作者赞赏中国国家基础研究项目 (973 项目) 在合同 No. 2015CB655105、自然科学基金合同 No. 51308262、江苏省自然科学基金的资助下根据合同 No。BK20131012

注意: 在测试过程中使用的几种化学物质, 如硝酸银、铬酸钾和浓硫酸, 都具有剧毒和腐蚀性。使用时请采取适当的安全措施, 包括安全眼镜、手套、实验室大衣、等的佩戴。
1. 膏体试样的制备
<ol><li>
模具的制备
	<ol>
<li>使用刷子清理模具尺寸 70 mm x 70 mm x 70 mm, 确保模具的内表面无杂质。</li>
		<li>用另一笔刷子在模具的内表面上均匀地刷脱模柴油。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
成型膏样
	<ol>
<li>使用电子天平将1000克水称量成1500毫升塑料杯和2000克水泥, 放入3000毫升的塑料盆中。</li>
		<li>依次将1000克水和2000克水泥加入 5 L 混合罐中。水的水灰比是0.5。</li>
		<li>把搅拌锅放在水泥浆搅拌机的底座上, 将其调到搅拌位置后再固定。</li>
		<li>混合在 65 rpm 九十年代。</li>
		<li>让混合物坐三十年代。在此期间, 用刮刀将锅内壁上的浆糊刮掉, 并将其混入锅中的其余部分。混合在 130 rpm 六十年代。</li>
		<li>从搅拌机中取出混合罐。将混合的水泥糊倒入模具中。用刮刀将水泥浆铲起, 振动模具几秒钟, 将膏体压紧在振动台上。</li>
		<li>填充模具后, 用保鲜膜密封模具表面, 防止水份蒸发。在23±2° c 的成型中, 让 24 h 坐。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
固化
	<ol>
<li>从模具中取出硬化的粘贴试样。</li>
		<li>将硬化膏样放置在23±2° c 和95% 相对湿度为 60 d 的固化室中。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
切割
	<ol>
<li>60 d 后从固化室取出标本。</li>
		<li>将试样固定在高精度切割机上, 从无模表面切割20毫米。经过处理的尺寸为70毫米 x 70 mm x 50 mm 的试样将会在事后受到氯 ingression 的照射。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
环氧树脂密封
	<ol>
<li>以切口表面作为曝光表面, 用刷子密封其他五表面 (70 毫米 x 70 毫米 x 50 毫米) 与环氧树脂。每个标本的环氧树脂用量约30毫升。通过空气接触硬化环氧树脂24小时。 注: 在环氧树脂硬化后, 准备用于氯 ingression 暴露的试样。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>2. 循环润湿和干燥
<ol><li>将0.35 公斤的盐和9.65 公斤的去离子水添加到一个15升的塑料桶中, 盐解决方案的质量比为 3.5%. </li>
	<li>当曝光面朝下时, 将试样放在塑料盒中 (50 厘米 x 30 cm x 20 厘米), 在底部放置两个大括号。支架可以是不锈钢钢筋或塑料网格板。大括号的存在使曝光表面需要大约1.0 厘米的空间的底部的框。</li>
	<li>将3.5% 盐溶液慢慢倒入塑料盒中, 当液面在曝光表面上方约1.0 厘米时停止. 用塑料薄膜封箱 (约0.25 毫米厚度), 以防止蒸发引起的浓度变化。然后, 把塑料盒放在一个室温为23±2° c 和湿度65±2% 的房间里。</li>
	<li>从浇注氯化钠溶液的时间开始, 浸泡试样24小时用于润湿过程。</li>
	<li>在润湿 24 h 后取出溶液中的标本, 轻轻地用毛巾擦拭残留溶液, 并将其放在相同的恒温恒湿室中 6 d, 这是干燥过程。</li>
	<li>干燥 6 d 后, 再将标本放回盐溶液中。</li>
	<li>重复步骤2.5 和 2.6 (7 d 为一个润湿干燥周期) 总共12周期。</li>
</ol>3. 研磨粉样品
<ol><li>经过12干湿循环, 在高精度计算机数控 (CNC) 磨床的基础上, 将原刀具与钛合金刀具进行更换, 从铣床上进行改造。</li>
	<li>在开始研磨前, 将粉体纸放在研磨机底座的试样周围。</li>
	<li>启动高精度数控磨床, 等待系统加载。</li>
	<li>按下 "零" 按钮和随后的 "X→0"、"Y→0"、"Z→0" 按钮, 使操作台和铣刀自动返回到坐标原点。</li>
	<li>按 "手动数据输入 (MDI)", 双击 "程序", 输入 "N3S1000", 然后点击 "输入", 然后按 "循环启动" 来启动主轴。请注意, "N3S1000" 指的是轴的旋转速度是设置在 1000 rpm。</li>
	<li>加载主磨削程序: 按 "MDI", 点击 "程序" 反复查找 "程序 (目录)" 页面, 并选择相应的程序。接下来, 单击 "编辑", 然后按 "输入" 来加载主程序。 注: 主程序可根据具体磨削要求进行个性化, 包括总磨削深度、层数、每层厚度、研磨两层之间的时间间隔等设置。该协议的总磨削深度为10毫米, 层数为 20;每层的磨削厚度为0.5 毫米;研磨层间的时间间隔为六十年代。查看有关程序细节的信息。</li>
	<li>设置铣刀位置: 首先, 单击 "手动操作", 然后 "主轴前进" 以旋转主轴。接下来, 单击 "手轮", 并手动将刀具调整到 ready-to-grind 位置 (通常在试样前左表面的三分之一处)。最后, 依次单击 "设置" 和 "X"、"输入"、"Y"、"输入"、"Z" 和 "输入" 按钮。将相对坐标记录为 "完成刀具设置" 的原始空间坐标。</li>
	<li>启动主磨削程序: 按 "开始", 然后单击 "自动" 和 "循环启动" 按钮随后。机器开始自动研磨为预编程。 注: 在研磨过程中, 在机器底座 pre-spread 的收集纸上会堆积粉末。研磨后的每一个层, 铣刀将上升远离标本和保持静止在 X, Y, Z 方向为六十年代的编程。在六十年代的休息期间收集粉末样品, 并 re-spread 收集的纸张。 注意: 虽然铣刀在 X、Y、Z 方向上停止移动, 但仍在旋转。应注意避免接触铣刀与任何身体部位, 以避免伤害。此外, 由于磨削过程中产生的粉尘, 需要使用口罩和手套。</li>
	<li>完成研磨后关闭机器。</li>
</ol>4. 检测氯化物含量7
<ol><li>
溶液的制备
	<ol>
<li>
铬酸钾溶液
		<ol>
<li>在20毫升去离子水中溶解5克铬酸钾。加入10毫克硝酸银。摇匀, 让我们坐24小时。 注意: 铬酸钾和硝酸银是有毒的。使用时必须戴上橡皮手套和口罩。</li>
			<li>将溶液过滤成漏斗和滤纸的圆锥烧瓶, 并将其移动到100毫升的容积烧瓶中。添加去离子水, 直到达到100毫升校准标记。得到了5% 浓度的铬酸钾指示剂。</li>
		</ol>
</li>
		<li>准备0.5% 酚酞溶液: 在75毫升的乙醇中溶解0.5 克酚酞。加入25毫升去离子水, 摇匀。</li>
		<li>制备稀硫酸: 将5毫升浓硫酸 (98.3%) 溶于100毫升的去离子水中。 注意: 浓硫酸具有很强的腐蚀性。使用时必须戴上橡皮手套、口罩和护目镜。</li>
		<li>
盐标准解决方案
		<ol>
<li>加热约2克的纯氯化钠在 200-300 ° c 以下的坩埚与电炉, 并搅拌与玻璃棒在过程中, 直到有没有盐开裂的声音 (缺乏水)。</li>
			<li>在干燥冷却后, 采取1.169 克盐晶体, 溶解在1000毫升的体积烧瓶与100毫升去离子水。添加去离子水, 直到达到1000毫升校准标记。得到了 0.02 M 的氯化钠标准溶液。用以下公式计算氯化钠标准溶液的浓度: <img alt="Equation 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/56268/56268eq1.jpg"> 其中, C氯化钠是氯化钠溶液的标准浓度, 摩尔/L;V是解决方案的体积, L;M是氯化钠的摩尔质量, 58.45 克/摩尔;m是氯化钠的质量, g。</li>
		</ol>
</li>
		<li>
硝酸银溶液
		<ol>
<li>在100毫升去离子水中溶解1.7 克硝酸银, 200 毫升断路器。移动到一个1000毫升棕色体积烧瓶和添加去离子水高达1000毫升校准标记。</li>
			<li>吸管三10毫升 (V1) 单位的0.02 米标准盐溶液成三圆锥烧瓶。加入10滴铬酸钾指示剂, 每个用滴管。</li>
			<li>滴定从台阶4.1.5.2 与制备的银硝化4.1.5.1。当溶液变红时停止, 红色不会褪色。记录消耗的银硝化溶液的体积 (V2)。用下面的公式计算出银硝化溶液的标准浓度, 并取三测试结果的平均值。 <img alt="Equation 2" src="/files/ftp_upload/56268/56268eq2.jpg"> 其中, CAgNO3 是硝酸银溶液的浓度, 摩尔/L;V1 是氯化钠溶液的体积, 10 毫升;V2 是所消耗的硝酸银溶液的体积, mL。</li>
		</ol>
</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
水溶性氯化物含量
	<ol>
<li>将3节中获得的每一个样品磨碎, 直到可以通过80µm 筛筛分。在105° c 的烤箱中加热和烘干2小时的过滤样品。</li>
		<li>取2克的每一个干样品, 把它们放在100毫升塑料瓶, 添加50毫升 (V3) 的去离子水与50毫升测量吸管, 并密封瓶的瓶盖。剧烈摇动瓶子, 以保证样品和去离子水混合。</li>
		<li>将塑料瓶固定在自动振动器上, 并振动24小时, 以从样品中溶解水溶性氯化物。</li>
		<li>用漏斗和滤纸在振动24小时后用瓶子过滤溶液。吸管的两个10毫升 (V4) 单位的过滤溶液从每个瓶子变成两个圆锥烧瓶。</li>
		<li>在每个圆锥烧瓶中加入两滴酚酞溶液, 使溶液呈现紫红色。用稀硫酸中和溶液为无色。</li>
		<li>在无色溶液中加入10滴铬酸钾指示剂, 立即用硝酸银溶液滴定。在滴定期间, 手动摇动圆锥烧瓶, 以确保氯离子与硝酸银反应迅速而彻底。当溶液变红时停止滴定, 红颜色不会褪色。记录消耗的硝酸银溶液的体积 (V5)。</li>
		<li>用下面的公式计算水溶性氯化物的含量, 取两个试验结果的平均值。 <img alt="Equation 3" src="/files/ftp_upload/56268/56268eq3.jpg"> 其中, Cw是在糊样中水溶性氯化物的含量,% 水泥;ms 是粉末样本的质量, 2 克;V3 是用于溶解样品的去离子水的体积, 50 毫升;V4 是在每次硝化时提取的过滤溶液的体积, 10 毫升;V5 是每个硝化时所消耗的硝酸银溶液的体积;Mcl 是 cl 的摩尔质量, 35.5 克/摩尔。</li>
		<li>在不同深度的膏样中获得氯含量后, 绘制水溶性氯化物剖面图。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>5. 磨削厚度精度试验
<ol><li>设置五研磨厚度: 1.0 毫米, 0.5 毫米, 0.2 毫米, 0.1 毫米, 和0.05 毫米的主要研磨程序。每厚度研磨五次。</li>
	<li>在磨削(h1)和研磨(h2) 后, 用游标卡尺测量试样的厚度, 并用下面的公式计算实际磨削厚度。在测量过程中不要从机器上取标本, 以保证测量的可靠性。 <img alt="Equation 4" src="/files/ftp_upload/56268/56268eq4.jpg"> 其中, P 是实际磨削厚度, mm;H1 是在研磨前试样的厚度, mm;H2 是磨削后试样的厚度, mm。</li>
</ol>

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作者没有什么可透露的。

高精度数控铣床的磨削误差控制在 0.04 mm 以内, 标准偏差小于 0.03 mm (表 1)8。结果表明, 该铣削方法在氯化物含量的测量中具有很高的精度和稳定性, 是一种深度函数, 有助于更好地说明试样中的实际氯化物分布情况。
当测试间隔为 0.5 mm 时, 随着曝光表面的深度增加, 氯化物含量 (图 1) 中有一个最大点。当测试间隔为 2.0 mm 时...

氯离子对钢筋的腐蚀是破坏受攻击环境 (e. g、海洋环境或除冰盐环境) 的钢筋混凝土结构使用寿命的主要原因之一。氯离子分布可用于对氯离子渗透率、钢腐蚀量和寿命预测的研究。因此, 精确的氯离子分布对混凝土结构耐久性研究具有重要意义。
multi-mechanisms 的机制或联合行动负责在具体环境下的氯离子运输1。在海洋结构的淹没部分, 纯扩散是推动氯离子侵入的唯一机制2, 导致氯含量随深度的增加而降低。混凝土是在一个饱和状态3当受到湿润干燥环境, 如海洋潮汐带或冰盐环境。在这种情况下, 氯离子的侵入过程变得非常复杂, 扩散和毛细管吸力都在氯化物运输中操作4。因此, 在湿润干燥条件下, 氯化物的分布可能比淹没条件下的更复杂。因此, 在循环湿润干燥条件下, 氯化物的分布需要更精确地研究。
在水泥基材料中氯化物的分布通常由氯化物剖面来表示。氯化物剖面的准确度主要取决于两个方面: 氯化物含量的准确度和沿深度氯分布的准确度。关于氯化物含量测试, 基本原理是基于 (Cl-) 和 (Ag+)5、6之间的化学反应, 但不同的标准需要不同的特定操作。只要遵循特定的操作, 就可以获得确切的氯化物含量。但是, 氯离子沿深度分布的准确度主要取决于取样位置的准确度。在试样的不同深度获得动力样品的方法是电钻、普通磨床和型材磨床。不幸的是, 当磨削厚度或取样间隔很小时, 它们都有一个缺点, 即精度较低。因此, 在循环湿润干燥条件下, 对试样表层的氯离子分布进行研究的要求是不符合的。因此, 需要一个新的方法来允许较小的采样间隔 (例如, 小于 0.5 mm) 并将错误减少到最小 (例如, 小于 0.05 mm)。
这里的详细的协议提供了一个更准确的方法, 以获得一个氯化物剖面, 提高精度的氯分布沿深度。

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Cement</td>
			<td>Jiangnan Xiaoyetian</td>
			<td>P.II. 52.5</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potassium chromate, 99.7%</td>
			<td>Tianjin Kemiou</td>
			<td>HG391887</td>
			<td>Toxic</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethyl alcohol</td>
			<td>Sinopharm</td>
			<td>XK10009257</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Silver nitrate, 99.8%</td>
			<td>Sinopharm</td>
			<td>7761888</td>
			<td>Toxic</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phenolphthalein, 99.5%</td>
			<td>Tianjin Fuchen</td>
			<td>XK1301100017</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Concentrated sulfuric acid, 98.3%</td>
			<td>Shanghai Lingfeng</td>
			<td>XK1301100085008</td>
			<td>Highly corrosive</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium chloride, 99.7%</td>
			<td>Xilong Scientific</td>
			<td>XK1320100153</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Diesel oil</td>
			<td>China Petroleum</td>
			<td>0#</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Epoxy resin</td>
			<td>Yifeng Chemical</td>
			<td>E44-6101</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Deionized water</td>
			<td>Beijing Liyuan</td>
			<td>PUW-10N</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CNC Milling meachine</td>
			<td>Foshan Xiandao Digital Technology</td>
			<td>C31E</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cement paste mixer</td>
			<td>Wuxi Construction and Engineering</td>
			<td>NJ160</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>High precision cutting machine</td>
			<td>Buehler</td>
			<td>2215</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mixing spot</td>
			<td>Wuxi Construction and Engineering</td>
			<td>JJ-5</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Scraper knife</td>
			<td>Jinzheng Building Materials</td>
			<td>CD-3</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cling film</td>
			<td>Miao Jie</td>
			<td>65300</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mold (70mm&#215;70mm&#215;70mm)</td>
			<td>Jingluda</td>
			<td>ABS707</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Plastic box</td>
			<td>Fangao Household</td>
			<td>32797</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stainless steel brace</td>
			<td>An Feng</td>
			<td>316L</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Paper</td>
			<td>Deli</td>
			<td>A4</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Oven</td>
			<td>Shanghai Huatai</td>
			<td>DHG-9070A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Automatic vibrator</td>
			<td>Lichen</td>
			<td>HY-4</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vibrating table</td>
			<td>Jianyi</td>
			<td>GZ-75</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>plastic film</td>
			<td>Miao Jie</td>
			<td>65303</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vernier caliper</td>
			<td>Links</td>
			<td>601-01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Electronic balance</td>
			<td>Setra</td>
			<td>BL-4100F</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Plastic bottle</td>
			<td>Lining Plastic</td>
			<td>454</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Brush</td>
			<td>Huoniu</td>
			<td>3#</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mask</td>
			<td>UVEX</td>
			<td>3220</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gloves</td>
			<td>Ammex</td>
			<td>TLFGWC</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Plastic cup</td>
			<td>Maineng</td>
			<td>MN4613</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Desiccator</td>
			<td>Shenfei</td>
			<td>GZ300</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Filter paper</td>
			<td>Hangzhou Wohua</td>
			<td>9614051</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dropper</td>
			<td>Huaou</td>
			<td>1630</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Breaker</td>
			<td>Huaou</td>
			<td>1101</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Funnel</td>
			<td>Huaou</td>
			<td>1504</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Measuring cylinder</td>
			<td>Huaou</td>
			<td>1601</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>volumetric flash</td>
			<td>Huaou</td>
			<td>1621</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Conical flash</td>
			<td>Huaou</td>
			<td>1121</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pipette</td>
			<td>Huaou</td>
			<td>1633</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Burette</td>
			<td>Huaou</td>
			<td>1462</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mortar</td>
			<td>Huaou</td>
			<td>YBMM254</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>80&#181;m sieve</td>
			<td>Shanghai Dongxing</td>
			<td>KJ-80</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Crucible</td>
			<td>Oamay</td>
			<td>GYGG</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Electric furnace</td>
			<td>Tyler</td>
			<td>SX-B06</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

detecting the water-soluble chloride distribution of cement paste in a high-precision way

为了提高水泥浆在循环干湿条件下的氯离子分布的准确度, 提出了一种高精度氯化物剖面的新方法。首先, 粘贴试样成型, 固化, 并暴露在循环湿干燥条件。然后, 在接触年龄达到时, 研磨不同试样深度的粉末样品。最后, 用硝酸银滴定法测定了水溶性氯化物的含量, 并绘制了氯化物剖面图。提高氯离子沿深度分布精度的关键是排除 powderization 中的误差, 这是检验氯化物分布的最关键步骤。基于上述概念, 本协议中的磨削方法可用于研磨粉末样品, 从表面自动分层, 并应注意到极薄的磨削厚度 (小于 0.5 mm), 最小误差小于 0.04 mm获得。通过这种方法获得的氯化物剖面更好地反映了试样中的氯化物分布, 这有助于研究人员捕捉经常被忽略的分布特征。此外, 该方法还可用于水泥基材料领域的研究, 要求高的氯化物分布精度。

收集了有关磨削厚度精度的原始数据和统计结果 (表 1)8。平均值和误差用于反映精度和标准偏差 (SD) 用于反映此方法的一致性。
使用下面的公式收集测试间隔 0.5 mm (图 1) 和 2.0 mm (图 2) 和相应的扩散系数D的水溶性氯化物, 称为菲克第二定?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Detecting the Water-soluble Chloride Distribution of Cement Paste in a High-precision Way at JoVE.com

Detecting the Water-soluble Chloride Distribution of Cement Paste in a High-precision Way

提出了一种利用高精度铣削法获得水溶性氯化物剖面的协议。

高精度水泥浆水溶氯分布的检测

To improve the accuracy of the chloride distribution along the depth of cement paste under cyclic wet-dry conditions, a new method is proposed to obtain a ...

detecting-water-soluble-chloride-distribution-cement-paste-high

Research

Education

JoVE Core

JoVE Journal

Civil Engineering

Engineering

Unit 1

Introduction to Concrete

SCIENTISTS IN ACTION

9.5K 次观看.  Southeast University. 提出了一种利用高精度铣削法获得水溶性氯化物剖面的协议。

视频: Detecting the Water-soluble Chloride Distribution of Cement Paste in a High-precision Way

The Generation of Higher-order Laguerre-Gauss Optical Beams for High-precision Interferometry

Thermal noise in high-reflectivity mirrors is a major impediment for several types of high-precision interferometric experiments that aim to reach the standard quantum limit or to cool mechanical systems to their quantum ground state. This is for example the case of future gravitational wave observatories, whose sensitivity to gravitational wave signals is expected to be limited in the most sensitive frequency band, by atomic vibration of their mirror masses. One promising approach being pursued to overcome this limitation is to employ higher-order Laguerre-Gauss (LG) optical beams in place of the conventionally used fundamental mode. Owing to their more homogeneous light intensity distribution these beams average more effectively over the thermally driven fluctuations of the mirror surface, which in turn reduces the uncertainty in the mirror position sensed by the laser light.
We demonstrate a promising method to generate higher-order LG beams by shaping a fundamental Gaussian beam with the help of diffractive optical elements. We show that with conventional sensing and control techniques that are known for stabilizing fundamental laser beams, higher-order LG modes can be purified and stabilized just as well at a comparably high level. A set of diagnostic tools allows us to control and tailor the properties of generated LG beams. This enabled us to produce an LG beam with the highest purity reported to date. The demonstrated compatibility of higher-order LG modes with standard interferometry techniques and with the use of standard spherical optics makes them an ideal candidate for application in a future generation of high-precision interferometry.

Large laser-interferometers are being constructed to create a new type of astronomy based on gravitational waves. Their sensitivities, as for many other high-precision experiments, are approaching fundamental noise limits such as the atomic vibration of their components. We are pioneering technologies to overcome these limits using novel laser beam shapes.

代高阶拉盖尔 - 高斯光束的高精度干涉

Thermal noise in high-reflectivity mirrors is a major impediment for several  types of high-precision interferometric experiments that aim to reach the  ...

科研

工程学

Characterization of Recombination Effects in a Liquid Ionization Chamber Used for the Dosimetry of a Radiosurgical Accelerator

Most modern radiation therapy devices allow the use of very small fields, either through beamlets in Intensity-Modulated Radiation Therapy (IMRT) or via stereotactic radiotherapy where positioning accuracy allows delivering very high doses per fraction in a small volume of the patient. Dosimetric measurements on medical accelerators are conventionally realized using air-filled ionization chambers. However, in small beams these are subject to nonnegligible perturbation effects. This study focuses on liquid ionization chambers, which offer advantages in terms of spatial resolution and low fluence perturbation. Ion recombination effects are investigated for the microLion detector (PTW) used with the Cyberknife system (Accuray). The method consists of performing a series of water tank measurements at different source-surface distances, and applying corrections to the liquid detector readings based on simultaneous gaseous detector measurements. This approach facilitates isolating the recombination effects arising from the high density of the liquid sensitive medium and obtaining correction factors to apply to the detector readings. The main difficulty resides in achieving a sufficient level of accuracy in the setup to be able to detect small changes in the chamber response.

A growing number of radiation therapy devices offer the advantage of delivering the dose through very small beams to the tumor, allowing for increased conformity and higher doses per fraction. Many different detectors can be used for the dosimetry of these small fields. In the present study, the effect of ion recombination is investigated for a liquid ionization chamber using a stereotactic radiation therapy system.

重组的影响在液体电离室表征用于一个电波加速器的剂量学

Most modern radiation therapy devices allow the use of very small fields, either through beamlets in Intensity-Modulated Radiation Therapy (IMRT) or via ...

Characterization of Nanocrystal Size Distribution using Raman Spectroscopy with a Multi-particle Phonon Confinement Model

Analysis of the size distribution of nanocrystals is a critical requirement for the processing and optimization of their size-dependent properties. The common techniques used for the size analysis are transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and photoluminescence spectroscopy (PL). These techniques, however, are not suitable for analyzing the nanocrystal size distribution in a fast, non-destructive and a reliable manner at the same time. Our aim in this work is to demonstrate that size distribution of semiconductor nanocrystals that are subject to size-dependent phonon confinement effects, can be quantitatively estimated in a non-destructive, fast and reliable manner using Raman spectroscopy. Moreover, mixed size distributions can be separately probed, and their respective volumetric ratios can be estimated using this technique. In order to analyze the size distribution, we have formulized an analytical expression of one-particle PCM and projected it onto a generic distribution function that will represent the size distribution of analyzed nanocrystal. As a model experiment, we have analyzed the size distribution of free-standing silicon nanocrystals (Si-NCs) with multi-modal size distributions. The estimated size distributions are in excellent agreement with TEM and PL results, revealing the reliability of our model.

We demonstrate how to determine the size distribution of semiconductor nanocrystals in a quantitative manner using Raman spectroscopy employing an analytically defined multi-particle phonon confinement model. Results obtained are in excellent agreement with the other size analysis techniques like transmission electron microscopy and photoluminescence spectroscopy.

使用拉曼光谱与多颗粒的声子坐月子型号纳米大小分布的特征

Analysis of the size distribution of nanocrystals is a critical requirement for the processing and optimization of their size-dependent properties. The ...

Detection and Recovery of Palladium, Gold and Cobalt Metals from the Urban Mine Using Novel Sensors/Adsorbents Designated with Nanoscale Wagon-wheel-shaped Pores

Developing low-cost, efficient processes for recovering and recycling palladium, gold and cobalt metals from urban mine remains a significant challenge in industrialized countries. Here, the development of optical mesosensors/adsorbents (MSAs) for efficient recognition and selective recovery of Pd(II), Au(III), and Co(II) from urban mine was achieved. A simple, general method for preparing MSAs based on using high-order mesoporous monolithic scaffolds was described. Hierarchical cubic Ia3d wagon-wheel-shaped MSAs were fabricated by anchoring chelating agents (colorants) into three-dimensional pores and micrometric particle surfaces of the mesoporous monolithic scaffolds. Findings show, for the first time, evidence of controlled optical recognition of Pd(II), Au(III), and Co(II) ions and a highly selective system for recovery of Pd(II) ions (up to ~95%) in ores and industrial wastes. Furthermore, the controlled assessment processes described herein involve evaluation of intrinsic properties (e.g., visual signal change, long-term stability, adsorption efficiency, extraordinary sensitivity, selectivity, and reusability); thus, expensive, sophisticated instruments are not required. Results show evidence that MSAs will attract worldwide attention as a promising technological means of recovering and recycling palladium, gold and cobalt metals.

Because of the importance and extensive use of palladium, gold and cobalt metals in high-technology equipment, their recovery and recycling constitute an important industrial challenge. The metal recovery system described herein is a simple, low-cost means for the effective detection, removal, and recovery of these metals from the urban mine.

检测和钯的回收，从城市矿山黄金和钴金属使用标有纳米货车车轮形的孔隙新型传感器/吸附剂

Developing low-cost, efficient processes for recovering and recycling palladium, gold and cobalt metals from urban mine remains a significant challenge in ...

Methods for Measuring the Orientation and Rotation Rate of 3D-printed Particles in Turbulence

Experimental methods are presented for measuring the rotational and translational motion of anisotropic particles in turbulent fluid flows. 3D printing technology is used to fabricate particles with slender arms connected at a common center. Shapes explored are crosses (two perpendicular rods), jacks (three perpendicular rods), triads (three rods in triangular planar symmetry), and tetrads (four arms in tetrahedral symmetry). Methods for producing on the order of 10,000 fluorescently dyed particles are described. Time-resolved measurements of their orientation and solid-body rotation rate are obtained from four synchronized videos of their motion in a turbulent flow between oscillating grids with R&#955; = 91. In this relatively low-Reynolds number flow, the advected particles are small enough that they approximate ellipsoidal tracer particles. We present results of time-resolved 3D trajectories of position and orientation of the particles as well as measurements of their rotation rates.

We use 3D printing to fabricate anisotropic particles in the shapes of jacks, crosses, tetrads, and triads, whose alignments and rotations in turbulent fluid flow can be measured from multiple simultaneous video images.

测量的方向和旋转速率方法3D打印在湍流颗粒

Experimental methods are presented for measuring the rotational and translational motion of anisotropic particles in turbulent fluid flows. 3D printing ...

Light Enhanced Hydrofluoric Acid Passivation: A Sensitive Technique for Detecting Bulk Silicon Defects

A procedure to measure the bulk lifetime (&#62;100 &#181;sec) of silicon wafers by temporarily attaining a very high level of surface passivation when immersing the wafers in hydrofluoric acid (HF) is presented. By this procedure three critical steps are required to attain the bulk lifetime. Firstly, prior to immersing silicon wafers into HF, they are chemically cleaned and subsequently etched in 25% tetramethylammonium hydroxide. Secondly, the chemically treated wafers are then placed into a large plastic container filled with a mixture of HF and hydrochloric acid, and then centered over an inductive coil for photoconductance (PC) measurements. Thirdly, to inhibit surface recombination and measure the bulk lifetime, the wafers are illuminated at 0.2 suns for 1 min&#160;using a halogen lamp, the illumination is switched off, and a PC measurement is immediately taken. By this procedure, the characteristics of bulk silicon defects can be accurately determined. Furthermore, it is anticipated that a sensitive RT surface passivation technique will be imperative for examining bulk silicon defects when their concentration is low (&#60;1012 cm-3).

A RT liquid surface passivation technique to investigate the recombination activity of bulk silicon defects is described. For the technique to be successful, three critical steps are required: (i) chemical cleaning and etching of silicon, (ii) immersion of silicon in 15% hydrofluoric acid and (iii) illumination for 1 min.

光增强氢氟酸钝化：一个敏感的技术检测散装硅缺陷

A procedure to measure the bulk lifetime (&#62;100 &#181;sec) of silicon wafers by temporarily attaining a very high level of surface passivation when ...

In Vitro Culture of Epicardial Cells From Mouse Embryonic Heart

During embryogenesis, the epicardial contribution to coronary vasculature development has been very well established. Cells derived from the epicardium differentiate into smooth muscle cells, fibroblasts and endothelial cells that contribute to the formation of coronary vessels. Here we have established an in vitro culture method for embryonic epicardial cells. Using genetic labelling, we have demonstrated that the majority of the migrating cells in our explant culture are of epicardial origin. Epicardial explant cells also retain the expression of epicardial markers (Wt1 and Tbx18). Furthermore, we provide evidence that epicardial explant cells undergo epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), migrate and differentiate into smooth muscle cells after Transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-&#946;1) treatment in a manner indistinguishable from that of epicardial cells in vivo. In conclusion, we provide a novel method for the culture of embryonic epicardial cells, which will help to explore the role of specific genes in epicardial cell biology.

In Vitro Culture of Epicardial Cells From Mouse Embryonic Heart

The epicardium is an essential source of multipotent cardiovascular progenitor cells and paracrine factors that are required for cardiovascular development and regeneration. We describe here a method to culture mouse embryonic epicardial cells.

心外膜细胞小鼠胚胎心脏的体外培养

During embryogenesis, the epicardial contribution to coronary vasculature development has been very well established. Cells derived from the epicardium ...

A Robotic Platform to Study the Foreflipper of the California Sea Lion

The California sea lion (Zalophus californianus), is an agile and powerful swimmer. Unlike many successful swimmers (dolphins, tuna), they generate most of their thrust with their large foreflippers. This protocol describes a robotic platform designed to study the hydrodynamic performance of the swimming California sea lion (Zalophus californianus). The robot is a model of the animal&#39;s foreflipper that is actuated by motors to replicate the motion of its propulsive stroke (the &#39;clap&#39;). The kinematics of the sea lion&#39;s propulsive stroke are extracted from video data of unmarked, non-research sea lions at the Smithsonian Zoological Park (SNZ). Those data form the basis of the actuation motion of the robotic flipper presented here. The geometry of the robotic flipper is based a on high-resolution laser scan of a foreflipper of an adult female sea lion, scaled to about 60% of the full-scale flipper. The articulated model has three joints, mimicking the elbow, wrist and knuckle joint of the sea lion foreflipper. The robotic platform matches dynamics properties&#8212;Reynolds number and tip speed&#8212;of the animal when accelerating from rest. The robotic flipper can be used to determine the performance (forces and torques) and resulting flowfields.

A robotic platform is described that will be used to study the hydrodynamic performance&#8212;forces and flowfields&#8212;of the swimming California sea lion. The robot is a model of the animal&#39;s foreflipper that is actuated by motors to replicate the motion of its propulsive stroke (the &#39;clap&#39;).

机器人平台研究加州海狮的Foreflipper

The California sea lion (Zalophus californianus), is an agile and powerful swimmer. Unlike many successful swimmers (dolphins, tuna), they generate most ...

Two-way Valorization of Blast Furnace Slag: Synthesis of Precipitated Calcium Carbonate and Zeolitic Heavy Metal Adsorbent

The aim of this work is to present a zero-waste process for storing CO2 in a stable and benign mineral form while producing zeolitic minerals with sufficient heavy metal adsorption capacity. To this end, blast furnace slag, a residue from iron-making, is utilized as the starting material. Calcium is selectively extracted from the slag by leaching with acetic acid (2 M CH3COOH) as the extraction agent. The filtered leachate is subsequently physico-chemically purified and then carbonated to form precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC) of high purity (&lt;2 wt% non-calcium impurities, according to ICP-MS analysis). Sodium hydroxide is added to neutralize the regenerated acetate. The morphological properties of the resulting calcitic PCC are tuned for its potential application as a filler in papermaking. In parallel, the residual solids from the extraction stage are subjected to hydrothermal conversion in a caustic solution (2 M NaOH) that leads to the predominant formation of a particular zeolitic mineral phase (detected by XRD), namely analcime (NaAlSi2O6&#8729;H2O). Based on its ability to adsorb Ni2+, as reported from batch adsorption experiments and ICP-OES analysis, this product can potentially be used in wastewater treatment or for environmental remediation applications.

A protocol for the parallel production of precipitated calcium carbonate and zeolitic material from blast furnace slag via mineral carbonation and alkaline hydrothermal conversion, respectively, is presented. The performance of the zeolitic material towards nickel adsorption is tested.

高炉矿渣的双向稳定物价：沉淀碳酸钙和沸石重金属吸附剂的合成

The aim of this work is to present a zero-waste process for storing CO2 in a stable and benign mineral form while producing zeolitic minerals with ...

Micro/Nano-scale Strain Distribution Measurement from Sampling Moir&#233; Fringes

This work describes the measurement procedure and principles of a sampling moir&#233; technique for full-field micro/nano-scale deformation measurements. The developed technique can be performed in two ways: using the reconstructed multiplication moir&#233; method or the spatial phase-shifting sampling moir&#233; method. When the specimen grid pitch is around 2 pixels, 2-pixel sampling moir&#233; fringes are generated to reconstruct a multiplication moir&#233; pattern for a deformation measurement. Both the displacement and strain sensitivities are twice as high as in the traditional scanning moir&#233; method in the same wide field of view. When the specimen grid pitch is around or greater than 3 pixels, multi-pixel sampling moir&#233; fringes are generated, and a spatial phase-shifting technique is combined for a full-field deformation measurement. The strain measurement accuracy is significantly improved, and automatic batch measurement is easily achievable. Both methods can measure the two-dimensional (2D) strain distributions from a single-shot grid image without rotating the specimen or scanning lines, as in traditional moir&#233; techniques. As examples, the 2D displacement and strain distributions, including the shear strains of two carbon fiber-reinforced plastic specimens, were measured in three-point bending tests. The proposed technique is expected to play an important role in the non-destructive quantitative evaluations of mechanical properties, crack occurrences, and residual stresses of a variety of materials.

Micro/Nano-scale Strain Distribution Measurement from Sampling Moir&amp;#233; Fringes

A sampling moir&#233; technique featuring 2-pixel and multi-pixel sampling methods for high-accuracy strain distribution measurements at the micro/nano-scale is presented here.

微米/纳米尺度应变分布测量从采样莫尔条纹

This work describes the measurement procedure and principles of a sampling moir&#233; technique for full-field micro/nano-scale deformation measurements. ...