We thank Dr. Peter T. Sage for his assistance in generating some of the representative images. This work was supported by an NIH R01 grant to C.V.C. (HL104006).

<ol>
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The authors have nothing to disclose.

总体而言，这一协议描述方法研究内皮细胞作为一）充分研究生理装甲运兵车和ii）作为"平面细胞APC模式"一种新的类型。相对于前者，它已成为日益认识到，非造血外围设备（或"基质"）的APCs发挥关键的，非冗余的作用（即，相比于造血的APC）在成形适应性免疫应答16-18。在这样的"半专业"装甲运兵车，血管及淋巴管内皮细胞（这远多于专业装甲运兵车）均名列前茅赞赏16-18。</...

T淋巴细胞是其特征在于，以有效地识别肽抗原（Ag）材料的能力适应性免疫系统势必主要组织相容性复合体（MHC）的一个分支分子通过它们的T细胞受体（TCR）1。幼稚淋巴细胞组成迁移和扫描的专业抗原呈递细胞"（的APC;例如，树突细胞）的淋巴结内，而记忆/效应T细胞需要能够有效地测量极其广泛外周组织内APC和潜在的靶细胞。 在下面的APC的初始确认同源Ag的分，淋巴细胞逮捕他们的迁移，并开始形成一个专门的亲密细胞间的接口称为"免疫突触"（IS）。持续（即，30-60分钟）IS触点需要以扩增和维持信令2-7。新兴的研究确定了IS内，它是在连续的形成和快速řemodeling离散的亚细胞信号传导的微群 （例如，含有MHC /银TCR，F-肌动蛋白，黏附和信号分子）确定的强度和产生的免疫反应2-7质量。然而，动态信息这一过程和调控机制不完全理解8,9。这在很大程度上源于与APC的表面不规则拓扑和细胞-细胞相互作用平面的控制不良取向，问题的深刻限制所需时空成像相关联的技术挑战接近8-10（Figure1A）。 <img alt="图1" src="/files/ftp_upload/53288/53288fig1.jpg" /> 图1.生理平面成像免疫突触动力电池APC模型。该图说明免疫突触的T细胞和professio之间的传统影像<html>最终APC（A）和T细胞与传统的平面脂双层APC模型（B）相比，这种新型内皮平面APC模式（C）。专职APC提供生理免疫突触，但提供取向不良的细胞-细胞接口（即相对于该最佳的xy成像平面;分辨率〜0.2微米），这显着地损害了空间（Z成象平面分辨率〜1微米）和时间（即由于需要通过所有的z成像平面）成像的分辨率反复扫描。双层车型有平面拓扑结构，提供最佳的时空成像分辨率，而且还高度简化，非生理性和刚性。这种内皮细胞模型结合脂质双层的平面拓​​扑与经典的APC的生理基板于生理环境提供最佳的空间和时间分辨率的成像。M /文件/ ftp_upload / 53288 / 53288fig1large.jpg"目标="_空白"&gt;点击此处查看该图的放大版本。 以前的工作已部分规避这些障碍通过开发平面衬底的模型（即，脂双层和抗体包被的表面上）提供最佳的时空分辨率（即，经由T细胞活化表面固定到一个单一的计划，是平行于最佳的xy成像平面）11-15日 （图1B）。这些模式促进了重要的见解控制抗原信号的T细胞，包括动态肌动蛋白/ TCR信号微群7,11-14的发现的亚细胞/分子动力学。然而，这种模型被固有地过于简化，以及刚性（排除的三维拓扑特征的发展/研究）（ 图1B）。因此，尚不能确定如何与这样的调查结果PHYsiologic细胞与细胞免疫监视。 虽然仍然充分研究，血管及淋巴管内皮细胞正在成为一个大的（ 即 ，更大数量比所有专业的装甲运兵车，由〜1000倍）的"半专业"的APC 16-18周边室。这些细胞表达MHC-I-，MHC-II-和多种共刺激分子（例如，CD40，LFA3，ICOSL，4-1BB，OX40L，TL1A，PD-L1，但不是CD80和CD86），并在战略上是位于血液组织界面，他们成为专业的定点功能16-18。以往的研究表明，内皮细胞可以有效地重新刺激效应/记忆，但不幼稚，T细胞19-25。因此，血管内皮细胞有可能在周围组织内的适应性免疫反应，如对T细胞的活化，分 ​​化，存储器和公差16,17,26局部影响的效应阶段发挥独特的APC的作用。 CRI的角度讲，当在体外生长的细胞，内皮细胞形成几乎平坦的细胞表面，且很容易转染的（例如，用荧光蛋白记者）。这些特性非常适合拓扑动态过程中细胞间的相互作用19,27的高时空分辨率的成像。因此，内皮细胞可作为生理"平面细胞APC"的模式明显适合于驱动抗原识别和调节反应（ 图1C）19,20的亚细胞/分子重塑机制的研究。 先前建立互补的成像技术（包括内皮细胞的细胞膜和胞浆内的荧光蛋白制造商的转染），用于粘附和跨内皮迁移27期间学习白细胞-内皮相互作用的细节，显示，白细胞由动态主动探测内皮的表面插入的亚微米级的D-回缩，肌动蛋白富圆柱形突起（〜在直径和深度200-1,000纳米）称为invadosome状突起（即，&#39;ILPS&#39;）27,28。这些成像方法已被进一步扩大以及创造的协议采取的内皮APC功能优势，开发的第一个方法为T细胞与内皮细胞免疫突触的高时空分辨率成像报告19,20和进一步说明在此。从这个新的平面细胞APC模型推导出一个核心发现是，T细胞ILPS无论是在推动初期银检测和维持后续信号功能。事实上，多个ILPS（被稳定和应计响应初始钙通量）显示富集TCR和分子暗示的积极信号，例如PKC-Q，ZAP-70，磷酸和HS1的阵列。因此，ILPS似乎代表一个三维生理等效于TCR的信令微集群出现在平面双层模型。这种做法，因此，敏感地揭示/报道分子和建筑（以及隐含的生物力学）动力学没有其他检测。 本文所描述的方法应是有益的桥连专职APC和人工APC的基底模型之间的间隙，以提高我们的询问适应性免疫应答的基本机制的能力。而这里的重点是对CD4 + Th1型效应/记忆细胞的活化，这基本的方法可以容易地修改，以研究各种T细胞类型和AGS，如下面所讨论。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="914">
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:392px;">BD Vacutainer stretch latex free tourniquet</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">BD alcohol swabs</td>
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			<td>326895</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">BD Vacutainer Safety-Lok</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">BD Biosciences</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">367861</td>
			<td>K2 EDTA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:392px;">BD Vacutainer Push Button Blood Collection Set</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">BD Biosciences</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">367335</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:392px;">RPMI-1640</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>R8758-1L</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Ficoll-Paque&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">GE17-1440-02</td>
			<td>Bring to RT before use</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:392px;">FCS-Optima</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Atlanta Biologics</td>
			<td>s12450</td>
			<td>Heat inactivated</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Penicillin-Streptomycin&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>&#160;P4458-100ML&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Trypan blue</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>T8154-20ML</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">staphylococcal enterotoxin B&#160;</td>
			<td>Toxin Technology</td>
			<td>BT202RED</td>
			<td>Stock solution 1mg/ml in PBS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">toxic shock syndrome toxin 1&#160;</td>
			<td>Toxin Technology</td>
			<td>TT606RED</td>
			<td>Stock solution 1mg/ml in PBS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">human IL-15</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">R&#38;D Systems</td>
			<td>247-IL-025</td>
			<td>Stock solution 50ug/ml in PBS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:392px;">PBS</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>10010-049</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:26px;width:392px;">Fibronectin</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td>33016-015</td>
			<td>Stock solution 1mg/ml in H20</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">HMVEC-d Ad-Dermal MV Endo Cells</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Lonza</td>
			<td>CC-2543</td>
			<td>Other Human Microvascular ECs can be used, i.e. HLMVECs</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">EGM-2 MV bullet kit</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Lonza</td>
			<td>CC-3202</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:392px;">Trypsin-EDTA</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>T-4174</td>
			<td>Stock solution 10x, dilute in PBS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">amaxa-HMVEC-L Nucleofector Kit</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Lonza</td>
			<td>vpb1003</td>
			<td>Required Kit for step 4</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:26px;width:392px;">IFN-g</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>I3265</td>
			<td>Stock solution 1mg/ml in H20</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:26px;">TNF-alpha 10ug, human</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td>PHC3015</td>
			<td>Stock solution 1mg/ml in H20</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">phenol Red-free HBSS&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td>14175-103</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Hepes</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>BP299-100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:26px;width:392px;">Calcium Chloride</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">C1016-100G</td>
			<td>Stock solution 1M in H20</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:26px;width:392px;">Magnesium chloride</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">208337</td>
			<td>Stock solution 1M in H20</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:392px;">Human Serum albumin</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>A6909-10ml</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Immersol 518 F fluorescence free Immersion oil</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>12-624-66A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Fura-2 AM 20x50ug</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td>F1221</td>
			<td>Stock solution 1mM in DMSO</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:392px;">pEYFP-Mem (Mem-YFP)</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Clontech</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">6917-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:392px;">pDsRed-Monomer (Soluble Cytoplasmic DsRed)</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Clontech</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">632466</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:392px;">pDsRed-Monomer Membrane (Mem-DsRed)</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Clontech</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">632512</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:392px;">pEGFP-Actin</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Clontech</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">6116-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:392px;">Alexa Fluor 488 Phalloidin</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td>A12379</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:392px;">Formaldehyde solution 37%</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>BP531-500</td>
			<td>Toxic, use fumehood</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:392px;">Triton X-100</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">X100-5ML</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:392px;">&#160;Falcon 15mL Conical Centrifuge Tubes</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>14-959-70C</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:392px;">Falcon 50mL Conical Centrifuge Tubes</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>14-959-49A&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:392px;">Falcon Tissue Culture Treated Flasks T25</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>10-126-9</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:392px;">&#160;Falcon Tissue Culture Treated Flasks T75</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>&#160; 13-680-65</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:392px;">&#160;Corning Cell Culture Treated T175</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">10-126-61&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:392px;">Glass coverslips&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">12-545-85&#160;</td>
			<td>12 mm diameter</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:392px;">&#160;Falcon Tissue Culture Plates 24-well</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>08-772-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:392px;">Delta-T plates</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Bioptechs</td>
			<td>04200415B</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Wheaton Disposable Pasteur Pipets</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">13-678-8D</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">1.5 ml Eppendorf tube&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>05-402-25</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:392px;">&#160;ICAM1 mouse anti-human</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>555509</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">HS1 mouse anti-human</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>610541</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Anti-Human CD11a (LFA-1alpha) Purified</td>
			<td>ebioscience</td>
			<td>BMS102</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Anti-Human CD3 Alexa Fluor&#174; 488</td>
			<td>ebioscience</td>
			<td>53-0037-41</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Anti-MHC Class II antibody&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Abcam</td>
			<td>ab55152</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Anti-Talin 1 antibody</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Abcam</td>
			<td>ab71333</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:392px;">Anti-PKC theta antibody&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Abcam</td>
			<td>ab109481</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">phosphotyrosine (4G10 Platinum)</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Millipore</td>
			<td>50-171-463</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:392px;">Nucleofector II</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Amaxa Biosystems</td>
			<td style="width:152px;"></td>
			<td>Required electroporator for step 4</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:392px;">Zeiss Axiovert</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Carl Zeiss MicroImaging</td>
			<td style="width:152px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:392px;">Zeiss LSM510&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Carl Zeiss MicroImaging</td>
			<td style="width:152px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:392px;">Zeiss Axiovison Software</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Carl Zeiss MicroImaging</td>
			<td style="width:152px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:392px;">NU-425 (Series 60) Biological Safety Cabinet</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">NuAIRE</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Nu-425-600</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:392px;">&#160;Forma STRCYCLE 37 &#176;C, 5% CO2 Cell culture Incubator</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>202370</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:392px;">Centrifuge 5810</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Eppendorf</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">EW-02570-02</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:392px;">Hemocytometer</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">&#160;Z359629</td>
			<td>Bright-Line Hemocytometer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:392px;">Isotemp Waterbath model 202</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">15-462-2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

an endothelial planar cell model for imaging immunological synapse dynamics

适应性免疫是通过T细胞和抗原呈递细胞（&#39;的APC&#39;）之间动态相互作用调节被称为"免疫突触&#39;。在这些贴心的细胞与细胞间的接口MHC /银TCR，F-肌动蛋白，粘连分离亚细胞簇和信号分子形成和重塑迅速。这些动力被认为是双方的效率和发展的免疫应答的质量的关键因素，因此，保护​​与病理性免疫。免疫突触生理装甲运兵车的当前的理解是可获得的成像分辨率不足的限制。尽管人造材料模型 （例如，平面脂质双层）提供了出色的分辨率和一直非常有价值的工具，它们是固有的非生理性和过于简单。血管和淋巴管内皮细胞已经成​​为"半职业的一个重要的外周组织（或基质）隔人装甲运兵车"。这些装甲运兵车（其中表达最专业的装甲运兵车的分子机器）都形成几乎平坦的细胞表面的独特的功能，且很容易转染的（例如，用荧光蛋白记者）。本文将描述一个基本的方法来实现的内皮细胞作为一种新颖的和生理&#39;平面蜂窝APC模式"为改进的成像和基本的抗原性信令过程的询问。

使用内皮细胞和结合生理复杂性和专职APC变形的平面脂双层模型的分辨率优点的新型成像方法被开发（图1）。图2提供了典型的迁移，钙流和拓扑动力学与此观察的例子做法。在内皮上没有凹陷，超抗原特异性的 CD4 + Th1细胞淋巴细胞迅速蔓延，极化和横向上内皮表面（图2A）迁移，而熔合钙（未示出）。在〜5-10分...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about An Endothelial Planar Cell Model for Imaging Immunological Synapse Dynamics at JoVE.com

An Endothelial Planar Cell Model for Imaging Immunological Synapse Dynamics

Adaptive immunity is controlled by dynamic 'immunological synapses' formed between T cells and antigen presenting cells. This protocol describes methods for investigating endothelial cells both as understudied physiologic APCs and as a novel type of 'planar cellular APC model'.

成像免疫突触动力学内皮平面细胞模型

Adaptive immunity is regulated by dynamic interactions between T cells and antigen presenting cells (&#39;APCs&#39;) referred to as &#39;immunological ...

an-endothelial-planar-cell-model-for-imaging-immunological-synapse

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

8.9K 次观看.  Harvard Medical School - BIDMC. Adaptive immunity is controlled by dynamic 'immunological synapses' formed between T cells and antigen presenting cells. This protocol describes methods for investigating endothelial cells both as understudied physiologic APCs and as a novel type of 'planar cellular APC model'.

视频: An Endothelial Planar Cell Model for Imaging Immunological Synapse Dynamics

Use of an Optical Trap for Study of Host-Pathogen Interactions for Dynamic Live Cell Imaging

Dynamic live cell imaging allows direct visualization of real-time interactions between cells of the immune system1, 2; however, the lack of spatial and temporal control between the phagocytic cell and microbe has rendered focused observations into the initial interactions of host response to pathogens difficult. Historically, intercellular contact events such as phagocytosis3 have been imaged by mixing two cell types, and then continuously scanning the field-of-view to find serendipitous intercellular contacts at the appropriate stage of interaction. The stochastic nature of these events renders this process tedious, and it is difficult to observe early or fleeting events in cell-cell contact by this approach. This method requires finding cell pairs that are on the verge of contact, and observing them until they consummate their contact, or do not. To address these limitations, we use optical trapping as a non-invasive, non-destructive, but fast and effective method to position cells in culture.
Optical traps, or optical tweezers, are increasingly utilized in biological research to capture and physically manipulate cells and other micron-sized particles in three dimensions4. Radiation pressure was first observed and applied to optical tweezer systems in 19705, 6, and was first used to control biological specimens in 19877. Since then, optical tweezers have matured into a technology to probe a variety of biological phenomena8-13.
We describe a method14 that advances live cell imaging by integrating an optical trap with spinning disk confocal microscopy with temperature and humidity control to provide exquisite spatial and temporal control of pathogenic organisms in a physiological environment to facilitate interactions with host cells, as determined by the operator. Live, pathogenic organisms like Candida albicans and Aspergillus fumigatus, which can cause potentially lethal, invasive infections in immunocompromised individuals15, 16 (e.g. AIDS, chemotherapy, and organ transplantation patients), were optically trapped using non-destructive laser intensities and moved adjacent to macrophages, which can phagocytose the pathogen. High resolution, transmitted light and fluorescence-based movies established the ability to observe early events of phagocytosis in living cells. To demonstrate the broad applicability in immunology, primary T-cells were also trapped and manipulated to form synapses with anti-CD3 coated microspheres in vivo, and time-lapse imaging of synapse formation was also obtained. By providing a method to exert fine spatial control of live pathogens with respect to immune cells, cellular interactions can be captured by fluorescence microscopy with minimal perturbation to cells and can yield powerful insight into early responses of innate and adaptive immunity.

A method is described to individually select, manipulate, and image live pathogens using an optical trap coupled to a spinning disk microscope. The optical trap provides spatial and temporal control of organisms and places them adjacent to host cells. Fluorescence microscopy captures dynamic intercellular interactions with minimal perturbation to cells.

动态活细胞成像的宿主 - 病原体相互作用的研究使用的光学陷阱

Dynamic live cell imaging allows direct visualization of real-time interactions between cells of the immune system1, 2; however, the lack of spatial and ...

科研

免疫与感染

Imaging of HIV-1 Envelope-induced Virological Synapse and Signaling on Synthetic Lipid Bilayers

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection occurs most efficiently via cell to cell transmission2,10,11. This cell to cell transfer between CD4+ T cells involves the formation of a virological synapse (VS), which is an F-actin-dependent cell-cell junction formed upon the engagement of HIV-1 envelope gp120 on the infected cell with CD4 and the chemokine receptor (CKR) CCR5 or CXCR4 on the target cell 8. In addition to gp120 and its receptors, other membrane proteins, particularly the adhesion molecule LFA-1 and its ligands, the ICAM family, play a major role in VS formation and virus transmission as they are present on the surface of virus-infected donor cells and target cells, as well as on the envelope of HIV-1 virions1,4,5,6,7,13. VS formation is also accompanied by intracellular signaling events that are transduced as a result of gp120-engagement of its receptors. Indeed, we have recently showed that CD4+ T cell interaction with gp120 induces recruitment and phosphorylation of signaling molecules associated with the TCR signalosome including Lck, CD3&zeta;, ZAP70, LAT, SLP-76, Itk, and PLC&gamma;15.
In this article, we present a method to visualize supramolecular arrangement and membrane-proximal signaling events taking place during VS formation. We take advantage of the glass-supported planar bi-layer system as a reductionist model to represent the surface of HIV-infected cells bearing the viral envelope gp120 and the cellular adhesion molecule ICAM-1. The protocol describes general procedures for monitoring HIV-1 gp120-induced VS assembly and signal activation events that include i) bi-layer preparation and assembly in a flow cell, ii) injection of cells and immunofluorescence staining to detect intracellular signaling molecules on cells interacting with HIV-1 gp120 and ICAM-1 on bi-layers, iii) image acquisition by TIRF microscopy, and iv) data analysis. This system generates high-resolution images of VS interface beyond that achieved with the conventional cell-cell system as it allows detection of distinct clusters of individual molecular components of VS along with specific signaling molecules recruited to these sub-domains.

This article describes a method to visualize formation of an HIV-1 envelope-induced virological synapse on glass supported planar bilayers by total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy. The method can also be combined with immunofluorescence staining to detect activation and redistribution of signaling molecules that occur during HIV-1 envelope-induced virological synapse formation.

艾滋病毒的成像1信封引起的病毒学突触信号合成脂双层

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection occurs most efficiently via cell to cell transmission2,10,11. This cell to cell transfer between ...

Visualization of the Immunological Synapse by Dual Color Time-gated Stimulated Emission Depletion (STED) Nanoscopy

Natural killer cells form tightly regulated, finely tuned immunological synapses (IS) in order to lyse virally infected or tumorigenic cells. Dynamic actin reorganization is critical to the function of NK cells and the formation of the IS. Imaging of F-actin at the synapse has traditionally utilized confocal microscopy, however the diffraction limit of light restricts resolution of fluorescence microscopy, including confocal, to approximately 200 nm. Recent advances in imaging technology have enabled the development of subdiffraction limited super-resolution imaging. In order to visualize F-actin architecture at the IS we recapitulate the NK cell cytotoxic synapse by adhering NK cells to activating receptor on glass. We then image proteins of interest using two-color stimulated emission depletion microscopy (STED). This results in &#60;80 nm resolution at the synapse. Herein we describe the steps of sample preparation and the acquisition of images using dual color STED nanoscopy to visualize F-actin at the NK IS. We also illustrate optimization of sample acquisition using Leica SP8 software and time-gated STED. Finally, we utilize Huygens software for post-processing deconvolution of images.

Visualization of the Immunological Synapse by Dual Color Time-gated Stimulated Emission Depletion STED Nanoscopy

Here we illustrate the protocol for imaging by two-color STED nanoscopy the cytotoxic immune synapse of NK cells recapitulated on glass. Using this method we obtain sub-100 nm resolution of synapse proteins and the cytoskeleton.

免疫突触由双色时间选通受激发射损耗（STED）纳米显微可视化

Natural killer cells form tightly regulated, finely tuned immunological synapses (IS) in order to lyse virally infected or tumorigenic cells. Dynamic ...

Real-time Imaging of Endothelial Cell-cell Junctions During Neutrophil Transmigration Under Physiological Flow

During inflammation, leukocytes leave the circulation and cross the endothelium to fight invading pathogens in underlying tissues. This process is known as leukocyte transendothelial migration. Two routes for leukocytes to cross the endothelial monolayer have been described: the paracellular route, i.e., through the cell-cell junctions and the transcellular route, i.e., through the endothelial cell body. However, it has been technically difficult to discriminate between the para- and transcellular route. We developed a simple in vitro assay to study the distribution of endogenous VE-cadherin and PECAM-1 during neutrophil transendothelial migration under physiological flow conditions. Prior to neutrophil perfusion, endothelial cells were briefly treated with fluorescently-labeled antibodies against VE-cadherin and PECAM-1. These antibodies did not interfere with the function of both proteins, as was determined by electrical cell-substrate impedance sensing and FRAP measurements. Using this assay, we were able to follow the distribution of endogenous VE-cadherin and PECAM-1 during transendothelial migration under flow conditions and discriminate between the para- and transcellular migration routes of the leukocytes across the endothelium.

Leukocytes cross the endothelial monolayer using the paracellular or the transcellular route. We developed a simple assay to follow the distribution of endogenous junctional VE-cadherin and PECAM-1 during leukocyte transendothelial migration under physiological flow to discriminate between the two transmigration routes.

内皮细胞，细胞连接实时成像过程中中性粒细胞轮回在生理流动

During inflammation, leukocytes leave the circulation and cross the endothelium to fight invading pathogens in underlying tissues. This process is known ...

An Ex vivo Model of an Oligodendrocyte-directed T-Cell Attack in Acute Brain Slices

Death of oligodendrocytes accompanied by destruction of neurons and axons are typical histopathological findings in cortical and subcortical grey matter lesions in inflammatory demyelinating disorders like multiple sclerosis (MS). In these disorders, mainly CD8+ T-cells of putative specificity for myelin- and oligodendrocyte-related antigens are found, so that neuronal apoptosis in grey matter lesions may be a collateral effect of these cells. Different types of animal models are established to study the underlying mechanisms of the mentioned pathophysiological processes. However, although they mimic some aspects of MS, it is impossible to dissect the exact mechanism and time course of &#8216;&#8216;collateral&#8217;&#8217; neuronal cell death. To address this course, here we show a protocol to study the mechanisms and time response of neuronal damage following an oligodendrocyte-directed CD8+ T cell attack. To target only the myelin sheath and the oligodendrocytes, in vitro activated oligodendrocyte-specific CD8+ T-cells are transferred into acutely isolated brain slices. After a defined incubation period, myelin and neuronal damage can be analysed in different regions of interest. Potential applications and limitations of this model will be discussed.

An Ex vivo Model of an Oligodendrocyte-directed T-Cell Attack in Acute Brain Slices

To address mechanisms of demyelination and neuronal apoptosis in cortical lesions of inflammatory demyelinating disorders, different animal models are used. We here describe an ex vivo approach by using oligodendrocyte-specific CD8+ T-cells on brain slices, resulting in oligodendroglial and neuronal death. Potential applications and limitations of the model are discussed.

一个<em&gt;体外</em&gt;急性脑片的少突胶质细胞定向T细胞攻击模式

Death of oligodendrocytes accompanied by destruction of neurons and axons are typical histopathological findings in cortical and subcortical grey matter ...

Super-resolution Imaging of the Natural Killer Cell Immunological Synapse on a Glass-supported Planar Lipid Bilayer

The glass-supported planar lipid bilayer system has been utilized in a variety of disciplines. One of the most useful applications of this technique has been in the study of immunological synapse formation, due to the ability of the glass-supported planar lipid bilayers to mimic the surface of a target cell while forming a horizontal interface. The recent advances in super-resolution imaging have further allowed scientists to better view the fine details of synapse structure. In this study, one of these advanced techniques, stimulated emission depletion (STED), is utilized to study the structure of natural killer (NK) cell synapses on the supported lipid bilayer. Provided herein is an easy-to-follow protocol detailing: how to prepare raw synthetic phospholipids for use in synthesizing glass-supported bilayers; how to determine how densely protein of a given concentration occupies the bilayer's attachment sites; how to construct a supported lipid bilayer containing antibodies against NK cell activating receptor CD16; and finally, how to image human NK cells on this bilayer using STED super-resolution microscopy, with a focus on distribution of perforin positive lytic granules and filamentous actin at NK synapses. Thus, combining the glass-supported planar lipid bilayer system with STED technique, we demonstrate the feasibility and application of this combined technique, as well as intracellular structures at NK immunological synapse with super-resolution.

We describe here a combination of the glass-supported lipid bilayer technique of forming immunological synapses with the super-resolution imaging technique of stimulated emission depletion (STED) microscopy. The goal of this protocol is to provide users with the instructions necessary to successfully carry out these two techniques.

的自然杀伤细胞免疫突触上的玻璃支承平面脂双层超分辨率成像

The glass-supported planar lipid bilayer system has been utilized in a variety of disciplines. One of the most useful applications of this technique has ...

An In Vitro Model of the Blood-brain Barrier Using Impedance Spectroscopy: A Focus on T Cell-endothelial Cell Interaction

Breakdown of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a critical step in the development of autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS) and its animal model experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). This process is characterized by the transmigration of activated T cells across brain endothelial cells (ECs), the main constituents of the BBB. However, the consequences on brain EC function upon interaction with such T cells are largely unknown. Here we describe an assay that allows for the evaluation of primary mouse brain microvascular EC (MBMEC) function and barrier integrity during the interaction with T cells over time. The assay makes use of impedance cell spectroscopy, a powerful tool for studying EC monolayer integrity and permeability, by measuring changes in transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER) and cell layer capacitance (Ccl). In direct contact with ECs, stimulated but not na&#239;ve T cells are capable of inducing EC monolayer dysfunction, as visualized by a decrease in TEER and an increase in Ccl. The assay records changes in EC monolayer integrity in a continuous and automated fashion. It is sensitive enough to distinguish between different strengths of stimuli and levels of T cell activation and it enables the investigation of the consequences of a targeted modulation of T cell-EC interaction using a wide range of substances such as antibodies, pharmacological reagents and cytokines. The technique can also be used as a quality control for EC integrity in in vitro T-cell transmigration assays. These applications make it a versatile tool for studying BBB properties under physiological and pathophysiological conditions.

An In Vitro Model of the Blood-brain Barrier Using Impedance Spectroscopy: A Focus on T Cell-endothelial Cell Interaction

Here, we describe an in vitro murine model of the blood-brain barrier that makes use of impedance cell spectroscopy, with a focus on the consequences on endothelial cell integrity and permeability upon interaction with activated T cells.

一个<em&gt;体外</em&gt;血 - 脑屏障使用阻抗谱型号:对T细胞，内皮细胞的相互作用为中心

Breakdown of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a critical step in the development of autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS) and its animal ...

Studying Organelle Dynamics in B Cells During Immune Synapse Formation

Recognition of surface-tethered antigens&#160;by the B cell receptor (BCR)&#160;triggers the formation of an immune synapse (IS), where both signaling&#160;and antigen uptake are coordinated. IS formation involves dynamic actin remodeling accompanied by the polarized recruitment to the synaptic membrane of the centrosome and associated intracellular organelles such as lysosomes and the Golgi apparatus. Initial stages of actin remodeling allow B cells to increase their cell surface and maximize the quantity of antigen-BCR complexes gathered at the synapse. Under certain conditions, when B cells recognize antigens associated to rigid surfaces, this process is coupled to the local recruitment and secretion of lysosomes, which can facilitate antigen extraction. Uptaken antigens&#160;are internalized into specialized endo-lysosome compartments for processing into peptides, which are loaded onto major histocompatibility complex II (MHC-II) molecules for further presentation to T helper cells. Therefore, studying organelle dynamics associated with the formation of an IS is crucial to understanding how B cells are activated. In the present article we will discuss both imaging and a biochemical technique used to study changes in intracellular organelle positioning and cytoskeleton rearrangements that are associated with the formation of an IS in B cells.

Herein we describe two approaches to characterize cell polarization events in B lymphocytes during the formation of an IS. The first, involves quantification of organelle recruitment and cytoskeleton rearrangements at the synaptic membrane. The second is a biochemical approach, to characterize changes in composition of the centrosome, which undergoes polarization to the immune synapse.

研究免疫突触形成过程中B细胞中的细胞动力学

Recognition of surface-tethered antigens&#160;by the B cell receptor (BCR)&#160;triggers the formation of an immune synapse (IS), where both ...

Implantation and Monitoring by PET/CT of an Orthotopic Model of Human Pleural Mesothelioma in Athymic Mice

Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is a rare and aggressive tumor arising in the mesothelium that covers the lungs, the heart, and the thoracic cavity. MPM development is mainly associated with asbestos. Treatments provide only modest survival since the median survival average is 9&#8211;18 months from the time of diagnosis. Therefore, more effective treatments must be identified. Most data describing new therapeutic targets were obtained from in vitro experiments and need to be validated in reliable in vivo preclinical models. This article describes one such reliable MPM orthotopic model obtained after injection of a human MPM cell line H2052/484 into the pleural cavity of immunodeficient athymic mice. Transplantation in the orthotopic site allows studying the progression of tumor in the natural in vivo environment. Positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) molecular imaging using the clinical [18F]-2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose ([18F]FDG) radiotracer is the diagnosis method of choice for examining patients with MPM. Accordingly, [18F]FDG-PET/CT was used to longitudinally monitor the disease progression of the H2052/484 orthotopic model. This technique has a high 3R potential (Reduce the number of animals, Refine to lessen pain and discomfort, and Replace animal experimentation with alternatives) since the tumor development can be monitored non-invasively and the number of animals required could be significantly reduced.
This model displays a high development rate, a rapid tumor growth, is cost-efficient and allows for rapid clinical translation. By using this orthotopic xenograft MPM model, researchers can assess biological responses of a reliable MPM model following therapeutic interventions.

This article describes the generation of an orthotopic mouse model of human pleural mesothelioma by implantation of H2052/484 mesothelioma cells into the pleural cavity of immunocompromised athymic mice. The longitudinal monitoring of the development of intrapleural tumors was assessed by non-invasive multimodal [18F]-2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose positron emission tomography and computed tomography imaging.

小鼠中人类胸膜皮质瘤的PET/CT的植入与监测

Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is a rare and aggressive tumor arising in the mesothelium that covers the lungs, the heart, and the thoracic cavity. ...

Imaging the Human Immunological Synapse

The purpose of the method is to generate an immunological synapse (IS), an example of cell-to-cell conjugation formed by an antigen-presenting cell (APC) and an effector helper T lymphocyte (Th) cell, and to record the images corresponding to the first stages of the IS formation and the subsequent trafficking events (occurring both in the APC and in the Th cell). These events will eventually lead to polarized secretion at the IS. In this protocol, Jurkat cells challenged with Staphylococcus enterotoxin E (SEE)-pulsed Raji cells as a cell synapse model was used, because of the closeness of this experimental system to the biological reality (Th cell-APC synaptic conjugates). The approach presented here involves cell-to-cell conjugation, time-lapse acquisition, wide-field fluorescence microscopy (WFFM) followed by image processing (post-acquisition deconvolution). This improves the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the images, enhances the temporal resolution, allows the synchronized acquisition of several fluorochromes in emerging synaptic conjugates and decreases fluorescence bleaching. In addition, the protocol is well matched with the end point cell fixation protocols (paraformaldehyde, acetone or methanol), which would allow further immunofluorescence staining and analyses. This protocol is also compatible with laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM) and other state-of-the-art microscopy techniques. As a main caveat, only those T cell-APC boundaries (called IS interfaces) that were at the right 90&#176; angle to the focus plane along the Z-axis could be properly imaged and analyzed. Other experimental models exist that simplify imaging in the Z dimension and the following image analyses, but these approaches do not emulate the complex, irregular surface of an APC, and may promote non-physiological interactions in the IS. Thus, the experimental approach used here is suitable to reproduce and to confront some biological complexities occurring at the IS.

This protocol images both the immunological synapse formation and the subsequent polarized secretory traffic towards the immunological synapse. Cellular conjugates were formed between a superantigen-pulsed Raji cell (acting as an antigen-presenting cell) and a Jurkat clone (acting as an effector helper T lymphocyte).

成像人类免疫学突触

The purpose of the method is to generate an immunological synapse (IS), an example of cell-to-cell conjugation formed by an antigen-presenting cell (APC) ...