土地上的每个测量活动是由若干后续采样间隔（被动采样）或测量日期（DTM）的。采样间隔被定义为通过一个取样溶液中释放氨的吸光度的顺序持续时间。测量日期被定义为在时间顺序点在该DTM测量在用于推导传递系数不同重复进行。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1019">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:171px;">stainless steel Dr&#228;ger chamber + soil rings</td>
			<td style="width:327px;">Fa. Hofmann GmbH, Metallindustriewerk, Kiel, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:443px;">no number</td>
			<td style="width:80px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:171px;">roofs and stainless steel rod for passive sampler</td>
			<td style="width:327px;">Fa. Hofmann GmbH, Metallindustriewerk, Kiel, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:443px;">no number</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:171px;">ammonia electrode + bench</td>
			<td style="width:327px;">Thermo scientific</td>
			<td style="width:443px;">Cat. No. 9512BNWP or 951201</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:171px;">ammonia electrode filling solution</td>
			<td style="width:327px;">Thermo scientific</td>
			<td style="width:443px;">Cat. No. 951202</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="80">
			<td height="80" style="height:80px;width:171px;">Ammonia calibration standards; 0.1 M ammonia chloride standard</td>
			<td style="width:327px;">Thermo scientific</td>
			<td style="width:443px;">Cat. No. 951006&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:171px;">Dr&#228;ger pumps</td>
			<td style="width:327px;">Draeger Safety AG&#38; Co Kg</td>
			<td style="width:443px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:171px;">Dr&#228;ger tubes</td>
			<td style="width:327px;">Draeger Safety AG&#38; Co Kg</td>
			<td style="width:443px;">types: 0.25/a; 2/a; 5/a</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="60">
			<td height="60" style="height:60px;width:171px;">acid resistant passive sampling bottles (Azlon bottle, HDPE)</td>
			<td style="width:327px;">Dunn Labortechnik GmbH</td>
			<td style="width:443px;">Cat.No.: BGE230P</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="60">
			<td height="60" style="height:60px;width:171px;">small vials (scintilation bottles PE 60 mm X 27 mm)</td>
			<td style="width:327px;">any laboratory store</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:171px;">PTFE tubing 7 mm x 1 mm WDG</td>
			<td style="width:327px;">any laboratory store</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:171px;">connectors PP Y-Form 6-7 mm</td>
			<td style="width:327px;">any laboratory store</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

calibrated passive sampling - multi-plot field measurements of nh3 emissions with a combination of dynamic tube method and passive samplers

农业氨（NH 3）的排放量（90％欧盟总排放量）负责约45％的水体富营养化空降，31％土壤酸化和12％的罚款 ​​粉尘形成欧盟15国之内。但是NH 3排放也意味着营养物质相当大的损失。从有机和无机肥施用对NH 3排放许多研究近几十年来被执行。然而，3排放后申请化肥与NH研究尤其是仍局限于相对关系来排放，化肥类型，场地条件和作物生长。由于作物对治疗的可变响应，效果只能在实验设计包括用于统计检验字段复制验证。占主导地位的氨的减肥方法产生的排放量需要大的场区，昂贵的设备或电流供应，限制在重复田间试验他们的应用。该公关otocol描述NH测量新方法的许多情节联的所有地块使用一个简单的半定量测量方法，通过使用选定的地块两种方法同时测量定量的方法3排放。作为半定量测定方法被用于被动采样。第二种方法是一种动态室方法（动态管法），得到转印商数，它转换被动采样器的半定量损失到定量的损失（公斤氮气公顷-1）。这种方法的基本原理是，放置在一个均匀的试验田被动采样具有相同的环境条件下相同的 NH 3的吸收行为。因此，转移合作效率，从单一的被动采样获得可用于规模在同一个现场试验中使用的所有被动采样值。该方法在大范围的实验条件下被证明有效并建议裸露的土壤或小檐（&lt;0.3米）的条件下使用。与较高的植物，从实验中得到的结果应该更慎重对待。

在2014年，田间试验成立于丹麦用于测试的几种方法的效果，减少牛的申请后，氨氮排放中心浆:公司成立有旋耕机，酸化泥浆和封闭槽注射剂（注射液浆掺入土壤与随后覆盖用土）。作为具有高发射应用技术，特别是对浆料的室方法线索软管应用的正确应用的比较也被包括在内。共有24地块被列入这项研究。牛浆液在80公斤NH 4 + -N /公顷的比率施用。 <i...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Calibrated Passive Sampling - Multi-plot Field Measurements of NH3 Emissions with a Combination of Dynamic Tube Method and Passive Samplers at JoVE.com

Calibrated Passive Sampling - Multi-plot Field Measurements of NH3 Emissions with a Combination of Dynamic Tube Method and Passive Samplers

氨氮排放量是由水体富营养化，土壤酸化和细颗粒形成环境的主要威胁，主要源于农业源。这种方法允许氨损耗测量中复制田间试验使排放量和作物生长和排放之间的关系进行统计分析。

校准被动采样 - NH多情节场测量<sub&gt; 3</sub&gt;与动态管法和被动采样的组合排放

Agricultural ammonia (NH3) emissions (90% of total EU emissions) are responsible for about 45% airborne eutrophication, 31% soil acidification and 12% ...

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Calibrated Passive Sampling - Multi-plot Field Measurements of NH3 Emissions with a Combination of Dynamic Tube Method and Passive Samplers

Introduction: Matter and Measurement

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12.2K 次观看.  Leuphana University. 氨氮排放量是由水体富营养化，土壤酸化和细颗粒形成环境的主要威胁，主要源于农业源。这种方法允许氨损耗测量中复制田间试验使排放量和作物生长和排放之间的关系进行统计分析。 

视频: Calibrated Passive Sampling - Multi-plot Field Measurements of NH3 Emissions with a Combination of Dynamic Tube Method and Passive Samplers

Integrated Field Lysimetry and Porewater Sampling for Evaluation of Chemical Mobility in Soils and Established Vegetation

Potentially toxic chemicals are routinely applied to land to meet growing demands on waste management and food production, but the fate of these chemicals is often not well understood. Here we demonstrate an integrated field lysimetry and porewater sampling method for evaluating the mobility of chemicals applied to soils and established vegetation. Lysimeters, open columns made of metal or plastic, are driven into bareground or vegetated soils. Porewater samplers, which are commercially available and use vacuum to collect percolating soil water, are installed at predetermined depths within the lysimeters. At prearranged times following chemical application to experimental plots, porewater is collected, and lysimeters, containing soil and vegetation, are exhumed. By analyzing chemical concentrations in the lysimeter soil, vegetation, and porewater, downward leaching rates, soil retention capacities, and plant uptake for the chemical of interest may be quantified. Because field lysimetry and porewater sampling are conducted under natural environmental conditions and with minimal soil disturbance, derived results project real-case scenarios and provide valuable information for chemical management. As chemicals are increasingly applied to land worldwide, the described techniques may be utilized to determine whether applied chemicals pose adverse effects to human health or the environment.

Field lysimetry and porewater sampling allow researchers to evaluate the fate of chemicals applied to soils and established vegetation. The goal of this protocol is to demonstrate how to install required instrumentation and collect samples for chemical analysis during integrated field lysimetry and porewater sampling experiments.

综合外地Lysimetry和孔隙水采样的化学活动性土壤的评价和植被成立

Potentially toxic chemicals are routinely applied to land to meet growing demands on waste management and food production, but the fate of these chemicals ...

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Soil Sampling and Isolation of Entomopathogenic Nematodes (Steinernematidae, Heterorhabditidae)

Entomopathogenic nematodes (a.k.a. EPN) represent a group of soil-inhabiting nematodes that parasitize a wide range of insects. These nematodes belong to two families: Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae. Until now, more than 70 species have been described in the Steinernematidae and there are about 20 species in the Heterorhabditidae. The nematodes have a mutualistic partnership with Enterobacteriaceae bacteria and together they act as a potent insecticidal complex that kills a wide range of insect species.
Herein, we focus on the most common techniques considered for collecting EPN from soil. The second part of this presentation focuses on the insect-baiting technique, a widely used approach for the isolation of EPN from soil samples, and the modified White trap technique which is used for the recovery of these nematodes from infected insects. These methods and techniques are key steps for the successful establishment of EPN cultures in the laboratory and also form the basis for other bioassays that consider these nematodes as model organisms for research in other biological disciplines. The techniques shown in this presentation correspond to those performed and/or designed by members of S. P. Stock laboratory as well as those described by various authors.

Soil Sampling and Isolation of Entomopathogenic Nematodes Steinernematidae, Heterorhabditidae

Entomopathogenic nematodes are soil-inhabiting roundworms that parasitize a wide range of insects. We demonstrate sampling methods used for the isolation of these nematodes from the soil using two techniques: the insect baiting and the modified White trap, for the recovery of nematodes from soil samples and infected insect cadavers, respectively.

土壤采样及昆虫病原线虫的分离（Steine​​rnematidae，异小）

Entomopathogenic nematodes (a.k.a. EPN) represent a group of soil-inhabiting nematodes that parasitize a wide range of insects. These nematodes belong to ...

The Use of an Automated System (GreenFeed) to Monitor Enteric Methane and Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Ruminant Animals

Ruminant animals (domesticated or wild) emit methane (CH4) through enteric fermentation in their digestive tract and from decomposition of manure during storage. These processes are the major sources of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from animal production systems. Techniques for measuring enteric CH4 vary from direct measurements (respiration chambers, which are highly accurate, but with limited applicability) to various indirect methods (sniffers, laser technology, which are practical, but with variable accuracy). The sulfur hexafluoride (SF6)&#160;tracer gas method is commonly used to measure enteric CH4 production by animal scientists and more recently, application of an Automated Head-Chamber System (AHCS) (GreenFeed, C-Lock, Inc., Rapid City, SD), which is the focus of this experiment, has been growing. AHCS is an automated system to monitor CH4 and carbon dioxide (CO2) mass fluxes from the breath of ruminant animals. In a typical AHCS operation, small quantities of baiting feed are dispensed to individual animals to lure them to AHCS multiple times daily. As the animal visits AHCS, a fan system pulls air past the animal&#8217;s muzzle into an intake manifold, and through an air collection pipe where continuous airflow rates are measured. A sub-sample of air is pumped out of the pipe into non-dispersive infra-red sensors for continuous measurement of CH4 and CO2 concentrations. Field comparisons of AHCS to respiration chambers or SF6 have demonstrated that AHCS produces repeatable and accurate CH4 emission results, provided that animal visits to AHCS are sufficient so emission estimates are representative of the diurnal rhythm of rumen gas production. Here, we demonstrate the use of AHCS to measure CO2 and CH4 fluxes from dairy cows given a control diet or a diet supplemented with technical-grade cashew nut shell liquid.

The Use of an Automated System GreenFeed to Monitor Enteric Methane and Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Ruminant Animals

Accuracy and precision of the techniques used to measure methane emissions from ruminant animals are critically important for the success of greenhouse gas mitigation efforts. This manuscript describes the principles and operation of an automated system to monitor methane and carbon dioxide mass fluxes from the breath of ruminant animals.

自动系统（绿色饲料）的用于监视肠道的甲烷和二氧化碳从反刍动物排放

Ruminant animals (domesticated or wild) emit methane (CH4) through enteric fermentation in their digestive tract and from decomposition of manure during ...

Characterization and Application of Passive Samplers for Monitoring of Pesticides in Water

Five different water passive samplers were calibrated under laboratory conditions for measurement of 124 legacy and current used pesticides. This study provides a protocol for the passive sampler preparation, calibration, extraction method and instrumental analysis. Sampling rates (RS) and passive sampler-water partition coefficients (KPW) were calculated for silicone rubber, polar organic chemical integrative sampler POCIS-A, POCIS-B, SDB-RPS and C18 disk. The uptake of the selected compounds depended on their physicochemical properties, i.e., silicone rubber showed a better uptake for more hydrophobic compounds (log octanol-water partition coefficient (KOW) &#62; 5.3), whereas POCIS-A, POCIS-B and SDB-RPS disk were more suitable for hydrophilic compounds (log KOW &#60; 0.70).

A protocol about the characterization and application of five different passive sampling devices is presented.

表征和被动采样的应用在农药水监测

Five different water passive samplers were calibrated under laboratory conditions for measurement of 124 legacy and current used pesticides. This study ...

Clean Sampling and Analysis of River and Estuarine Waters for Trace Metal Studies

Most of the trace metal concentrations in ambient waters obtained a few decades ago have been considered unreliable owing to the lack of contamination control. Developments of some techniques aiming to reduce trace metal contamination in the last couple of decades have resulted in concentrations reported now being orders of magnitude lower than those in the past. These low concentrations often necessitate preconcentration of water samples prior to instrumental analysis of samples. Since contamination can appear in all phases of trace metal analyses, including sample collection (and during preparation of sampling containers), storage and handling, pretreatments, and instrumental analysis, specific care needs to be taken in order to reduce contamination levels at all steps. The effort to develop and utilize "clean techniques" in trace metal studies allows scientists to investigate trace metal distributions and chemical and biological behavior in greater details. This advancement also provides the required accuracy and precision of trace metal data allowing for environmental conditions to be related to trace metal concentrations in aquatic environments.
This protocol that is presented here details needed materials for sample preparation, sample collection, sample pretreatment including preconcentration, and instrumental analysis. By reducing contamination throughout all phases mentioned above for trace metal analysis, much lower detection limits and thus accuracy can be achieved. The effectiveness of "clean techniques" is further demonstrated using low field blanks and good recoveries for standard reference material. The data quality that can be obtained thus enables the assessment of trace metal distributions and their relationships to environmental parameters.

Special care using "clean techniques" is required to properly collect and process water samples for trace metal studies in aquatic environments. A protocol for sampling, processing, and analytical procedures with the aim of obtaining reliable environmental monitoring data and results with high sensitivity for detailed trace metal studies is presented.

清洁取样和痕量金属研究河和河口水域分析

Most of the trace metal concentrations in ambient waters obtained a few decades ago have been considered unreliable owing to the lack of contamination ...

Modification and Application of a Leaf Blower-vac for Field Sampling of Arthropods

Rice fields host a large diversity of arthropods, but investigating their population dynamics and interactions is challenging. Here we describe the modification and application of a leaf blower-vac for suction sampling of arthropod populations in rice. When used in combination with an enclosure, application of this sampling device provides absolute estimates of the populations of arthropods as numbers per standardized sampling area. The sampling efficiency depends critically on the sampling duration. In a mature rice crop, a two-minute sampling in an enclosure of 0.13 m2 yields more than 90% of the arthropod population. The device also allows sampling of arthropods dwelling on the water surface or the soil in rice paddies, but it is not suitable for sampling fast flying insects, such as predatory Odonata or larger hymenopterous parasitoids. The modified blower-vac is simple to construct, and cheaper and easier to handle than traditional suction sampling devices, such as D-vac. The low cost makes the modified blower-vac also accessible to researchers in developing countries.

Assessment of arthropod abundance in crops is critical for investigating population dynamics and species interactions. Here we describe the modification and application of a leaf blower-vac for suction sampling of arthropods in rice.

修改和叶鼓风机-VAC的节肢动物领域采样中的应用

Rice fields host a large diversity of arthropods, but investigating their population dynamics and interactions is challenging. Here we describe the ...

Reliable Method for Assessing Seed Germination, Dormancy, and Mortality under Field Conditions

We describe techniques for approximating seed bank dynamics over time using Helianthus annuus as an example study species. Strips of permeable polyester fabric and glue can be folded and glued to construct a strip of compartments that house seeds and identifying information, while allowing contact with soil leachate, water, microorganisms, and ambient temperature. Strips may be constructed with a wide range of compartment numbers and sizes and allow the researcher to house a variety of genotypes within a single species, different species, or seeds that have experienced different treatments. As opposed to individual seed packets, strips are more easily retrieved as a unit. While replicate packets can be included within a strip, different strips can act as blocks or can be retrieved at different times for observation of seed behavior over time. We used a high temperature glue gun to delineate compartments and sealed the strips once the seed and tags identifying block and removal times were inserted. The seed strips were then buried in the field at the desired depth, with the location marked for later removal. Burrowing animal predators were effectively excluded by use of a covering of metal mesh hardware cloth on the soil surface. After the selected time interval for burial, strips were dug up and seeds were assessed for germination, dormancy and mortality. While clearly dead seeds can often be distinguished from ungerminated living ones by eye, dormant seeds were conclusively identified using a standard Tetrazolium chloride colorimetric test for seed viability.

Here we present a protocol for assessing seed survivorship, germination and dormancy under field conditions using buried, labeled seed strips and tetrazolium chloride (TZ) viability testing.

对于在野外条件下评估种子萌发，休眠和死亡率可靠的方法

We describe techniques for approximating seed bank dynamics over time using Helianthus annuus as an example study species. Strips of permeable polyester ...

Implementation of Portable Emissions Measurement Systems (PEMS) for the Real-driving Emissions (RDE) Regulation in Europe

Vehicles are tested in controlled and relatively narrow laboratory conditions to determine their official emission values and reference fuel consumption. However, on the road, ambient and driving conditions can vary over a wide range, sometimes causing emissions to be higher than those measured in the laboratory. For this reason, the European Commission has developed a complementary Real-Driving Emissions (RDE) test procedure using the Portable Emissions Measurement Systems (PEMS) to verify gaseous pollutant and particle number emissions during a wide range of normal operating conditions on the road. This paper presents the newly-adopted RDE test procedure, differentiating six steps: 1) vehicle selection, 2) vehicle preparation, 3) trip design, 4) trip execution, 5) trip verification, and 6) calculation of emissions. Of these steps, vehicle preparation and trip execution are described in greater detail. Examples of trip verification and the calculations of emissions are given.

Implementation of Portable Emissions Measurement Systems PEMS for the Real-driving Emissions RDE Regulation in Europe

The European Commission has developed a Real-Driving Emissions (RDE) test procedure to verify pollutant emissions during real-world vehicle operation using the Portable Emissions Measurement Systems (PEMS). This paper presents the experimental procedures required by the newly-adopted RDE test.

便携式排放测量系统（PEMS）在欧洲的真实驾驶排放（RDE）规例的执行情况

Vehicles are tested in controlled and relatively narrow laboratory conditions to determine their official emission values and reference fuel consumption. ...

Production and Measurement of Organic Particulate Matter in a Flow Tube Reactor

Organic particulate matter (PM) is increasingly recognized as important to the Earth's climate system as well as public health in urban regions, and the production of synthetic PM for laboratory studies have become a widespread necessity. Herein, experimental protocols demonstrate approaches to produce aerosolized organic PM by &#945;-pinene ozonolysis in a flow tube reactor. Methods are described for measuring the size distributions and morphology of the aerosol particles. The video demonstrates basic operations of the flow tube reactor and related instrumentation. The first part of the video shows the procedure for preparing gas-phase reactants, ozonolysis, and production of organic PM. The second part of the video shows the procedures for determining the properties of the produced particle population. The particle number-diameter distributions show different stages of particle growth, namely condensation, coagulation, or a combination of both, depending on reaction conditions. The particle morphology is characterized by an aerosol particle mass analyzer (APM) and a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results confirm the existence of non-spherical particles that have grown from coagulation for specific reaction conditions. The experimental results also indicate that the flow tube reactor can be used to study the physical and chemical properties of organic PM for relatively high concentrations and short time frames.

This paper describes the operation procedure for the flow tube reactor and related data collection. It shows the protocols for setting the experiments, recording data and generating the number-diameter distribution as well as the particle mass information, which gives useful information about chemical and physical properties of the organic aerosols.

流管反应器中有机颗粒物的生产与测定

Organic particulate matter (PM) is increasingly recognized as important to the Earth's climate system as well as public health in urban regions, and the ...

Wastewater Irrigation Impacts on Soil Hydraulic Conductivity: Coupled Field Sampling and Laboratory Determination of Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity

Since the early 1960s, an alternative wastewater discharge practice at The Pennsylvania State University has been researched and its impacts monitored. Rather than discharging treated wastewater to a stream, and thereby directly impacting the stream quality, the effluent is applied to forested and cropped land managed by the University. Concerns related to reductions in soil hydraulic conductivity occur when considering wastewater reuse. The methodology described in this manuscript, matching soil sample size with the size of the laboratory-based hydraulic conductivity measurement apparatus, provides the benefits of a relatively rapid collection of samples with the benefits of controlled laboratory boundary conditions. The results suggest that there may have been some impact of wastewater reuse on the soil&#39;s ability to transmit water at deeper depths in the depressional areas of the site. Most of the reductions in the soil hydraulic conductivity in the depressions appear to be related to the depth from which the sample was collected, and by inference, associated with the soil structural and textural differences.

Here we present a methodology which matches a soil sample size and a hydraulic conductivity measurement device to prevent the so-called wall flow along the inside of the soil container from being erroneously included in water flow measurements. Its use is demonstrated with samples collected from a wastewater irrigation site.

污水灌溉对土壤水力电导率的影响: 耦合场取样与饱和水力电导率的实验室测定

Since the early 1960s, an alternative wastewater discharge practice at The Pennsylvania State University has been researched and its impacts monitored. ...