作者要感谢艾伦·布雷克和丹尼尔金门海军研究实验室提供所研究的样本。这项工作是由美国国防威胁降低局，基础研究奖＃HDTRA1-15-1-0011，到加州大学默塞德分校（部分）的支持。

注意:所述的方法是针对特定的软件，虽然其他软件包可以替代使用。 1.样品制备和降温<ol><li>制作样品。 <ol><li>生长的样品，通过分子束外延生成由一个4纳米隧道势垒如前所述分开的两个垂直堆叠的自组装的InAs /砷化镓量子点使用斯特兰斯基-Krastanov生长方法16嵌入量子点中的电场效应结构（ 即 ，肖特基二极管）允许的电场被施加到QDMS 17 注意:使用QDMS的不是该方法的要求。另外，半导体的InAs /砷化镓是没有必要的，该技术将用于从任何半导体组合制成QDMS或量子点工作。 </li><li>制造使个别的量子点可以被光学寻址的样品。通过添加光圈面具样品或M顶做到这一点亚庆用10 8量子点/ cm 2以下取决于焦斑大小低密度样品18 </li></ol></li><li>装入样品到芯片标题。 <ol><li>敷在陶瓷芯片头由50％的铋，26.7％的铅，13.3％的锡和10％的镉的合金。使用热板，直到合金液化加热芯片。放置样品的底部到所述液化的合金其连接到芯片标题。 注:样品的底部是被连接到销的肖特基二极管和焊料点到芯片头的电极中的一个。用于连接样品的另一个备用的导电银环氧树脂。 </li></ol></li><li>坚持从点（上角）样品40庚金线连接到芯片上的销。 <ol><li>放置银环氧树脂的液滴在样品的顶部角落和在芯片上的销焊盘之一一个液滴。 </li><li>仔细躺在两个液滴的金线。 注:T的顶部他样品是肖特基二极管，其允许一个施加电场的另一个电极。 </li></ol></li><li>安装芯片和样品放入低温恒温器和确保样品具有与铜样品夹持器良好的热接触。 <ol><li>应用芯片和低温恒温器的冷指之间的铟箔。 </li><li>压力的芯片安装到冷的手指。用两个带垫圈螺丝拧紧牢固，以确保与低温恒温器的铜冷指良好的热接触。 </li></ol></li><li>从连接到既在样品的顶部和底部电极的芯片引脚连接电线。通过低温恒温器的源米跑这些电线。 注意:源计施加偏压到样品的电极时，量子点暴露于外部电场。 </li><li>疏散和使低温恒温器和样品室至真空。启动涡轮泵，抽真空至10 -6托，准备凉SAM下来PLE。 注:冷却和温度控制为实验用它由一个封闭的循环冰箱和一个附加的显微样品室的低温恒温器来实现的。 </li><li>启动低温恒温器的压缩机。允许低温恒温器冷却系统，直至达到所需的温度。 注意:对于提出的结果，温度为大约18 K。一旦样品冷却，设置准备用于安装光学器件，这将允许光学测量将要采取的。 </li></ol> 2.光学设置注意:对于所有的设定程序，使用由制造商或其他自定义程序提供的软件通过任何运行激光，光源仪，光谱仪和CCD。 <ol><li>用于PL收集，放置一个长工作距离50X显微镜物镜和准直透镜符合的PL信号聚焦到光谱仪镜头。通过0.75毫米收集频谱onochromator其中信号由1100毫米-1光栅分散并使用液氮检测冷却1340×100像素的CCD照相机。 </li><li>使用白色光源，照射样品。 <ol><li>通过适当地对准在检测侧的所有光学元件（ 即，准直和聚焦透镜），并在零波长获得分光计CCD样品的清洁聚焦图像集中样品的图像通过外部照相机和分光计。 注意:这是有帮助的另一外部成像相机，以帮助对准和获取样本的清晰的图像。 </li></ol></li><li>检测侧建立后，聚焦激光到样品。通过使用透镜聚焦光束点到样品上的最小尺寸成为可能。使用可调谐二极管激光器与包含基态跃迁能量的激励范围。以斜角设置激光入射到样品中。斜入射的一个优点是它有助于摆脱散射的激光的很大一部分。 </li><li>激发在更高的非谐振能量的样本。理想情况下，在润湿层之下的能量做到这一点通过激励。对于砷化铟/砷化镓QDMS在这项研究中，这相当于75兆电子伏以上的高于地面状态转换。 </li><li>运行对焦模式光谱采集软件。扫描整个使用被连接到低温恒温器镜样品壳体的XY平移台激光点的样品。这样做，直到光谱仪CCD捕捉到基态跃迁的离散线。正中央的QDMS之一的检测。 注意:一旦QDM发现，光安装完成。对于采用基态能量的样品约1300毫电子伏特。 </li><li>产生偏见地图。 <ol><li>申请经由连接到样品上的电极上的源表（步骤1.5）的电位;这适用反过来在电极的偏压产生的电场向QDM秒。 注:施加于样品的偏差范围是0-2伏穿过肖特基二极管结构。这是当该装置处于反向偏置，并且电场限制在QDM允许各个充电状态是可见的电荷量。 </li><li>采取在不同的递增的电压值的各个光谱，这取决于期望的分辨率这通常从百分之范围为一伏特的千分之几。通过使用自定义程序（ 例如，LabView的）相结合这些个别谱。 注:该方案可以使用范围广泛的不同的程序，以各个频谱的矢量列结合成一个矩阵很容易地进行编码，在所提出的实验这已被添加在缝合实时数据一起。 <ol><li>点击运行按钮采取偏见地图。这需要在光谱的一套偏见，使之成为列向量，然后将各加偏压谱的另一列。 注意:此生成数据马特里x，其中强度值对应于PL强度，行表示能量/波长，和列对应于电压。因为它是被运行，从而允许对数据的质量实时反馈偏置地图应该查看。 注意:偏压地图有助于识别不同的电荷的配置，并给出了正确的信息来完成激发和检测的路径两者的设置。 </li></ol></li></ol></li><li>标识会兴奋的过渡。注意转变的能量和所关注的偏压范围。 <ol><li>此时决定如何激光激发将通过过渡进行调谐。有三种不同的选择，以获得激光激发到基态跃迁: <ol><li>调由温度的跃迁能量。18 </li><li>使用过渡Stark位移与激光能量达到共鸣。19 注意:上面我所提到的两种方法的很好的功能在于不需要一个可调谐激光源，由于QDM跃迁通过固定激光能量调谐秒。 </li><li>另外，使用可调激光器光源，通过过渡步进激光能量。的检测信号将出现在激光谐振与过渡，这给测量其激光有限的光谱分辨率。这将是该协议的其余部分的焦点。 </li></ol></li></ol></li><li>与过渡确定和实验参数设定，选择用于测量两个激发和检测的能量。 <ol><li>选择激发能作为过渡。选择检测作为激发跃迁的能量减去纵向光（LO）与半导体合金相关联的声子的能量。使用这些值，选择测量的正常的边通滤波器;它们必须在激发和检测能量之间截断。 注:对于experimental结果提出，从动过渡是在图3所示的中性基态激子，在1,301.7兆电子伏观察和-1的LO声子发射位于1266兆电子伏，分别对应于952.5 nm和979.3纳米。因此，我们使用的激发一个960纳米的短通滤波器和用于检测960纳米长通滤波器。干扰截止滤波器是理想的用于此目的，因为它们可以通过调整角度来调节。 </li></ol></li><li>设置激光在感兴趣的跃迁能量，这是由激光控制软件的前面板在相应的输入字段中输入所需的激光波长值简单地进行激励。 </li><li>的中心波长设定为预定值并监控由分光计控制软件的前面板上的相应的输入字段中输入所希望的中心波长值的-1 LO光子发射。 注:的InAs / GaAs中-1 LO光子发射是APPRoximately 36兆电子伏的激子的过渡，这将是兴奋之下。 </li><li>使用相机软件，通过点击对焦模式按钮，运行在连续模式下的光谱采集软件采集开始与CCD。信号应该是可见的或可能仍然由激光散射被隐藏。 </li><li>最大化的信号。关键的一步:调整激发短通滤波器，通过稍微调节其角度，使其具有适当的波长截止。 注意:最佳角度是通过监视信号而调整所述短通滤波器的角确定。通过改变滤光器的角度这改变了截止波长。关键是要确保尽可能多的激光光尽可能从集合抑制。 </li></ol> 3.准谐振测量设置<ol><li>使用自定义软件的主屏电脑控制设定的实验参数。要做到这一点，开始收集程序，并单击次式步骤极化，温度，或WL标签。这将所有的实验值，一旦运行，通过各种参数收集数据。 注:对于我们的实验数据采取所有计算机对照组自定义编程。关键是要具有软件或程序能够设置光谱仪的中心波长，控制CCD和源表，并通过过渡步骤中，激光能量收集，同时范围在不同偏压频谱。 <ol><li>输入激光将扫描通过所建立的激光能量范围:从1,301.7兆电子伏的中性激子跃迁能量高于约50μeV，低于50μeV。设置初始波长开始使用"所需WL（nm）的"场扫描。设置激光的端部范围上扫描（"结束电机单元"）。 </li><li>设置源仪表将通过点击"电压设置"选项卡的扫描过偏置范围。设置开始偏向VALUE（"电压开始（V）"），则结束偏置值"电压完（V）"和偏压步长"电压工序（V）"。在这里，扫描的偏差范围为1.68〜1.82 V. </li><li>输入积分时间通过点击"相机设置"选项卡上选择。设置积分时间，在"曝光（S）"的CCD（参见步骤3.3）。选择合理的积分时间在CCD。实验用积分时间，获得良好的信号。积分时间越好信号平均即得到20越大。 注意:用于实验积分时间分别为10秒。但是，积分时间可以低至0.5秒，这取决于PL信号的强度。有时它甚至没有必要看到单独扫描，但在缝合光谱一起数据求和加眼睛内插将揭示在光致发光激发（PLE）地图的转换的能力的信号。 </li&gt; </ol></li></ol> 4.数据采集<ol><li>一旦实验参数建立开始实验。通过点击运行按钮开始采集。 注意:在每个激光能量的软件而异的偏压服用光谱和背景光谱。这是对每个偏压步骤完成。然后激光能量是变化的并且该过程继续进行，直到所选择的整个范围就完成了。 </li><li>后处理的数据。 <ol><li>采取以每隔偏压地图的端部所用的额外的背景扫描和从各偏压列减去平均值。使用背景减除计划，或者写一个程序，它在后台列，平均它们放在一起，减去该平均背景光谱从数据矩阵的每个偏差列。注意:请参阅补充编码文件在我们的实验室中使用的程序。 注意:这将删除造成的任何剩余散射的激光其他杂散信号，大大即时通讯证明了偏见地图。 </li></ol></li><li>分析数据。 <ol><li>例如，要提取的频谱线的特性参数使用一个数学拟合软件运行洛伦兹在PL图的每个偏压片嵌合。21一旦拟合程序已经完成所有的信息将在嵌合这样的系数作为最大强度，光谱位置和FWHM。 </li></ol></li></ol>

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A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Polarization+dependent+photoluminescence+of+charged+quantum+dot+molecules.">Polarization dependent photoluminescence of charged quantum dot molecules.</a> Phys. Stat. Sol. (c). 5 (7), 2464-2468 (2008).</li><li>Jelezko, F., Wrachtrup, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Single+defect+centres+in+diamond:+A+review.">Single defect centres in diamond: A review.</a> Phys. Stat. Sol. (a). 203 (13), 3207-3225 (2006).</li><li>Doherty, M. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+nitrogen-vacancy+colour+centre+in+diamond.">The nitrogen-vacancy colour centre in diamond.</a> Physics Reports. 528 (1), 1-45 (2013).</li></ol>

作者什么都没有透露。

The above instructions demonstrate the phonon-assisted quasi-resonance spectroscopy method. By exciting into a QD discrete state, one can monitor the phonon emission line, achieving high resolutions. In the example provided, by using phonons it is even possible to resolve the lifetime-limited linewidth of the neutral exciton visible in experiments. The method is easy to incorporate into existing PL spectroscopy setups. As mentioned, once the energy of the desired transition line is identified via non-resonant spectroscop...

高分辨率的关键是解锁新的知识。这方面的知识，新技术可开发诸如更好的传感器，更精确的制造工具，并且更有效的计算设备。产生该密钥，但是，往往是以牺牲资源，时间或两者成本很高。这个问题是从解决解除简并的电子自旋天文学用一个很小的光谱移动可导致探测行星遥远的恒星旁的原子物理学在所有尺度无所不在。1,2,3 这项工作的重点是使用标准的光谱仪的设置和显示它如何解决低于其分辨率极限的光谱特征，特别是关于半导体光学领域。给出的例子是在的InAs / GaAs量子点（QDs），该各向异性电子-空穴的（EH）交换分裂，这是几个μeV的量级。4 ​​分光计C的分辨率极限一个通过组合标准PL与激光光谱技术来克服。准谐振荧光的这种方法具有实现使用平常单级光谱激光分辨率有限的额外好处。 对于单一QD的PL光谱的标准光谱学系统由一个单级0.3-0.75米单色和耦合装置（CCD）检测器与激励激光源和光学器件沿收费。这种系统是在最好能在约950纳米的近红外光谱分辨50μeV的。即使使用的统计和反卷积技术，例如单个单色器的设置是不能够在PL测量解决小于20μeV5的这种分辨率也可以通过使用三分光计得到改善，在三重添加剂模式，其中，谱所有三个光栅陆续散去。三重光谱仪具有更高的分辨率的优势，能够解决的约10μeV。在可替换的配置中，三重减色模式中，第一两个光栅表现为一个带通滤波器，得到了能够由小于0.5兆电子伏的激发和检测分离的附加功能。三重分光计的缺点是，它是一个昂贵的系统。 呈现感兴趣的方法之前，我们简要讨论其他的实验方法，与增加的复杂度，实现更好的光谱分辨率，能够解决单个量子点的精细结构。这些方法的元素是相关的呈现方法。一种这样的方法是增加在单个分光计设置的检测路径的法布里-珀罗干涉仪（FPI）6使用该方法的分辨率由FPI的精细度设置。因此，该光谱仪的分辨率提高到1μeV，在增加了复杂性和较低的信号强度的成本。7所述的干涉仪的方法也可改变一般操作，实际在与CCD照相机分光计，有效成为单点检测器，并通过各种能量的调谐是通过调整FPI腔本身来实现的。 共振荧光（RF）谱，在一个单一的光学转换是既兴奋和监控还提供高分辨光谱的承诺的另一种方法。光谱分辨率仅由激光线宽的限制并保持CCD作为一个多通道检测器，其中，不只是一个传感器检测所述信号，但是许多的CCD像素。此多通道检测是在信号平均而言是有利的。在射频光谱的挑战是由散射激光的大背景在单一QD电平测量时分离PL信号，特别是。许多技术可用于降低信号的散激光，涉及任一极化8，空间9或时间分离10比的激发和检测。第一种方法是使用高消光偏振器以抑制散射光，但这种方法具有从PL失去偏振信息的不利结果​​。8另一种可能的方法来获得共振荧光工程师被耦合到光腔的半导体系统，其中所述激发和检测的路径在空间上是分开的。这消除了解决从大型激光背景下PL信号的问题。但是，该方法仅限于复杂的样品制备是在密集的一般资源9 另一个类的方法，这也是能够解决分钟能量差是纯激光光谱，诸如差分传输，其具有实现完全偏振信息的激光限定分辨率的好处的。这种方法通常需要锁定检测的反式观察微小变化任务信号相比，在大的激光的背景。11最近，先进的纳米加工导致的激光的，与QD（多个）到值高达20％交互的馏分升压，通过或者使用指数匹配的固体浸泡镜片或嵌入光子晶体波导的点。12 即使这些方法具有实现高能量分辨率的能力，他们来在昂贵的设备，复杂的样品制造和丢失信息的费用。在此工作的方法结合了这三种方法元素，而在仪器或样品制作到正规的PL设置增加复杂性。 最近的工作已经表明，在减色模式三重光谱仪系统，可以可视化的单线态-三线态精细结构的量子点的分子（QDM）的两个光子跃迁的频谱13的数量级上的参与能量分裂几到几十μeV的被使用的是三减色模式，该模式允许共振激发转换和内小于一个毫电子伏特检测解决。光谱信息是通过使用声子和其它躺在较低的激子跃迁监控过渡下方提取。也可以应用此方法来解决分别8μeV和4μeV，的激子跃迁的各向异性诶交换分裂，甚至在寿命有限的线宽， 如图1所示。这个结果类似，本文将集中于一个简单的光谱仪的设置，将包括许多与其他高分辨率的方法具备的优势。此外在CCD仍将作为一个多通道检测器。实验装置也可以相对于其他的高分辨率光谱学方法相当便宜保持和具有被容易地修改以实现单点相关测量的额外好处。不同于全光照的结果摹声子和三重光谱仪，底层的关键是要充分利用与半导体及相关合金构成的半导体样品相关联的LO声子卫星。的LO声子卫星和零声子线（ZPL）之间的能量分离是几十兆电子伏的这种样品的顺序上，允许使用一个单级光谱仪。14这种能量分离允许使用所提出的准通过共振驱动的过渡，并等于一个LO声子能量监测激发低于-resonance光谱法。这种技术是类似于PL激励的，其中一个激发到激发过渡并监视地面状态转换15的过渡之间的间隔被激发并且LO声子卫星的允许使用的边缘通滤波器来抑制弹性散射光。使用声子卫星的这种方法允许激光线宽限制的分辨率由于共振令人激动的过渡是典型的LO声子卫星发射变得可见唯一的一次。

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high resolution phonon-assisted quasi-resonance fluorescence spectroscopy

高分辨率光学光谱方法都要求在任一技术，设备，复杂性，时间或它们的组合方面。在这里，我们证明的光学光谱方法，其能够使用标准的，易于使用的光谱仪的设置解决光谱特征之外，该自旋精细结构，单量子点（QDs）的均匀线宽的。该方法采用激光和光致发光光谱，结合多通道荧光检测激光线宽分辨率有限的优势。这样的方案允许在一个共同的单级光谱仪相当大的改进的分辨率。该方法使用声子协助在一个单一的量子点的光致发光的测定其基态跃迁的共振激发之后。声子的能量差允许一个分离并过滤出激光光激发量子点。一个有利的FE这种方法的ATURE是其直接的集成到标准的光谱设置，这对大多数研究人员访问。

在附图中呈现的结果表明，使用声子协助PL测定的高分辨率能力。的示意图（ 图2）表明，与在两个激发和检测的边缘通滤波器之外，实验装置仍然是一个标准光谱的设置，可任选地加入偏振控制的。跟单和三重分光计（ 图3）对比描绘了声子辅助方法的重大改进分辨率。各向异性诶分裂清楚地显示允许分裂（ 图4）的精确测量。该方?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about High Resolution Phonon-assisted Quasi-resonance Fluorescence Spectroscopy at JoVE.com

High Resolution Phonon-assisted Quasi-resonance Fluorescence Spectroscopy

The manuscript describes a method of phonon-assisted quasi-resonant fluorescence spectroscopy that incorporates both laser-limited resolution and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy. This method utilizes optical phonons to provide linewidth-limited resolution spectra of atom-like semiconductor structures in the energy domain. The method is also easily realized with a single spectrometer optical spectroscopy setup.

高分辨率声子辅助准共振荧光光谱仪

High resolution optical spectroscopy methods are demanding in terms of either technology, equipment, complexity, time or a combination of these. Here we ...

high-resolution-phonon-assisted-quasi-resonance-fluorescence

Research

JoVE Journal

Engineering

7.4K 次观看.  University of California, Merced. The manuscript describes a method of phonon-assisted quasi-resonant fluorescence spectroscopy that incorporates both laser-limited resolution and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy. This method utilizes optical phonons to provide linewidth-limited resolution spectra of atom-like semiconductor structures in the energy domain. The method is also easily realized with a single spectrometer optical spectroscopy setup. 

视频: High Resolution Phonon-assisted Quasi-resonance Fluorescence Spectroscopy

High-resolution, High-speed, Three-dimensional Video Imaging with Digital Fringe Projection Techniques

Digital fringe projection (DFP) techniques provide dense 3D measurements of dynamically changing surfaces.&#160;Like the human eyes and brain, DFP uses triangulation between matching points in two views of the same scene at different angles to compute depth.&#160;However, unlike a stereo-based method, DFP uses a digital video projector to replace one of the cameras1. The projector rapidly projects a known sinusoidal pattern onto the subject, and the surface of the subject distorts these patterns in the camera&#8217;s field of view. Three distorted patterns (fringe images) from the camera can be used to compute the depth using triangulation.
Unlike other 3D measurement methods, DFP techniques lead to systems that tend to be faster, lower in equipment cost, more flexible, and easier to develop.&#160;DFP systems can also achieve the same measurement resolution as the camera.&#160;For this reason, DFP and other digital structured light techniques have recently been the focus of intense research (as summarized in1-5). Taking advantage of DFP, the graphics processing unit, and optimized algorithms, we have developed a system capable of 30&#160;Hz 3D video data acquisition, reconstruction, and display for over 300,000 measurement points per frame6,7.&#160;Binary defocusing DFP methods can achieve even greater speeds8.
Diverse applications can benefit from DFP techniques. Our collaborators have used our systems for facial function analysis9, facial animation10, cardiac mechanics studies11, and fluid surface measurements, but many other potential applications exist.&#160;This video will teach the fundamentals of DFP techniques and illustrate the design and operation of a binary defocusing DFP system.

This video describes the fundamentals of digital fringe projection techniques, which provide dense 3D measurements of dynamically changing surfaces.&#160;It also demonstrates the design and operation of a high-speed binary defocusing system based on these techniques.

Digital fringe projection (DFP) techniques provide dense 3D measurements of dynamically changing surfaces.&#160;Like the human eyes and brain, DFP uses ...

科研

工程学

Construction of a High Resolution Microscope with Conventional and Holographic Optical Trapping Capabilities

High resolution microscope systems with optical traps allow for precise manipulation of various refractive objects, such as dielectric beads 1 or cellular organelles 2,3, as well as for high spatial and temporal resolution readout of their position relative to the center of the trap. The system described herein has one such "traditional" trap operating at 980 nm. It additionally provides a second optical trapping system that uses a commercially available holographic package to simultaneously create and manipulate complex trapping patterns in the field of view of the microscope 4,5 at a wavelength of 1,064 nm. The combination of the two systems allows for the manipulation of multiple refractive objects at the same time while simultaneously conducting high speed and high resolution measurements of motion and force production at nanometer and piconewton scale.

The system described herein employs a traditional optical trap as well as an independent holographic optical trapping line, capable of creating and manipulating multiple traps. This allows for the creation of complex geometric arrangements of refractive particles while also permitting simultaneous high-speed, high-resolution measurements of the activity of biological enzymes.

高分辨率显微镜与常规和全息光学捕获能力建设

High resolution microscope systems with optical traps allow for precise manipulation of various refractive objects, such as dielectric beads 1 or cellular ...

Synthesis and Microdiffraction at Extreme Pressures and Temperatures

High pressure compounds and polymorphs are investigated for a broad range of purposes such as determine structures and processes of deep planetary interiors, design materials with novel properties, understand the mechanical behavior of materials exposed to very high stresses as in explosions or impacts. Synthesis and structural analysis of materials at extreme conditions of pressure and temperature entails remarkable technical challenges. In the laser heated diamond anvil cell (LH-DAC), very high pressure is generated between the tips of two opposing diamond anvils forced against each other; focused infrared laser beams, shined through the diamonds, allow to reach very high temperatures on samples absorbing the laser radiation. When the LH-DAC is installed in a synchrotron beamline that provides extremely brilliant x-ray radiation, the structure of materials under extreme conditions can be probed in situ. LH-DAC samples, although very small, can show highly variable grain size, phase and chemical composition. In order to obtain the high resolution structural analysis and the most comprehensive characterization of a sample, we collect diffraction data in 2D grids and combine powder, single crystal and multigrain diffraction techniques. Representative results obtained in the synthesis of a new iron oxide, Fe4O5 1 will be shown.

The laser heated diamond anvil cell combined with synchrotron micro-diffraction techniques allows researchers to explore the nature and properties of new phases of matter at extreme pressure and temperature (PT) conditions. Heterogeneous samples can be characterized in situ under high pressure by 2D mapping and combined powder, single-crystal and multigrain diffraction approaches.

在极端的压力和温度的合成和Microdiffraction

High pressure compounds and polymorphs are investigated for a broad range of purposes such as determine structures and processes of deep planetary ...

Scanning-probe Single-electron Capacitance Spectroscopy

The integration of low-temperature scanning-probe techniques and single-electron capacitance spectroscopy represents a powerful tool to study the electronic quantum structure of small systems - including individual atomic dopants in semiconductors. Here we present a capacitance-based method, known as Subsurface Charge Accumulation (SCA) imaging, which is capable of resolving single-electron charging while achieving sufficient spatial resolution to image individual atomic dopants. The use of a capacitance technique enables observation of subsurface features, such as dopants buried many nanometers beneath the surface of a semiconductor material1,2,3. In principle, this technique can be applied to any system to resolve electron motion below an insulating surface.
As in other electric-field-sensitive scanned-probe techniques4, the lateral spatial resolution of the measurement depends in part on the radius of curvature of the probe tip. Using tips with a small radius of curvature can enable spatial resolution of a few tens of nanometers. This fine spatial resolution allows investigations of small numbers (down to one) of subsurface dopants1,2. The charge resolution depends greatly on the sensitivity of the charge detection circuitry; using high electron mobility transistors (HEMT) in such circuits at cryogenic temperatures enables a sensitivity of approximately 0.01 electrons/Hz&frac12; at 0.3 K 5.

Scanning-probe single-electron capacitance spectroscopy facilitates the study of single-electron motion in localized subsurface regions. A sensitive charge-detection circuit is incorporated into a cryogenic scanning probe microscope to investigate small systems of dopant atoms beneath the surface of semiconductor samples.

扫描探针单电子电容谱

The integration of low-temperature scanning-probe techniques and single-electron capacitance spectroscopy represents a powerful tool to study the ...

Quantum State Engineering of Light with Continuous-wave Optical Parametric Oscillators

Engineering non-classical states of the electromagnetic field is a central quest for quantum optics1,2. Beyond their fundamental significance, such states are indeed the resources for implementing various protocols, ranging from enhanced metrology to quantum communication and computing. A variety of devices can be used to generate non-classical states, such as single emitters, light-matter interfaces or non-linear systems3. We focus here on the use of a continuous-wave optical parametric oscillator3,4. This system is based on a non-linear &#967;2 crystal inserted inside an optical cavity and it is now well-known as a very efficient source of non-classical light, such as single-mode or two-mode squeezed vacuum depending on the crystal phase matching. 
Squeezed vacuum is a Gaussian state as its quadrature distributions follow a Gaussian statistics. However, it has been shown that number of protocols require non-Gaussian states5. Generating directly such states is a difficult task and would require strong &#967;3 non-linearities. Another procedure, probabilistic but heralded, consists in using a measurement-induced non-linearity via a conditional preparation technique operated on Gaussian states. Here, we detail this generation protocol for two non-Gaussian states, the single-photon state and a superposition of coherent states, using two differently phase-matched parametric oscillators as primary resources. This technique enables achievement of a high fidelity with the targeted state and generation of the state in a well-controlled spatiotemporal mode.

We describe the reliable generation of non-Gaussian states of traveling optical fields, including single-photon states and coherent state superpositions, using a conditional preparation method operated on the non-classical light emitted by optical parametric oscillators. Type-I and type-II phase-matched oscillators are considered and common procedures, such as the required frequency filtering or the high-efficiency quantum state characterization by homodyning, are detailed.

光与连续波光学参量振荡器的量子态工程

Engineering non-classical states of the electromagnetic field is a central quest for quantum optics1,2. Beyond their fundamental significance, such states ...

Free-form Light Actuators &#8212; Fabrication and Control of Actuation in Microscopic Scale

Liquid crystalline elastomers (LCEs) are smart materials capable of reversible shape-change in response to external stimuli, and have attracted researchers&#39; attention in many fields. Most of the studies focused on macroscopic LCE structures (films, fibers) and their miniaturization is still in its infancy. Recently developed lithography techniques, e.g., mask exposure and replica molding, only allow for creating 2D structures on LCE thin films. Direct laser writing (DLW) opens access to truly 3D fabrication in the microscopic scale. However, controlling the actuation topology and dynamics at the same length scale remains a challenge.
In this paper we report on a method to control the liquid crystal (LC) molecular alignment in the LCE microstructures of arbitrary three-dimensional shape. This was made possible by a combination of direct laser writing for both the LCE structures as well as for micrograting patterns inducing local LC alignment. Several types of grating patterns were used to introduce different LC alignments, which can be subsequently patterned into the LCE structures. This protocol allows one to obtain LCE microstructures with engineered alignments able to perform multiple opto-mechanical actuation, thus being capable of multiple functionalities. Applications can be foreseen in the fields of tunable photonics, micro-robotics, lab-on-chip technology and others.

Here, we fabricate 3D polymeric micro/nano structures in which both the shape and the molecular alignment can be engineered with nanometer scale accuracy by the use of direct laser writing. Light induced deformation of several types of liquid crystalline elastomer microstructures can be controlled in the microscopic scale.

自由形式的光驱动器 - 制作和开动控制在微观尺度

Liquid crystalline elastomers (LCEs) are smart materials capable of reversible shape-change in response to external stimuli, and have attracted ...

High-resolution Thermal Micro-imaging Using Europium Chelate Luminescent Coatings

Micro-electronic devices often undergo significant self-heating when biased to their typical operating conditions. This paper describes a convenient optical micro-imaging technique which can be used to map and quantify such behavior. Europium thenoyltrifluoroacetonate (EuTFC) has a 612 nm luminescence line whose activation efficiency drops strongly with increasing temperature, due to T-dependent interactions between the Eu3+ ion and the organic chelating compound. This material may be readily coated on to a sample surface by thermal sublimation in vacuum. When the coating is excited with ultraviolet light (337 nm) an optical micro-image of the 612 nm luminescent response can be converted directly into a map of the sample surface temperature. This technique offers spatial resolution limited only by the microscope optics (about 1 micron) and time resolution limited by the speed of the camera employed. It offers the additional advantages of only requiring comparatively simple and non-specialized equipment, and giving a quantitative probe of sample temperature.

Europium thenoyltrifluoroacetonate (EuTFC) has an optical luminescence line at 612 nm, whose activation efficiency decreases strongly with temperature. If a sample coated with a thin film of this material is micro-imaged, the 612 nm luminescent response intensity may be converted into a direct map of sample surface temperature.

高分辨率热显微成像采用铕螯合物的荧光涂料

Micro-electronic devices often undergo significant self-heating when biased to their typical operating conditions. This paper describes a convenient ...

Fiber Optic Distributed Sensors for High-resolution Temperature Field Mapping

The reliability of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) codes is checked by comparing simulations with experimental data. A typical data set consists chiefly of velocity and temperature readings, both ideally having high spatial and temporal resolution to facilitate rigorous code validation. While high resolution velocity data is readily obtained through optical measurement techniques such as particle image velocimetry, it has proven difficult to obtain temperature data with similar resolution. Traditional sensors such as thermocouples cannot fill this role, but the recent development of distributed sensing based on Rayleigh scattering and swept-wave interferometry offers resolution suitable for CFD code validation work. Thousands of temperature measurements can be generated along a single thin optical fiber at hundreds of Hertz. Sensors function over large temperature ranges and within opaque fluids where optical techniques are unsuitable. But this type of sensor is sensitive to strain and humidity as well as temperature and so accuracy is affected by handling, vibration, and shifts in relative humidity. Such behavior is quite unlike traditional sensors and so unconventional installation and operating procedures are necessary to ensure accurate measurements. This paper demonstrates implementation of a Rayleigh scattering-type distributed temperature sensor in a thermal mixing experiment involving two air jets at 25 and 45 &#176;C. We present criteria to guide selection of optical fiber for the sensor and describe installation setup for a jet mixing experiment. We illustrate sensor baselining, which links readings to an absolute temperature standard, and discuss practical issues such as errors due to flow-induced vibration. This material can aid those interested in temperature measurements having high data density and bandwidth for fluid dynamics experiments and similar applications. We highlight pitfalls specific to these sensors for consideration in experiment design and operation.

We demonstrate use of a fiber optic distributed sensor for mapping the temperature field of mixing air jets. The Rayleigh scattering-based sensor generates thousands of data points along a single fiber to provide exceptional spatial resolution that is unattainable with traditional sensors such as thermocouples.

对于高分辨率温度场测绘光纤分布式传感器

The reliability of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) codes is checked by comparing simulations with experimental data. A typical data set consists ...

Applying X-ray Imaging Crystal Spectroscopy for Use as a High Temperature Plasma Diagnostic

X-ray spectra provide a wealth of information on high temperature plasmas; for example electron temperature and density can be inferred from line intensity ratios. By using a Johann spectrometer viewing the plasma, it is possible to construct profiles of plasma parameters such as density, temperature, and velocity with good spatial and time resolution. However, benchmarking atomic code modeling of X-ray spectra obtained from well-diagnosed laboratory plasmas is important to justify use of such spectra to determine plasma parameters when other independent diagnostics are not available. This manuscript presents the operation of the High Resolution X-ray Crystal Imaging Spectrometer with Spatial Resolution (HIREXSR), a high wavelength resolution spatially imaging X-ray spectrometer used to view hydrogen- and helium-like ions of medium atomic number elements in a tokamak plasma. In addition, this manuscript covers a laser blow-off system that can introduce such ions to the plasma with precise timing to allow for perturbative studies of transport in the plasma.

X-ray spectra provide a wealth of information on high temperature plasmas. This manuscript presents the operation of a high wavelength resolution spatially imaging X-ray spectrometer used to view hydrogen- and helium-like ions of medium atomic number elements in a tokamak plasma.

运用X射线成像光谱水晶的使用为高温等离子体诊断

X-ray spectra provide a wealth of information on high temperature plasmas; for example electron temperature and density can be inferred from line ...

Detecting the Water-soluble Chloride Distribution of Cement Paste in a High-precision Way

To improve the accuracy of the chloride distribution along the depth of cement paste under cyclic wet-dry conditions, a new method is proposed to obtain a high-precision chloride profile. Firstly, paste specimens are molded, cured, and exposed to cyclic wet-dry conditions. Then, powder samples at different specimen depths are grinded when the exposure age is reached. Finally, the water-soluble chloride content is detected using a silver nitrate titration method, and chloride profiles are plotted. The key to improving the accuracy of the chloride distribution along the depth is to exclude the error in the powderization, which is the most critical step for testing the distribution of chloride. Based on the above concept, the grinding method in this protocol can be used to grind powder samples automatically layer by layer from the surface inward, and it should be noted that a very thin grinding thickness (less than 0.5 mm) with a minimum error less than 0.04 mm can be obtained. The chloride profile obtained by this method better reflects the chloride distribution in specimens, which helps researchers to capture the distribution features that are often overlooked. Furthermore, this method can be applied to studies in the field of cement-based materials, which require high chloride distribution accuracy.

A protocol for obtaining a water-soluble chloride profile by using a high precision milling method is presented.

高精度水泥浆水溶氯分布的检测

To improve the accuracy of the chloride distribution along the depth of cement paste under cyclic wet-dry conditions, a new method is proposed to obtain a ...