Name: laboratory production of biofuels and biochemicals from a rapeseed oil through catalytic cracking conversion
Uploaded: 2016-09-02T15:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 11 min 33 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Laboratory Production of Biofuels and Biochemicals from a Rapeseed Oil through Catalytic Cracking Conversion at JoVE.com

作者要感谢CanmetENERGY技术中心为它的技术支持，Suncor能源公司的分析实验室用于供给合成原油。这项研究的部分资金由加拿大自然资源部和加拿大与项目ID A22.015能源研究和发展（分发司）的跨部门计划政府提供的。张翼要感谢他的加拿大自然科学和客座研究员工程研究理事会（NSERC）从2015年1月至2016年1月。

注意:在使用材料前请咨询所有相关材料安全数据表（MSDS）。而穿着适当的个人防护设备（防护眼镜，手套，裤子，封闭趾鞋，白大褂），开放，转让和原油样品的处理应该发生在一个通风通风柜与原油样品的工作只应做的。加热烃可以是在空气中可燃的，并且在反应体系应该仔细与原油的混合物在使用之前泄漏检查。反应器可以达到温度高达750℃，高温防护手套应靠近热表面工作时使用。 1.一般注意事项<ol><li>为了使自动化的反应装置，可在8〜完成小时连续六分的最佳利用，选择1.2克/ min的进给速度。这台通过关系WHSV = 60 / [（C / O）×T] = 60×（O / T）的重时空速（WHSV）至8小时-1 / C其中t是铁分钟和C和O ED交货时间是催化剂和饲料的质量，分别在克。通过改变进料喷射时间，被获得每个反应温度，以实现大范围的转换的一组4，6，8，10，和11.25（2次）催化剂/油质量比的。 </li></ol> 2.原料和催化剂制备<ol><li>蒸馏除去-343℃的级分（通过纺丝带）的合成原油（SCO）的获得HGO。 </li><li>从当地食品商店购买食用级菜籽油，并没有进一步的治疗。 </li><li>通过与13.7535克菜籽油（0.9169克/ ml的密度）混合79.645克HGO（0.9370克/ ml的密度）准备15 v％的菜籽油混合。 </li><li>用60泰勒目筛（250微米开口），接着用400泰勒目的筛（38微米开口）第二次筛选筛选平衡催化剂。 </li><li>在600℃下煅烧上的尺寸的颗粒（38-250微米）4小时，然后将它们加载到吨他自动反应单元六个料斗。 </li></ol> 3.测试程序<ol><li>系统准备<ol><li>程序准备<ol><li>使用控制反应单元中的软件，打开窗口运行条件。 </li><li>类型中，在运行期间的每个步骤中的进料和催化剂，气压，注射时间，和用于进料系统，反应器，产品线，冷却剂的温度设定点，和CO催化转化器的标识。 </li></ol></li><li>催化剂制备<ol><li>对于每一个催化剂玻璃漏斗过程管上方，取下盖子和9克煅烧的大小催化剂充入料斗。附加的O形环在料斗的顶部，并重新夹紧其盖子。 </li></ol></li><li>进给速度校准<ol><li>设置油供给泵以恒定进料喷射率（1.2克/分），对所有的裂解运行提供饲料。 </li><li>断开OI冲洗阀（KV-114）16 L以下馈线并附加一个简短的临时管阀门对于石油交货的底部进入配衡烧杯中。 </li><li>预热原料到85℃，以使HGO-共混物中，并从注射器和沿着馈送线容易流动。 </li><li>设定喷射时间用于校准泵为相同的值作为对于在该系列（默认设置）的第一次运行。 </li><li>去皮烧杯中，并将其放置在短管临时的排放。启动预设"PUMPCAL"用户反应单元的软件程序17。 </li><li>该PUMPCAL程序完成后，删除，重包含饲料的烧杯中。除以进料的由喷射时间获得进料速率输送到烧杯的质量。 </li><li>调节泵的速度，以更高或更低（用泵上的三位数字拨号）和达到所需的进料速率，直至重复步骤3.1.3.5至3.1.3.6。 </li><li>去除短管暂时并重新连接馈线。 </li></ol></li><li> GC的校准气体分析 注意:如果气体分析GC的被发现是超出校准，这可以从参考检查，数据趋势，和物料平衡可以推断这一步是必要的。经验表明，GC校准可在较长时间内加以依赖。 <ol><li>商业多元炼厂气标准圆柱体连接到手动阀（HV-190）16。 </li><li>装载在GC软件，其能够洗脱和炼厂气标准分离所有峰的方法。用于气相色谱方法的参数见表1。 </li><li>使用GC软件，执行炼厂气标准的分析运行。 </li><li>打开炼厂气标准的色谱和色谱图中整合的峰值。 </li><li>确定峰在色谱图中，以确保在CALIB所有部件的比天然气发现。删除所存在，但不能归因于标准的组件的任何峰值。 </li><li>基于保留时间范围，块状和除法化合物的 C 5后洗脱成C 6 + 1，C 6 + 2，C 6 + 3，和C 6 + 4组。对于此方法，块状戊烯的异构体为一体的 C 5烯烃基。 </li><li>使用GC软件，分配的浓度值，以从气体标准每个积分峰，校准功能下。 </li><li>保存校准入方法文件，其用于确定在随后的测试运行的峰的浓度。断开商业用气标准。 </li></ol></li><li> 二氧化碳分析仪校准<ol><li>通过反应单元软件，阀（KV-170）16切换到使零气体（氮气）流至红外气体分析仪的位置。通过用流量控制VAL转动旋钮相关联调节流量已经（FCV-107）16，如果需要的话，以获得对流动指示器（FI-107）16约250标准立方厘米。 </li><li>零使用分析仪用平头螺丝刀的帮助下前面板零点调整螺钉分析仪。 </li><li>切换手阀（HV-107）16至CO 2（19.8摩尔％）的标准气体供给到分析仪。调节手动阀（MV-107）16，以获得约250标准立方厘米的上流量指示器（FI-107）的流动。 </li><li>调整分析仪读数，以匹配使用前面板上的螺丝SPAN标准量程气体的浓度（19.8摩尔％）。 </li><li>断开跨度气体和手动阀（HV-107）回到RUN位置。 </li></ol></li><li>液体产品接收机的研制 注意:每个接收机包括一个冷凝器和通过一小段硅胶管连接到所述冷凝器的底部的GC小瓶中。 <ol><li>按顺序编号分配给孔德NSERS和GC小瓶。 </li><li>将每个接收器出口臂的顶端内部玻璃棉一个小插件， 如图2。 </li><li>保持接收器直立在一个烧杯一些支持或合适尺寸的烧瓶中。称重每个接收机在分析天平顶部窗口，其中由立方塑料护罩覆盖，以确保无气流的环境-（ 图3）。 </li><li>用标记塞子一起记录准备接收机的干质量（W 之前 ）。 </li><li>安装和称重接收器连接至产品管线（ 图4）。 </li></ol></li><li>反应器制备方法<ol><li>具有长度，允许一个1.125英寸喷射高度安装在反应器中的油供给管线。 </li><li>放置一个过滤器，在反应器的出口，以防止任何催化剂灰尘进入生产线，后50-100运行更换过滤器。 </li><li>在反应器系统B进行压力测试y指向接收器的进料泵校准和安装后程序PTEST1 17。关闭气体排气和加压带150毫米汞柱氮气的反应器系统中，然后由该系统的隔离。 </li><li>观察压力读数几分钟，以确保压降是每分钟不超过0.4毫米汞柱表示没有泄漏是否存在。如果观察到每分钟大于0.4毫米汞柱的压力下降，根据制造商的说明进行泄漏测试，并相应地纠正任何泄漏。 </li></ol></li></ol></li></ol><table fo:keep-together.within-page="1"><tbody><tr><td> 样品入口ŧ </td><td> 90℃ </td><td> 后运行压力 </td><td> 30磅</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 喷油器ŧ </td><td> 90℃ </td><td> 压力平衡 </td><td> 10秒</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>运行</td><td> 300秒</td><td> 探测器 </td><td>导热系数</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 柱压 </td><td> 30磅</td><td> 数据采集速率 </td><td> 50赫兹</td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="5"></td></tr><tr><td></td><td> 通道A </td><td> 通道B </td><td> 通道C </td><td> 通道D </td></tr><tr><td> 预柱 </td><td>情节U; 30微米×320微米×3米</td><td> PLOT-Q; 10微米×320微米×1米</td><td>氧化铝; 3微米×320微米×1米</td><td> - </td></tr><tr><td> 柱 </td><td> Molsieve; 12微米×320微米×10 m的</td><td>情节U; 30微米×320微米×8米</td><td>氧化铝; 8微米×320微米×10 m的</tD&gt; <td> OV1; 2微米×150微米×10 m的</td></tr><tr><td> 载气 </td><td>氩</td><td>氦</td><td>氦</td><td>氦</td></tr><tr><td> 入口模式 </td><td>反冲</td><td>反冲</td><td>反冲</td><td>固定卷</td></tr><tr><td> T列 </td><td> 100℃ </td><td> 90℃ </td><td> 130℃ </td><td> 90℃ </td></tr><tr><td> 注射时间 </td><td> 30毫秒</td><td> 120毫秒</td><td> 0毫秒</td><td> 100毫秒</td></tr><tr><td> 反吹时间 </td><td> 12.5秒</td><td> 5.0秒</td><td> 5.5秒</td><td> - </td></tr></tbody></table> 表1:用于通过LTU产生的气体的分析GC法的参数。 <img alt="图2" src="/files/ftp_upload/54390/54390fig2.jpg" /> 图2:瓶<html>附件冷凝器。照片显示玻璃棉插头的位置和GC小瓶用硅胶管冷凝器的附件。 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/54390/54390fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> <img alt="图3" src="/files/ftp_upload/54390/54390fig3.jpg" /> 图3:。产品接收器称重天平称量长液体产品接收器，它可以伸出顶部窗口的塑料盖<a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/54390/54390fig3large.jpg" target="_blank">，请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> <img alt="图4" src="/files/ftp_upload/54390/54390fig4.jpg" /> 图4:液体接收器附件照片表示储液器的该产品线的连接。广告/ 54390 / 54390fig4large.jpg"目标="_空白"&gt;点击此处查看该图的放大版本。 <ol start="2"><li>在自动模式下，系统运行<ol><li>在LTU设置画面，输入为实验的相关信息:运行数，进料的名称，催化剂的识别，大气压力，对皮肤和内部的反应器温度为裂化和催化剂再生，和油喷射时间设定点。忽略这一步，如果完整信息已被列入第3.1.1节。 </li><li>通过点击处理流程屏幕上的"运行"按钮放置在系统进入运行模式。这将启动测试序列17，其中包括在讨论将要描述在自动模式中的步骤。 </li></ol></li><li>非自动模式系统操作<ol><li>使用连接到GC计算机，整合高峰和过程中使用建立的校准数据。输入最后的GC数据转换成通过LTU计算机的LTU程序。 </li></ol></li><li>运行POST操作<ol><li>液体产品的质量的测定<ol><li>除去夹子后，倾斜接收机，收集的产品阀下方的斜面电极头的任何液体产品液滴。 </li><li>立即密封用标记橡胶塞的接收机，并仔细从浴中取出。冲洗掉从用冷水浴中的乙二醇和干燥用纸巾外部。 </li><li>放置在室温下的齿条液体产物接收器20分钟，使任何冷冻产品解冻，并在接收器的底部向下运行到GC小瓶中。 </li><li>收集周围的金属接头的持液率与配衡药棉拭子接收器。确定液体滞留（W 拭子 ）和记录的质量。 </li><li>通过在接收器的顶部出口暂时除去塞子打开液体产物接收机向大气中排放通风橱中的压力均衡。 </li><li>放止回，将获得的接收质量（W 后 ）。除去来自冷凝器的GC小瓶中。帽，并在4℃下的产物的样品储存在冰箱供以后分析。 </li><li>如果一个水滴出现在GC小瓶底部如裂化的低芥酸菜子油的情况下，用干净的注射器尽可能不含水的油产物转移到另一个小瓶尽可能立即盖住它。 </li><li>冲洗接收机冷凝器的内壁，用甲醇中的一小质量彻底并收集所有的甲醇洗涤到含有水滴原始的GC小瓶中。盖上小瓶并获得里面的液体的质量测定水样中使用。 </li></ol></li><li>对于模拟蒸馏液产品分析<ol><li>使用标准测试方法ASTM D2887 18测定的不含水的液体产品在汽油的范围（IBP-221℃），轻循环油（LCO，221-343℃）沸腾的质量百分率，和h<html> eavy循环油（HCO，343°C-FBP）。 </li></ol></li><li> 水产品分析 <ol><li>使用标准测试方法ASTM D4377 19测定的甲醇洗涤，在管形瓶中的水滴结合的水含量（W H 2 O）。 </li></ol></li></ol></li><li>计算<ol><li>气态产品的质量<ol><li>通过根据公式置换水的体积计算气体产品的总体积: <img alt="公式1" src="/files/ftp_upload/54390/54390equation1.jpg" /> 其中V 气体是在标准条件下（0 K和101.3kPa）下收集的气体的体积（ml），V 水是在测试过程中置换水体积（ml），T是气体温度（℃），P是气体压力（千帕）。 </li><li>计算使用各气体组分的质量: JPG"/&gt; 其中，W i是第 i 个气体产物的质量（g），N- i是摩尔％ 的第 i 个气体中成分的，以及M i是第 i 个气体产物的分子量。的C 5 +悬而未决块状的分子量被假定为86。 </li><li>计算的气态产物的总质量: <img alt="Equation3" src="/files/ftp_upload/54390/54390equation3.jpg" /> 其中W 气体是气态产物的总质量，而W i是第 i 个气体产物在3.5.1.2计算的质量。 </li></ol></li><li>液体产品的质量<ol><li>计算液体产品具有的总质量: W¯¯LIQ = W 后 - W加热前 + W 拭子 其中W LIQ是液体产品的质量（g），W 后质量（g）反应后的液体产物接收机中，W 之前的是反应前的液体产物接收机的质量（g），并且W 拭子是收集在棉签液体滞留的质量（g）。 </li></ol></li><li>焦炭的质量<ol><li>计算从使用LTU类焦炭的总质量: W¯¯ 焦 = W× 碳 1.0695 其中W 焦炭是焦炭的质量（g）中，W 的碳是碳的质量（g），和1.0695是碳-焦炭因子。 </li></ol></li><li>质量平衡（恢复） <ol><li>使用计算的质量平衡 R =（W 气体 + W LIQ + W 焦 ）÷W¯¯ 饲料 ×100 其中R是恢复（进料的质量％）和W 饲料是油进料的质量（g）。设定R中的96至102％的范围内。如果不是，拒绝测试并不令人满意。 </li></ol></li><li>非标准化的产量和转换 注:计算根据下面给出的公式的每个产品的产率（质量％进料）。 <ol><li>计算干气（H 2 -C 2的，CO和CO 2）的 ŸDG =（W H2 + W C1 + W C2 + W CO + W CO2）÷W¯¯ 饲料 ×100 其中Y DG是干气的非标准化的产率（质量％进料）中，W H2为的H 2质量（g）中，W C 1是C 1气体（甲烷）的质量（g），W C2为质量（g）的C 2气体（乙烷和乙烯）的中，W CO为CO的质量（g），并且W CO 2为CO 2的质量（g）。注意，校正溶解在水中的 CO 2的分量是没有必要的。 </li><li>算算液化石油气（LPG） ŸLPG =（W <sUB&gt; C3 + W C4）÷W¯¯ 饲料 ×100 其中Y 石油气是石油气产物的非标准化收率（质量％进料）中，W C 3是C 3气体（丙烷和丙烯）的质量（g），并且W C 4是C 4气体的质量（g）（丁烷和丁烯包括1,3-丁二烯）。 </li><li>汽油计算 ŸGLN = [X GLN×（W LIQ -含H2O -含棉签 ）+ W + C5]÷W¯¯ 饲料 ×100 其中Y GLN是汽油的非标准化的产率（质量％进料）中，X GLN（由模拟蒸馏获得）是在不含水的液体产物汽油的质量分数，W H 2 O是在液态产品中的水质量（g），如果任何和W C 5+是质量（g）在气相中的C 5 +产物（待解决的C 6 &lt;/ SUB&gt;加C 6 +疙瘩）。 </li><li>计算轻循环油（LCO） ŸLCO = [X LCO×（W LIQ -含H2O -含棉签 ）]÷W¯¯ 饲料 ×100 其中Y LCO是LCO产物和X LCO（由模拟蒸馏获得）的非标准化产量（进料的质量％）是在不含水的液体产物的LCO的质量分数。 </li><li>计算重循环油（HCO） ŸHCO = [X HCO×（W LIQ -含H2O -含棉签 ）+ W 拭 ]÷W¯¯ 饲料 ×100 其中Y HCO是HCO和X HCO的非标准化的产率（质量％进料）（由模拟蒸馏获得）是在不含水的液体产物HCO质量分数。 </li><li>计算可乐 ÿ <sub&gt;焦= W 焦炭 ÷W¯¯ 饲料 ×100 其中Y 焦炭焦炭产量非标准化（质量％饲料）。 </li><li>水计算 ŸH2O = W H2O÷W¯¯ 饲料 ×100 其中Y H2O是水非标准化收益率（质量％饲料）。 </li><li>计算转换 CON unnorm = 100 - ŸLCO - ÿHCO 其中，CON unnorm的非标准化的转换（质量％饲料）。 </li></ol></li><li>标准化产量和转换 Ÿ0 I = Y÷ 我 R×100 其中Y 0 i是第 i 个产品的归一化产率（质量％进料）。 CON 标准 = 100 - 0ŸLCO- ÿ0 HCO 其中，CON 规范是标准化的转化率（质量％饲料）。 </li></ol></li></ol>

<ol>
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作者宣称，他们没有竞争的经济利益。

这里所描述的协议利用含有批处理流化催化剂颗粒的模拟进料油裂化和催化剂再生单个反应器的循环操作。待裂化的油通过用其尖端靠近流化床底部的喷射器管预热并从顶部送入。催化裂化后产生的蒸气冷凝并在接收器中收集，并收集液体产物随后分析模拟蒸馏，以确定在不同沸点范围的馏分的产率。所述不可冷凝的气态产物被送到一个在线气相色谱仪进行分析，以确定干气和液化气的产率。气?...

有在私营和公共部门的有力全球利益寻找高效，经济的手段，从生物质衍生的原料生产运输燃料。这种兴趣超过石油燃烧化石燃料的温室气体（GHG）的排放量及其相关的对全球变暖的贡献的实质性贡献普遍关注驱动。此外，还有在北美和欧洲的强烈政治意愿，以取代外国生产的石油可再生国内液体燃料。 2008年，生物燃料提供全球运输燃料1的1.8％。在许多发达国家中，要求生物燃料从6％代替以石油燃料的10％，在不久的将来，2。在加拿大，法规要求的平均的可再生燃料的5％，汽油从2010年开始12月15日，3。可再生能源指令（RED）在欧洲还要求对欧盟反有10％的可再生能源目标内容2020年4口部门。 我们面临的挑战是开发和演示一种经济可行的途径，从生物质生产可替代运输燃料。生物来源包括基于甘油三酯的生物量，例如植物油和动物脂肪，以及废食用油和纤维素生物质如木屑，森林废物和农业残留物。在过去的二十年间，研究使用集中在源自生物质的油处理的评估传统的流体催化裂化（FCC）5 - 12，负责产生大部分汽油在石油精炼的技术。我们在本研究中的新方法是共同处理的低芥酸菜子油，油砂沥青衍生的原料混合。通常情况下，沥青之前必须提升精炼而成，生产精炼厂原料，如合成原油（SCO） - 这种工艺路线特别是高耗能，占温室气体emissi的68-78％从附件上合组织生产13，2011年，加拿大构成的温室气体排放总量14的2.6％。与BIOFEED更换升级HGO的部分将减少温室气体排放，因为生物燃料的生产涉及碳足迹要小得多。菜籽油选择在这工作，因为它是在加拿大和美国的丰富。这种原料具有类似于HGOs的同时硫，氮和金属的可能影响的FCC性能或产品质量的内容是可以忽略不计的密度和粘度。此外，这种协同处理选项提供显著的技术和经济优势，因为它能够在现有炼油厂基础设施的利用，因此，将需要很少的附加硬件或炼油厂的修饰。此外，可能有可能导致产品质量的提高，当共同处理高度芳香沥青其直链的生物量对应喂潜在的协同作用。但是，协处理涉及重要的技术挑战。这些包括生物饲料的独特的物理和化学特性:高的氧含量，富含链烷烃的组合物，用石油原料的相容性，结垢可能性等 本研究提供了通过催化裂化在实验室规模的生物燃料的生产从低芥酸菜子油中的详细协议。一个完全自动化的反应体系-在此工作的实验室测试单元（LTU）简称15 -用于这项工作图图1示意如何单元操作。这LTU已成为实验室研究FCC的行业标准。本研究的目的是测试在LTU的适用性裂化的低芥酸菜子油，以产生燃料和化学品与减少温室气体的排放量的目的。 <img alt="图1" src="/files/ftp_upload/54390/54390fig1.jpg" /> 图1:概念illustratio呈现流线电抗器。插图N的催化剂，饲料，产品和稀释剂。 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/54390/54390fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a>

<table><tbody><tr><td>Advanced Cracking Evaluation (ACE) Unit</td><td>Kayser Technology Inc.</td><td>ACE R+ 46</td><td>Assembled by Zeton Inc. SN:505-46; consisting of (1) a reactor; (2) catalyst addition system; (3) feed delivery system; (4) liquid collection system; (5) gas collection system; (6) gas analyzing system; (7) catalyst regeneration system; (8) CO catalytic convertor; (9) coke analyzing system</td></tr><tr><td>Reactor (ACE)</td><td>Kayser Technology Inc.</td><td>V-105</td><td>A 1.6 cm ID stainless steel tube having a tapered conical bottom and with a diluent (nitrogen) flowing from the bottom to fluidize the catalyst and also serve as the stripping gas at the end of the run</td></tr><tr><td>Catalyst Addition System (ACE)</td><td>Kayser Technology Inc.</td><td></td><td>Six hoppers (V-120F, with respective valves) for addition of catalyst for up to 6 runs</td></tr><tr><td>Feed Delivery System (ACE)</td><td>Kayser Technology Inc.</td><td></td><td>Consisting of feed bottle (V-100), syringe (FS-115), pump (P-100), and injector (with 1.125 inch injector height, &lt;em&gt;i.e.&lt;/em&gt;, the distance from the lowest point of the conical reactor bottom to the bottom end of the feed injector)</td></tr><tr><td>Liquid Collection System (ACE)</td><td>Kayser Technology Inc.</td><td></td><td>Six liquid receivers (V-110F) immersed in a common coolant bath (Ethylene glycol/water mixture in 50:50 mass ratio) at about &amp;ndash;15 &amp;deg;C in a large tank (V-145)</td></tr><tr><td>Gas Collection System (ACE)</td><td>Kayser Technology Inc.</td><td></td><td>Based on water displacement principle; consisting of gas collection vessel (V-150) with a motor-driven stirrer (MTR-100), and a weight scale (WT-100) for weighing the displaced water collected in a beaker (V-160).</td></tr><tr><td>Gas Analyzing System (ACE)</td><td>Kayser Technology Inc.</td><td></td><td>Key element being Agilent micro GC (model 3000A) with four capillary columns equipped with respective thermal conductivity detectors (TCDs)&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Catalyst Regeneration System (ACE)</td><td>Kayser Technology Inc.</td><td>V-105</td><td>Spent catalyst in reactor being burned &lt;em&gt;in situ&lt;/em&gt; in air at +700 &amp;deg;C to ensure complete removal of carbon deposited on the catalyst</td></tr><tr><td>CO Catalytic Convertor&amp;nbsp; (ACE)</td><td>Kayser Technology Inc.</td><td></td><td>A reactor (V-140) with CuO as catalyst to oxidize any CO and hydrocarbons in exhausted flue gas to CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; (to be analyzed by IR gas analyzer) and H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O (to be absorbed by a dryer)</td></tr><tr><td>Coke Analyzing System (ACE)</td><td>Kayser Technology Inc.</td><td></td><td>Servomex (Model 1440C) IR analyzer for measuring CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; in exhausted flue gas</td></tr><tr><td>R+MM Software Suite</td><td>Kayser Technology Inc.</td><td></td><td>Including iFIX 3.5&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Agilent Micro GC</td><td>Agilent Technologies</td><td>3000A</td><td>For gas analysis after cracking</td></tr><tr><td>Cerity Networked Data System</td><td>Agilent Technologies</td><td></td><td>Software for Agilent Micro GC</td></tr><tr><td>CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; Gas Analyser</td><td>Servomex Inc.</td><td>1440C</td><td>SN: 01440C1C02/2900</td></tr><tr><td>NESLAB Refrigerated Bath</td><td>Themo Electron Corporation</td><td>RTE 740</td><td>SN: 104300061</td></tr><tr><td>Orion&amp;nbsp; Sage Syringe Pump</td><td>Themo Electron Corporation</td><td>M362</td><td>For delivering feed oil to injector tube</td></tr><tr><td>Synthetic Crude Oil (SCO)&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Suncor Energy Inc.</td><td></td><td>Identified as Suncor OSA 10-4.1</td></tr><tr><td>Catalyst P</td><td>Petro-Canada Refinery</td><td></td><td>Equilibrium catalyst</td></tr><tr><td>Balance</td><td>Mettler Toledo</td><td>AB304-S</td><td>For weighing liquid product receivers</td></tr><tr><td>Balance</td><td>Mettler Toledo</td><td>XS8001S</td><td>For weighing water displaced by gas product</td></tr><tr><td>Ethylene Glycol</td><td>Fisher Scientifc Inc.</td><td>CAS 107-21-1</td><td>Mixed with distilled water as coolant (50 v% )</td></tr><tr><td>Drierite</td><td>W.A. Hammond Drierite Co. Ltd.</td><td>24001</td><td>For water absorption after CO catalytic converter</td></tr><tr><td>Copper Oxide</td><td>LECO Corporation</td><td>501-170</td><td>Catalyst for conversion of CO to CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>Toluene</td><td>Fisher Scientific Co.&amp;nbsp;</td><td>CAS 108-88-3</td><td>For cleaning liquid receivers</td></tr><tr><td>Acetone</td><td>Fisher Scientific Co.&amp;nbsp;</td><td>CAS 67-64-1</td><td>For cleaning liquid receivers</td></tr><tr><td>Micro GC Calibration Gas</td><td>Air Liquid Canada Inc.</td><td>SPG-25MX0015306</td><td>Multicomponent standard gas</td></tr><tr><td>19.8% CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; Standard Gas</td><td>BOC Canada Ltd.</td><td>24069890</td><td>For calibration of IR analyzer</td></tr><tr><td>Argon Gas</td><td>Linde Canada ltd.</td><td>24001306</td><td>Grade 5.0 Purity</td></tr><tr><td>Helium Gas</td><td>Linde Canada ltd.</td><td>24001333</td><td>Grade 5.0 Purity</td></tr><tr><td>Gas analyzer GC Module</td><td>Inficon</td><td>GCMOD-15</td><td>Channel A</td></tr><tr><td>Gas analyzer GC Module</td><td>Inficon</td><td>GCMOD-03</td><td>Channel B</td></tr><tr><td>Gas analyzer GC Module</td><td>Inficon</td><td>GCMOD-04</td><td>Channel C</td></tr><tr><td>Gas analyzer GC Module</td><td>Inficon</td><td>GCMOD-73</td><td>Channel D</td></tr><tr><td>HP 6890 GC</td><td>Hewlett-Packard Co.&amp;nbsp;</td><td>G1530A</td><td>For simulated distillation</td></tr><tr><td>ASTM 2887 Standard Sample</td><td>PAC L.P.</td><td>26650.150</td><td>For quality control in simulated distillation</td></tr><tr><td>ASTM 2887 Standard Sample</td><td>PAC L.P.</td><td>25950.200</td><td>For calibration in simulated distillation</td></tr><tr><td>Column for GC 6890 (simulated distillation)</td><td>Agilent Technologies</td><td>CP7562</td><td>10 m x 0.53 mm x 1.2 &amp;micro;m, HP 6890 GC column</td></tr><tr><td>Liquid Nitrogen</td><td>Air Liquid Canada Inc.</td><td>SPG-NIT1AC240LC</td><td>For use in simulated distillation&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Nitrogen</td><td>Air Liquid Canada Inc.</td><td>Bulk (building N2)</td><td>For use in ACE unit operation</td></tr><tr><td>Isotemp Programmable Furnace</td><td>Thermo Fisher Scientifc Inc.</td><td>10-750-126</td><td>For calcination of catalyst</td></tr><tr><td>GC Vials, Crimp Top</td><td>Chromatograghic Specialties Inc</td><td>C223682C</td><td>2 ml, for liquid product</td></tr><tr><td>Seals, Crimp Top</td><td>Chromatograghic Specialties Inc</td><td>C221150</td><td>11 mm, for use with GC vials</td></tr><tr><td>4 oz clear Boston round bottles</td><td>Fisher Scientific Co.&amp;nbsp;</td><td>02-911-784</td><td>With PE cone lined caps, for use in feed system</td></tr><tr><td>Sieve</td><td>Endecotts Ltd.</td><td>6140269</td><td>Aperture 38 micron</td></tr><tr><td>Sieve</td><td>Endecotts Ltd.</td><td>6146265</td><td>Aperture 250 &amp;mu;m</td></tr><tr><td>Shaker</td><td>Endecotts Ltd.</td><td>MIN 2737-11</td><td>Minor-Meinzer 2 Sieve Shaker for catalyst screening</td></tr><tr><td>V20 Volumetric KF Titrator</td><td>Mettler Toledo</td><td>5131025056</td><td>For water content analysis of the liquid product</td></tr><tr><td>Hydranal Composite 5</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>34805-1L-R</td><td>Reagent for Karl Fischer titration</td></tr><tr><td>Methanol (extremely low water grade)</td><td>Fisher Scientific Co.&amp;nbsp;</td><td>A413-4</td><td>Mixed with toluene (40:60 w/w) for KF titration: also used to recover water in receiver</td></tr><tr><td>Glass Wool</td><td>Fisher Scientific Co.&amp;nbsp;</td><td>11-388</td><td>Placed inside the top of receiver outlet arm&amp;nbsp;</td></tr></tbody></table>

laboratory production of biofuels and biochemicals from a rapeseed oil through catalytic cracking conversion

The work is based on a reported study which investigates the processability of canola oil (bio-feed) in the presence of bitumen-derived heavy gas oil (HGO) for production of transportation fuels through a fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) route. Cracking experiments are performed with a fully automated reaction unit at a fixed weight hourly space velocity (WHSV) of 8 hr-1, 490-530 &#176;C, and catalyst/oil ratios of 4-12 g/g. When a feed is in contact with catalyst in the fluid-bed reactor, cracking takes place generating gaseous, liquid, and solid products. The vapor produced is condensed and collected in a liquid receiver at -15 &#176;C. The non-condensable effluent is first directed to a vessel and is sent, after homogenization, to an on-line gas chromatograph (GC) for refinery gas analysis. The coke deposited on the catalyst is determined in situ by burning the spent catalyst in air at high temperatures. Levels of CO2 are measured quantitatively via an infrared (IR) cell, and are converted to coke yield. Liquid samples in the receivers are analyzed by GC for simulated distillation to determine the amounts in different boiling ranges, i.e., IBP-221 &#176;C (gasoline), 221-343 &#176;C (light cycle oil), and 343 &#176;C+ (heavy cycle oil). Cracking of a feed containing canola oil generates water, which appears at the bottom of a liquid receiver and on its inner wall. Recovery of water on the wall is achieved through washing with methanol followed by Karl Fischer titration for water content. Basic results reported include conversion (the portion of the feed converted to gas and liquid product with a boiling point below 221 &#176;C, coke, and water, if present) and yields of dry gas (H2-C2's, CO, and CO2), liquefied petroleum gas (C3-C4), gasoline, light cycle oil, heavy cycle oil, coke, and water, if present.

既定协议已被成功地应用到一个油混合物的15:85体积比:低芥酸菜子油和在SCO衍生HGO 20之间（ 即 ，14.73 85.27质量比）。对于实际的原因（成本，菜籽油的可用性，以及在商业运作可能面临的挑战），研究的重点是含15 v％的菜籽油原料此外，虽然高浓度的饲料也试过。该共混物在490-530℃，8.0小时-1的WHSV具有变化的催化剂/油比（序列11.25，10，8,6，4和11....

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Laboratory Production of Biofuels and Biochemicals from a Rapeseed Oil through Catalytic Cracking Conversion at JoVE.com

Laboratory Production of Biofuels and Biochemicals from a Rapeseed Oil through Catalytic Cracking Conversion

本文提出的实验方法，以产生从低芥酸菜子油在催化剂在温和的温度下，存在一种基于矿物饲料混合生物燃料和生物化学。气态，液态，并从反应单元固体产物进行定量和表征。转化率和个别的产品产率的计算和报告。

通过催化裂化转换从菜籽油生物燃料和生物化学实验室生产

The work is based on a reported study which investigates the processability of canola oil (bio-feed) in the presence of bitumen-derived heavy gas oil ...

laboratory-production-biofuels-biochemicals-from-rapeseed-oil-through

Research

JoVE Journal

Chemistry

13.7K 次观看.  Natural Resources Canada. 本文提出的实验方法，以产生从低芥酸菜子油在催化剂在温和的温度下，存在一种基于矿物饲料混合生物燃料和生物化学。气态，液态，并从反应单元固体产物进行定量和表征。转化率和个别的产品产率的计算和报告。 

视频: Laboratory Production of Biofuels and Biochemicals from a Rapeseed Oil through Catalytic Cracking Conversion

Biomass Conversion to Produce Hydrocarbon Liquid Fuel Via Hot-vapor Filtered Fast Pyrolysis and Catalytic Hydrotreating

Lignocellulosic biomass conversion to produce biofuels has received significant attention because of the quest for a replacement for fossil fuels. Among the various thermochemical and biochemical routes, fast pyrolysis followed by catalytic hydrotreating is considered to be a promising near-term opportunity. This paper reports on experimental methods used 1) at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) for fast pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass to produce bio-oils in a fluidized-bed reactor and 2) at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) for catalytic hydrotreating of bio-oils in a two-stage, fixed-bed, continuous-flow catalytic reactor. The configurations of the reactor systems, the operating procedures, and the processing and analysis of feedstocks, bio-oils, and biofuels are described in detail in this paper. We also demonstrate hot-vapor filtration during fast pyrolysis to remove fine char particles and inorganic contaminants from bio-oil. Representative results showed successful conversion of biomass feedstocks to fuel-range hydrocarbon biofuels and, specifically, the effect of hot-vapor filtration on bio-oil production and upgrading. The protocols provided in this report could help to generate rigorous and reliable data for biomass pyrolysis and bio-oil hydrotreating research.

Experimental methods for fast pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass to produce bio-oils and for the catalytic hydrotreating of bio-oils to produce fuel range hydrocarbons are presented. Hot-vapor filtration during fast pyrolysis to remove fine char particles and inorganic contaminants from bio-oil was also assessed.

生物质转化为油气生产液体燃料通过热蒸汽过滤快速热解和催化加氢

Lignocellulosic biomass conversion to produce biofuels has received significant attention because of the quest for a replacement for fossil fuels. Among ...

科研

生物化学

Preparation of Silica Nanoparticles Through Microwave-assisted Acid-catalysis

Microwave-assisted synthetic techniques were used to quickly and reproducibly produce silica nanoparticle sols using an acid catalyst with nanoparticle diameters ranging from 30-250 nm by varying the reaction conditions. Through the selection of a microwave compatible solvent, silicic acid precursor, catalyst, and microwave irradiation time, these microwave-assisted methods were capable of overcoming the previously reported shortcomings associated with synthesis of silica nanoparticles using microwave reactors. The siloxane precursor was hydrolyzed using the acid catalyst, HCl. Acetone, a low-tan &#948; solvent, mediates the condensation reactions and has minimal interaction with the electromagnetic field. Condensation reactions begin when the silicic acid precursor couples with the microwave radiation, leading to silica nanoparticle sol formation. The silica nanoparticles were characterized by dynamic light scattering data and scanning electron microscopy, which show the materials&#39; morphology and size to be dependent on the reaction conditions. Microwave-assisted reactions produce silica nanoparticles with roughened textured surfaces that are atypical for silica sols produced by St&#246;ber&#39;s methods, which have smooth surfaces.

Silica nanoparticles were prepared using acid-catalysis of a siloxane precursor and microwave-assisted synthetic techniques resulting in the controlled growth of nanomaterials ranging from 30-250 nm in diameter. The growth dynamics can be controlled by varying the initial silicic acid concentration, time of the reaction, and temperature of reaction.

Microwave-assisted synthetic techniques were used to quickly and reproducibly produce silica nanoparticle sols using an acid catalyst with nanoparticle ...

化学

Thin-layer Chromatographic (TLC) Separations and Bioassays of Plant Extracts to Identify Antimicrobial Compounds

A common screen for plant antimicrobial compounds consists of separating plant extracts by paper or thin-layer chromatography (PC or TLC), exposing the chromatograms to microbial suspensions (e.g. fungi or bacteria in broth or agar), allowing time for the microbes to grow in a humid environment, and visualizing zones with no microbial growth.&#160;The effectiveness of this screening method, known as bioautography, depends on both the quality of the chromatographic separation and the care taken with microbial culture conditions.&#160;This paper describes standard protocols for TLC and contact bioautography&#160;with a novel application to amino acid-fermenting bacteria. The extract is separated on flexible (aluminum-backed) silica TLC plates, and bands are visualized under ultraviolet (UV) light.&#160;Zones are cut out and incubated face down onto agar inoculated with the test microorganism.&#160;Inhibitory bands are visualized by staining the agar plates with tetrazolium red.&#160;The method is applied to the separation of red clover (Trifolium pratense cv. Kenland) phenolic compounds and their screening for activity against Clostridium sticklandii, a hyper ammonia-producing bacterium (HAB) that is native to the bovine rumen.&#160;The TLC methods apply to many types of plant extracts&#160;and other bacterial species (aerobic or anaerobic), as well as fungi, can be used as test organisms if culture conditions are modified to fit the growth requirements of the species.

Thin-layer Chromatographic TLC Separations and Bioassays of Plant Extracts to Identify Antimicrobial Compounds

Methods are described for thin-layer chromatographic (TLC) separation of plant extracts and contact bioautography to identify antibacterial metabolites. The methods are applied to the screening of red clover phenolic compounds inhibiting hyper&#160;ammonia-producing bacteria (HAB) native to the bovine rumen.

薄层色谱（TLC）分离和植物提取物的生物测定识别抗菌化合物

A common screen for plant antimicrobial compounds consists of separating plant extracts by paper or thin-layer chromatography (PC or TLC), exposing the ...

Experimental Protocol for Biodiesel Production with Isolation of Alkenones as Coproducts from Commercial Isochrysis Algal Biomass

The need to replace petroleum fuels with alternatives from renewable and more environmentally sustainable sources is of growing importance. Biomass-derived biofuels have gained considerable attention in this regard, however first generation biofuels from edible crops like corn ethanol or soybean biodiesel have generally fallen out of favor. There is thus great interest in the development of methods for the production of liquid fuels from domestic and superior non-edible sources. Here we describe a detailed procedure for the production of a purified biodiesel from the marine microalgae Isochrysis. Additionally, a unique suite of lipids known as polyunsaturated long-chain alkenones are isolated in parallel as potentially valuable coproducts to offset the cost of biodiesel production. Multi-kilogram quantities of Isochrysis are purchased from two commercial sources, one as a wet paste (80% water) that is first dried prior to processing, and the other a dry milled powder (95% dry). Lipids are extracted with hexanes in a Soxhlet apparatus to produce an algal oil (&#34;hexane algal oil&#34;) containing both traditional fats (i.e., triglycerides, 46-60% w/w) and alkenones (16-25% w/w). Saponification of the triglycerides in the algal oil allows for separation of the resulting free fatty acids (FFAs) from alkenone-containing neutral lipids. FFAs are then converted to biodiesel (i.e., fatty acid methyl esters, FAMEs) by acid-catalyzed esterification while alkenones are isolated and purified from the neutral lipids by crystallization. We demonstrate that biodiesel from both commercial Isochrysis biomasses have similar but not identical FAME profiles, characterized by elevated polyunsaturated fatty acid contents (approximately 40% w/w). Yields of biodiesel were consistently higher when starting from the Isochrysis wet paste (12% w/w vs. 7% w/w), which can be traced to lower amounts of hexane algal oil obtained from the powdered Isochrysis product.

Experimental Protocol for Biodiesel Production with Isolation of Alkenones as Coproducts from Commercial Isochrysis Algal Biomass

Detailed methods are presented for the production of biodiesel along with the co-isolation of alkenones as valuable coproducts from commercial Isochrysis microalgae.

实验协议生产生物柴油与饱和酮的分离从商业余积<em&gt;等鞭金藻</em&gt;藻类生物量

The need to replace petroleum fuels with alternatives from renewable and more environmentally sustainable sources is of growing importance. ...

环境科学

A Toolkit to Enable Hydrocarbon Conversion in Aqueous Environments

This work puts forward a toolkit that enables the conversion of alkanes by Escherichia coli and presents a proof of principle of its applicability. The toolkit consists of multiple standard interchangeable parts (BioBricks)9 addressing the conversion of alkanes, regulation of gene expression and survival in toxic hydrocarbon-rich environments.
A three-step pathway for alkane degradation was implemented in E. coli to enable the conversion of medium- and long-chain alkanes to their respective alkanols, alkanals and ultimately alkanoic-acids. The latter were metabolized via the native &beta;-oxidation pathway. To facilitate the oxidation of medium-chain alkanes (C5-C13) and cycloalkanes (C5-C8), four genes (alkB2, rubA3, rubA4and rubB) of the alkane hydroxylase system from Gordonia sp. TF68,21 were transformed into E. coli. For the conversion of long-chain alkanes (C15-C36), theladA gene from Geobacillus thermodenitrificans was implemented. For the required further steps of the degradation process, ADH and ALDH (originating from G. thermodenitrificans) were introduced10,11. The activity was measured by resting cell assays. For each oxidative step, enzyme activity was observed.
To optimize the process efficiency, the expression was only induced under low glucose conditions: a substrate-regulated promoter, pCaiF, was used. pCaiF is present in E. coli K12 and regulates the expression of the genes involved in the degradation of non-glucose carbon sources.
The last part of the toolkit - targeting survival - was implemented using solvent tolerance genes, PhPFD&alpha; and &beta;, both from Pyrococcus horikoshii OT3. Organic solvents can induce cell stress and decreased survivability by negatively affecting protein folding. As chaperones, PhPFD&alpha; and &beta; improve the protein folding process e.g. under the presence of alkanes. The expression of these genes led to an improved hydrocarbon tolerance shown by an increased growth rate (up to 50%) in the presences of 10% n-hexane in the culture medium were observed.
Summarizing, the results indicate that the toolkit enables E. coli to convert and tolerate hydrocarbons in aqueous environments. As such, it represents an initial step towards a sustainable solution for oil-remediation using a synthetic biology approach.

A sustainable auto regulating bacterial system for the remediation of oil pollutions was designed using standard interchangeable DNA parts (BioBricks). An engineered E. coli strain was used to degrade alkanes via &beta;-oxidation in toxic aqueous environments. The respective enzymes from different species showed alkane degradation activity. Additionally, an increased tolerance to n-hexane was achieved by introducing genes from alkane-tolerant bacteria.

一个工具包，使水环境中的烃类转化

This work puts forward a toolkit that enables the conversion of alkanes by Escherichia coli and presents a proof of principle of its applicability. The ...

生物工程

Qualitative Characterization of the Aqueous Fraction from Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Algae Using 2D Gas Chromatography with Time-of-flight Mass Spectrometry

Two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry is a powerful tool for identifying and quantifying chemical components in complex mixtures. It is often used to analyze gasoline, jet fuel, diesel, bio-diesel and the organic fraction of bio-crude/bio-oil. In most of those analyses, the first dimension of separation is non-polar, followed by a polar separation. The aqueous fractions of bio-crude and other aqueous samples from biofuels production have been examined with similar column combinations. However, sample preparation techniques such as derivatization, solvent extraction, and solid-phase extraction were necessary prior to analysis. In this study, aqueous fractions obtained from the hydrothermal liquefaction of algae were characterized by two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry without prior sample preparation techniques using a polar separation in the first dimension followed by a non-polar separation in the second. Two-dimensional plots from this analysis were compared with those obtained from the more traditional column configuration. Results from qualitative characterization of the aqueous fractions of algal bio-crude are discussed in detail. The advantages of using a polar separation followed by a non-polar separation for characterization of organics in aqueous samples by two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry are highlighted.

A two-dimensional gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry method is described for characterization of the aqueous fraction of bio-crude produced from hydrothermal liquefaction of algae. This protocol can also be employed to analyze the aqueous fraction of liquid products from fast pyrolysis, catalytic fast pyrolysis, catalytic deoxygenation and hydro-treating.

从藻类水热液化使用二维气相色谱时间飞行质谱法水提取部分的定性鉴定

Two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry is a powerful tool for identifying and quantifying chemical components in ...

Fast Pyrolysis of Biomass Residues in a Twin-screw Mixing Reactor

Fast pyrolysis is being increasingly applied in commercial plants worldwide. They run exclusively on woody biomass, which has favorable properties for conversion with fast pyrolysis. In order to increase the synergies of food production and the energetic and/or material use of biomass, it is desirable to utilize residues from agricultural production, e.g., straw. The presented method is suitable for converting such a material on an industrial scale. The main features are presented and an example of mass balances from the conversion of several biomass residues is given. After conversion, fractionated condensation is applied in order to retrieve two condensates &#8212; an organic-rich and an aqueous-rich one. This design prevents the production of fast pyrolysis bio-oil that exhibits phase separation. A two phase bio-oil is to be expected because of the typically high ash content of straw biomass, which promotes the production of water of reaction during conversion.
Both fractionated condensation and the use of biomass with high ash content demand a careful approach for establishing balances. Not all kind of balances are both meaningful and comparable to other results from the literature. Different balancing methods are presented, and the information that can be derived from them is discussed.

A procedure for thermochemical conversion of biomass residues is presented that aims at maximizing the yield of liquid products (fast pyrolysis). It is based on a technology proven on an industrial scale and especially suitable for treating a straw type of biomass.

在双螺杆混炼反应器生物残渣快速热解

Fast pyrolysis is being increasingly applied in commercial plants worldwide. They run exclusively on woody biomass, which has favorable properties for ...

Construction and Setup of a Bench-scale Algal Photosynthetic Bioreactor with Temperature, Light, and pH Monitoring for Kinetic Growth Tests

The optimal design and operation of photosynthetic bioreactors (PBRs) for microalgal cultivation is essential for improving the environmental and economic performance of microalgae-based biofuel production. Models that estimate microalgal growth under different conditions can help to optimize PBR design and operation. To be effective, the growth parameters used in these models must be accurately determined. Algal growth experiments are often constrained by the dynamic nature of the culture environment, and control systems are needed to accurately determine the kinetic parameters. The first step in setting up a controlled batch experiment is live data acquisition and monitoring. This protocol outlines a process for the assembly and operation of a bench-scale photosynthetic bioreactor that can be used to conduct microalgal growth experiments. This protocol describes how to size and assemble a flat-plate, bench-scale PBR from acrylic. It also details how to configure a PBR with continuous pH, light, and temperature monitoring using a data acquisition and control unit, analog sensors, and open-source data acquisition software.

This paper describes the assembly process and operation of a bench-scale photosynthetic bioreactor that can be used, in conjunction with other methods, to estimate pertinent kinetic growth parameters. This system continuously monitors the pH, light, and temperature using sensors, a data acquisition and control unit, and open-source data acquisition software.

用于动态生长测试的温度，光照和pH监测的台式藻类光合生物反应器的构建和设置

The optimal design and operation of photosynthetic bioreactors (PBRs) for microalgal cultivation is essential for improving the environmental and economic ...

通过超声辅助植物油酯交换合成生物柴油

Ultrasonic-Assisted Preparation of Biodiesel Products from Vegetable Oils

Utilizing vegetable oil as a sustainable feedstock, this study presents an innovative approach to ultrasonic-assisted transesterification for biodiesel synthesis. This alkaline-catalyzed procedure harnesses ultrasound as a potent energy input, facilitating the rapid conversion of extra virgin olive oil into biodiesel. In this demonstration, the reaction is run in an ultrasonic bath under ambient conditions for 15 min, requiring a 1:6 molar ratio of extra virgin olive oil to methanol and a minimum amount of KOH as the catalyst. The physiochemical properties of biodiesel are also reported. Emphasizing the remarkable advantages of ultrasonic-assisted transesterification, this method demonstrates notable reductions in reaction and separation times, achieving near-perfect purity (~100%), high yields, and negligible waste generation. Importantly, these benefits are achieved within a framework that prioritizes safety and environmental sustainability. These compelling findings underscore the effectiveness of this approach in converting vegetable oil into biodiesel, positioning it as a viable option for both research and practical applications.

作者聚焦:采用绿色化学原则安全可持续地合成生物柴油

A safe ultrasonic-assisted transesterification method for vegetable oils using an alkaline catalyst is presented here. The method is rapid and efficient for preparing pure biodiesel products.

超声辅助制备植物油生物柴油产品

Utilizing vegetable oil as a sustainable feedstock, this study presents an innovative approach to ultrasonic-assisted transesterification for biodiesel ...

通过催化裂化转换从菜籽油生物燃料和生物化学实验室生产

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一个工具包，使水环境中的烃类转化

从藻类水热液化使用二维气相色谱时间飞行质谱法水提取部分的定性鉴定

在双螺杆混炼反应器生物残渣快速热解

用于动态生长测试的温度，光照和pH监测的台式藻类光合生物反应器的构建和设置

超声辅助制备植物油生物柴油产品

超声辅助制备植物油生物柴油产品