JC would like to acknowledge the David Hay Memorial Fund, The University of Melbourne for financial support in writing this manuscript. Funding for this project was provided by an ARC Linkage grant 100200129 (BVB, AJV, CTON).

伦理学声明:动物实验均按照与动物科学为目的的护理和使用（2013年），澳大利亚代码进行。从动物伦理委员会，澳大利亚墨尔本大学，获得动物伦理委员会批准。此处所用材料是用于实验室实验而已，并非用于医疗或兽医用途。 1.准备电极注意:一个三通道发射机被用于手术植入使2 ERG和1 VEP记录可以同时进行。三种活性和三个非活性电极需要被预先制作成在植入前的环形状，以附加到眼球。用于识别目的，制造商已积极封闭电极半白，一半是彩色塑料护套而不活动的电极覆盖全彩色护套。接地电极（透明塑料护套）将保持不变。对于所有的活动和非活动ELECTR颂歌行为步骤1.1，1.2，1.3和1.7。 <ol><li>解开两个细尖钳双链不锈钢焊条。 </li><li>修剪不锈钢单股线（从尖端约1cm）中的一个，使剩下的塑造环电极的单个长直链。 </li><li>折叠单个不锈钢丝返回到本身和扭曲，形成在电极的尖端平滑环。 </li><li>用于ERG有源电极时尚该环路〜0.2 - 0.5毫米的直径通过扭绞循环的碱（这里所描述的目的，形状以这种方式从双眼记录ERG两个活性电极），和用于ERG不活动和VEP电极使环直径〜0.8毫米直径（在这个例子中，对于一个有源VEP电极和所有的三个非活动电极做）。 </li><li>钩围绕的不锈钢螺杆（直径0.7mm时，长度3毫米），所以在电极靠在螺钉头的圆形VEP活性电极。 </li><li>胡胡ķ围绕第二个不锈钢螺丝（直径0.7mm时，长3毫米），3个非活动电极（2 ERG，1 VEP）。 </li><li>向前拉塑料套在两个不锈钢链的末端锐利，以减少刺激。 </li><li>通过在大约25℃下在2％戊二醛浸泡超过10小时消毒遥测发射机。然后用清水冲洗用无菌生理盐水3次发射。 </li></ol> 2.发射器植入<ol><li> 动物的制备 <ol><li>通过用70％乙醇清洗前消毒手术区到实验。使用前高压灭菌所有手术设备和洗必泰维护设备在不手术过程中使用。盖在手术过程中与外科被单的动物保持无菌环境。确保所有实验者戴上医用口罩，无菌手套和礼服。 </li><li>诱导用1.5麻醉 - 2％异氟烷，以3升/分钟和maintai流速1.5定义 - 2％，至2升/分钟整个手术。在捏脚趾之间的肌肉被确认没有踏板反射麻醉足够的深度。 </li><li>从腹股沟到胸骨上述剃40毫米×30mm的区域上腹部。 </li><li>剃30毫米×20mm的区域中的前额，后对眼睛和前到耳朵。 </li><li>消毒这两个剃领域。对于额头部位消毒用10％的碘伏三次（避开眼睛附近的区域用含酒精的消毒剂，是与实践的标准一致列明外科技师协会）​​。在腹部消毒用10％聚维酮碘和70％乙醇。 </li><li>应用proxymetacaine 1滴在角膜上额外的表面麻醉。 </li><li>应用羧甲基纤维素钠的1滴至角膜以防止眼睛干燥。 </li></ol></li><li> 手术植入 <ol><li>让10毫米的切口沿着用外科手术刀两耳之间的垂直中线的头部。 </li><li>使上腹部有5毫米的切口，通过沿胸骨下方中线皮肤层。 </li><li>隧道从腹部切口的头部切开一个5mm直径的套管皮下。 </li><li>通过从腹部到头部插管订阅发射机的电极布线（3活性和3不活动）。 </li><li>离开与发射机碱参考电极和覆盖无菌纱布电极尖端。 </li><li>盖上无菌纱布电极尖端（3有源和3个非活动）。 </li><li>老鼠的头固定到一个立体平台。 </li><li>延长切口额头到30毫米的长度与手术剪。 </li><li>在3〜点和9点 - 通过收缩松弛的皮肤与缝线2（O 3）暴露手术区。 </li><li>刮去骨膜覆用消毒纱布暴露前囟，Lambda和中线缝合头骨。 </LI&gt; <li>通过在VEP活性颅骨钻两个孔（7毫米腹侧前囟3毫米横向中线）和非活性（5毫摩喙前囟上中线）立体坐标。 </li><li>附加VEP活性和非活性电极与预安装的不锈钢螺丝（直径0.7mm时，长3毫米），颅骨用小螺丝刀到〜1毫米的深入到预制孔。此锚定螺钉在骨不破坏底层皮层组织。 </li><li>植入视网膜电图电极积极使用8 - 0缝合暂时收回上眼睑。 </li><li>通过向上级结膜穹窿插入从眼睛后面的16至21g的套管皮下。 </li><li>取出针指导。 </li><li>从对眼睛额头饲料通过缩短塑料导管活性电极。然后取出塑料导管。 </li><li>使用临时缝合（8 - 0），它是通过电极环螺纹，以防止ELEC处接上缩回回隧道。 </li><li>让优越的结膜0.5毫米的切口位于12点位置，落后缘1毫米。使用钝性分离，露出底层的巩膜。 </li><li>立即缝合0半巩膜厚度缘背后 - 植入一个8 - 0或9。 </li><li>卸下ERG活性电极临时缝合。 </li><li>通过把连续3结确保电极的顶端锚定ERG有源电极到半巩膜厚度缝合位于靠近角膜缘。 </li><li>关闭使用1〜2间断缝合结膜瓣（8 - 0到9 - 0）。确保结膜完全覆盖ERG电极，以提高舒适性。 </li><li>卸下眼睑回缩缝合。 </li><li>用同样的方法对侧眼。 </li><li>应用氰基丙烯酸酯胶在头骨，以确保所有的不锈钢螺丝和电极线。确保ERG主动电极不固定到连接前拉得太紧能够眼球运动。 </li><li> 0缝合 - 使用非吸收性3关闭头上的伤口。 </li><li>旋转啮齿动物暴露腹部。延长腹部切开皮肤沿手术剪白线40毫米。 </li><li>让35毫米的切口通过内肌壁，露出内腹腔。 </li><li>使用两个缝线（3 - 0）发射体附着在动物的右侧内腹壁。避免接触肝。 </li><li>环路接地电极，并在这个形状与缝线（3 - 0）的安全。把它放在自由浮动在腹腔内。 </li><li>采用连续缝合（ - 0 3）关闭腹膜。 </li><li>关闭使用间断缝合（3 - 0）皮肤切口。 </li></ol></li><li> 术后护理 <ol><li>监测动物，直到它已经恢复了足够的意识，以保持胸骨斜卧。房子动物单独继手术。 </li><li>辖carpr奥芬皮下镇痛（5毫克/千克）一次，连用4天。 </li><li>到饮用水加预防性口服抗生素（Enrofloxin，5毫克/公斤）7天手术后。 </li><li>适用的抗炎软膏皮肤切口部位以减少刺激的第7天手术后。 </li></ol></li></ol> 3.进行ERG和VEP录音清醒大鼠<ol><li>暗适应动物的ERG和VEP录音前的12个小时</li><li>开展昏暗红光（17.4 cd.m -2，λ 最大 = 600纳米）的所有实验操作</li><li>应用表面麻醉（0.5％proxymetacaine）和扩张（0.5％托）下降到角膜。 </li><li>引导意识的啮齿动物成定制的，清晰的限制器。 注意:此塑料管的长度可以调整，以适应不同大小的大鼠固定在60毫米的总直径。该装置的前端部是锥形的，以减少头部莫vement并包含穿孔，使正常呼吸。该锥形前允许对准和老鼠的头部和眼睛的稳定的Ganzfeld球体的开口。需要注意的是啮齿动物已被驯化的限制器（3至5次）在手术前。 </li><li>放置在Ganzfeld碗与碗的开口对准眼睛前方的啮齿动物。 </li><li>通过传递〜5厘米发射机内的磁体打开留置发射机。验证发射器是通过检查接收器底部的LED状态指示灯。 </li><li>如前面描述的21集在一定范围内发光的能量（即 -5.6至1.52日志cd.sm -2）的信号。简单地说，在调光照明水平（〜80重复）和更少的平均多个信号的明亮发光的能量（约1重复）。逐步延长为1至180秒，从最暗到最亮光照强度刺激间隔。 </li><li>要隔离杆ERG和锥反应利用双闪光灯模式8。例如，在启动日志1.52 cd.sm闪烁两次-2，500毫秒刺激间隔在两者之间。 </li><li>以记录VEP信号，平均20重复在明亮发光的能量（ 即，1.52日志cd.sm -2，5秒刺激间间隔）。 </li><li>为了评估植入物的稳定性，这是由信号变化随着时间的推移评估，进行ERG和VEP录音7，10，14，21和28天手术后。 </li><li>甲苯噻嗪麻醉（12:1毫克/千克）如下的实验期间，通过氯胺酮后pentobarbiturate的心脏内注射（1.5毫升/公斤）安乐死大鼠。 </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Frishman, L. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Origins of the Electroretinogram. , (2006).</li><li>Granit, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+components+of+the+retinal+action+potential+in+mammals+and+their+relation+to+the+discharge+in+the+optic+nerve.">The components of the retinal action potential in mammals and their relation to the discharge in the optic nerve.</a> J Physiol. 77, 207-239 (1933).</li><li>Brown, K. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+eclectroretinogram:+its+components+and+their+origins.">The eclectroretinogram: its components and their origins.</a> Vision Res. 8, 633-677 (1968).</li><li>Brown, K. T., Murakami, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Biphasic+Form+of+the+Early+Receptor+Potential+of+the+Monkey+Retina.">Biphasic Form of the Early Receptor Potential of the Monkey Retina.</a> Nature. 204, 739-740 (1964).</li><li>Kline, R. P., Ripps, H., Dowling, J. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Generation+of+b-wave+currents+in+the+skate+retina.">Generation of b-wave currents in the skate retina.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 75, 5727-5731 (1978).</li><li>Krasowski, M. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Propofol+and+other+intravenous+anesthetics+have+sites+of+action+on+the+gamma-aminobutyric+acid+type+A+receptor+distinct+from+that+for+isoflurane.">Propofol and other intravenous anesthetics have sites of action on the gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor distinct from that for isoflurane.</a> Mol Pharmacol. 53, 530-538 (1998).</li><li>Stockton, R. A., Slaughter, M. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=B-wave+of+the+electroretinogram.+A+reflection+of+ON+bipolar+cell+activity.">B-wave of the electroretinogram. A reflection of ON bipolar cell activity.</a> J Gen Physiol. 93, 101-122 (1989).</li><li>Nixon, P. J., Bui, B. V., Armitage, J. A., Vingrys, A. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+contribution+of+cone+responses+to+rat+electroretinograms.">The contribution of cone responses to rat electroretinograms.</a> Clin Experiment Ophthalmol. 29, 193-196 (2001).</li><li>Weinstein, G. W., Odom, J. V., Cavender, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Visually+evoked+potentials+and+electroretinography+in+neurologic+evaluation.">Visually evoked potentials and electroretinography in neurologic evaluation.</a> Neurol Clin. 9, 225-242 (1991).</li><li>Sand, T., Kvaloy, M. B., Wader, T., Hovdal, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evoked+potential+tests+in+clinical+diagnosis.">Evoked potential tests in clinical diagnosis.</a> Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen. 133, 960-965 (2013).</li><li>Brankack, J., Schober, W., Klingberg, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Different+laminar+distribution+of+flash+evoked+potentials+in+cortical+areas+17+and+18+b+of+freely+moving+rats.">Different laminar distribution of flash evoked potentials in cortical areas 17 and 18 b of freely moving rats.</a> J Hirnforsch. 31, 525-533 (1990).</li><li>Creel, D., Dustman, R. E., Beck, E. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intensity+of+flash+illumination+and+the+visually+evoked+potential+of+rats,+guinea+pigs+and+cats.">Intensity of flash illumination and the visually evoked potential of rats, guinea pigs and cats.</a> Vision Res. 14, 725-729 (1974).</li><li>Herr, D. W., Boyes, W. K., Dyer, R. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rat+flash-evoked+potential+peak+N160+amplitude:+modulation+by+relative+flash+intensity.">Rat flash-evoked potential peak N160 amplitude: modulation by relative flash intensity.</a> Physiol Behav. 49, 355-365 (1991).</li><li>Guarino, I., Loizzo, S., Lopez, L., Fadda, A., Loizzo, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+chronic+implant+to+record+electroretinogram,+visual+evoked+potentials+and+oscillatory+potentials+in+awake,+freely+moving+rats+for+pharmacological+studies.">A chronic implant to record electroretinogram, visual evoked potentials and oscillatory potentials in awake, freely moving rats for pharmacological studies.</a> Neural Plast. 11, 241-250 (2004).</li><li>Szabo-Salfay, O., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+electroretinogram+and+visual+evoked+potential+of+freely+moving+rats.">The electroretinogram and visual evoked potential of freely moving rats.</a> Brain Res Bull. 56, 7-14 (2001).</li><li>Valjakka, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+reflection+of+retinal+light+response+information+onto+the+superior+colliculus+in+the+rat.">The reflection of retinal light response information onto the superior colliculus in the rat.</a> Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 245, 1199-1210 (2007).</li><li>Lapray, D., Bergeler, J., Dupont, E., Thews, O., Luhmann, H. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+novel+miniature+telemetric+system+for+recording+EEG+activity+in+freely+moving+rats.">A novel miniature telemetric system for recording EEG activity in freely moving rats.</a> J Neurosci Methods. 168, 119-126 (2008).</li><li>Lim, K., Burke, S. L., Armitage, J. A., Head, G. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparison+of+blood+pressure+and+sympathetic+activity+of+rabbits+in+their+home+cage+and+the+laboratory+environment.">Comparison of blood pressure and sympathetic activity of rabbits in their home cage and the laboratory environment.</a> Exp Physiol. 97, 1263-1271 (2012).</li><li>Nguyen, C. T., Brain, P., Ivarsson, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparing+activity+analyses+for+improved+accuracy+and+sensitivity+of+drug+detection.">Comparing activity analyses for improved accuracy and sensitivity of drug detection.</a> J Neurosci Methods. 204, 374-378 (2012).</li><li>Ivarsson, M., Paterson, L. M., Hutson, P. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Antidepressants+and+REM+sleep+in+Wistar-Kyoto+and+Sprague-Dawley+rats.">Antidepressants and REM sleep in Wistar-Kyoto and Sprague-Dawley rats.</a> Eur J Pharmacol. 522, 63-71 (2005).</li><li>He, Z., Bui, B. V., Vingrys, A. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+rate+of+functional+recovery+from+acute+IOP+elevation.">The rate of functional recovery from acute IOP elevation.</a> Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 47, 4872-4880 (2006).</li><li>Lamb, T. D., Pugh, E. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+quantitative+account+of+the+activation+steps+involved+in+phototransduction+in+amphibian+photoreceptors.">A quantitative account of the activation steps involved in phototransduction in amphibian photoreceptors.</a> J Physiol. 449, 719-758 (1992).</li><li>Hood, D. C., Birch, D. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rod+phototransduction+in+retinitis+pigmentosa:+estimation+and+interpretation+of+parameters+derived+from+the+rod+a-wave.">Rod phototransduction in retinitis pigmentosa: estimation and interpretation of parameters derived from the rod a-wave.</a> Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 35, 2948-2961 (1994).</li><li>Charng, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Conscious+wireless+electroretinogram+and+visual+evoked+potentials+in+rats.">Conscious wireless electroretinogram and visual evoked potentials in rats.</a> PLoS Onez. 8, e74172 (2013).</li><li>Galambos, R., Szabo-Salfay, O., Szatmari, E., Szilagyi, N., Juhasz, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sleep+modifies+retinal+ganglion+cell+responses+in+the+normal+rat.">Sleep modifies retinal ganglion cell responses in the normal rat.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 98, 2083-2088 (2001).</li><li>Meeren, H. K., Van Luijtelaar, E. L., Coenen, A. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cortical+and+thalamic+visual+evoked+potentials+during+sleep-wake+states+and+spike-wave+discharges+in+the+rat.">Cortical and thalamic visual evoked potentials during sleep-wake states and spike-wave discharges in the rat.</a> Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 108, 306-319 (1998).</li><li>Nair, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+common+anesthetics+on+eye+movement+and+electroretinogram.">Effects of common anesthetics on eye movement and electroretinogram.</a> Doc Ophthalmol. 122, 163-176 (2011).</li><li>Amouzadeh, H. R., Sangiah, S., Qualls, C. W., Cowell, R. L., Mauromoustakos, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Xylazine-induced+pulmonary+edema+in+rats.">Xylazine-induced pulmonary edema in rats.</a> Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 108, 417-427 (1991).</li><li>Charng, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Retinal+electrophysiology+is+a+viable+preclinical+biomarker+for+drug+penetrance+into+the+central+nervous+system.">Retinal electrophysiology is a viable preclinical biomarker for drug penetrance into the central nervous system.</a> J Ophthalmol. , (2016).</li></ol>

RG and RF are employees to the commercial funder of this research (Pfizer Neusentis and Pfizer Global Research). MI was an employee of Pfizer Global Research during this research and is currently an employee of Proteostasis Therapeutics (Cambridge, USA).

由于视觉电生理的微创性，在人类患者ERG和VEP录音意识的条件下进行，只需要放置电极使用局部麻醉剂的。与此相反，在动物模型中视觉电全身麻醉下常规地进行通过消除自愿眼睛和身体动作，以使稳定的电极放置。然而，常用的全身麻醉药改变如由我们以前出版24和 ​​其他25-27 ERG和VEP反应。在啮齿动物模型有意识ERG和VEP平台的这种发展提供了在动物模型中的生理反应，其可以...

在ERG和VEP 在体内工具微创以评估分别在实验室和临床既视网膜和视觉通路的完整性。全视野ERG产生的特性波形可被分解成不同的组件，与代表视网膜通路1,2的不同细胞类的每个元素。经典的全视野ERG波形由一个初始负斜率（a波），这已被证明是表示感光体的活性交曝光2-4。在一个波之后是反映中央视网膜，主要是接通双极细胞5-7的电活动的实质性利好波形（B波）。此外，一个可以改变光的能量，相互刺激间隔从杆反应8隔离锥。 闪光VEP代表了视觉皮层和脑干的电势响应视网膜光刺激9,10。该波形可以被分解成早期和晚期的组件，与早期部件反射的眼膜-geniculo具条纹通路11-13和表示在各种V1薄片大鼠11,13进行皮质加工后期成分的神经元的活性。因此，ERG和VEP的同时测量返回参与视觉通路结构的综合评估。 目前，为了记录在动物电，麻醉采用使电极稳定放置。已经出现了以测量ERG和VEP清醒大鼠14-16尝试但这些研究中采用的有线设置，这可能是麻烦的，并且可以通过限制动物的运动和自然行为17导致动物的压力。随着无线技术的最新进展，包括改进的小型化和电池寿命，现在有可能实现对ERG的遥测方法ðVEP记录，减少与有线录音和提高长期存活率带来的压力。遥测探针内部充分稳定注入已被证明是成功的为体温，血压18，活动19的慢性监测以及脑电图20。技术的这种进步还将协助重复性和意识录音稳定性，提高了平台的实用程序，用于慢性研究。

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Bioamplifier</td>
			<td>ADInstruments</td>
			<td>ML 135</td>
			<td>Amplifies ERG and VEP signals</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Carboxymethylcellulose sodium 1.0%</td>
			<td>Allergan</td>
			<td>CAS 0009000-11-7</td>
			<td>Maintain corneal hydration during surgery</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Carprofen 0.5%</td>
			<td>Pfizer Animal Health Group</td>
			<td>CAS 53716-49-7</td>
			<td>Post-surgery analgesia, given with injectable saline for fluid replenishment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Chlorhexadine 0.5%</td>
			<td>Orion Laboratories</td>
			<td>27411, 80085</td>
			<td>Disinfection of surgical instrument</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cyanoacrylate gel activator</td>
			<td>RS components</td>
			<td>473-439</td>
			<td>Quickly dries cyanoacrylate gel</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cyanocrylate gel&#160;</td>
			<td>RS components</td>
			<td>473-423</td>
			<td>Fix stainless screws to skull</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dental burr</td>
			<td>Storz Instruments, Bausch and Lomb</td>
			<td>E0824A</td>
			<td>Miniature drill head of ~0.7mm diameter for making a small hole in the skull over each hemisphere to implant VEP screws</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Drill</td>
			<td>Bosch</td>
			<td>Dremel 300 series</td>
			<td>Automatic drill for trepanning</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Enrofloxin</td>
			<td>Troy Laboratories</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Prophylactic antibiotic post surgey</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ganzfeld integrating sphere</td>
			<td>Photometric Solutions International</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Custom designed light stimulator: 36 mm diameter, 13 cm aperture size</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gauze swabs</td>
			<td>Multigate Medical Products Pty Ltd</td>
			<td>57-100B</td>
			<td>Dries surgical incision and exposed skull surface during surgery</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isoflurane 99.9%</td>
			<td>Abbott Australasia Pty Ltd</td>
			<td>CAS 26675-46-7</td>
			<td>Proprietory Name: Isoflo(TM) Inhalation anaaesthetic. Pharmaceutical-grade inhalation anesthetic mixed with oxygen gas for VEP electrode implant surgery</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Kenacomb ointment</td>
			<td>Aspen Pharma Pty Ltd</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>To reduce skin irritation and itching after surgery</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Luxeon LEDs</td>
			<td>Phillips Lighting Co.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>For light stimulation, twenty 5 watt and one 1 watt LEDs, controlled by Scope software</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Needle (macrosurgery)</td>
			<td>World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td>501959</td>
			<td>for suturing abdominal and head surgery, used with 3-0 suture, eye needle, cutting edge 5/16 circle Size 1, 15mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Needle holder (macrosurgery)</td>
			<td>World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td>500224</td>
			<td>To hold needle during abdominal and head surgery</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Needle holder (microsurgery)</td>
			<td>World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td>555419NT</td>
			<td>To hold needle during ocular surgery</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Optiva catheter</td>
			<td>Smiths Medical International LTD</td>
			<td>16 or 21 G</td>
			<td>Guide corneal active electrodes from skull to conjunctiva</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Povidone iodine 10%</td>
			<td>Sanofi-Aventis</td>
			<td>CAS 25655-41-8</td>
			<td>Proprietory name: Betadine, Antiseptic to prepare the shaved skin for surgery 10%, 500 mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Powerlab data acquisition system</td>
			<td>ADInstruments</td>
			<td>ML 785</td>
			<td>Acquire signal from telemetry transmitter, paired to telemetry data converter</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Proxymetacaine 0.5%</td>
			<td>Alcon Laboratories&#160;</td>
			<td>CAS 5875-06-9</td>
			<td>Topical ocular analgesia</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Restrainer</td>
			<td>cutom made</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Front of the restrainer is tapered to minimize head movement, length can be adjusted to accommodate different rat length, overall diameter is 60 mm.&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Scapel blade</td>
			<td>R.G. Medical Supplies</td>
			<td>SNSM0206</td>
			<td>For surgical incision</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Scissors (macrosurgery)</td>
			<td>World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td>501225</td>
			<td>for cutting tissue on the abodmen and forhead</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Scissors (microsurgery)</td>
			<td>World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td>501232</td>
			<td>To dissect the conjunctiva for electrode attachment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Scope Software</td>
			<td>ADInstruments</td>
			<td>version 3.7.6</td>
			<td>Simultaneously triggers the stimulus via the ADI Powerlab system and collects data</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Shaver</td>
			<td>Oster</td>
			<td>Golden A5</td>
			<td>Shave fur from surgical areas</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stainless streel screws&#160;</td>
			<td>MicroFasteners</td>
			<td>L001.003CS304</td>
			<td>0.7 mm shaft diameter, 3 mm in length&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stereotaxic frame</td>
			<td>David Kopf</td>
			<td>Model 900</td>
			<td>A small animal stereotaxic instrument for locating the implantation landmarks on the skull</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Surgical drape</td>
			<td>Vital Medical Supplies</td>
			<td>GM29-612EE</td>
			<td>Ensure sterile enviornment during surgery</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Suture (macrosurgery)</td>
			<td>Ninbo medical needles</td>
			<td>3-0</td>
			<td>for suturing abdominal and head surgery, sterile silk braided, 60cm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Suture needle (microsurgery)</td>
			<td>Ninbo medical needles</td>
			<td>8-0 or 9-0</td>
			<td>for ocular surgery including, suturing electrode to sclera and closing conjunctival wound, nylon suture, 3/8 circle 1&#215;5, 30cm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Telemetry data converter&#160;</td>
			<td>DataSciences International</td>
			<td>R08</td>
			<td>allows telemetry signal to interface with data collection software</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Telemetry Data Exchange Matrix</td>
			<td>DataSciences International</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Gathers data from transmitters, pair with receiver</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Telemetry data receiver</td>
			<td>DataSciences International</td>
			<td>RPC-1</td>
			<td>Receives telemetry data from transmitter</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Telemetry transmitter</td>
			<td>DataSciences International</td>
			<td>F50-EEE</td>
			<td>3 channel telemetry transmitter</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tropicamide 0.5%</td>
			<td>Alcon Laboratories&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Iris dilation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tweezers (macrosurgery)</td>
			<td>World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td>500092</td>
			<td>Manipulate tissues during abdominal and head surgery</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tweezers (microsurgery)</td>
			<td>World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td>500342</td>
			<td>Manipulate tissues during ocular surgery</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

implantation and recording of wireless electroretinogram and visual evoked potential in conscious rats

满场电图（ERG）和视觉诱发电位（VEP）是评估在实验室和临床环境视网膜和视觉通路的完整性的有用工具。目前，临床前ERG和VEP测量是在麻醉下进行，以确保稳定的电极位置。然而，麻醉的非常存在已经显示出污染正常的生理反应。为了克服这些麻醉的困惑，我们开发了一个新的平台，以测定ERG和VEP清醒大鼠。电极植入手术子conjunctivally对眼睛的测定ERG和硬膜外在视觉皮层测量VEP。振幅和灵敏度的范围/时序参数在提高发光能量测定两个ERG和VEP。在ERG和VEP信号被证明是稳定的和可重复的至少4周后手术植入。该记录ERG和VEP信号，无需麻醉能力混淆了临床前小号ETTING应以临床数据提供的高级翻译。

感光体响应由在顶部2的发光能量（1.20，1.52日志CSM -2）对于每个动物拟合延迟高斯到ERG响应的初始下行肢的前缘分析的基础上，羊肉和普格的模型22日 ，胡德和桦木23制定。此公式返回一个幅度和灵敏度参数，（ 图1C和1D，分别）。双曲线函数拟合为每个动物杆双极细胞的光能量响应，这也返回一个幅度和灵敏度参数，（?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Implantation and Recording of Wireless Electroretinogram and Visual Evoked Potential in Conscious Rats at JoVE.com

Implantation and Recording of Wireless Electroretinogram and Visual Evoked Potential in Conscious Rats

我们显示手术植入和记录程序，以测量从眼睛（视网膜电流图）和清醒大鼠脑（视觉诱发电位），这是更类似于在那里记录被无麻醉的困惑进行的人的条件视觉电生理信号。

植入和无线电图记录和视觉诱发电位清醒大鼠

The full-field electroretinogram (ERG) and visual evoked potential (VEP) are useful tools to assess retinal and visual pathway integrity in both ...

implantation-recording-wireless-electroretinogram-visual-evoked

Universidad San Sebastian

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

8.6K 次观看.  University of Melbourne. 我们显示手术植入和记录程序，以测量从眼睛（视网膜电流图）和清醒大鼠脑（视觉诱发电位），这是更类似于在那里记录被无麻醉的困惑进行的人的条件视觉电生理信号。 

视频: Implantation and Recording of Wireless Electroretinogram and Visual Evoked Potential in Conscious Rats

The Successive Alleys Test of Anxiety in Mice and Rats

The plus-maze was derived from the early work of Montgomery. He observed that rats tended to avoid the open arms of a maze, preferring the enclosed ones. Handley, Mithani and File et al. performed the first studies on the plus-maze design we use today, and in 1987 Lister published a design for use with mice. 
Time spent on, and entries into, the open arms are an index of anxiety; the lower these indices, the more anxious the mouse is. Alternatively, a mouse that spends most of its time in the closed arms is classed as anxious. 
One of the problems of the plus-maze is that, while time spent on, and entries into, the open arms is a fairly unambiguous measure of anxiety, time in the central area is more difficult to interpret, although time spent here has been classified as &#x201C;decision making&#x201D;. In many tests central area time is a considerable part of the total test time.
Shepherd et al. produced an ingenious design to eliminate the central area, which they called the &#x201C;zero maze&#x201D;. However, although used by several groups, it has never been as widely adopted as the plus-maze. 
In the present article I describe a modification of the plus-maze design that not only eliminates the central area but also incorporates elements from other anxiety tests, such as the light-dark box and emergence tests. It is a linear series of four alleys, each having increasing anxiogenic properties. It has given similar results to the plus-maze in general. Although it may not be more sensitive than the plus-maze (more data is needed before a firm conclusion can be reached on this point), it provides a useful confirmation of plus-maze results which would be useful when, for example, only a single example of a mutant mouse was available, as, for example, in ENU-based mutagenesis programs.

The plus-maze measures anxiety-like behaviour in rodents. There are two opposite closed and two opposite open arms; anxious rodents avoid the open arms. The central area is neither completely open nor closed, so time spent here is ambiguous and difficult to interpret. Here a modification of the plus-maze protocol eliminating this area is described.

在小鼠和大鼠连续的小巷测试焦虑

The plus-maze was derived from the early work of Montgomery. He observed that rats tended to avoid the open arms of a maze, preferring the enclosed ones.  ...

科研

行为学

Automated Visual Cognitive Tasks for Recording Neural Activity Using a Floor Projection Maze

Neuropsychological tasks used in primates to investigate mechanisms of learning and memory are typically visually guided cognitive tasks. We have developed visual cognitive tasks for rats using the Floor Projection Maze1,2&#160;that are optimized for visual abilities of rats permitting stronger comparisons of experimental findings with other species.
In order to investigate neural correlates of learning and memory, we have integrated electrophysiological recordings into fully automated cognitive tasks on the Floor Projection Maze1,2. Behavioral software interfaced with an animal tracking system allows monitoring of the animal's behavior with precise control of image presentation and reward contingencies for better trained animals. Integration with an in vivo electrophysiological recording system enables examination of behavioral correlates of neural activity at selected epochs of a given cognitive task.
We describe protocols for a model system that combines automated visual presentation of information to rodents and intracranial reward with electrophysiological approaches. Our model system offers a sophisticated set of tools as a framework for other cognitive tasks to better isolate and identify specific mechanisms contributing to particular cognitive processes.

We describe protocols for training rats for chronic electrophysiological recordings in fully automated cognitive tasks on a Floor Projection Maze.

使用地面投影迷宫自动化视觉认知任务记录神经活动

Neuropsychological tasks used in primates to investigate mechanisms of learning and memory are typically visually guided cognitive tasks. We have ...

Methods to Explore the Influence of Top-down Visual Processes on Motor Behavior

Kinesthetic awareness is important to successfully navigate the environment. When we interact with our daily surroundings, some aspects of movement are deliberately planned, while others spontaneously occur below conscious awareness. The deliberate component of this dichotomy has been studied extensively in several contexts, while the spontaneous component remains largely under-explored. Moreover, how perceptual processes modulate these movement classes is still unclear. In particular, a currently debated issue is whether the visuomotor system is governed by the spatial percept produced by a visual illusion or whether it is not affected by the illusion and is governed instead by the veridical percept. Bistable percepts such as 3D depth inversion illusions (DIIs) provide an excellent context to study such interactions and balance, particularly when used in combination with reach-to-grasp movements. In this study, a methodology is developed that uses a DII to clarify the role of top-down processes on motor action, particularly exploring how reaches toward a target on a DII are affected in both deliberate and spontaneous movement domains.

It is unclear how top-down signals from the ventral visual stream affect movement. We developed a paradigm to test motor behavior towards a target on a 3D depth inversion illusion. Significant differences are reported in both deliberate, goal-directed movements and automatic actions under illusory and veridical viewing conditions.

方法探索自上而下视觉过程对电机性能的影响

Kinesthetic awareness is important to successfully navigate the environment. When we interact with our daily surroundings, some aspects of movement are ...

The Modified Hole Board - Measuring Behavior, Cognition and Social Interaction in Mice and Rats

This protocol describes the modified hole board (mHB), which combines features from a traditional hole board and open field and is designed to measure multiple dimensions of unconditioned behavior in small laboratory mammals (e.g., mice, rats, tree shrews and small primates). This paradigm is a valuable alternative for the use of a behavioral test battery, since a broad behavioral spectrum of an animal&#8217;s behavioral profile can be investigated in one single test.
The apparatus consists of a box, representing the &#8216;protected&#8217; area, separated from a group compartment. A board, on which small cylinders are staggered in three lines, is placed in the center of the box, representing the &#8216;unprotected&#8217; area of the set-up. The cognitive abilities of the animals can be measured by baiting some cylinders on the board and measuring the working and reference memory. Other unconditioned behavior, such as activity-related-, anxiety-related- and social behavior, can be observed using this paradigm. Behavioral flexibility and the ability to habituate to a novel environment can additionally be observed by subjecting the animals to multiple trials in the mHB, revealing insight into the animals&#8217; adaptive capacities.
Due to testing order effects in a behavioral test battery, na&#239;ve animals should be used for each individual experiment. By testing multiple behavioral dimensions in a single paradigm and thereby circumventing this issue, the number of experimental animals used is reduced. Furthermore, by avoiding social isolation during testing and without the need to food deprive the animals, the mHB represents a behavioral test system, inducing if any, very low amount of stress.

This protocol describes the modified hole board, which is a behavioral test set-up that comprises the characteristics of an open field and a traditional hole board. This set-up enables the differential analysis of unconditioned behavior of small laboratory mammals as well as the analysis of cognitive abilities.

修改后的孔板 - 测量行为，认知和社会互动小鼠和大鼠

This protocol describes the modified hole board (mHB), which combines features from a traditional hole board and open field and is designed to measure ...

Conscious and Non-conscious Representations of Emotional Faces in Asperger's Syndrome

Several neuroimaging studies have suggested that the low spatial frequency content in an emotional face mainly activates the amygdala, pulvinar, and superior colliculus especially with fearful faces1-3. These regions constitute the limbic structure in non-conscious perception of emotions and modulate cortical activity either directly or indirectly2. In contrast, the conscious representation of emotions is more pronounced in the anterior cingulate, prefrontal cortex, and somatosensory cortex for directing voluntary attention to details in faces3,4. Asperger&#39;s syndrome (AS)5,6 represents an atypical mental disturbance that affects sensory, affective and communicative abilities, without interfering with normal linguistic skills and intellectual ability. Several studies have found that functional deficits in the neural circuitry important for facial emotion recognition can partly explain social communication failure in patients with AS7-9. In order to clarify the interplay between conscious and non-conscious representations of emotional faces in AS, an EEG experimental protocol is designed with two tasks involving emotionality evaluation of either photograph or line-drawing faces. A pilot study is introduced for selecting face stimuli that minimize the differences in reaction times and scores assigned to facial emotions between the pretested patients with AS and IQ/gender-matched healthy controls. Information from the pretested patients was used to develop the scoring system used for the emotionality evaluation. Research into facial emotions and visual stimuli with different spatial frequency contents has reached discrepant findings depending on the demographic characteristics of participants and task demands2. The experimental protocol is intended to clarify deficits in patients with AS in processing emotional faces when compared with healthy controls by controlling for factors unrelated to recognition of facial emotions, such as task difficulty, IQ and gender.

An EEG experimental protocol is designed to clarify the interplay between conscious and non-conscious representations of emotional faces in patients with Asperger&#39;s syndrome. The technique suggests that patients with Asperger&#39;s syndrome have deficits in non-conscious representation of emotional faces, but have comparable performance in conscious representation with healthy controls.

在阿斯伯格综合症情绪面孔的自觉和不自觉的交涉

Several neuroimaging studies have suggested that the low spatial frequency content in an emotional face mainly activates the amygdala, pulvinar, and ...

Manipulation of Epileptiform Electrocorticograms (ECoGs) and Sleep in Rats and Mice by Acupuncture

Ancient Chinese literature has documented that acupuncture possesses efficient therapeutic effects on epilepsy and insomnia. There is, however, little research to reveal the possible mechanisms behind these effects. To investigate the effect of acupuncture on epilepsy and sleep, several issues need to be addressed. The first is to identify the acupoints, which correspond between humans, rats, and mice. Furthermore, the depth of insertion of the acupuncture needle, the degree of needle twist in manual needle acupuncture, and the stimulation parameters for electroacupuncture (EA) need to be determined. To evaluate the effects of acupuncture on epilepsy and sleep, a feasible model of epilepsy in rodents is required. We administer pilocarpine into the left central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) to simulate focal temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) in rats. Intraperitoneal (IP) injection of pilocarpine induces generalized epilepsy and status epilepticus (SE) in rats. Five IP injections of pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) with a one-day interval between each injection successfully induces spontaneous generalized epilepsy in mice. Recordings of electrocorticograms (ECoGs), electromyograms (EMGs), brain temperature, and locomotor activity are used for sleep analysis in rats, while ECoGs, EMGs, and locomotor activity are employed for sleep analysis in mice. ECoG electrodes are implanted into the frontal, parietal, and contralateral occipital cortices, and a thermistor is implanted above the cerebral cortex by stereotactic surgery. EMG electrodes are implanted into the neck muscles, and an infrared detector determines locomotor activity. The criteria for categorizing vigilance stages, including wakefulness, rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, and non-REM (NREM) sleep are based on information from ECoGs, EMGs, brain temperature, and locomotor activity. Detailed classification criteria are stated in the text.

Manipulation of Epileptiform Electrocorticograms ECoGs and Sleep in Rats and Mice by Acupuncture

This paper demonstrates the performance of acupuncture, epilepsy models, and the analysis of sleep in rodents. The acupuncture procedure and the identification of acupoints are described. Pilocarpine or pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) is used to induce epilepsy. Electrocorticogram (ECoG), electromyogram (EMG), brain temperature, and locomotor activity recordings are employed for sleep analysis.

癫痫Electrocorticograms（ECoGs）的操作，并睡在针刺大鼠和小鼠

Ancient Chinese literature has documented that acupuncture possesses efficient therapeutic effects on epilepsy and insomnia. There is, however, little ...

A Wireless, Bidirectional Interface for In Vivo Recording and Stimulation of Neural Activity in Freely Behaving Rats

In vivo electrophysiology is a powerful technique to investigate the relationship between brain activity and behavior at a millisecond and micrometer scale. However, current methods mostly rely on tethered cable recordings or only use unidirectional systems, allowing either recording or stimulation of neural activity, but not at the same time or same target. Here, a new wireless, bidirectional device for simultaneous multichannel recording and stimulation of neural activity in freely behaving rats is described. The system operates through a single portable head stage that both transmits recorded activity and can be targeted in real-time for brain stimulation using a telemetry-based multichannel software. The head stage is equipped with a preamplifier and a rechargeable battery, allowing stable long-term recordings or stimulation for up to 1 h. Importantly, the head stage is compact, weighs 12 g (including battery) and thus has minimal impact on the animal&#180;s behavioral repertoire, making the method applicable to a broad set of behavioral tasks. Moreover, the method has the major advantage that the effect of brain stimulation on neural activity and behavior can be measured simultaneously, providing a tool to assess the causal relationships between specific brain activation patterns and behavior. This feature makes the method particularly valuable for the field of deep brain stimulation, allowing precise assessment, monitoring, and adjustment of stimulation parameters during long-term behavioral experiments. The applicability of the system has been validated using the inferior colliculus as a model structure.

A Wireless, Bidirectional Interface for In Vivo Recording and Stimulation of Neural Activity in Freely Behaving Rats

A wireless, bidirectional system for multi-channel neural recordings and stimulation in freely behaving rats is introduced. The system is light and compact, thus having minimal impact on the animal&#180;s behavioral repertoire. Moreover, this bidirectional system provides a sophisticated tool to assess causal relationships between brain activation patterns and behavior.

用于体内的无线双向接口记录和刺激自由行为大鼠的神经活动

In vivo electrophysiology is a powerful technique to investigate the relationship between brain activity and behavior at a millisecond and micrometer ...

Using Electroencephalography Measurements and High-quality Video Recording for Analyzing Visual Perception of Media Content

This article explores a method to detect differences in visual perception in humans. The method used is based on the psychological (or "cognitive") function of eyeblinks. Participants' eyeblinks are detected and acquired while watching videos specifically created for the investigation. The detection and acquisition of eyeblinks are carried out with the help of a 20-channel electroencephalographic (EEG) wireless device. The international 10-20 system for electrode placement is followed. A high-definition (HD) video camera is used to record participants' facial expressions, for contrast purposes. Instead of using pre-existing media content, purpose-made video content has been created following specific criteria of interest for this investigation, with stimuli enabling researchers to manage the precise parameters of interest. Otherwise, results could be contaminated with uncontrolled variables. The synchronization of the presentation of video stimuli with EEG recordings needs to be done in milliseconds. Analysis of collected data is performed with robust software for working with big matrices. Statistically significant differences in eyeblink rate related to media professionalization and editing style are found with the reported experimental procedures.

We present detection, acquisition, and analysis of eyeblink rates while watching media content.

利用脑电图测量和高质量视频记录分析媒体内容的视觉感知

This article explores a method to detect differences in visual perception in humans. The method used is based on the psychological (or "cognitive") ...

Eye Tracking During Visually Situated Language Comprehension: Flexibility and Limitations in Uncovering Visual Context Effects

The present work is a description and an assessment of a methodology designed to quantify different aspects of the interaction between language processing and the perception of the visual world. The recording of eye-gaze patterns has provided good evidence for the contribution of both the visual context and linguistic/world knowledge to language comprehension. Initial research assessed object-context effects to test&#160;theories of modularity in language processing. In the introduction, we describe how subsequent investigations have taken the role of the wider visual context in language processing as a research topic in its own right, asking questions such as how our visual perception of events and of speakers contributes to&#160;comprehension informed by&#160;comprehenders&#39; experience. Among the examined aspects of the visual context are actions, events, a speaker&#39;s gaze, and emotional facial expressions, as well as spatial object configurations. Following an overview of the eye-tracking method and its different applications, we list the key steps of the methodology in the protocol, illustrating how to successfully use it to study visually-situated language comprehension. A final section presents three sets of representative results and illustrates the benefits and limitations of eye tracking for investigating the interplay between the perception of the visual world and language comprehension.

The present article reviews an eye-tracking methodology for studies on language comprehension. To obtain reliable data, key steps of the protocol must be followed. Among these are the correct set-up of the eye tracker (e.g., ensuring good quality of the eye and head images) and accurate calibration.

视觉语言理解中的眼动追踪: 发现视觉语境效果的灵活性和局限性

The present work is a description and an assessment of a methodology designed to quantify different aspects of the interaction between language processing ...

Visual Classical Conditioning in Wood Ants

Several species of insects have become model systems for studying learning and memory formation. Although many studies focus on freely moving animals, studies implementing classical conditioning paradigms with harnessed insects have been important for investigating the exact cues that individuals learn and the neural mechanisms underlying learning and memory formation. Here we present a protocol for evoking visual associative learning in wood ants through classical conditioning. In this paradigm, ants are harnessed and presented with a visual cue (a blue cardboard), the conditional stimulus (CS), paired with an appetitive sugar reward, the unconditional stimulus (US). Ants perform a Maxilla-Labium Extension Reflex (MaLER), the unconditional response (UR), which can be used as a readout for learning. Training consists of 10 trials, separated by a 5-minute intertrial interval (ITI). Ants are also tested for memory retention 10 minutes or 1 hour after training. This protocol has the potential to allow researchers to analyze, in a precise and controlled manner, the details of visual memory formation and the neural basis of learning and memory formation in wood ants.

We present a protocol for the classical conditioning of harnessed ants that permits researchers to study visual learning and memory formation at a level of analysis not possible with freely moving individuals.

木蚁视觉经典调理

Several species of insects have become model systems for studying learning and memory formation. Although many studies focus on freely moving animals, ...