Name: epigenetic regulation of cardiac differentiation of embryonic stem cells and tissues
Uploaded: 2016-06-03T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Epigenetic Regulation of Cardiac Differentiation of Embryonic Stem Cells and Tissues at JoVE.com

The authors acknowledge funding agencies, the IMI StemBANCC European community programme, the leducq Foundation (SHAPEHEART) and the Agence Nationale de la Recherche (Genopath)

1. DNA-protein Cross-linking
<ol>
	<li>Fix in 15 ml tubes harvested-ES cells (2 x&#160;106 cells for regular ChIP, 2 x&#160;105 cells for microChIP), embryoid bodies (EBs) generated from ES cells and embryonic heart tissues dissected from E9.5 mouse embryos (atrioventricular canal, outflow tract and ventricle) using 1% formaldehyde in PBS for cells or in permeabilization PB2 buffer for embryonic tissues. Place the tubes on orbital shaker at a speed of 60 rpm at room temperature for exactly 10 min....

<ol>
	<li>Buckingham, M., Meilhac, S., Zaffran, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Building+the+mammalian+heart+from+two+sources+of+myocardial+cells.">Building the mammalian heart from two sources of myocardial cells.</a> Nat Rev Genet. 6, 826-835 (2005).</li><li>Chen, T., Dent, S. Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chromatin+modifiers+and+remodellers:+regulators+of+cellular+differentiation.">Chromatin modifiers and remodellers: regulators of cellular differentiation.</a> Nat Rev Genet. 15, 93-106 (2014).</li><li>Collas, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+current+state+of+chromatin+immunoprecipitation.">The current state of chromatin immunoprecipitation.</a> Mol Biotechnol. 45, 87-100 (2010).</li><li>Gade, P., Kalvakolanu, D. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chromatin+immunoprecipitation+assay+as+a+tool+for+analyzing+transcription+factor+activity.">Chromatin immunoprecipitation assay as a tool for analyzing transcription factor activity.</a> Methods Mol Biol. 809, 85-104 (2012).</li><li>Scott, V., Clark, A. R., Docherty, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+gel+retardation+assay.">The gel retardation assay.</a> Methods Mol Biol. 31, 339-347 (1994).</li><li>Van Vliet, P., Wu, S. M., Zaffran, S., Puceat, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Early+cardiac+development:+a+view+from+stem+cells+to+embryos.">Early cardiac development: a view from stem cells to embryos.</a> Cardiovasc Res. 96, 352-362 (2012).</li><li>Leschik, J., Caron, L., Yang, H., Cowan, C., Puceat, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+view+of+bivalent+epigenetic+marks+in+two+human+embryonic+stem+cell+lines+reveals+a+different+cardiogenic+potential.">A view of bivalent epigenetic marks in two human embryonic stem cell lines reveals a different cardiogenic potential.</a> Stem Cells Dev. 24, 384-392 (2015).</li><li>Bonn, S., Zinzen, R. P., Girardot, C., Gustafson, E. H., Perez-Gonzalez, A., Delhomme, N., Ghavi-Helm, Y., Wilczynski, B., Riddell, A., Furlong, E. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tissue-specific+analysis+of+chromatin+state+identifies+temporal+signatures+of+enhancer+activity+during+embryonic+development.">Tissue-specific analysis of chromatin state identifies temporal signatures of enhancer activity during embryonic development.</a> Nat Genet. 44, 148-156 (2012).</li><li>Kim, T. K., Shiekhattar, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Architectural+and+Functional+Commonalities+between+Enhancers+and+Promoters.">Architectural and Functional Commonalities between Enhancers and Promoters.</a> Cell. 162, 948-959 (2015).</li><li>Abboud, N., Moore-Morris, T., Hiriart, E., Yang, H., Bezerra, H., Gualazzi, M. G., Stefanovic, S., Guenantin, A. C., Evans, S. M., Puceat, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+cohesin-OCT4+complex+mediates+Sox+enhancers+to+prime+an+early+embryonic+lineage.">A cohesin-OCT4 complex mediates Sox enhancers to prime an early embryonic lineage.</a> Nat Commun. 6, 6749 (2015).</li><li>Dahl, J. A., Collas, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Q2ChIP,+a+quick+and+quantitative+chromatin+immunoprecipitation+assay,+unravels+epigenetic+dynamics+of+developmentally+regulated+genes+in+human+carcinoma+cells.">Q2ChIP, a quick and quantitative chromatin immunoprecipitation assay, unravels epigenetic dynamics of developmentally regulated genes in human carcinoma cells.</a> Stem Cells. 25, 1037-1046 (2007).</li><li>Bernstein, B. E., Mikkelsen, T. S., Xie, X., Kamal, M., Huebert, D. J., Cuff, J., Fry, B., Meissner, A., Wernig, M., Plath, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+bivalent+chromatin+structure+marks+key+developmental+genes+in+embryonic+stem+cells.">A bivalent chromatin structure marks key developmental genes in embryonic stem cells.</a> Cell. 125, 315-326 (2006).</li><li>Wamstad, J. A., Alexander, J. M., Truty, R. M., Shrikumar, A., Li, F., Eilertson, K. E., Ding, H., Wylie, J. N., Pico, A. R., Capra, J. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dynamic+and+coordinated+epigenetic+regulation+of+developmental+transitions+in+the+cardiac+lineage.">Dynamic and coordinated epigenetic regulation of developmental transitions in the cardiac lineage.</a> Cell. 151, 206-220 (2012).</li><li>Stergachis, A. B., Neph, S., Reynolds, A., Humbert, R., Miller, B., Paige, S. L., Vernot, B., Cheng, J. B., Thurman, R. E., Sandstrom, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Developmental+fate+and+cellular+maturity+encoded+in+human+regulatory+DNA+landscapes.">Developmental fate and cellular maturity encoded in human regulatory DNA landscapes.</a> Cell. 154, 888-903 (2013).</li><li>Brind'Amour, J., Liu, S., Hudson, M., Chen, C., Karimi, M. M., Lorincz, M. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+ultra-low-input+native+ChIP-seq+protocol+for+genome-wide+profiling+of+rare+cell+populations.">An ultra-low-input native ChIP-seq protocol for genome-wide profiling of rare cell populations.</a> Nat Commun. 6, 6033 (2015).</li></ol>

Epigenetics has become an important field of research in developmental biology. How a genetic program is activated in embryonic cells to allow the cells to acquiring a specific identity within an embryonic lineage has been for long time a key question for developmental biologists.
ChIP has been broadly used within the last years and combined to DNA sequencing following improvement in resolution of sequencing. This has become a powerful technique in order to investigate in a genome wide depende...

The heart is the first organ to be formed and to become functional in the embryo. The heart is built from many cell lineages that arise from the first and second embryonic heart fields1. From the post-fertilization blastocyst stage up to the shaped heart, embryonic cells have thus to make many cell fate decisions. Gene transcription is regulated in a time- and space-dependent manner and is a key biological process that underlies cell fate decision during embryonic development. Such a process is mediated by specific transcription factors which bind regulatory regions within the genome including enhancers and promoters of cardiac constitutive genes. DNA is wrapped around histones that are subjected to modifications such as acetylation, methylation, ubiquitinylation, and/or phosphorylation. Histone modification leads to repressed, activated or poised gene transcription depending upon which lysine residue of histone is modified2.
Chromatin immunoprecipitation assay (ChIP) has been set up years ago3 and is currently the most broadly used technology in order to identify targets of either modified histones or transcription factors4. Following immunoprecipitation of histones or transcription factors, bound DNA can be either amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or sequenced. ChIP has technically overcome more challenging gel retardation assays5. However ChIP does not imply direct binding of a transcription factor to DNA, an advantage of gel retardation assay. On the other hand, ChIP combined to DNA sequencing has opened a new genome-wide perspective on gene regulation.
ES cells (ES cells) recapitulate within embryoid bodies (i.e., cell aggregates) or in 2D culture the early steps of cardiac development6 and provide in principle enough material for ChIP. Furthermore, human ES cells represent a human cell model of cardiogenesis although their cardiogenic potential depends upon their epigenetic signature7. At later stages of development, mouse embryonic tissues allow for investigating specific epigenetic landscapes required for determination of cell identity. However, the genome is transcribed in a time- and cell type-specific manner8. Epigenetic regulation of gene transcription has to be studied within localized regions. Herein, we describe protocols of ChIP, sequential ChIP followed by PCR or sequencing using ES cells, embryoid bodies and cardiac specific embryonic regions. These protocols allow to investigating the epigenetic regulation of cardiac gene transcription.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="651">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:216px;">Formaldehyde&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">F8775</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Cell Fixation&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;">Glycine</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>G8898</td>
			<td>Cross-link stop</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;">Aprotinin</td>
			<td>Fluka</td>
			<td>10820</td>
			<td>Proteases inhibitor</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;">Leupeptin hemisulfate</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>L2882</td>
			<td>Proteases inhibitor</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;">PMSF</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>P7626</td>
			<td>Proteases inhibitor</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;">Protein A magnetic beads&#160;</td>
			<td>Life technologies</td>
			<td>10001D</td>
			<td>Immunoprecipitation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;">SPRI magnetic beads</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>15002-01</td>
			<td>DNA purification</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;">Proteinase K</td>
			<td>Life technologies</td>
			<td>25530-015</td>
			<td>Protein digestion&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;">DNA BR standard&#160;</td>
			<td>Life technologies</td>
			<td>Q32850</td>
			<td>Calibration range&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;">Syber green</td>
			<td>Molecular Probes</td>
			<td>S-11484</td>
			<td>DNA quantification</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;">TE buffer&#160;</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>P7589</td>
			<td>DNA quantification</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;">PBX 1X</td>
			<td>Life technologies</td>
			<td>14190-094</td>
			<td>Washing</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;">DNase RNase free water</td>
			<td>Life technologies</td>
			<td>10977-035</td>
			<td>Dilution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;">Axygen tube</td>
			<td>Axygen</td>
			<td>MCT-175-C</td>
			<td>ChIP purifiction</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;">Antibody&#160;</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Reference</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">ChIP concentration</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;">H3K27ac</td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td>ab4729</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">3 &#181;g for ESC and EBs, 1 &#181;g for tissues</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;">H3K4me1</td>
			<td>Diagenode</td>
			<td>C15410194 (pAb-194-050)</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">3 &#181;g for ESC and EBs, 1 &#181;g for tissues</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;">H3K36me3</td>
			<td>Diagenode</td>
			<td>C15410058 (pAb-058-050)</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">3 &#181;g for ESC and EBs, 1 &#181;g for tissues</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;">H3K9me2</td>
			<td>Diagenode</td>
			<td>C15410060 (pAb-060-050)</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">3 &#181;g for ESC and EBs, 1 &#181;g for tissues</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;">H3K4me3</td>
			<td>Diagenode</td>
			<td>C15410030 (pAb-030-050)</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">3 &#181;g for ESC and EBs, 1 &#181;g for tissues</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;">H3K27me3</td>
			<td>Diagenode</td>
			<td>C15410069 (pAb-069-050)</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">3 &#181;g for ESC and EBs, 1 &#181;g for tissues</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

epigenetic regulation of cardiac differentiation of embryonic stem cells and tissues

Specific gene transcription is a key biological process that underlies cell fate decision during embryonic development. The biological process is mediated by transcription factors which bind genomic regulatory regions including enhancers and promoters of cardiac constitutive genes. DNA is wrapped around histones that are subjected to chemical modifications. Modifications of histones further lead to repressed, activated or poised gene transcription, thus bringing another level of fine tuning regulation of gene transcription. Embryonic Stem cells (ES cells) recapitulate within embryoid bodies (i.e., cell aggregates) or in 2D culture the early steps of cardiac development. They provide in principle enough material for chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP), a technology broadly used to identify gene regulatory regions. Furthermore, human ES cells represent a human cell model of cardiogenesis. At later stages of development, mouse embryonic tissues allow for investigating specific epigenetic landscapes required for determination of cell identity. Herein, we describe protocols of ChIP, sequential ChIP followed by PCR or ChIP-sequencing using ES cells, embryoid bodies and cardiac specific embryonic regions. These protocols allow to investigating the epigenetic regulation of cardiac gene transcription.

Figure 1A illustrates first the preparation of DNA-binding beads and quality control using DNA of different sizes (1 kb ladder). 0ne, 2 and 2.5 volumes (1 to 3) of beads was added to one volume of the sample to purify high and low molecular size DNA fragments.
Figures 1 B,C,D are typical examples of DNA gels from whole sonicated DNA extracted from mouse ES cells, embryoid bodies or a cardiac emb...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Epigenetic Regulation of Cardiac Differentiation of Embryonic Stem Cells and Tissues at JoVE.com

Epigenetic Regulation of Cardiac Differentiation of Embryonic Stem Cells and Tissues

A fine tuning regulation of gene transcription underlies embryonic cell fate decision. Herein, we describe chromatin immunoprecipitation assays used to investigate epigenetic regulation of both cardiac differentiation of stem cells and cardiac development of mouse embryos.

Specific gene transcription is a key biological process that underlies cell fate decision during embryonic development. The biological process is mediated ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Developmental Biology

Derivation of Cardiac Progenitor Cells from Embryonic Stem Cells

Cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs) have the capacity to differentiate into cardiomyocytes, smooth muscle cells (SMC), and endothelial cells and hold great ...

Neural Differentiation of Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells in Serum-free Monolayer Culture

The ability to differentiate mouse embryonic stem cells (ESC) to neural progenitors allows the study of the mechanisms controlling neural specification as ...

Isolation and Differentiation of Adipose-Derived Stem Cells from Porcine Subcutaneous Adipose Tissues

Obesity is an unconstrained worldwide epidemic. Unraveling molecular controls in adipose tissue development holds promise to treat obesity or diabetes. ...

Isolation of Murine Embryonic Hemogenic Endothelial Cells

The specification of hemogenic endothelial cells from embryonic vascular endothelium occurs during brief developmental periods within distinct tissues, ...

Large-Scale Production of Cardiomyocytes from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells Using a Highly Reproducible Small Molecule-Based Differentiation Protocol

Maximizing the benefit of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) for research, disease modeling, pharmaceutical and clinical applications requires robust ...

Aggregate Size Optimization in Microwells for Suspension-based Cardiac Differentiation of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells

Cardiac differentiation of human pluripotent stems cells (hPSCs) is typically carried out in suspension cell aggregates.  Conventional aggregate formation ...

Analysis of Retinoic Acid-induced Neural Differentiation of Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells in Two and Three-dimensional Embryoid Bodies

Mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs) isolated from the inner mass of the blastocyst (typically at day E3.5), can be used as in vitro model system for ...

Rapid, Directed Differentiation of Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells from Human Embryonic or Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

We describe a robust method to direct the differentiation of pluripotent stem cells into retinal pigment epithelial cells (RPE). The purpose of providing ...

Identification of Skeletal Muscle Satellite Cells by Immunofluorescence with Pax7 and Laminin Antibodies

Immunofluorescence is an effective method that helps to identify different cell types on tissue sections. In order to study the desired cell population, ...

Computational Analysis of the Caenorhabditis elegans Germline to Study the Distribution of Nuclei, Proteins, and the Cytoskeleton

Computational Analysis of the Caenorhabditis elegans Germline to Study the Distribution of Nuclei, Proteins, and the Cytoskeleton

The Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) germline is used to study several biologically important processes including stem cell development, apoptosis, and ...