This work was supported by the National Institute of Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD), National Institutes of Health (NIH) [grant number R01 DC011287] and NIH postdoctoral training grant (T32-DC00014). The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of NIDCD or NIH. The funding agencies had no role in the design and conduct of the study; in the collection, analysis, and interpretation of the data; or in the preparation or contents of the manuscript.

该方法已在宾夕法尼亚大学已获监管事务办公室。对于本文所述的研究报告，从每个成人获得，并且从每个子知情同意七年以上年龄的知情同意。 1.一般注意事项<ol><li>进行测试的偏好在理想情况下对受试者水槽测试期间咳出解决方案的一个舒适的包房。如果接收器是不可用，给患者一个杯子成咳出。 </li></ol> 2.试验材料<ol><li>得到1升容量瓶，1升琥珀色玻璃瓶，和100在制备，储存，和解决方案的分配毫升琥珀色玻璃瓶中。为了测试，得到以下材料:30毫升一次性纸杯药解决办法;饮用含有水试验间冲洗杯;秒表监控对间和跨序列区间;蒸馏水溶液preparation和冲洗;在咳痰杯（如果考场不包含片）;的标有数字1和2代表品尝的顺序一张纸;和用于记录数据的跟踪栅格（ 图1）。 </li></ol><img alt="图1" src="/files/ftp_upload/54163/54163fig1.jpg" /> 图1. 网格跟踪记录蔗糖偏好。该解决方案首次提出，在每个网格下划线。 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/54163/54163fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> <ol start="2"><li>清洁和消毒在高压釜中所有的瓶子，并与日期和刺激标签标记每个:A，B，C，D，E称蔗糖适量通过E（ 表1），使解决方案的一个。 </li><li>在同一时间做一个解决方案，将相应克Ø˚F蔗糖（ 表1）在1升容量瓶中，并填充在用蒸馏水将烧瓶中的线。混合溶解蔗糖。一旦蔗糖溶解，转移解决了适当标记的1升的琥珀色玻璃瓶。 </li><li>储存在冰箱（4℃）的含有溶液的瓶最多一周。重复步骤2.3，使剩余的四种溶液。解决方案将是考不上约25-30科目。 </li><li>构造跟踪网格来记录对象数据，使用图1中发现的模板。标记每个网格与系列号（1或2）和蔗糖溶液的浓度，并且包括空间来记录每个系列的开始和结束时间。包括对每个网格列中的测试过程中记录笔记是必要的。 </li></ol> 3.在不违反与测试准备<ol><li>指导成年人进食或饮水投弃权票，指导家长不给孩子participants东西吃或喝测试前至少1小时。 </li><li>测试前两小时，从冰箱取出溶液，大约各100毫升转移到适当标记100毫升琥珀色玻璃瓶，并允许溶液平衡至室温。 </li><li>座位于在标以数字1和2纸张的前一个表格的主体，并允许该受适应到测试室和测试器至少10分钟。 </li></ol> 4.心理物理学方法注意:偏爱测试是一个两系列，强迫选择，配对比较跟踪技术，其中对象被要求品尝（不吞咽）对不同浓度的溶液，并以指向他们喜欢的溶液。下面是在测试时给儿童和成人受试者的介绍的口头指示，随后在如何进行偏好测试调查指令。 <ol><li> 言语研究所ructions为主题<ol><li> 儿科患者 <ol><li>显示杯的主题，并说:"我们要玩游戏的事情品尝这里有两个杯子，您将品尝什么是第一个杯子里面嗖它在你的嘴，但不要吞咽，和。我会告诉你什么时候吐出来在水槽（或杯），然后你会用清水漱口，然后再品尝什么是第二个杯子里面，我会告诉你什么时候吐出来。然后，我要你点你喜欢哪一个好第一个或第二个，然后你会用清水漱口两次，我们将再次这样做有没有正确或错误的答案;我们想知道你喜欢哪一个更好。" </li></ol></li><li> 青少年和成年人 <ol><li>显示杯的主题，并说:"我们会为您提供解决方案，以品尝这里有两个杯子，您将品尝什么是第一个杯子里面，也不要蜘蛛沙沙它。ð你的嘴，但不要咽下去，我会告诉你什么时候吐出来在水槽（或杯）。然后，您将用清水漱口，然后再品尝什么是第二杯内。我会告诉你什么时候吐出来。然后，我希望你能指出你喜欢哪一个好第一个或第二个。然后，您将用清水漱口两次，我们会再次做到这一点。没有对错之分;我们想知道你喜欢哪一个更好。" </li></ol></li></ol></li><li> 调查说明 <ol><li>对于系列1，开始通过将两杯，分别载有与在受试者前的数字1和2中标记为一张片5溶液B和5毫升溶液D的:将溶液B上编号1至品尝第一。在2号广场D液，具有参与者的味道第二。在系列1，始终将减弱（更低）的浓度对在1号位置的解决方案。使用在网格图1，强调的是，首先提出的浓度（溶液B）。 </li><li>指示须经嗖嗖味在位置1的解决方案; 5秒后指示受咳痰，冲洗他或她与水的嘴，并再次咳出。 </li><li>指示须经嗖嗖味2位上的解决方案，5秒后咳出。 </li><li>向受试者指向受试者喜欢更好的解决方案。如果拍摄对象说，他们都喜欢，指示服从再次指向他们更好喜欢的人。圈上对应于受验者的优选浓度栅格（ 图1）的X. </li><li>指示的主题与水和咳出冲洗他或她的嘴两次。使用计时器呈现下一对溶液之前要等待1分钟。 </li><li>为解决方案在系列1中的第二比较，从与所述第一比较配对优选浓度<str翁&gt;下邻浓度。例如，如果受试者倾向于溶液D溶液B在第一对，则呈现第二对中位置1和溶液D由溶液C和D.将溶液C（低浓度）的位置。2.指明哪些解正在通过标记对电网X和强调它对应于位置1中呈现的解决方案（在此情况下，溶液C）在X呈现。 </li><li>重复此过程，直到受试者选择时既具有较低和较高相邻浓度呈现（ 例如 ，如果对象选择时都与B和带D配对℃）相同的浓度，或当主体选择任一最低（A）中涨幅最高浓度（E）连续两次。 </li><li>记录对电网从1系列每个主题的首选浓度，并开始系列2前等待3分钟。 </li><li>为系列2，倒入各5ml溶液B和D的进一次性杯子，并把溶液D上的数字1和B液在2号在面前的课题。在系列2，更强（更高）的浓度对解决方案始终是摆在1号位置。使用网格，强调的是提出第一（D）的浓度。 </li><li>指示受品尝和以下用于1系列协议咳出如步骤4.2.2-4.2.8中列出的解决方案。 </li><li>为解决方案在系列2的第二比较，来自具有较高相邻浓度第一比较配对优选浓度。例如，如果受试者倾向于溶液D在第一对溶液B，本解决方案e和d在第二对，将溶液E（较高浓度）在位置1。 </li><li>当同时具有较低和较高浓度的邻，或呈现直至患者选择相同浓度重复此过程，当被摄体选择无论是最低或最高concentrati在连续两次。 </li><li>通过它盘旋在网格上记录从2系列主题的首选浓度。 </li><li>通过计算在两个系列（两种浓度的乘积的平方根）选择的浓度的几何平均数确定受验者的优选蔗糖的水平: 几何均值=√（系列1偏好）×（系列2偏好） </li></ol></li></ol>

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The authors declare they have no competing financial interests.

在莫耐尔两个系列，强迫选择，配对比较跟踪此详述技术一直被用来确定其中近2000个种族和族裔多元化的科目，年仅5岁的甜味的偏好。偏好测试，这对于儿童被嵌入游戏的范围内，对儿童的认知局限敏感，是一个急需的方法来填补年龄相适应的心理物理学研究方法儿科人群的差距。如果所描述的，支付给执行5秒品尝协议特别注意完成，受试者彻底冲洗他们与内和解决方案对之间的水，对间和跨?...

味觉控制的，我们做出的最重要决定之一:是否要吃点东西或没有。从出生开始，人类显示甜味1 -它吸引了新生儿母亲的乳汁，并标志着从营养密集的食物热量存在强烈的喜好（ 如水果）2。虽然这种与生俱来的特质稀缺的环境下赋予的优势，为求生存，再加上提供丰富的糖食物环境甜蜜个人的喜好导致甜的食物3的过度消费。目前的估计表明，儿童和成人的总能量摄入的11.2-14.5％的13.1-17.5％来自添加糖4而得;在这两种情况下，水平远高于国家和国际饮食建议5,6。 尽管味道在确定食物的选择和摄入量，以及饮食与健康之间的联系的重要性，方法来准确评估味道享乐主义是有限的，特别是对于儿科人群7-9的使用。一的最常见的与孩子使用的方法是享乐类缩放10-12，其涉及选择从一系列表示增加的优选离散替代的响应。这些替代品经常被描述与笑脸10或文字描述从"超级坏"到"超好"13，并且是决定儿童是否喜欢刺激与否的味道非常有用。排名的程序，其中受试者是需要命令由它们是如何好喜欢几种选择（ 例如 ，从最到最不喜欢），也都是常用的，并且旨在传达上的刺激13,14相对的喜好的信息。虽然这两种方法提供享乐响应两个独立的维度有价值的信息，不直接评估口味偏好，特别是TH刺激电子浓度被认为是最佳的适口性。本文所描述的方法是专门开发来确定个人的最优选通过对不同浓度的刺激物的直接比较一个促味剂的水平，绕过需要推断以顺序单子方式单独评估刺激评分偏好，如通常实践在心理测试。 在这里，我们详细介绍了协议的莫耐尔两个系列，强迫选择，配对比较跟踪以确定甜味的喜好15,16的技术。 该方法首先测定盐偏爱17,18开发。它后来被改装用于测量蔗糖偏爱19,20，对于可靠性和有效性，15项措施进行测试，选择了健康评估工具箱的国家研究院神经和行为功能作为首选方式的方法ssess儿童甜味偏爱临床，流行病学和纵向研究16。的方法，该方法通常需要不超过15分钟来完成的，已被用于测量蔗糖的数百名儿童，青少年和成人15,19-25之中最优选的水平。在949课题的研究中，只有5％测试的356儿童无法完成两个系列的甜蜜偏好测试，由于未聚焦的行为或未能理解任务15，突出儿科人群方法的适当性。 简而言之，以下的1小时快，同意受试者都带有在两个系列测试对不同浓度（3-36％）的蔗糖溶液，在第一在各对中的第一位置呈现的低浓度系列。受试者品尝这对解决方案和被指示指向他们喜欢的解决方案。随后对解决方案都PRES基于在先前的对被检者的优选浓度ented。试验持续进行，直到主体选择相同蔗糖浓度相对于两个低级两次和较高的浓度，或直到受试者选择最低（3％）或最高（36％）的浓度连续两次。的协议，然后以相反的顺序重复，具有较高的浓度在每对中的第一位置呈现。平均来说，该方法需要溶液对16 7演示。 因为它占在其它精神物理学检查经常被忽视的若干方法的关注所描述的方法是有子女使用特别有效的:（1）该方法是持续时间短并且不需要持续的注意力; （2）在两个系列的协议中，溶液浓度为位置偏压系列控制之间平衡; （3）在强迫选择程序绕过儿童的倾向回答是肯定的26个问题; （4）使用一全口，而不是一个区域品尝协议的占该舌27的生长和大小与年龄有关的差异;和（5）指示的儿童通过消除对一个口头响应19中的必要点到其最优选的蔗糖地址潜在认知局限浓度。 因为它的发展，Monell中心两系列，强迫选择，成对对比跟踪技术已揭示了甜味偏爱一致的差异为15,28年龄，种族/民族15,23，味觉受体基因型19,24的函数，儿童人群20酗酒20,25，和抑郁症状的家族史。另外，作为由该方法测定甜味偏好与偏爱糖在食品和饮料15,19,21,22相关联，提供标准相关VA的证据效度和洞察力的衡量到一个人的甜蜜的喜好和他们的饮食糖的摄入之间的关联。

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psychophysical tracking method to measure taste preferences in children and adults

在莫耐尔两个系列，强迫选择，配对比较的跟踪方法提供了甜味的喜好，从童年到成年的一个可靠指标。的方法，该方法是对儿童，青少年和成人相同的，是持续时间短（&lt;15分钟）的，不依赖于对存储器的持续关注或地方需求（这会产生虚假的年龄差异），并最小化语言的影响发展，使得这种方法适合于儿童人群的认知局限。在这个全口的品尝方法，对象被要求品尝（无吞咽）对不同浓度蔗糖的解决方案，并指向他们喜欢的解决方案。每个后续对包含参与者的首选浓度和相邻的刺激浓度的前面。该过程继续，直到在与配对的主题选择任一蔗糖的给定浓度都较高和较低浓度，或最高连续的或最低浓度两次。从由方法，它抵消了系列之间的每对中的溶液呈现的顺序的两系列的设计的第一或第二位置偏压的基础上达到的反应条件被防止受试者（较弱的浓度呈现第一系列1，第二次在系列2）。在系列1和2选择两个蔗糖浓度的几何平均数是参与者的最优选的蔗糖水平的估计。蔗糖偏好与该实验室为基础的度量来确定已被证明是与偏爱在食品和饮料，并与味觉受体基因型，酒精中毒的家族史和种族/民族，以及抑郁症状的儿科人群中的糖相关联。该方法具有真实世界的相关性，并已用于确定其他的口味（ 如 ，盐）的最优选的水平，使其成为一个有价值心理工具。

图2包含一个代表性问题的跟踪电网结果。 （/体积3％重量）本主题的最优选的蔗糖的水平，为4.2％重量/体积，通过计算在系列1中选择的蔗糖浓度的几何平均数（6％重量/体积）和系列2来确定。在对象只完成系列之一的情况下，几何平均值明显无法计算。进一步分析可以专注于单独系列2，从15系列1获得的数据。 <p class="jove_content" fo:keep-together.within...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Psychophysical Tracking Method to Measure Taste Preferences in Children and Adults at JoVE.com

Psychophysical Tracking Method to Measure Taste Preferences in Children and Adults

Sweet taste has powerful hedonic appeal among people of all ages, particularly children. Described herein is a reliable and valid method that can be used to determine the level of sweetness most preferred, making it a valuable psychophysical tool for scientists.

心理跟踪方法来衡量儿童和成人的口味偏好

The Monell two-series, forced-choice, paired-comparison tracking method provides a reliable measure of sweet taste preferences from childhood to ...

psychophysical-tracking-method-to-measure-taste-preferences-children

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

17.6K 次观看.  Monell Chemical Senses Center. Sweet taste has powerful hedonic appeal among people of all ages, particularly children. Described herein is a reliable and valid method that can be used to determine the level of sweetness most preferred, making it a valuable psychophysical tool for scientists.

视频: Psychophysical Tracking Method to Measure Taste Preferences in Children and Adults

The Crossmodal Congruency Task as a Means to Obtain an Objective Behavioral Measure in the Rubber Hand Illusion Paradigm

The rubber hand illusion (RHI) is a popular experimental paradigm. Participants view touch on an artificial rubber hand while the participants' own hidden hand is touched. If the viewed and felt touches are given at the same time then this is sufficient to induce the compelling experience that the rubber hand is one's own hand. The RHI can be used to investigate exactly how the brain constructs distinct body representations for one's own body. Such representations are crucial for successful interactions with the external world. To obtain a subjective measure of the RHI, researchers typically ask participants to rate statements such as "I felt as if the rubber hand were my hand". Here we demonstrate how the crossmodal congruency task can be used to obtain an objective behavioral measure within this paradigm.
The variant of the crossmodal congruency task we employ involves the presentation of tactile targets and visual distractors. Targets and distractors are spatially congruent (i.e. same finger) on some trials and incongruent (i.e. different finger) on others. The difference in performance between incongruent and congruent trials - the crossmodal congruency effect (CCE) - indexes multisensory interactions. Importantly, the CCE is modulated both by viewing a hand as well as the synchrony of viewed and felt touch which are both crucial factors for the RHI.
The use of the crossmodal congruency task within the RHI paradigm has several advantages. It is a simple behavioral measure which can be repeated many times and which can be obtained during the illusion while participants view the artificial hand. Furthermore, this measure is not susceptible to observer and experimenter biases. The combination of the RHI paradigm with the crossmodal congruency task allows in particular for the investigation of multisensory processes which are critical for modulations of body representations as in the RHI.

We demonstrate how an objective measure can be employed in the widely employed rubber hand illusion paradigm. This measure is obtained by modifying the well-established crossmodal congruency task. This task allows the investigation of multisensory processes which are critical for modulations of body representations as in the rubber hand illusion.

一致性的任务作为一种手段来获取目标行为的措施中的橡胶手错觉范式Crossmodal

The rubber hand illusion (RHI) is a popular experimental paradigm. Participants view touch on an artificial rubber hand while the participants' own hidden ...

科研

行为学

Uncovering Beat Deafness: Detecting Rhythm Disorders with Synchronized Finger Tapping and Perceptual Timing Tasks

A set of behavioral tasks for assessing perceptual and sensorimotor timing abilities in the general population (i.e., non-musicians) is presented here with the goal of uncovering rhythm disorders, such as beat deafness. Beat deafness is characterized by poor performance in perceiving durations in auditory rhythmic patterns or poor synchronization of movement with auditory rhythms (e.g., with musical beats). These tasks include the synchronization of finger tapping to the beat of simple and complex auditory stimuli and the detection of rhythmic irregularities (anisochrony detection task) embedded in the same stimuli. These tests, which are easy to administer, include an assessment of both perceptual and sensorimotor timing abilities under different conditions (e.g., beat rates and types of auditory material) and are based on the same auditory stimuli, ranging from a simple metronome to a complex musical excerpt. The analysis of synchronized tapping data is performed with circular statistics, which provide reliable measures of synchronization accuracy (e.g., the difference between the timing of the taps and the timing of the pacing stimuli) and consistency. Circular statistics on tapping data are particularly well-suited for detecting individual differences in the general population. Synchronized tapping and anisochrony detection are sensitive measures for identifying profiles of rhythm disorders and have been used with success to uncover cases of poor synchronization with spared perceptual timing. This systematic assessment of perceptual and sensorimotor timing can be extended to populations of patients with brain damage, neurodegenerative diseases (e.g., Parkinson&#8217;s disease), and developmental disorders (e.g., Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder).

Behavioral tasks that allow for the assessment of perceptual and sensorimotor timing abilities in the general population (i.e., non-musicians) are presented. Synchronization of finger tapping to the beat of an auditory stimuli and detecting rhythmic irregularities provides a means of uncovering rhythm disorders.

揭开节拍耳聋:检测节律紊乱与同步手指敲击和感知定时任务

A set of behavioral tasks for assessing perceptual and sensorimotor timing abilities in the general population (i.e., non-musicians) is presented here ...

Measuring Attentional Biases for Threat in Children and Adults

Investigators have long been interested in the human propensity for the rapid detection of threatening stimuli. However, until recently, research in this domain has focused almost exclusively on adult participants, completely ignoring the topic of threat detection over the course of development. One of the biggest reasons for the lack of developmental work in this area is likely the absence of a reliable paradigm that can measure perceptual biases for threat in children. To address this issue, we recently designed a modified visual search paradigm similar to the standard adult paradigm that is appropriate for studying threat detection in preschool-aged participants. Here we describe this new procedure. In the general paradigm, we present participants with matrices of color photographs, and ask them to find and touch a target on the screen. Latency to touch the target is recorded. Using a touch-screen monitor makes the procedure simple and easy, allowing us to collect data in participants ranging from 3 years of age to adults. Thus far, the paradigm has consistently shown that both adults and children detect threatening stimuli (e.g., snakes, spiders, angry/fearful faces) more quickly than neutral stimuli (e.g., flowers, mushrooms, happy/neutral faces). Altogether, this procedure provides an important new tool for researchers interested in studying the development of attentional biases for threat.

Here we describe a touch-screen visual search paradigm that can be used to study threat detection across the lifespan. The paradigm has already been used in various studies demonstrating that both children and adults detect threatening stimuli like snakes, spiders, and angry faces faster than non-threatening stimuli.

测量注意偏向对威胁儿童和成人

Investigators have long been interested in the human propensity for the rapid detection of threatening stimuli. However, until recently, research in this ...

A Treatment Package without Escape Extinction to Address Food Selectivity

Feeding difficulties and feeding disorders are a commonly occurring problem for young children, particularly children with developmental delays including autism. Behavior analytic interventions for the treatment of feeding difficulties oftentimes include escape extinction as a primary component of treatment. The use of escape extinction, while effective, may be problematic as it is also associated with the emergence of challenging behavior (e.g., extinction burst). Such challenging behavior may be an acceptable side effect in treatment cases where feeding problems are severe and chronic (e.g., failure to thrive). However, in more acute cases (e.g., selective eating), the negative side effect may be unwarranted and undesired. More recent research on the behavioral treatment of food selectivity has begun to evaluate treatments for feeding difficulties that do not include escape extinction (e.g., demand fading, behavioral momentum), with some success. However, research to date reveals individual differences in responsiveness to such treatments and no clear preferable treatment has emerged. This manuscript describes a multi-component treatment package that includes shaping, sequential presentation and simultaneous presentation, for the treatment of food selectivity in four young children with developmental delays. This treatment package extends the literature on the behavioral treatment for food selectivity and offers a multi-component treatment protocol that may be clinically applicable across a range of treatment scenarios and settings.

Feeding difficulties are a common problem for children with developmental disorders, including autism, and behavioral interventions often include escape extinction. Recent research has begun to evaluate treatments that do not include escape extinction. This manuscript describes a multicomponent treatment package that does not use escape extinction to treat feeding difficulties.

一个疗程装没有逃脱灭绝解决粮食选择性

Feeding difficulties and feeding disorders are a commonly occurring problem for young children, particularly children with developmental delays including ...

Determining Ultrasonic Vocalization Preferences in Mice using a Two-choice Playback Test

Mice emit ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) during a variety of conditions, such as pup isolation and adult social interactions. These USVs differ with age, sex, condition, and genetic background of the emitting animal. Although many studies have characterized these differences, whether receiver mice can discriminate among objectively different USVs and show preferences for particular sound traits remains to be elucidated. To determine whether mice can discriminate between different characteristics of USVs, a playback experiment was developed recently, in which preference responses of mice to two different USVs could be evaluated in the form of a place preference.
First, USVs from mice were recorded. Then, the recorded USVs were edited, trimmed accordingly, and exported as stereophonic sound files. Next, the USV amplitudes generated by the two ultrasound emitters used in the experiment were adjusted to the same sound pressure level. Nanocrystalline silicon thermo-acoustic emitters were used to play the USVs back. Finally, to investigate the preference of subject mice to selected USVs, pairs of two differing USV signals were played back simultaneously in a two-choice test box. By repeatedly entering a defined zone near an ultrasound emitter and searching the wire mesh in front of the emitter, the mouse reveals its preference for one sound over another. This model allows comparing the attractiveness of the various features of mouse USVs, in various contexts.

Ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) in mice differ depending on age, sex, condition, and genetic background. Using two ultrasound emitters broadcasting simultaneously in different locations, this two-choice test can evaluate murine recognition and preference responses to different characteristics of USVs.

采用双选择播放测试确定超声波发声首小鼠

Mice emit ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) during a variety of conditions, such as pup isolation and adult social interactions. These USVs differ with age, ...

A Method to Quantify Visual Information Processing in Children Using Eye Tracking

Visual problems that occur early in life can have major impact on a child's development. Without verbal communication and only based on observational methods, it is difficult to make a quantitative assessment of a child's visual problems. This limits accurate diagnostics in children under the age of 4 years and in children with intellectual disabilities. Here we describe a quantitative method that overcomes these problems. The method uses a remote eye tracker and a four choice preferential looking paradigm to measure eye movement responses to different visual stimuli. The child sits without head support in front of a monitor with integrated infrared cameras. In one of four monitor quadrants a visual stimulus is presented. Each stimulus has a specific visual modality with respect to the background, e.g., form, motion, contrast or color. From the reflexive eye movement responses to these specific visual modalities, output parameters such as reaction times, fixation accuracy and fixation duration are calculated to quantify a child's viewing behavior. With this approach, the quality of visual information processing can be assessed without the use of communication. By comparing results with reference values obtained in typically developing children from 0-12 years, the method provides a characterization of visual information processing in visually impaired children. The quantitative information provided by this method can be advantageous for the field of clinical visual assessment and rehabilitation in multiple ways. The parameter values provide a good basis to: (i) characterize early visual capacities and consequently to enable early interventions; (ii) compare risk groups and follow visual development over time; and (iii), construct an individual visual profile for each child.

A method is described to quantify the quality of visual information processing based on reflexive eye movements in response to specific visual modalities. Reaction times and fixation output parameters are used to characterize visual performance in children with and without visual impairments from 6 months of age.

一种方法来量化视觉信息加工儿童使用眼动追踪

Visual problems that occur early in life can have major impact on a child's development. Without verbal communication and only based on observational ...

Assessing Working Memory in Children: The Comprehensive Assessment Battery for Children &#8211; Working Memory (CABC-WM)

The Comprehensive Assessment Battery for Children - Working Memory (CABC-WM) is a computer-based battery designed to assess different components of working memory in young school-age children. Working memory deficits have been identified in children with language-based learning disabilities, including dyslexia1,2 and language impairment3,4, but it is not clear whether these children exhibit deficits in subcomponents of working memory, such as visuospatial or phonological working memory. The CABC-WM is administered on a desktop computer with a touchscreen interface and was specifically developed to be engaging and motivating for children. Although the long-term goal of the CABC-WM is to provide individualized working memory profiles in children, the present study focuses on the initial success and utility of the CABC-WM for measuring central executive, visuospatial, phonological loop, and binding constructs in children with typical development. Immediate next steps are to administer the CABC-WM to children with specific language impairment, dyslexia, and comorbid specific language impairment and dyslexia.

Working memory predicts a significant amount of variance for a variety of cognitive tasks, including speaking, reading, and writing. However, few tools are available to assess working memory in children. We present an innovative, computer-based battery that comprehensively assesses different components of working memory in school-age children.

评估儿童工作记忆:儿童综合评估电池 - 工作记忆（CABC-WM）

The Comprehensive Assessment Battery for Children - Working Memory (CABC-WM) is a computer-based battery designed to assess different components of ...

An Electrophysiology Protocol to Measure Reward Anticipation and Processing in Children

We present a protocol designed to measure the neural correlates of reward in children. The protocol allows researchers to measure both reward anticipation and processing. Its purpose is to create a reward task that is appropriate for young children with and without autism while controlling reward properties between two conditions: social and nonsocial. The current protocol allows for comparisons of brain activity between social and nonsocial reward conditions while keeping the reward itself identical between conditions. Using this protocol, we found evidence that neurotypical children demonstrate enhanced anticipatory brain activity during the social condition. Furthermore, we found that neurotypical children anticipate social reward more robustly than children with autism diagnoses. As the task uses snacks as a reward, it is most appropriate for young children. However, the protocol may be adapted for use with adolescent or adult populations if snacks are replaced by monetary incentives. The protocol is designed to measure electrophysiological events (event-related potentials), but it may be customized for use with eye-tracking or fMRI.

This protocol is designed to measure reward anticipation and processing in young children with and without autism. Specifically, the protocol is designed to study the neural correlates of reward during social and nonsocial conditions while controlling for reward between conditions.

儿童奖励预期与处理的电生理学协议

We present a protocol designed to measure the neural correlates of reward in children. The protocol allows researchers to measure both reward anticipation ...

Elevated Plus Maze Test Combined with Video Tracking Software to Investigate the Anxiolytic Effect of Exogenous Ketogenic Supplements

The overall goal of this study is to describe the methodology of the elevated plus maze (EPM) test in combination with a video tracking software. The purpose of the method is to document the effect of various potential anxiolytic treatments on laboratory rodent models. The EPM test is based on the rodents&#39; proclivity toward protected, enclosed dark spaces and unconditioned fear of open spaces and heights, and their innate intense motivation to explore novel environments. The EPM test is a widely used behavioral test for investigating the anxiolytic or anxiogenic responses of rodents given drugs that are known to affect behavior. Observation demonstrating a decreased proportion of time spent on closed arms, an increased proportion of time spent on open arms, a reduced number of entries to closed arms, and an elevated number of entries to open arms measured by the EPM test may reflect reduced anxiety levels. Using this method, the effect of exogenous ketone supplements on anxiety-related behavior is tested in Sprague Dawley (SPD) rats. Exogenous ketone supplements are chronically fed to the rats for 83 days or subchronically and acutely orally gavaged, daily for 7 days, before conducting the EPM test. Behavioral data collection is performed using the SMART video tracking system by a blinded observer at the end of the treatments. The main findings indicate that the EPM test is an effective method to detect the ketone supplement-induced anxiolytic effect and can be considered a sensitive measure to assess changes in anxiety behavior associated with drug- or metabolic-based therapies.

Here, we present a protocol to investigate changes in the anxiety level of rodent animal models. The elevated plus maze (EPM) test, used together with a video tracking software, provides a reliable method to document the effect of various potential anxiolytic treatments in preclinical laboratory scenarios.

高架加迷宫试验结合视频跟踪软件研究外源性生酮类补充剂的毒性作用

The overall goal of this study is to describe the methodology of the elevated plus maze (EPM) test in combination with a video tracking software. The ...

Comparing Eye-tracking Data of Children with High-functioning ASD, Comorbid ADHD, and of a Control Watching Social Videos

Children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are known to have sensory-perceptual processing deficits that weaken their abilities to attend and perceive social stimuli in daily living contexts. Since daily social episodes consist of subtle dynamic changes in social information, any failure to attend to or process subtle human nonverbal cues, such as facial expression, postures, and gestures, might lead to inappropriate social interaction. Traditional behavioral rating scales or assessment tools based on static social scenes have limitations in capturing the moment-to-moment changes in social scenarios. An eye-tracking assessment, which can be administered in a video-based mode, is therefore preferred, to augment clinical observation. In this study, using the single-case comparison design, the eye-tracking data of three participants, a child with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), another with comorbid attention deficit-hyperactive disorder (ADHD), and a neurotypical control, are captured while they view a video of social scenarios. The eye-tracking experiment has helped answer the research question: How does social attention differ between the three participants? By predefining areas of interest (AOIs), their visual attention on relevant or irrelevant social stimuli, how fast each participant attends to the first social stimuli appearing in the videos, for how long each participant continues to attend to those stimuli within the AOIs, and the gaze shifts between multiple social stimuli appearing concurrently in the same social scene are captured, compared, and analyzed in a video-based eye-tracking experiment.

This is a qualitative comparative case study analysis of eye-tracking data on the first moments of social video scenes as viewed by three participants: one with autism spectrum disorder, one with comorbid attention deficit-hyperactive disorder, and one neurotypical control.

患有高功能性泛型疾病、无注意力缺陷多动障碍和控制社会视频的儿童眼动追踪数据比较

Children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are known to have sensory-perceptual processing deficits that weaken their abilities to attend and perceive ...