Name: calibrated passive sampling - multi-plot field measurements of nh3 emissions with a combination of dynamic tube method and passive samplers
Uploaded: 2016-03-21T13:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 10 min 29 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Calibrated Passive Sampling - Multi-plot Field Measurements of NH3 Emissions with a Combination of Dynamic Tube Method and Passive Samplers at JoVE.com

笔者感谢马可Roelcke博士，德克Niekisch博士罗伯特博士Quakernack，康妮博士他们在开发和这种方法的进一步发力。非常感谢也给现场技术人员多丽丝Ziermann和杨君。底层的调查是由德意志研究联合会，俄罗斯联邦国家的Schleswig Holstein，欧盟和SKW Piesteritz CORP的EFRE资助。如在引用的出版物中详细说明。

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作者宣称，他有没有竞争经济利益。

<html>结果表明，该方法可以用来比较不同施肥处理氨氮排放量在重复田间试验，并利用从这些测量得到的统计显著信息，提高氮肥的管理。通过这种方法获得的排放量已经在早期的研究与微气象测量13,15,16验证的比较。在本文中，这种方法的有效性定量测量所氨氮排放量和吸氮量之间有密切的线性关系，间接证明。因此，该方法可以被认为是适用于的农艺相关氮损失的氨排放的测定。这种方法对于氨损失量化的应用被限制为平均风速≤4米/秒以2米的高度作为室法的校准只在这些条件下进行验证。 e_content"&gt;然而，存在这使得该方法的困难的应用条件。在非常低的和零风通过重新沉积在发射站点加速氨的双重会计观察20，并且不能由被动采样进行会计处理。这种情况在夜间的时间和特定的地理条件下（由山脉，高障碍住所），可能会发生，在这种情况下，这是非常难以量化排放发射氨的运输行为是不确定的14，但是，这一问题会影响几乎所有氨的排放方法并且，从排放的角度来看，零排放应该这样的条件下，或如测量间隔所承担的应该被丢弃。漂流氨从邻近领域进入多情节试验田构成了对提出的方法没有问题，因为他们可以占到通过控制测量（无肥处理）。然而，如果这种影响超过氨的浓度来回回m为治疗地块，氨损失的测定是不可能的。因此，相邻的实验场地字段受精应控制和无氨应从那些字段发射。下当肥料不均匀地分布或（不均匀）在土壤掺入的条件下，也很难或不可能正确地应用该室系统测得通量可能并不代表该字段由于未知肥料分布。在这种情况下，另一种治疗已被列入与知名化肥流通可适当地对土壤腔的摆放来解释。这可以从那里步道软管申请加入土覆盖率浆液线索软管被称为可见上面给出的例子可以看出。如果这种措施是不可能的所提出的方法不能应用。然而，被动采样，这是不受此限制，将至少给T与半定量的差异reatments虽然没有精确的定量排放。不恰当占化肥分布不均的问题是所有室或风洞系统的问题。然而，风洞可能有较大的用土覆盖，从而平均微尺度不均匀化肥流通。因此，在这种方法中所使用的腔室方法可以通过赋予从曲线图测量（ 如风洞）定量排放另一种方法来代替。但是，只有风洞的具体设计提供精确的定量值10,21，往往给出错误信息，如果他们不能雨前事件被删除，随后更换。 开的肥料分布的具体问题的，仍然有用于精确定量氨损失不同氨损耗测量系统的有效性进行辩论，以及腔室系统一般质疑20。然而，它在早期的研究结果表明<sup&gt; 15,16，该方法给出了相应的对于大多数农艺研究问题以足够的精度实际定量氨损失。这也由本文提出粮食吸氮量的结果的支持。如果需要为特定的研究问题精度高，氨氮排放高时间分辨率，其他的方法应该适用， 例如 ，开放路径FTIR或TDL系统的微气象模型18,20相结合。但是这样的系统是不适用在复制现场试验。 高檐&gt;0.3米仍然构成对应用腔系统和所有动态室系统，包括风洞是一个挑战。过去的测试表明，本文和微气象学结果提出的方法之间有很好的一致性。然而，未来的测试是必要的，以确认这些结果。 从长远来看，这将是最理想的是使用被动SAMP<html> LER结果而不基于一个单独的校准公式定量的方法。过去的努力来推导关于风速，温度等这样的方程碱没有成功。这可能是由于被动采样设计变化 - 方法仍在发展 - 和树冠的影响。在未来的一个所限定的采样器的设计将被提出和大量的实验后的校准方程的推导应尽可能被应用于这种特定类型的被动采样的。作为替代使用液体稀硫酸，现成酸陷阱22， 例如 ALPHA取样23在这项研究中自制被动采样，都可以在这里的酸是在基质结合没有溢出的危险和更易于处理。然而，这些采样可能需要比在此方法22施加更长的曝光时间，但尚未在一个类似的方法进行了测试。 e_content"&gt;的一种新方法，校准被动采样，定量测定在重复的田间试验中氨的排放被提出，该方法证明了有效在宽范围的实验条件下，这是推荐用裸露的土壤或小檐的条件下被使用，结果具有较大植物冠层应该被更仔细地处理从实验获得的。如果用户仍然有疑问相对于该方法的定量有效性，它可以通过这种方法用相同土壤下微气象和腔室技术同时测量组合被测试和树冠条件和得到的排放随后比较该被动采样证明一个非常强大的工具，以定性地测量在多情节田间试验氨气排放，并且可以用不同的比例的方法可用于获得一个传递系数。要求用于这种缩放方法是其同积作为被动样品使用的那些应用RS。确定采样的最终设计之后，或者在应用现成的被动采样，对于这样一个取样单独的校准公式可开发和使用定量方法的同时测量可能是可有可无的。

氨（NH 3）是从在欧盟农业源发射的唯一大气微量气体主要（90％）。虽然农业也是一个主要来源（&gt;欧盟排放的50％），这些既有助于一下〜5％的总EU15人为温室气体排放量。与此相反，农业的NH 3排放负责大约45％的排放衍生富营养化，欧盟15 1内酸化和12％的细粉尘形成的31％。除了 ​​不利影响生态系统和人类健康，通过NH 3排放氮（N）的损失是经济损失给农民2。氮肥是一种通过现代农业提供食品生产率高的关键。除了 ​​对环境的损害，NH 3排放，因此，意味着营养素相当大的损失，作为NH 3从肥料铵衍生，除硝化密钥矿物氮物种直接利用能治作物生长过程和产量的工厂。氮肥应用的贡献20-80十亿€每年的利润为欧盟农民，但反过来，据估计，NH 3从农业释放到空气中造成〜年度损坏50个十亿€欧盟3。因此，还原的NH 3排放的是必不可少的既降低对环境的影响，并增加施加N的效率在农业方面，NH 3主要发出动物的房子，粪便（泥浆，厌氧digestates（AD），固体肥料）的存储和管理，以及肥料领域的应用。的倾向发出NH 3的不同取决于粪便成分， 如干物质含量和肥料的pH值。基于合成氮肥如尿素，磷酸二铵一定程度铵和胺也有助于NH 3排放。虽然钙质硝酸铵（CAN）是主要的氮肥在许多欧洲国家，使用大颗粒尿素的增加，并且是第二次在中欧和西欧CAN于2012年4尿素是在发展中国家尤为流行，由于高N含量的优势，安全，运输方便，是世界上最重要的合成氮肥5。然而，pH值和表层土壤NH 4 +尿素水解产生-concentrations的增加可导致高NH 3排放。这会导致低氮利用效率，尤其是在碱性土壤或土壤具有低吸附能力，这限制了在欧洲6,7-使用尿素肥料。 从有机和无机肥和牲畜外壳上NH 3排放许多研究近几十年来6,8。然而，相关的研究NH氨emitt的申请后3排放已执行ING化肥仍然是有限的。这特别适用于氨的排放量，使用肥料类型，场地条件和作物生长之间的关系。在理想情况下，这需要重复的田间试验中，由于作物对只能在一个实验设计包括用于统计检验字段复制进行验证处理的可变响应。 氨损 ​​失，因此应该还复制多情节的现场试验9确定，但占主导地位的氨的减肥方法产生的量化的排放（ 即公斤N /（公顷* H））需要大的场区（微气象方法），昂贵的设备（风洞），或者在场的电力供给这使得它们在重复的田间试验中应用困难或不可能。此外，风洞的特定设置而受到批评相对于得到的发光值10的精确度。因此，存在为强烈需要2N氨损失的方法来确定在重复的田间试验中氨氮排放量。这种方法可以用来帮助提高农业的措施，以减少基础上，场地条件，施肥种类，使用方法和作物生长统计学验证效果氨氮排放量。 新方法的基本思想，校准被动采样，是提供一种用于测量在许多小区通过同时测量结果与上几个重复这两种方法链接的简单的半定量测量方法中，用一个定量的方法。相比，在原始出版物11中的设计修改被动采样用作半定量测量方法。动态管法（DTM）12，一个校准动态室法中，采用以获得传递系数，它转换被动取样定量损失的半定量的损失（千克氮公顷-1）。由于在腔室中的低的空气交换率从DTM获得系统未校准的排放量要比真正的排放量低约一个数量级。不过，这个问题是由校准方程，校正该室通量取决于原位风力条件13克服。当腔室具有相同的内部顶空体积和设计中的那些校准试验中使用这些校准方程只能应用。腔室可以直接插在土壤或放置在土壤环。后者防止土壤过度干扰，并允许在密集的草皮或压实土几乎密不透风引进室。此外，待测试肥料的确切量可以在土壤环内施加。然而，在土壤环土壤土块也可以意味着在腔和土壤环之间的夹紧。 <img alt="图1" src="/files/ftp_upload/53273/53273fig1.jpg" /> 图1:同时measuremeNT与被动采样，并在田间室法（DTM）。被动采样位于方密谋0.15米以上土壤/冠层的中心。与DTM测量是根据测量日期剧情内进行至少2个位置。专门用于收割面积不应室和被动采样测量操作的影响。 来导出传递系数测量在这两种方法的少数地块同时进行（ 图1）。重要的是，它们都具有相同的总测量持续时间应用，该测量是在同一时间进行的（1小时内）。原则促进许多重复的转移系数的应用是基于这样的事实，被动采样器放置在一个均匀的试验田，以适当的距离到障碍物干扰风场作为树篱，建筑物等。（至少10倍，理想地20 obstac次乐高）14，具有相同的环境条件下同一NH 3吸收行为。因此，例如，在一个情节低50％的发射将直接由一个取样溶液转化为减少50％的氨的吸收。因此，用于酸阱值的比例在单个情节的转移系数可用于按比例在相同的现场试验所用的所有酸的陷阱的值。由于对被动采样11的氨吸收效率变化的环境条件（温度，风速，表面粗糙度）效应的传递系数具有分别以导出针对每个测量活动。 采用这两种方法的一般特征和要求的田间试验设计包括4个放置在由波纹管泵（DTM），被动采样和大型二次试验田大缓冲与聚四氟​​乙烯（PTFE）油管相连，通风的土壤动态室对于空间热度庆安NH 3漂移地块之间的发射测量实际情节的影响。 被动采样填充用稀硫酸（0.05 MH 2 SO 4）并放置在图的中心。在被动采样溶液不断吸收氨，并根据排放的预期强度定期更换。同时，NH 3通量与在两个处理区的DTM和在时间的特定时间点的控制积测量。相反，风洞，这两种方法组合在校准被动采样只对土壤湿度，土壤温度和降雨非常有限的影响，从而影响氨气排放的损失非常强烈6,8。虽然被动采样是在这些变量上面装土壤，植被表面0.15米，无任何影响，与DTM室测量最后只剩下约5分钟减少潜在室效应降至最低。 </p&gt; 在取样溶液的 NH 4 +浓度精确的结果可以通过与铵敏感电极测量来获得。用连续流自动分析仪的测量可能是有问题如在这些仪器可以通过所使用的取样溶液和化学品的酸性pH通过阻碍施加pH敏感色反应需要修改。在通过DTM的室系统通过空气NH 3浓度瞬间带指示灯管测量。测得的NH 3浓度记录每次测量后数据表。 对于DTM，NH 3通量（毫克N /（平方米* h））进行从测量的 NH 3浓度，并通过四腔系统中的空气流率和由腔室（式1，段落2.5.1）所覆盖的面积来计算。由此产生的未校准通量（这低估了真正的排放量）被调整为亏损定量用校准方程（方程2和3，请参见第2.5.1）。 DTM中的缩放累积的 NH 3损失（公斤/公顷）由平均两个后续测量日期之间的磁通量，此平均流量与每个间隔的持续时间相乘，并从测量的所有测量间隔加入式的所有损失计算运动。从被动采样累积定性NH 3负（ppm的总和）由累加在试验活动中的一个情节收集NH 4 + -concentrations（PPM）计算。这是可行的，因为在相同的体积和温度测量，PPM值直接转化为捕获的氨。缩放这些定性损失定量损失传递系数（公斤/（公顷* ppm的））由与所述DTM的累积最终损失衍生（千克氮公顷-1），以在该取样器的浓度的总和所测量的同样的地块。然后，该传热系数用吨Ø通过累积浓度与传热系数乘以转换被动采样量化通量（ 如千克/公顷）半定量排放。 通过蒸发的水损失从收集器不影响吸收能力但在以后进行数据分析进行校正。由于在强风的蔓延的解决方案还没有被观察到，即使在德国北部的沿海沼泽地。决定性这种方法的成功应用在包括地块内同一位置和布局的高度领域应用的所有被动采样的相同的设计。被动采样的几种设计在过去得到了成功应用。本文认为这已被证明可靠，易于现场测量操作一个特殊的设计。所提出的方法已经通过比较标准的氨损失的方法（微气象方法）在约15 FIEL广泛的测试Ð试验确认程序15,16的定量有效性和排放动态17一个不带偏见的代表性。相比于校准研究13微气象测量校准通量测定（R 2）的系数为0.84，非常类似于在最近的一项研究比较18对测得的大气氨的浓度氨气传感器获得的系数。累计损失氨氮相对根均方误差为17％，也相当接近在比较微气象测量13其它研究得出的值。在所提出的方法相比，从有机浆料氨气排放（5个独立试验），0.96（曲线的斜率≈1）和5％的相对根均方误差的R 2的微气象测量所述第二验证得到最终累积氨氮排放量15。该方法已被证明在敏感使用不同的合成氮肥19 3年田间试验。这种方法的应用受到限制，以平均风速≤4米/秒以2米的高度作为该室方法只有那些条件13,15,16下验证。 一个测量活动被定义为一个实验测试氨氮排放量在几个地块持续​​数天，长达数周施肥后。在一块土地上的每个测量活动是由若干后续采样间隔（被动采样）或测量日期（DTM）的。采样间隔被定义为通过一个取样溶液中释放氨的吸光度的顺序持续时间。测量日期被定义为在时间顺序点在该DTM测量在用于推导传递系数不同重复进行。

<table><tbody><tr><td>stainless steel Dr&amp;auml;ger chamber + soil rings</td><td>Fa. Hofmann GmbH, Metallindustriewerk, Kiel, Germany</td><td>no number</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>roofs and stainless steel rod for passive sampler</td><td>Fa. Hofmann GmbH, Metallindustriewerk, Kiel, Germany</td><td>no number</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>ammonia electrode + bench</td><td>Thermo scientific</td><td>Cat. No. 9512BNWP or 951201</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>ammonia electrode filling solution</td><td>Thermo scientific</td><td>Cat. No. 951202</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ammonia calibration standards; 0.1&amp;nbsp;M ammonia chloride standard</td><td>Thermo scientific</td><td>Cat. No. 951006&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Dr&amp;auml;ger pumps</td><td>Draeger Safety AG&amp;amp; Co Kg</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Dr&amp;auml;ger tubes</td><td>Draeger Safety AG&amp;amp; Co Kg</td><td>types: 0.25/a; 2/a; 5/a</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>acid resistant passive sampling bottles (Azlon bottle, HDPE)</td><td>Dunn Labortechnik GmbH</td><td>Cat.No.: BGE230P</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>small vials (scintillation bottles PE 60 mm x 27&amp;nbsp;mm)</td><td>any laboratory store</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>PTFE tubing 7 mm x 1&amp;nbsp;mm WDG</td><td>any laboratory store</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>connectors PP Y-Form 6-7 mm</td><td>any laboratory store</td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

calibrated passive sampling - multi-plot field measurements of nh3 emissions with a combination of dynamic tube method and passive samplers

农业氨（NH 3）的排放量（90％欧盟总排放量）负责约45％的水体富营养化空降，31％土壤酸化和12％的罚款 ​​粉尘形成欧盟15国之内。但是NH 3排放也意味着营养物质相当大的损失。从有机和无机肥施用对NH 3排放许多研究近几十年来被执行。然而，3排放后申请化肥与NH研究尤其是仍局限于相对关系来排放，化肥类型，场地条件和作物生长。由于作物对治疗的可变响应，效果只能在实验设计包括用于统计检验字段复制验证。占主导地位的氨的减肥方法产生的排放量需要大的场区，昂贵的设备或电流供应，限制在重复田间试验他们的应用。该公关otocol描述NH测量新方法的许多情节联的所有地块使用一个简单的半定量测量方法，通过使用选定的地块两种方法同时测量定量的方法3排放。作为半定量测定方法被用于被动采样。第二种方法是一种动态室方法（动态管法），得到转印商数，它转换被动采样器的半定量损失到定量的损失（公斤氮气公顷-1）。这种方法的基本原理是，放置在一个均匀的试验田被动采样具有相同的环境条件下相同的 NH 3的吸收行为。因此，转移合作效率，从单一的被动采样获得可用于规模在同一个现场试验中使用的所有被动采样值。该方法在大范围的实验条件下被证明有效并建议裸露的土壤或小檐（&lt;0.3米）的条件下使用。与较高的植物，从实验中得到的结果应该更慎重对待。

在2014年，田间试验成立于丹麦用于测试的几种方法的效果，减少牛的申请后，氨氮排放中心浆:公司成立有旋耕机，酸化泥浆和封闭槽注射剂（注射液浆掺入土壤与随后覆盖用土）。作为具有高发射应用技术，特别是对浆料的室方法线索软管应用的正确应用的比较也被包括在内。共有24地块被列入这项研究。牛浆液在80公斤NH 4 + -N /公顷的比率施用。 <img alt="图6" src="/files/ftp_upload/53273/53273fig6.jpg" /> 图6:复制田间试验使用不同的浆料的应用方法累积氨氮排放时间课程奶牛浆液通过线索软管（表面）的应用，表面应用APPLICAT。离子和随后掺入，用硫酸酸化浆料中掺入，封闭槽注入（注射槽用土壤覆盖）。从线索软管的应用程序处理，得到传热系数，误差棒描绘标准偏差，字母表示在P &lt;0.05（单向ANOVA）显着性水平（杜克HSD）。 该方法被证明敏感，而且非常高，非常低的排放量可能从没有高排放的阴谋低排放地块漂流氨的强干扰区分开来。其结果是，该方法产生了不同的技术（ 图6）施加浆料的氨排放之间高度显著差异。为理论值，从小径管的排放量最高，而掺入减少排放量低于60％。最高损失内减少了应用程序与封闭槽注射或酸化随后掺入（约90％）获得。这种方式的方法，得到高度releva根据实践的角度NT的信息，随后掺入酸化是更加高效的劳动力比封闭槽注入便宜。 在2012年在德国进行的另一项试验中，应用到冬小麦脲酶抑制剂对氨氮排放量从尿素的效果进行了测试。尿素是最容易出问题的合成氮肥相对于氨氮排放量，但全球范围内最重要的。当尿素水解通过脲酶抑制剂的应用减慢排放可能会降低。此外，硝化抑制剂被添加到减少在土壤硝酸盐的建成可刺激温室气体一氧化二氮的排放量（N 2 O）。然而，持续的高NH 4 +浓度持续时间较长可能会刺激此外NH 3排放。在这项试验中两种不同的尿素化肥和连接应用策略（3对2的应用对化肥用硝化抑制剂）进行了测试。结果表明，氨的排放量进行了强烈使用独立使用硝化抑制剂的脲酶抑制剂（ 图7）的降低。尿素只能用硝化抑制剂结合显示连接到土壤和气候的影响在刺激特定的应用程序日期氨氮排放量最高的排放量。这种强烈的不同应用的日期的天气条件的影响可以从改变由该方法（ 图8）中得到的氨排放的时间进程中可以看出。前两个应用程序的日期显示相对较低氨氮排放量由于气温低，并在第一个应用程序正规，但小降水事件，而强降雨的第二个应用程序的最初几天后降低​​排放量。在第三和第四应用更高的温度盛行与第三应用最高温度和排放。在这两个日期的排放量是由强降雨EV停止经济需求测试。的天气条件对在特定的应用程序的日期发射的强度的强烈影响解释了在第四也适用纯尿素（3应用程序）和脲之间平均排放量与硝化抑制剂（2应用程序）（ 图7）为纯尿素的差申请日期相对较低的排放。 <img alt="图7" src="/files/ftp_upload/53273/53273fig7.jpg" /> 图 7:应用程序的不同的尿素肥料 针对不同的应用时间（上图）和累积的所有应用程序（图底部） 之后的累积氨氮排放量在表面分别适用于不同生长阶段的冬小麦颗粒肥料，抑制剂使用降低氨的排放量（UI）或硝酸盐的转化减缓铵（NI）的（U =脲，UI =脲酶抑制剂，NI =硝化抑制剂，CAN =钙质硝酸铵）; U，CAN，U + UI被应用在三个日期，U + NI，U + NI + UI上两个日期，APP =申请日，误差棒描绘标准错误，字母表示在P显着性水平（图基HSD）&lt;0.05（单向ANOVA）。 <img alt="图8" src="/files/ftp_upload/53273/53273fig8.jpg" /> 图8:从四个尿素化肥和CAN氨氮排放时间课程和天气条件适用于不同的日期和剂量冬小麦 NH的气温和降水（上图）和全日制课程3排放（图底部），这一点。图举例说明与所提出的方法氨氮排放量有很大的不同时间的课程可以根据化肥类型（U =尿素，UI =脲酶抑制剂，NI =硝化抑制剂，能=钙质硝酸铵）和天气条件，U，可以区分， U + UI被应用在三个日期，U + NI，对TW U + NI + UIØ日期，误差线描绘的标准偏差，字母表示在P &lt;0.05（单向ANOVA）显着性水平（杜克HSD）。 测量方法也可以测试对粮食产量和粮食吸氮量（ 图9），氨氮排放量的影响。协方差分析应用于测试氨氮排放量，应用策略（2对每个生长期3应用程序）和年份对粮食氮吸收的效果。这个世界只有对粮食氮素吸收氨损失（坡度，岁之间的相同）和年份（拦截）的显著影响。两条曲线的截距显示在氮吸收（气候，土壤条件等 ）的年效果，而该曲线的斜率代表氨排放对这个变量的影响。 （数据未显示）影响作物吸氮量，在浸出水特别氮损失其他潜在的氮损失，是由密集的土壤采样和分析监测。在蔬菜中未发现硝酸盐淋失etation时期。因此，最引人注目的是，该斜率值（= 1）表明，氨损失直接翻译在降低氮的吸收在这次试验。这也证实了通过该方法测定的氨的损失的数量级。 <img alt="图9" src="/files/ftp_upload/53273/53273fig9.jpg" /> 图9:氨氮排放量和不同的尿素肥料施肥冬小麦籽粒氮素吸收的关系氨氮排放量是其应该对植物生长的影响，直接工厂速效氮的损失。该曲线图表明，与校准的被动采样方法测量发射氨可以与氮摄取，由双因子ANOVA分析数据。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Calibrated Passive Sampling - Multi-plot Field Measurements of NH3 Emissions with a Combination of Dynamic Tube Method and Passive Samplers at JoVE.com

Calibrated Passive Sampling - Multi-plot Field Measurements of NH3 Emissions with a Combination of Dynamic Tube Method and Passive Samplers

氨氮排放量是由水体富营养化，土壤酸化和细颗粒形成环境的主要威胁，主要源于农业源。这种方法允许氨损耗测量中复制田间试验使排放量和作物生长和排放之间的关系进行统计分析。

校准被动采样 - NH多情节场测量<sub&gt; 3</sub&gt;与动态管法和被动采样的组合排放

Agricultural ammonia (NH3) emissions (90% of total EU emissions) are responsible for about 45% airborne eutrophication, 31% soil acidification and 12% ...

calibrated-passive-sampling-multi-plot-field-measurements-nh3

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Calibrated Passive Sampling - Multi-plot Field Measurements of NH3 Emissions with a Combination of Dynamic Tube Method and Passive Samplers

Introduction: Matter and Measurement

SCIENTISTS IN ACTION

12.2K 次观看.  Leuphana University. 氨氮排放量是由水体富营养化，土壤酸化和细颗粒形成环境的主要威胁，主要源于农业源。这种方法允许氨损耗测量中复制田间试验使排放量和作物生长和排放之间的关系进行统计分析。 

视频: Calibrated Passive Sampling - Multi-plot Field Measurements of NH3 Emissions with a Combination of Dynamic Tube Method and Passive Samplers

Integrated Field Lysimetry and Porewater Sampling for Evaluation of Chemical Mobility in Soils and Established Vegetation

Potentially toxic chemicals are routinely applied to land to meet growing demands on waste management and food production, but the fate of these chemicals is often not well understood. Here we demonstrate an integrated field lysimetry and porewater sampling method for evaluating the mobility of chemicals applied to soils and established vegetation. Lysimeters, open columns made of metal or plastic, are driven into bareground or vegetated soils. Porewater samplers, which are commercially available and use vacuum to collect percolating soil water, are installed at predetermined depths within the lysimeters. At prearranged times following chemical application to experimental plots, porewater is collected, and lysimeters, containing soil and vegetation, are exhumed. By analyzing chemical concentrations in the lysimeter soil, vegetation, and porewater, downward leaching rates, soil retention capacities, and plant uptake for the chemical of interest may be quantified. Because field lysimetry and porewater sampling are conducted under natural environmental conditions and with minimal soil disturbance, derived results project real-case scenarios and provide valuable information for chemical management. As chemicals are increasingly applied to land worldwide, the described techniques may be utilized to determine whether applied chemicals pose adverse effects to human health or the environment.

Field lysimetry and porewater sampling allow researchers to evaluate the fate of chemicals applied to soils and established vegetation. The goal of this protocol is to demonstrate how to install required instrumentation and collect samples for chemical analysis during integrated field lysimetry and porewater sampling experiments.

综合外地Lysimetry和孔隙水采样的化学活动性土壤的评价和植被成立

Potentially toxic chemicals are routinely applied to land to meet growing demands on waste management and food production, but the fate of these chemicals ...

科研

环境科学

Measurement of Greenhouse Gas Flux from Agricultural Soils Using Static Chambers

Measurement of greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes between the soil and the atmosphere, in both managed and unmanaged ecosystems, is critical to understanding the biogeochemical drivers of climate change and to the development and evaluation of GHG mitigation strategies based on modulation of landscape management practices. The static chamber-based method described here is based on trapping gases emitted from the soil surface within a chamber and collecting samples from the chamber headspace at regular intervals for analysis by gas chromatography. Change in gas concentration over time is used to calculate flux. This method can be utilized to measure landscape-based flux of carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, and methane, and to estimate differences between treatments or explore system dynamics over seasons or years. Infrastructure requirements are modest, but a comprehensive experimental design is essential. This method is easily deployed in the field, conforms to established guidelines, and produces data suitable to large-scale GHG emissions studies.

This article showcases the static chamber-based method for measurement of greenhouse gas flux from soil systems. With relatively modest infrastructure investments, measurements may be obtained from multiple treatments/locations and over timeframes ranging from hours to years.

从农业土壤使用静态钱伯斯温室气体流量测量

Measurement of greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes between the soil and the atmosphere, in both managed and unmanaged ecosystems, is critical to understanding the ...

Automated, High-resolution Mobile Collection System for the Nitrogen Isotopic Analysis of NOx

Nitrogen oxides (NOx = NO + NO2) are a family of atmospheric trace gases that have great impact on the environment. NOx concentrations directly influence the oxidizing capacity of the atmosphere through interactions with ozone and hydroxyl radicals. The main sink of NOx is the formation and deposition of nitric acid, a component of acid rain and a bioavailable nutrient. NOx is emitted from a mixture of natural and anthropogenic sources, which vary in space and time. The collocation of multiple sources and the short lifetime of NOx make it challenging to quantitatively constrain the influence of different emission sources and their impacts on the environment. Nitrogen isotopes of NOx have been suggested to vary amongst different sources, representing a potentially powerful tool to understand the sources and transport of NOx. However, previous methods of collecting atmospheric NOx integrate over long (week to month) time spans and are not validated for the efficient collection of NOx in relevant, diverse field conditions. We report on a new, highly efficient field-based system that collects atmospheric NOx for isotope analysis at a time resolution between 30 min and 2 hr. This method collects gaseous NOx in solution as nitrate with 100% efficiency under a variety of conditions. Protocols are presented for collecting air in urban settings under both stationary and mobile conditions. We detail the advantages and limitations of the method and demonstrate its application in the field. Data from several deployments are shown to 1) evaluate field-based collection efficiency by comparisons with in situ NOx concentration measurements, 2) test the stability of stored solutions before processing, 3) quantify in situ reproducibility in a variety of urban settings, and 4) demonstrate the range of N isotopes of NOx detected in ambient urban air and on heavily traveled roadways.

Automated, High-resolution Mobile Collection System for the Nitrogen Isotopic Analysis of NOx

Previous work suggests that the nitrogen isotopic composition of atmospheric nitrogen oxides might distinguish the influence of different sources in the environment. We report on an automated, mobile, field-based method for the high collection efficiency of atmospheric NOx for N isotopic analysis at an hourly time resolution.

自动化，高清晰度移动采集系统对NO的氮同位素分析<sub系列&gt; X</sub

Nitrogen oxides (NOx = NO + NO2) are a family of atmospheric trace gases that have great impact on the environment. NOx concentrations directly influence ...

Assessment of Methane and Nitrous Oxide Fluxes from Paddy Field by Means of Static Closed Chambers Maintaining Plants Within Headspace

This protocol describes the measurement of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from paddy soils using the static closed chamber technique. This method is based on the diffusion theory. A known volume of air overlaying a defined soil area is enclosed within a parallelepiped cover (named &#34;chamber&#34;), for a defined period of time. During this enclosure period, gases (methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O)) move from soil pore air near their microbial source (i.e., methanogens, nitrifiers, denitrifiers) to the chamber headspace, following a natural concentration gradient. Fluxes are then estimated from chamber headspace concentration variations sampled at regular intervals throughout the enclosure and then analyzed with gas chromatography. Among the techniques available for GHG measurement, the static closed chamber method is suitable for plot experiments, as it does not require large homogenously treated soil areas. Furthermore, it is manageable with limited resources and can identify relationships among ecosystem properties, processes, and fluxes, especially when combined with GHG driving force measurements. Nevertheless, with respect to the micrometeorological method, it causes a minimal but still unavoidable soil disturbance, and allows a minor temporal resolution. Several phases are key to the method implementation: i) chamber design and deployment, ii) sample handling and analyses, and iii) flux estimation. Technique implementation success in paddy fields demands adjustments for field flooding during much of the cropping cycle, and for rice plant maintenance within the chamber headspace during measurements. Therefore, the additional elements to be considered with respect to the usual application of non-flooded agricultural soils consist of devices for: i) avoiding any unintended water disturbance that could overestimate fluxes, and ii) including rice plants within the chamber headspace to fully consider gases emitted through aerenchyma transportation.

The overall goal of this protocol is to measure greenhouse gas emissions from paddy fields using the static closed chamber technique. The measurement system needs specific adjustments due to the presence of both a permanent water layer in the field and of the plants within the chamber headspace.

用静止封闭室维持顶空装置对稻田甲烷和一氧化二氮通量的评价

This protocol describes the measurement of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from paddy soils using the static closed chamber technique. This method is based ...

Lab-Scale Model to Evaluate Odor and Gas Concentrations Emitted by Deep Bedded Pack Manure

A lab-scaled simulated bedded pack model was developed to study air quality and nutrient composition of deep-bedded packs used in cattle mono-slope facilities. This protocol has been used to effectively evaluate many different bedding materials, environmental variables (temperature, humidity), and potential mitigation treatments that can improve air quality in commercial deep-bedded mono-slope facilities. The model is dynamic and allows researchers to easily collect many chemical and physical measurements from the bedded pack. Weekly measurements, collected over the course of six to seven weeks, allows sufficient time to see changes in air quality measurements over time as the bedded pack matures. The data collected from the simulated bedded packs is within the range of concentrations previously measured in commercial deep-bedded mono-slope facilities. Past studies have demonstrated that 8 - 10 experimental units per treatment are sufficient to detect statistical differences among the simulated bedded packs. The bedded packs are easy to maintain, requiring less than 10 minutes of labor per bedded packs per week to add urine, feces, and bedding. Sample collection using the gas sampling system requires 20 - 30 minutes per bedded pack, depending on the measurements that are being collected. The use of lab-scaled bedded packs allows the researcher to control variables such as temperature, humidity, and bedding source that are difficult or impossible to control in a research or commercial facility. While not a perfect simulation of &#34;real-world&#34; conditions, the simulated bedded packs serve as a good model for researchers to use to examine treatment differences among bedded packs. Several lab-scale studies can be conducted to eliminate possible treatments before trying them in a research or commercial-sized facility.

A protocol has been developed to measure gases, odors, and nutrient composition in lab-scaled bedded manure packs, which can be used to study ways to improve air quality in commercial cattle facilities using deep-bedded manure packs.

用实验室尺度模型评价深层包粪排放的恶臭和气体浓度

A lab-scaled simulated bedded pack model was developed to study air quality and nutrient composition of deep-bedded packs used in cattle mono-slope ...

Design and Use of a Full Flow Sampling System (FFS) for the Quantification of Methane Emissions

The use of natural gas continues to grow with increased discovery and production of unconventional shale resources. At the same time, the natural gas industry faces continued scrutiny for methane emissions from across the supply chain, due to methane&#39;s relatively high global warming potential (25-84x that of carbon dioxide, according to the Energy Information Administration). Currently, a variety of techniques of varied uncertainties exists to measure or estimate methane emissions from components or facilities. Currently, only one commercial system is available for quantification of component level emissions and recent reports have highlighted its weaknesses.
In order to improve accuracy and increase measurement flexibility, we have designed, developed, and implemented a novel full flow sampling system (FFS) for quantification of methane emissions and greenhouse gases based on transportation emissions measurement principles. The FFS is a modular system that consists of an explosive-proof blower(s), mass airflow sensor(s) (MAF), thermocouple, sample probe, constant volume sampling pump, laser based greenhouse gas sensor, data acquisition device, and analysis software. Dependent upon the blower and hose configuration employed, the current FFS is able to achieve a flow rate ranging from 40 to 1,500 standard cubic feet per minute (SCFM). Utilization of laser-based sensors mitigates interference from higher hydrocarbons (C2+). Co-measurement of water vapor allows for humidity correction. The system is portable, with multiple configurations for a variety of applications ranging from being carried by a person to being mounted in a hand drawn cart, on-road vehicle bed, or from the bed of utility terrain vehicles (UTVs). The FFS is able to quantify methane emission rates with a relative uncertainty of &#177; 4.4%. The FFS has proven, real world operation for the quantification of methane emissions occurring in conventional and remote facilities.

Design and Use of a Full Flow Sampling System FFS for the Quantification of Methane Emissions

We have designed, developed, and implemented a novel full flow sampling system (FFS) for quantification of methane emissions and greenhouse gases from across the natural gas supply chain.

设计和全流采样系统（FFS）的使用甲烷排放的量化

The use of natural gas continues to grow with increased discovery and production of unconventional shale resources. At the same time, the natural gas ...

工程学

Measurement of the Potential Rates of Dissimilatory Nitrate Reduction to Ammonium Based on 14NH4+/15NH4+ Analyses via Sequential Conversion to N2O

The importance of understanding the fate of nitrate (NO3&#8722;), which is the dominant N species transferred from terrestrial to aquatic ecosystems, has been increasing because global nitrogen loads have dramatically increased following industrialization. Dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium (DNRA) and denitrification are both microbial processes that use NO3&#8722; for respiration. Compared to denitrification, quantitative determinations of the DNRA activity have been carried out only to a limited extent. This has led to an insufficient understanding of the importance of DNRA in NO3&#8722; transformations and the regulating factors of this process. The objective of this paper is to provide a detailed procedure for the measurement of the potential DNRA rate in environmental samples. In brief, the potential DNRA rate can be calculated from the 15N-labeled ammonium (15NH4+) accumulation rate in 15NO3&#8722; added incubation. The determination of the 14NH4+ and 15NH4+ concentrations described in this paper is comprised of the following steps. First, the NH4+ in the sample is extracted and trapped on an acidified glass filter as ammonium salt. Second, the trapped ammonium is eluted and oxidized to NO3&#8722; via persulfate oxidation. Third, the NO3&#8722; is converted to N2O via an N2O reductase deficient denitrifier. Finally, the converted N2O is analyzed using a previously developed quadrupole gas chromatography&#8211;mass spectrometry system. We applied this method to salt marsh sediments and calculated their potential DNRA rates, demonstrating that the proposed procedures allow a simple and more rapid determination compared to previously described methods.

Measurement of the Potential Rates of Dissimilatory Nitrate Reduction to Ammonium Based on 14NH4+/15NH4+ Analyses via Sequential Conversion to N2O

A series of methods to determine the potential DNRA rate based on 14NH4+/15NH4+ analyses is provided in detail. NH4+ is converted into N2O via several steps and analyzed using quadrupole gas chromatography&#8211;mass spectrometry.

基于14NH 4 + /4+ 15NH 4= 通过顺序转换为 N2O 的分析，测量异化硝酸盐降低至铵的潜在率

The importance of understanding the fate of nitrate (NO3&#8722;), which is the dominant N species transferred from terrestrial to aquatic ecosystems, has ...

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>一种实用且低成本的装置，用于测量水性样品中的甲烷

Measuring Dissolved Methane in Aquatic Ecosystems Using An Optical Spectroscopy Gas Analyzer

Measuring greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes and pools in ecosystems are becoming increasingly common in ecological studies due to their relevance to climate change. With it, the need for analytical platforms adaptable to measuring different pools and fluxes within research groups also grows. This study aims to develop a procedure to use portable optical spectroscopy-based gas analyzers, originally designed and marketed for gas flux measurements, to measure GHG concentrations in aqueous samples. The protocol involves the traditional headspace equilibration technique followed by the injection of a headspace gas subsample into a chamber connected through a closed loop to the inlet and outlet ports of the gas analyzer. The chamber is fabricated from a generic mason jar and simple laboratory supplies, and it is an ideal solution for samples that may require pre-injection dilution. Methane concentrations measured with the chamber are tightly correlated (r2 &#62; 0.98) with concentrations determined separately through gas chromatography-flame ionization detection (GC-FID) on subsamples from the same vials. The procedure is particularly relevant for field studies in remote areas where chromatography equipment and supplies are not readily available, offering a practical, cheaper, and more efficient solution for measuring methane and other dissolved greenhouse gas concentrations in aquatic systems.

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>使用光谱气体分析仪测量水生生态系统中的溶解甲烷

This study demonstrates an approach to measure methane gas concentrations in aqueous samples using portable optical analyzers coupled to an injection chamber in a closed loop. The results are similar to conventional gas chromatography, presenting a practical and low-cost alternative particularly suitable for remote field studies.

使用光谱气体分析仪测量水生生态系统中的溶解甲烷

Measuring greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes and pools in ecosystems are becoming increasingly common in ecological studies due to their relevance to climate ...

校准被动采样 - NH多情节场测量

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此视频中的章节

综合外地Lysimetry和孔隙水采样的化学活动性土壤的评价和植被成立

从农业土壤使用静态钱伯斯温室气体流量测量

自动化，高清晰度移动采集系统对NO的氮同位素分析

用静止封闭室维持顶空装置对稻田甲烷和一氧化二氮通量的评价

用实验室尺度模型评价深层包粪排放的恶臭和气体浓度

设计和全流采样系统（FFS）的使用甲烷排放的量化

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