The authors are grateful to the staff of USDA-ARS Pasture Systems and Watershed Management Unit. David Otto was important to both the design and construction of the custom made drop hammer (aka 'The Intimidator'). Michael Reiner and Terry Troutman assisted in the collection and construction of the lysimeters reported in this study. Sarah Fishel, Charles Montgomery and Paul Spock performed all of the nutrient analyses reported in this manuscript.

1.准备材料<ol><li>时间表80聚氯乙烯;由30.5厘米（12英寸）直径（标称ID）的切蒸渗的主体;此为1.9厘米（0.75英寸）（ 图1a）的壁厚。切取决于土壤层（多个）待研究的厚度蒸渗体的长度;在这里，使用53厘米（21英寸）长的身体。击溃0.63厘米深通过围绕蒸渗的底端45°斜角上形成的蒸渗体的内壁尖锐前缘在通过土壤切割以帮助。 </li><li>用胶水时间表80 PVC的15.3厘米高30.5厘米ID环到上限，允许水自由排水和渗滤液提供的存储容量之前集合（ 图1b）修改34.5厘米内径，平底帽PVC。切断来自同一库存环为主体以用作耦合加入帽到主体。该上限将被接合到主体与柔性联接和软管夹（图1c和1d）。通过钻1.27厘米的洞，并用1.27厘米14 NPT管丝锥攻丝它安装用于样品收集的端口，并打开一个1.27厘米尼龙倒钩的雄性适配器（ 图1E）在盖的外边缘，其中所述侧壁和底部相遇。 </li><li> 1.27厘米厚的扁材PVC将用于覆盖渗仪（ 图1G）的底切34厘米直径的磁盘。钻180，间隔均匀0.32厘米直径的孔到盘以允许排水从土壤填充蒸渗的底部进入帽。胶地布或其他过滤器织物盘的一侧，以防止土壤从渗滤液排水期间通过底部盘传递。 </li><li>建立从2.5厘米平面铁2.5厘米水配管（ 图2）升降剪刀。切两扁铁的2.5厘米频带的至50.0厘米长和弯曲成使用蒸渗体的外侧作为指导半圆形。焊接5cm的b和每一半圆频带的两端。加入每个频带的与铰链销。焊接彼此相对的带的外圈上的水管。 </li></ol> 2.驾驶蒸渗仪外壳与落锤土壤<ol><li>从收集区删除地表植被，岩石等杂物。位置2蒸渗仪在平地机构那里渗漏池都是要考虑（ 图3a）。确保测渗计有水平，使柱内的土壤是一个统一的深度。 </li><li>开车一个专门设计的，拖车式，落锤就位在蒸渗仪尸体。当落锤到位，部署液压动力支腿与蒸渗仪机构的地面和顶部平钢板。外伸支架还提供了落锤（ 图3b）的稳定性。 </li><li>部分扯起10.2厘米，厚1.52米见方的钢板重达1180公斤可达3米塔的援助1.52米一个机械绞盘（ 图3b）。释放钢板的列锤入土壤。 </li><li>重复步骤2.3多次，直至柱轮缘是2厘米土壤表面（ 图3c）的上方。 </li><li>通过测量内外列的土壤深度检查蒸渗仪内的土壤板结。如果该列内的土壤比塔外土壤下超过1厘米，土壤板结和不适合研究。 </li></ol> 3.取出土芯<ol><li>放置一个多孔聚氯乙烯盘（ 图1c）和柔性管连接（ 图1d）通过柱，以防止在开挖过程由土壤和其它碎片的污染。 </li><li>挖土壤芯旁边和沟槽比塔底用挖土（ 图4a）稍深。 </li><li>拓宽洞口用铲子或选择（ 图4b）和揭露为m气缸尽可能的外侧UCH。 </li><li>推重金属挖杆向下沿着列的一侧的整个长度，使得它是土壤和外柱壁（ 图4c）之间。 </li><li>撬挖杆来回直到在塔底部的土壤接口是断开的。 </li><li>在用于土壤芯移除准备框架围绕蒸渗仪（ 图2中示出）顶部的升降剪刀。随着抱在一起巴人，拉起直至剪刀关闭紧紧绕柱并提起蒸渗仪出洞。放在平坦的工作表面的蒸渗仪，如一块胶合板。 </li></ol> 4.准备蒸渗仪议会土芯<ol><li>翻转土壤芯，使得底侧是向上。安装步骤3.1木质胶合板磁盘将举行的地方土壤。 </li><li>轻轻地，平土，甚至与PVC（ 图5a）的边缘W¯¯第i个直边。除去结石用钢笔刀或螺丝刀轮辋的平面上方突出。 </li><li>填充任何空隙用化学惰性打砂，轻轻地包装好（ 图5b）。 </li><li>等级砂甚至塔底用直尺和删除任何沙溢（ 图5c和d）。 </li><li>清洗从轮缘任何土壤和用刷子测渗计的外侧壁或轻轻吹飞边，并确保该轮缘是干净的粘合剂粘和用于盖的舒适配合。 </li></ol> 5.组装式蒸渗仪<ol><li>挤出清楚硅填缝围绕蒸渗仪（ 图6a）的边缘的连续圆珠。填缝应该足够，以密封多孔盘底部到测渗计和防止泄漏厚。 </li><li>打下多孔盘（ 图1c）上与过滤器织物的边缘朝向砂和用力向下按压，使板和蒸渗仪的接触良好。 </li><li>钻8均匀地间隔开导向孔周围的板的边缘并固定用1.0英寸的不锈钢螺钉穿孔磁盘用钻驱动器（ 图6b）。 </li><li>滑柔性管连接到蒸渗仪底座，使得约2厘米的耦合是突出的蒸渗轮缘（ 图5c）的上方。 </li><li>适合的改性PVC帽到柔性管连接（ 图6c），并推动帽，直到它与蒸渗体接触。随着木材在盖子的顶部块用木槌轻轻敲击到位帽。 </li><li>放置紧固带中的耦合的凹槽和轻轻固定不收缩的耦合。拧紧围绕用一只手的耦合金属举行1/4英寸六角螺丝刀，直到蒸渗仪盖固定到位。在蒸渗仪准备被翻转并运送到气候续冷轧设施。 </li></ol> 6.安装湿度传感器<ol><li>抄写上墙蒸渗仪在5和25 cm层有5厘米长，水平线。从土壤表面，而不是测量蒸渗的边缘。 </li><li>在标线​​的每个端部钻穿过蒸渗的壁1.0厘米直径的孔。 </li><li>切剩下的3厘米的钻孔之间塑料远用旋转切割工具。 </li><li>凿1厘米×厚5厘米长缝入土壤以容纳水分传感器（ 例如 ，十边形）的壳体。 </li><li>推湿度传感器插入孔进入清理插槽，直到传感器插脚牢固地埋在土壤中，只有导线伸出蒸渗仪。 </li><li>从用刷子或抹布槽的壁清洁土壤。 </li><li>应用硅氧烷填缝厚珠插入插槽，以防止水泄漏。填缝干燥后，应用有机硅的第二周期为en确保在传感器周围的孔的所有的间隙是密封的。 </li></ol> 7.准备用于测渗计收集渗滤液<ol><li>土壤和蒸渗壁与填缝之间密封间隙，以减少优先流走在蒸渗的内壁的危险。 <ol><li>皮尔斯和透明的硅填缝管装入标准填缝枪。 </li><li>放置空隙之间填缝管的前端在要填充的土壤和蒸渗体的内面。推填缝枪的前端的土壤低于约2厘米。挤压出填缝管，直到它填补了空白，并渗出土壤表面之上。 </li></ol></li><li>在工作台的顶部或平坦的表面和足够坚固，集渗仪来处理多个渗仪和足够高，使水自由排水入4.0升壶（ 图7）的重量。 </li><li>检查土芯测渗计在一个小（15厘米）的精神层面各个方向夷为平地。如果有必要解放军CE垫片下面渗漏池，直到土壤表面被完全夷为平地。 </li><li>环绕螺纹尼龙管接头（NPT中0.5）铁氟龙胶带，把接头顺时针到帽。拧紧接头用活动扳手，直到没有线程是可见的。 </li><li>推0.5英寸软管到尼龙嵌合的带刺端并且使得它通过约需4.0厘米的收集壶口切断软管。 </li><li>在蒸渗仪下置容器中，然后将收集罐里面的软管。 </li></ol> 8.灌溉和测渗计收集渗滤液<ol><li>盖上纱布或其他透气，化学惰性面料土壤表面，以保护和保存土壤团聚体和表面的残留物。 </li><li>衡量1450毫升去离子水倒入量筒后倒入喷壶，配有淋浴头。在不distu的速率平稳均匀地洒水在织物RB土壤表面。 </li><li>等待一段时间，水通过土柱到盖和收集容器中的渗透的渗滤液。 </li><li>在朝向出口孔倾斜蒸渗，直到所有的水从蒸渗容器盖到收集容器中排出。 </li><li>测量带刻度收集渗滤液的质量和转换质量以克到ML（假设将1.0g水相当于1.0毫升）中。倒入垃圾渗滤液样品放入350毫升无菌塑料样品瓶。立即滤光器50毫升在通过使用流动注射分析31比色分析硝酸配制配备了0.45微米的滤纸吸漏斗。 </li><li>商店过滤并在冰箱中4℃下直到分析样品的未过滤的部分。 </li></ol>

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Soil Water Cons. 68 (3), 212-220 (2013).</li><li>Han, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Phosphorus+and+nitrogen+leaching+before+and+after+tillage+and+urea+application.">Phosphorus and nitrogen leaching before and after tillage and urea application.</a> J. Environ. Qual. 44, 560-571 (2014).</li><li>Day, P. R., Black, C. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=This+chapter+in+Methods+of+Soil+Analysis.+Part+1.+Physical+and+Mineralogical+Properties,+Including+Statistics+of+Measurement+and+Sampling.">This chapter in Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 1. Physical and Mineralogical Properties, Including Statistics of Measurement and Sampling.</a> American Society of Agronomy, Soil Science Society of America. , (1965).</li><li>Kleinman, P. J. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Phosphorus+leaching+from+agricultural+soils+of+the+Delmarva+Peninsula,+USA.">Phosphorus leaching from agricultural soils of the Delmarva Peninsula, USA.</a> J. Environ. Qual. 44 (2), 524-534 (2015).</li><li>. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lachat+Instruments.+Determination+of+nitrate/nitrite+in+surface+and+wastewaters+by+flow+injection+analysis.">Lachat Instruments. Determination of nitrate/nitrite in surface and wastewaters by flow injection analysis.</a> QuickChem Method. , (2003).</li></ol>

The authors declare no competing financial interests.

蒸渗仪收集的重要步骤浸出研究阐明了土壤理化性质和粪便管理对氮素损失浅层地下水的影响。土壤的物理性质，如土壤质地，团粒结构和堆积密度介导的水和溶质的渗透。准确地确定渗滤液量和溶质浓度取决于由以下关键步骤蒸渗收集期间保持这些土壤的物理性质的完整性:1）的蒸渗和落锤而列被驱动到土壤必须保持水平; 2）蒸渗仪内的土壤必须检查压实; 3）土柱的底部必?...

Delmarva半岛接壤切萨皮克湾的东岸，是家美国最大的家禽生产区之一。大约6亿只鸡，估计有75万吨的粪便是从生产每年1这些鸟的产生。大部分的肥料是局部用作农田肥料的修正案。由于有机肥的历史高位速率，养分如氮和磷的积累在土壤中，现在可以通过地下浸出2易受异地损失。大部分的地下水流是指向一个广泛的沟渠，最终排放到切萨皮克湾3的网络。抬到湾的营养素都与在海湾的健康状况的下降，由于水体富营养化4。 营养物质的异地损失连接养分管理需要专门的工具来监控水文流动和相关营养物质传输。测渗计代表用于表征并通过土壤量化营养素的运动器械的主要类别。测渗计在监测营养物质流的使用历史悠久，在渗漏水5-7，从可进行调整，以应对土壤基质潜能，使张力测渗计他们更好的估计植物可利用水分，零张力测渗计是比较有代表性的过程在自由排水的发生。所有方法lysimetery目前固有的偏见。例如，有些渗漏池太小，在自然土壤中充分体现空间的复杂过程，或者是过于庞大和昂贵提供异构土壤8的良好的统计复制。此外，泛渗仪需要在他们之上的土壤趋于饱和，收集渗滤液和效率不高相比，在测量矩阵流紧张9渗漏池。 封闭蒸渗仪系统，诸如零张力土壤芯测渗计（也称为土壤整料测渗计），大大提高了与水的预算和相关的污染物的预算（ 例如 ，营养的预算）进行了10的信心。这些渗漏池是最有代表性的，当它们含有土壤的完整核;充满了重新包装的土壤渗漏池并不认为，影响溶质和颗粒化合物都11,12运输的原有结构，视野，大孔连接。从实验的立场来看，有利于的原状土条件更高的复制的方法是有利的，因为存在于土壤的物理和化学性质13的固有空间变异。 两种优选的方法已被用于收集完好土壤芯测渗计:落锤和切削头。前者已被更普遍进行的，因为它可以与作为雪橇火腿作为简单的设备来实现聚（小渗漏池）。当适当地进行，土壤核心集合与落锤已被证明是相对成本效益，尤其是在与其他核化技术相比。但是，通过驱动一个蒸渗仪外壳到地面施加的剪切力会导致拖尾和板结，生产蒸渗仪内是不能代表乡土的条件，甚至可能有利于某些类型的水的运动（ 例如 ，旁路流量，或沿流土壤中的核心优势）。其结果是，一些研究人员已经优选切去一个完整的土壤与钻井设备或其它挖掘设备5的使用取样器的。 各种材料已被用作肠衣土壤芯测渗计。钢管和盒是成本比较低，耐用，易于获得且可用于收集较大的测渗计由于其强度14-17。然而，尽管钢是用于评价相对的浸出令人满意硝酸这样atively不反应的化合物，在钢中的铁与磷酸反应，因此必须进行包衣或磷浸出的研究以其它方式处理。通常，塑料外壳用于研究磷浸出，如厚壁（表80）的PVC管，可以承受一个落锤（如果使用的话）的影响，并保持它的结构时，获得较大直径土壤芯（ 例如 ，≥30厘米）18-22。 一般情况下，土芯渗仪进行了分析易地 。一旦收集，土壤芯测渗计可以安装在户外"蒸渗农场"，其中周围的土壤和地上气候代表自然场的条件。例如，在瑞典，瑞典农业大学一直保持着三个独立的蒸渗仪农场在过去的三十年中，分析可扩展到直径30厘米INTA农药的命运和运输，长期土壤肥力试验管理规范克拉芯23。土芯渗漏池也受到室内浸出试验那里是气候条件24,25更大的控制权。刘等人使用降雨模拟器定期灌溉抓数组作物26下土核心渗漏池。基贝特和昆都采用手工灌溉技术，通过土柱27,28研究砷和养分流失。 各种土壤和水文过程可以从土芯渗仪推断。坤等人 （2015）使用的直径30厘米的PVC柱渗漏池进行调查后施用尿素氮28浸出。通过收集在下面的灌溉事件不同的时间间隔渗滤液，他们能够迅速，逐渐流区分，前者假定由大孔隙流为主，后者假定为基质流为主。由于尿素很容易接触无线水解时日土，他们解释渗滤液升高浓度的尿素施肥后为绕过土壤基质大孔迁移的证据收集不久的存在。随着时间的推移，他们发现高浓度的浸出液中的不同形式的氮，跟踪应用尿素转化为铵初期水解后，再铵转化与硝化硝酸盐。 为了说明在设计，实施和解释土芯蒸渗仪实验的考虑，我们进行了在美国的中大西洋沿岸平原发现了四个不同的土壤调查。该研究测量的浸出浓度与前和干燥家禽粪便（ 即家禽"垃圾"）28的申请后，硝酸盐流失。从家禽垫料的应用，土壤养分损失的切萨皮克湾的健康关键问题，并了解所应用的互动需要家禽粪便和农业土壤理化性质，提高养分管理建议。我们在座提取完整土芯渗漏池，跟踪土壤水分，并解释从这些土壤硝态氮淋差损失的详细方法。 这个实验是进行从Delmarva半岛，美国的27,28农田土壤评估养分流失一个更大的研究的一部分。在2010年这里，我们提出这些研究结果未发表土芯测渗计是从在美国特拉华州，马里兰州和弗吉尼亚州的地点采集。尽管最初的实验是从论文土壤磷评估浸出，浸出硝酸盐也监测。 从切萨皮克湾流域的大西洋沿岸平原四种常见的农田土壤进行了采样:Bojac（粗壤质，混合，半主动，热能Typic Hapludult）; Evesboro（梅西奇，涂层LamellIC Quartzipsamment）; Quindocqua（细壤土，混合，活跃，梅西奇Typic Endoaquult）;檫（细壤质，硅质，半主动，梅西奇Typic Hapludult）。对于每一个土壤，地平线形态从由列（ 表1）的挖掘露出的剖面说明。土壤的表面纹理从砂（Evesboro），以壤质细沙/砂壤土范围（Bojac檫）以粉质壤土（Quindocqua）。虽然所有土壤曾与家禽废弃物历来受精，没有已在之前的研究中10个月的应用。所有的土壤已经在免耕玉米产量为土芯蒸渗仪采集前至少一个赛季。 收集后，土芯渗漏池被运送到州立学院，PA的美国农业部simulatorium设施。在那里，他们都受到室内灌溉实验（22-26℃），以评估与家禽垫料的应用养分流失。特别，渗漏池用2厘米周水灌溉，持续8周，直到硝酸盐渗滤液被土壤之间的平衡。家禽废弃物（干家禽粪肥），然后在162千克公顷全氮灌溉-1下继续进行5个星期的速率施加到所有土壤的表面上。每隔5分钟连续记录湿度传感器体积含水量，整个灌溉和浸出周期。渗滤液后24小时收集一次第7天前立即灌溉。 用简单的描述性统计数据来说明差异之前和之后的垃圾应用程序之间的土壤浸出液中的数量和质量上的差异，以及从土壤核心渗漏池渗滤液数据进行了分析。因为土壤湿度传感器被安置在仅复制土壤芯渗仪的两个用于每个土壤（Evesboro，Bojac，檫，Quindocqua），土壤水分含量的统计是根据N = 2，而小号渗沥液深度tatistics，硝态氮含量和硝态氮通量从10土壤核心渗漏池为Evesboro，Bojac檫和5 Quindocqua土芯渗漏池的。评估的复制的土壤中的重要性，进行了计算不同的复制数的变化（CV）为渗滤液深度的系数。蒙特卡洛模拟方法被用来重复地品尝来自各土壤组内重复总数土芯渗仪（N = 3）的一个子集（10 Evesboro，Bojac，檫; 5为Quindocqua）。

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a protocol for collecting and constructing soil core lysimeters

Leaching of nutrients from land applied fertilizers and manure used in agriculture can lead to accelerated eutrophication of surface water. Because the landscape has complex and varied soil morphology, an accompanying disparity in flow paths for leachate through the soil macropore and matrix structure is present. The rate of flow through these paths is further affected by antecedent soil moisture. Lysimeters are used to quantify flow rate, volume of water and concentration of nutrients leaching downward through soils. While many lysimeter designs exist, accurately determining the volume of water and mass balance of nutrients is best accomplished with bounded lysimeters that leave the natural soil structure intact. 
Here we present a detailed method for the extraction and construction of soil core lysimeters equipped with soil moisture sensors at 5 cm and 25 cm depths. Lysimeters from four different Coastal Plain soils (Bojac, Evesboro, Quindocqua and Sassafras) were collected on the Delmarva Peninsula and moved to an indoor climate controlled facility. Soils were irrigated once weekly with the equivalent of 2 cm of rainfall to draw down soil nitrate-N concentrations. At the end of the draw down period, poultry litter was applied (162 kg TN ha-1) and leaching was resumed for an additional five weeks. Total recovery of applied irrigation water varied from 71% to 85%. Nitrate-N concentration varied over the course of the study from an average of 27.1 mg L-1 before litter application to 40.3 mg L-1 following litter application. While greatest flux of nutrients was measured in soils dominated by coarse sand (Sassafras) the greatest immediate flux occurred from the finest textured soil with pronounced macropore development (Quindocqua).

土壤水分，渗滤液深度和渗滤液化学都说明变异横跨土，露出尽管特定的土壤重复土芯渗漏池之间的内部变化差异土壤性质的函数。后来的点权证从实验设计的观点出发特别值得注意，因为在土壤水分和浸出过程中固有的可变性，需要相当大的复制，以尽量减少2型统计误差。在目前的研究中，在所有土壤变异系数（CV）介于0.02至0.38土壤水分，为0.02〜0.06渗沥液深度，0.22?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Protocol for Collecting and Constructing Soil Core Lysimeters at JoVE.com

A Protocol for Collecting and Constructing Soil Core Lysimeters

A detailed method for extraction and assembly of intact soil core lysimeters and their use for study of leachate and associated loss of nutrients from surface applied poultry litter is demonstrated.

一种用于收集和构建土芯协议测渗计

Leaching of nutrients from land applied fertilizers and manure used in agriculture can lead to accelerated eutrophication of surface water. Because the ...

a-protocol-for-collecting-and-constructing-soil-core-lysimeters

Research

JoVE Journal

Environment

11.6K 次观看.  USDA - Agricultural Research Service. A detailed method for extraction and assembly of intact soil core lysimeters and their use for study of leachate and associated loss of nutrients from surface applied poultry litter is demonstrated.

视频: A Protocol for Collecting and Constructing Soil Core Lysimeters

Laboratory-determined Phosphorus Flux from Lake Sediments as a Measure of Internal Phosphorus Loading

Eutrophication is a water quality issue in lakes worldwide, and there is a critical need to identify and control nutrient sources. Internal phosphorus (P) loading from lake sediments can account for a substantial portion of the total P load in eutrophic, and some mesotrophic, lakes. Laboratory determination of P release rates from sediment cores is one approach for determining the role of internal P loading and guiding management decisions. Two principal alternatives to experimental determination of sediment P release exist for estimating internal load: in situ measurements of changes in hypolimnetic P over time and P mass balance. The experimental approach using laboratory-based sediment incubations to quantify internal P load is a direct method, making it a valuable tool for lake management and restoration.
Laboratory incubations of sediment cores can help determine the relative importance of internal vs. external P loads, as well as be used to answer a variety of lake management and research questions. We illustrate the use of sediment core incubations to assess the effectiveness of an aluminum sulfate (alum) treatment for reducing sediment P release. Other research questions that can be investigated using this approach include the effects of sediment resuspension and bioturbation on P release.
The approach also has limitations. Assumptions must be made with respect to: extrapolating results from sediment cores to the entire lake; deciding over what time periods to measure nutrient release; and addressing possible core tube artifacts. A comprehensive dissolved oxygen monitoring strategy to assess temporal and spatial redox status in the lake provides greater confidence in annual P loads estimated from sediment core incubations.

Lake eutrophication is a water quality issue worldwide, making the need to identify and control nutrient sources critical. Laboratory determination of phosphorus release rates from sediment cores is a valuable approach for determining the role of internal phosphorus loading and guiding management decisions.

实验室确定的磷通量湖泊沉积物作为内部磷载入一个测量

Eutrophication is a water quality issue in lakes worldwide, and there is a critical need to identify and control nutrient sources. Internal phosphorus (P) ...

科研

环境科学

Integrated Field Lysimetry and Porewater Sampling for Evaluation of Chemical Mobility in Soils and Established Vegetation

Potentially toxic chemicals are routinely applied to land to meet growing demands on waste management and food production, but the fate of these chemicals is often not well understood. Here we demonstrate an integrated field lysimetry and porewater sampling method for evaluating the mobility of chemicals applied to soils and established vegetation. Lysimeters, open columns made of metal or plastic, are driven into bareground or vegetated soils. Porewater samplers, which are commercially available and use vacuum to collect percolating soil water, are installed at predetermined depths within the lysimeters. At prearranged times following chemical application to experimental plots, porewater is collected, and lysimeters, containing soil and vegetation, are exhumed. By analyzing chemical concentrations in the lysimeter soil, vegetation, and porewater, downward leaching rates, soil retention capacities, and plant uptake for the chemical of interest may be quantified. Because field lysimetry and porewater sampling are conducted under natural environmental conditions and with minimal soil disturbance, derived results project real-case scenarios and provide valuable information for chemical management. As chemicals are increasingly applied to land worldwide, the described techniques may be utilized to determine whether applied chemicals pose adverse effects to human health or the environment.

Field lysimetry and porewater sampling allow researchers to evaluate the fate of chemicals applied to soils and established vegetation. The goal of this protocol is to demonstrate how to install required instrumentation and collect samples for chemical analysis during integrated field lysimetry and porewater sampling experiments.

综合外地Lysimetry和孔隙水采样的化学活动性土壤的评价和植被成立

Potentially toxic chemicals are routinely applied to land to meet growing demands on waste management and food production, but the fate of these chemicals ...

Soil Lysimeter Excavation for Coupled Hydrological, Geochemical, and Microbiological Investigations

Studying co-evolution of hydrological and biogeochemical processes in the subsurface of natural landscapes can enhance the understanding of coupled Earth-system processes. Such knowledge is imperative in improving predictions of hydro-biogeochemical cycles, especially under climate change scenarios. We present an experimental method, designed to capture sub-surface heterogeneity of an initially homogeneous soil system. This method is based on destructive sampling of a soil lysimeter designed to simulate a small-scale hillslope. A weighing lysimeter of one cubic meter capacity was divided into sections (voxels) and was excavated layer-by-layer, with sub samples being collected from each voxel. The excavation procedure was aimed at detecting the incipient heterogeneity of the system by focusing on the spatial assessment of hydrological, geochemical, and microbiological properties of the soil. Representative results of a few physicochemical variables tested show the development of heterogeneity. Additional work to test interactions between hydrological, geochemical, and microbiological signatures is planned to interpret the observed patterns. Our study also demonstrates the possibility of carrying out similar excavations in order to observe and quantify different aspects of soil-development under varying environmental conditions and scale.

This study presents an excavation method for investigating subsurface hydrological, geochemical, and microbiological heterogeneity of a soil lysimeter. The lysimeter simulates an artificial hillslope which was initially under homogeneous condition and had been subjected to approximately 5,000 mm of water over eight cycles of irrigation in an 18-month period.

土壤蒸渗仪开挖加之水文，地球化学和微生物调查

Studying co-evolution of hydrological and biogeochemical processes in the subsurface of natural landscapes can enhance the understanding of coupled ...

Measuring and Mapping Patterns of Soil Erosion and Deposition Related to Soil Carbonate Concentrations Under Agricultural Management

Spatial patterns of soil erosion and deposition can be inferred from differences in ground elevation mapped at appropriate time increments. Such changes in elevation are related to changes in near-surface soil carbonate (CaCO3) profiles. The objective is to describe a simple conceptual model and detailed protocol for repeatable field and laboratory measurements of these quantities. Here, accurate elevation is measured using a ground-based differential global positioning system (GPS); other data acquisition methods could be applied to the same basic method. Soil samples are collected from prescribed depth intervals and analyzed in the lab using an efficient and precise modified pressure-calcimeter method for quantitative analysis of inorganic carbon concentration. Standard statistical methods are applied to point data, and representative results show significant correlations between changes in soil surface layer CaCO3 and changes in elevation consistent with the conceptual model; CaCO3 generally decreased in depositional areas and increased in erosional areas. Maps are derived from point measurements of elevation and soil CaCO3 to aid analyses. A map of erosional and depositional patterns at the study site, a rain-fed winter wheat field cropped in alternating wheat-fallow strips, shows the interacting effects of water and wind erosion affected by management and topography. Alternative sampling methods and depth intervals are discussed and recommended for future work relating soil erosion and deposition to soil CaCO3.

Spatial patterns of soil erosion and deposition can be inferred from differences in ground elevation mapped at appropriate time increments. Such changes in elevation are related to changes in near-surface soil carbonates. Repeatable methods for field and laboratory measurements of these quantities and data analysis methods are described here.

农业经营条件下土壤侵蚀和沉积与土壤碳酸盐浓度关系的测量与制图

Spatial patterns of soil erosion and deposition can be inferred from differences in ground elevation mapped at appropriate time increments. Such changes ...

Wastewater Irrigation Impacts on Soil Hydraulic Conductivity: Coupled Field Sampling and Laboratory Determination of Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity

Since the early 1960s, an alternative wastewater discharge practice at The Pennsylvania State University has been researched and its impacts monitored. Rather than discharging treated wastewater to a stream, and thereby directly impacting the stream quality, the effluent is applied to forested and cropped land managed by the University. Concerns related to reductions in soil hydraulic conductivity occur when considering wastewater reuse. The methodology described in this manuscript, matching soil sample size with the size of the laboratory-based hydraulic conductivity measurement apparatus, provides the benefits of a relatively rapid collection of samples with the benefits of controlled laboratory boundary conditions. The results suggest that there may have been some impact of wastewater reuse on the soil&#39;s ability to transmit water at deeper depths in the depressional areas of the site. Most of the reductions in the soil hydraulic conductivity in the depressions appear to be related to the depth from which the sample was collected, and by inference, associated with the soil structural and textural differences.

Here we present a methodology which matches a soil sample size and a hydraulic conductivity measurement device to prevent the so-called wall flow along the inside of the soil container from being erroneously included in water flow measurements. Its use is demonstrated with samples collected from a wastewater irrigation site.

污水灌溉对土壤水力电导率的影响: 耦合场取样与饱和水力电导率的实验室测定

Since the early 1960s, an alternative wastewater discharge practice at The Pennsylvania State University has been researched and its impacts monitored. ...

Sampling Soils in a Heterogeneous Research Plot

Soils are highly heterogeneous. In general, the number of soil samples required for soil research has always been determined arbitrarily and the associated accuracy is unknown. Here, we present a detailed protocol for efficient and clustered soil sampling in a research plot and, relying on a pilot sampling using this design, for demonstrating soil spatial heterogeneity and informing reasonable sample sizes and associated accuracy for future study. The protocol mainly comprises four steps: sampling design, field collection, soil analysis, and geostatistical analysis. The step-by-step procedure is modified according to former publications. Two examples will be presented to demonstrate contrasting spatial distributions of soil organic carbon (SOC) and soil microbial biomass carbon (MBC) under different management practices. In addition, we present a strategy to determine the sample size requirement (SSR) given a certain level of accuracy based on the plot-level coefficient of variation (CV). The field sampling protocol and the quantitative determination of the sample size will assist researchers in seeking feasible sampling strategies to meet research needs and resources' availability.

The traditional soil-sampling procedure determines the number of soil samples arbitrarily. Here, we provide a simple yet efficient clustered soil-sampling design to demonstrate soil spatial heterogeneity and quantitatively determine the number of soil samples required and the associated sampling accuracy.

在异构研究图中取样土壤

Soils are highly heterogeneous. In general, the number of soil samples required for soil research has always been determined arbitrarily and the ...

Monitoring Pedogenic Inorganic Carbon Accumulation Due to Weathering of Amended Silicate Minerals in Agricultural Soils.

The present study aims to demonstrate a systematic procedure for monitoring inorganic carbon induced by enhanced weathering of comminuted rocks in agricultural soils. To this end, the core soil samples taken at different depth (including 0-15 cm, 15-30 cm, and 30-60 cm profiles) are collected from an agriculture field, the topsoil of which has already been enriched with an alkaline earth metal silicate containing mineral (such as wollastonite). After transporting to the laboratory, the soil samples are air-dried and sieved. Then, the inorganic carbon content of the samples is determined by a volumetric method called calcimetry. The representative results presented herein showed five folded increments of inorganic carbon content in the soils amended with the Ca-silicate compared to control soils. This compositional change was accompanied by more than 1 unit of pH increase in the amended soils, implying high dissolution of the silicate. Mineralogical and morphological analyses, as well as elemental composition, further corroborate the increase in the inorganic carbon content of silicate-amended soils. The sampling and analysis methods presented in this study can be adopted by researchers and professionals looking to trace pedogenic inorganic carbon changes in soils and subsoils, including those amended with other suitable silicate rocks such as basalt and olivine. These methods can also be exploited as tools for verifying soil inorganic carbon sequestration by private and governmental entities to certify and award carbon credits.

The verification method described here is adaptable for monitoring pedogenic inorganic carbon sequestration in various agricultural soils amended with alkaline earth metal silicate-containing rocks, such as wollastonite, basalt, and olivine. This type of validation is essential for carbon credit programs, which can benefit farmers that sequester carbon in their fields.

监测农业土壤中经修正的硅酸盐矿物风化造成的致病性无机碳积累。

The present study aims to demonstrate a systematic procedure for monitoring inorganic carbon induced by enhanced weathering of comminuted rocks in ...

In Situ Soil Moisture Sensors in Undisturbed Soils

Soil moisture directly affects operational hydrology, food security, ecosystem services, and the climate system. However, the adoption of soil moisture data has been slow due to inconsistent data collection, poor standardization, and typically short record duration. Soil moisture, or quantitatively volumetric soil water content (SWC), is measured using buried, in situ sensors that infer SWC from an electromagnetic response. This signal can vary considerably with local site conditions such as clay content and mineralogy, soil salinity or bulk electrical conductivity, and soil temperature; each of these can have varying impacts depending on the sensor technology.
Furthermore, poor soil contact and sensor degradation can affect the quality of these readings over time. Unlike more traditional environmental sensors, there are no accepted standards, maintenance practices, or quality controls for SWC data. As such, SWC is a challenging measurement for many environmental monitoring networks to implement. Here, we attempt to establish a community-based standard of practice for in situ SWC sensors so that future research and applications have consistent guidance on site selection, sensor installation, data interpretation, and long-term maintenance of monitoring stations.
The videography focuses on a multi-agency consensus of best-practices and recommendations for the installation of in situ SWC sensors. This paper presents an overview of this protocol along with the various steps essential for high-quality and long-term SWC data collection. This protocol will be of use to scientists and engineers hoping to deploy a single station or an entire network.

In Situ Soil Moisture Sensors in Undisturbed Soils

The determination of soil water content is a critical mission requirement for many state and federal agencies. This protocol synthesizes multi-agency efforts to measure soil water content using buried in situ sensors.

原位 未受干扰土壤中的土壤湿度传感器

Soil moisture directly affects operational hydrology, food security, ecosystem services, and the climate system. However, the adoption of soil moisture ...

JenaTron - An Experimental Approach to Study the Effects of Plant History and Soil History on Grassland Ecosystem Functioning

The global loss of biodiversity has motivated many studies that experimentally vary plant species richness and examine the consequences for ecosystem functioning. Such experiments generally show a positive relationship between above- and below-ground biodiversity and the functioning of terrestrial ecosystems. Moreover, this relationship tends to strengthen over time, seen as enhanced functioning of diverse plant communities and reduced functioning of low-diversity plant communities. Differences in multitrophic community assembly and biotic interactions in high- versus low-diversity plant communities are hypothesized to affect plant performance by altering consumer community structure and function and driving plastic or micro-evolutionary responses of plant species in the plant communities. To resolve this complex interplay of community history, we separated these effects into plant and soil history. Plant history refers to all plant-level responses to past abiotic and biotic selection pressures experienced in their communities, while soil history relates to all abiotic and biotic soil properties developed as a legacy of plant-soil interactions under variable plant diversity. We set up a biodiversity experiment in an Ecotron, a terrestrial mesocosm facility that allows controlling environmental conditions above- and below-ground, to test whether the strengthening biodiversity-ecosystem functioning relationship is due to soil history, plant history, or a combination of both. We established a plant diversity gradient consisting of 1, 2, 3, and 6 grassland plant species and factorially nested with soil history and plant history treatments for each level of plant species richness. Representative results demonstrate the successful establishment of target treatments in the Ecotron experiment, observing the effects of plant and soil history on initial plant development and final plant growth. Additionally, we provide a case study for data analysis of individual response variables. We outline research objectives and methods to comprehensively assess the multifunctional responses to the experimental treatments necessary to ultimately address the overarching hypothesis.

Here we present a study established in the iDiv Ecotron, terrestrial mesocosm chambers with controlled environmental conditions above- and below-ground, to study the independent and interactive effects of plant history and soil history on ecosystem functioning of grassland communities along a plant diversity gradient.

JenaTron - 一种研究植物历史和土壤历史对草原生态系统功能影响的实验方法

The global loss of biodiversity has motivated many studies that experimentally vary plant species richness and examine the consequences for ecosystem ...

增强 CO2 封存：促进矿物风化的土壤生物群方法

Design and Construction of an Experimental Setup to Enhance Mineral Weathering through the Activity of Soil Organisms

Enhanced weathering (EW) is an emerging carbon dioxide (CO2) removal technology that can contribute to climate change mitigation. This technology relies on accelerating the natural process of mineral weathering in soils by manipulating the abiotic variables that govern this process, in particular mineral grain size and exposure to acids dissolved in water. EW mainly aims at reducing atmospheric CO2 concentrations by enhancing inorganic carbon sequestration. Until now, knowledge of EW has been mainly gained through experiments that focused on the abiotic variables known for stimulating mineral weathering, thereby neglecting the potential influence of biotic components. While bacteria, fungi, and earthworms are known to increase mineral weathering rates, the use of soil organisms in the context of EW remains underexplored. 
 This protocol describes the design and construction of an experimental setup developed to enhance mineral weathering rates through soil organisms while concurrently controlling abiotic conditions. The setup is designed to maximize weathering rates while maintaining soil organisms' activity. It consists of a large number of columns filled with rock powder and organic material, located in a climate chamber and with water applied via a downflow irrigation system. Columns are placed above a fridge containing jerrycans to collect the leachate. Representative results demonstrate that this setup is suitable to ensure the activity of soil organisms and quantify their effect on inorganic carbon sequestration. Challenges remain in minimizing leachate losses, ensuring homogeneous ventilation through the climate chamber, and avoiding flooding of the columns. With this setup, an innovative and promising approach is proposed to enhance mineral weathering rates through the activity of soil biota and disentangle the effect of biotic and abiotic factors as drivers of EW.

作者聚焦：揭示蚯蚓在增强矿物风化作用以去除 CO2 中的作用 

Here we present the construction and operation of an experimental setup to enhance mineral weathering through the activity of soil organisms while concurrently manipulating abiotic variables known to stimulate weathering. Representative results from the functioning of the setup and sample analyses are discussed together with points for improvement.

设计和建造实验装置，通过土壤生物的活动增强矿物风化

Enhanced weathering (EW) is an emerging carbon dioxide (CO2) removal technology that can contribute to climate change mitigation. This technology relies ...

一种用于收集和构建土芯协议测渗计

摘要

探索更多视频

此视频中的章节

实验室确定的磷通量湖泊沉积物作为内部磷载入一个测量

综合外地Lysimetry和孔隙水采样的化学活动性土壤的评价和植被成立

土壤蒸渗仪开挖加之水文，地球化学和微生物调查

农业经营条件下土壤侵蚀和沉积与土壤碳酸盐浓度关系的测量与制图

污水灌溉对土壤水力电导率的影响: 耦合场取样与饱和水力电导率的实验室测定

在异构研究图中取样土壤

监测农业土壤中经修正的硅酸盐矿物风化造成的致病性无机碳积累。

原位未受干扰土壤中的土壤湿度传感器

JenaTron - 一种研究植物历史和土壤历史对草原生态系统功能影响的实验方法

设计和建造实验装置，通过土壤生物的活动增强矿物风化

一种用于收集和构建土芯协议测渗计

摘要

探索更多视频

此视频中的章节

实验室确定的磷通量湖泊沉积物作为内部磷载入一个测量

综合外地Lysimetry和孔隙水采样的化学活动性土壤的评价和植被成立

土壤蒸渗仪开挖加之水文，地球化学和微生物调查

农业经营条件下土壤侵蚀和沉积与土壤碳酸盐浓度关系的测量与制图

污水灌溉对土壤水力电导率的影响: 耦合场取样与饱和水力电导率的实验室测定

在异构研究图中取样土壤

监测农业土壤中经修正的硅酸盐矿物风化造成的致病性无机碳积累。

原位 未受干扰土壤中的土壤湿度传感器

JenaTron - 一种研究植物历史和土壤历史对草原生态系统功能影响的实验方法

设计和建造实验装置，通过土壤生物的活动增强矿物风化

原位未受干扰土壤中的土壤湿度传感器