Yazarlar sentetik ham petrol temini için teknik destek için CanmetENERGY Teknoloji Merkezi ve Suncor Energy Inc. analitik laboratuvar teşekkür etmek istiyorum. Bu çalışma için kısmi finansman Doğal Kaynaklar Kanada ve proje kimliği A22.015 ile Enerji Araştırma ve Geliştirme (PERD) Kanada&#39;nın arası Programı hükümet tarafından sağlanmıştır. Yi Zhang onun Doğal Bilimler ve Ocak 2016 Ocak 2015 den Kanada ziyaret Bursu Mühendislik Araştırma Konseyi (NSERC) kabul etmek istiyorum.

<ol>
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Yazarlar hiçbir rakip mali çıkarları olduğunu beyan ederim.

Burada açıklanan protokol kırma yağını ve katalizör yenilenmesini simüle etmek için akışkan katalizör parçacıklarının bir toplu içeren tek bir reaktörün çalışma peryodu kullanmaktadır. Yağ akışkan yatağının altına yakın olan ucu ile bir enjektör tüpü boyunca ısıtılmış ve üst beslenir kırılacak. Katalitik kraking sonra üretilen buhar yoğunlaşır ve bir alıcı toplanır ve toplanan sıvı ürün, daha sonra farklı kaynama aralıkları fraksiyonların verimi belirlemek için s...

biyokütle kaynaklı hammaddelerden ulaşım yakıtları üretmek için verimli ve ekonomik bir çare bulmak için hem özel ve kamu sektörlerinde güçlü küresel ilgi var. Bu faiz sera gazı (SG) emisyonlarının ve küresel ısınma ilişkili katkı petrol fosil yakıtların yanma önemli katkısı üzerinde genel bir endişe ile tahrik edilir. Ayrıca, yenilenebilir yerli sıvı yakıtlar ile yabancı üretilen petrol yerinden Kuzey Amerika ve Avrupa&#39;da güçlü bir siyasi irade var. 2008 yılında, biyoyakıt dünyanın ulaşım yakıtları 1% 1.8 sağladı. Birçok gelişmiş ülkede, biyoyakıtlar yakın gelecekte 2 petrol yakıtlarının% 10% 6 dan değiştirmeniz gerekmektedir. Kanada&#39;da, yönetmelik 3. Avrupa&#39;da Yenilenebilir Enerji Direktifi (RED) da Avrupa Birliği trans için% 10 yenilenebilir enerji hedefi zorunlu olan 15 Aralık 2010 başlangıç ​​benzinde% 5 ortalama yenilenebilir yakıt içeriği gerektirir2020 4 port sektörü. meydan okuma geliştirmek ve biyokütleden karşılanabilir ulaşım yakıtları üretmek için uygun bir ekonomik yolu göstermek olmuştur. Biyolojik kaynakları, odun yongaları, orman atıkları ve tarım artıkları gibi trigliserid bazlı bitkisel yağlar ve hayvansal yağlar olarak biyokütle, yanı sıra atık yemeklik yağ ve selülozik biyokütle içerir. Son yirmi yılda, araştırma kullanarak biyokütle kaynaklı petrol işleme değerlendirilmesi odaklanmıştır geleneksel (FCC) 5 katalitik kırma sıvı - 12, bir petrol rafinerisinin benzin çoğu üretmekten sorumlu bir teknoloji. Bu çalışmada bizim yeni bir yaklaşım petrol kumları bitüm türetilmiş hammadde ile karıştırılmadan için birlikte süreç kanola yağıdır. Normalde, bitüm gibi sentetik ham petrol gibi rafineri hammaddeleri üreten, rafine öncesinde yükseltilmesi gerekir (SCO) işlem rota sera gazı emissi ve 68-78% için muhasebe, özellikle enerji yoğun -buons Kanada&#39;nın toplam sera gazı emisyonları 14 2.6% oluşturan 2011 yılında ŞİÖ üretimi 13 ve gelen. biyoyakıt üretimi çok daha küçük bir karbon ayak izini içerdiğinden Biofeed ile yükseltilmiş Hgo bir kısmını değiştirilmesi, sera gazı emisyonlarını azaltmak olacaktır. Kanada ve ABD&#39;de bol olduğundan Kanola yağı bu çalışmada seçilir. Bu ham madde, FCC performansı ya da ürün kalitesini etkileyebilir sülfür, nitrojen ve metal içeriği ihmal edilebilir ise HGOs benzer bir yoğunluk ve viskozitesinin sahiptir. Dahası, bu ortak işlem seçeneği çok az ek donanım ya da rafineri değiştirilmesini gerektirecektir, dolayısıyla mevcut rafineri altyapısının kullanımını sağlayacak ve gibi önemli teknolojik ve ekonomik avantajlar sunmaktadır. Buna ek olarak, son derece aromatik bitüm onun düz zincirli biyokütle meslektaşı ile beslemek birlikte işlerken ürün kalite iyileştirme neden olabilir potansiyel sinerji olabilir. Bununla birlikte, ko-işlemeÖnemli teknik zorluklar içermektedir. Yüksek oksijen içeriği, parafinik zengin kompozisyon, petrol ham madde ile uyumluluk, kirlenme potansiyeli, vb: Bu biyo-Yemlerin benzersiz fiziksel ve kimyasal özellikleri içerir Bu çalışma, katalitik kraking ile kanola yağından laboratuar ölçeğinde biyoyakıt üretiminde detaylı protokolü sağlar. Bir tam otomatik reaksiyon sistemi - laboratuar test ünitesi (LTU) olarak bu çalışmada atıfta 15 - Bu iş için kullanılan bu birim faaliyet şematik nasıl Şekil 1&#39;de görüldüğü gibi.. Bu LTU laboratuvar FCC çalışmaları için endüstri standardı haline gelmiştir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, sera gazı emisyonlarının azaltılması amacı ile yakıt ve kimyasal madde üretmek için kanola yağı çatlama için LTU uygunluğunu test etmektir. <img alt="Şekil 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/54390/54390fig1.jpg" /> Şekil 1: Kavramsal illustratioakış hatlarını gösteren reaktör. İllüstrasyon n katalizörü, yem, ürün ve seyreltici. <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/54390/54390fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">Bu rakamın büyük halini görmek için lütfen buraya tıklayınız.</a>

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="818">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="168">
			<td height="168" style="height:168px;width:231px;">Advanced Cracking Evaluation (ACE) Unit</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">Kayser Technology Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">ACE R+ 46</td>
			<td dir="LTR" style="width:309px;">Assembled by Zeton Inc. SN:505-46;&#160; consisting of (1) a reactor; (2) catalyst addition system; (3) feed delivery system;&#160; (4) liquid collection system; (5) gas collection system; (6) gas analyzing system; (7) catalyst regeneration system; (8) CO catalytic convertor; (9) coke analyzing system</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="126">
			<td height="126" style="height:126px;width:231px;">Reactor (ACE)</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">Kayser Technology Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">V-105</td>
			<td style="width:309px;">A 1.6 cm ID stainless steel tube having a tapered conical bottom and with a diluent (nitrogen) flowing from the bottom to fluidize the catalyst and also serve as the stripping gas at the end of the run</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:231px;">Catalyst Addition System (ACE)</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">Kayser Technology Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:111px;"></td>
			<td style="width:309px;">Six hoppers (V-120F, with respective valves) for addition of catalyst for up to 6 runs</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="126">
			<td height="126" style="height:126px;width:231px;">Feed Delivery System (ACE)</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">Kayser Technology Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:111px;"></td>
			<td style="width:309px;">Consisting of feed bottle (V-100), syringe (FS-115), pump (P-100), and injector (with 1.125 inch injector height, i.e., the distance from the lowest point of the conical reactor bottom to the bottom end of the feed injector)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="84">
			<td height="84" style="height:84px;width:231px;">Liquid Collection System (ACE)</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">Kayser Technology Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:111px;"></td>
			<td style="width:309px;">Six liquid receivers (V-110F) immersed in a common coolant bath (Ethylene glycol/water mixture in 50:50 mass ratio) at about &#8211;15 &#176;C in a large tank (V-145)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="127">
			<td height="127" style="height:127px;width:231px;">Gas Collection System (ACE)</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">Kayser Technology Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:111px;"></td>
			<td style="width:309px;">Based on water displacement principle; consisting of gas collection vessel (V-150) with a motor-driven stirrer (MTR-100), and a weight scale (WT-100) for weighing the displaced water collected in a beaker (V100)&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="101">
			<td height="101" style="height:101px;width:231px;">Gas Analyzing System (ACE)</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">Kayser Technology Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:111px;"></td>
			<td style="width:309px;">Key element being Agilent micro GC (model 3000A) with four capillary columns equipped with respective thermal conductivity detectors (TCDs)&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="101">
			<td height="101" style="height:101px;width:231px;">Catalyst Regeneration System (ACE)</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">Kayser Technology Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">V-105</td>
			<td style="width:309px;">Spent catalyst in reactor being burned in situ in air at +700 &#176;C to ensure complete removal of carbon deposited on the catalyst</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="109">
			<td height="109" style="height:109px;width:231px;">CO Catalytic Convertor&#160; (ACE)</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">Kayser Technology Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:111px;"></td>
			<td style="width:309px;">A reactor (V-140) with CuO as catalyst to oxidize any CO and hydrocarbons in exhausted flue gas to CO2 (to be analyzed by IR gas analyzer) and H2O (to be absorbed by a dryer)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="46">
			<td height="46" style="height:46px;width:231px;">Coke Analyzing System (ACE)</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">Kayser Technology Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:111px;"></td>
			<td style="width:309px;">Servomex (Model 1440C) IR analyzer for measuring CO2 in exhausted flue gas</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:231px;">R+MM Software Suite</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">Kayser Technology Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:111px;"></td>
			<td style="width:309px;">Including iFIX 3.5&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:231px;">Agilent Micro GC</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">Agilent Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">3000A</td>
			<td style="width:309px;">For gas analysis after cracking</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:231px;">Cerity Networked Data System</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">Agilent Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:111px;"></td>
			<td style="width:309px;">Software for Agilent Micro GC</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:231px;">CO2 Gas Analyser</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">Servomex Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">1440C</td>
			<td style="width:309px;">SN: 01440C1C02/2900</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:231px;">NESLAB Refrigerated Bath</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">Themo Electron Corporation</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">RTE 740</td>
			<td style="width:309px;">SN: 104300061</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:231px;">Orion&#160; Sage Syringe Pump</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">Themo Electron Corporation</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">M362</td>
			<td style="width:309px;">For delivering feed oil to injector tube</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:231px;">Synthetic Crude Oil (SCO)&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">Suncor Energy Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:111px;"></td>
			<td style="width:309px;">Identified as Suncor OSA 10-4.1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:231px;">Catalyst P</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">Petro-Canada Refinery</td>
			<td style="width:111px;"></td>
			<td style="width:309px;">Equilibrium catalyst</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:231px;">Balance</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">Mettler Toledo</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">AB304-S</td>
			<td style="width:309px;">For weighing liquid product receivers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:231px;">Balance</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">Mettler Toledo</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">XS8001S</td>
			<td style="width:309px;">For weighing water displaced by gas product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:231px;">Ethylene Glycol</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">Fisher Scientifc Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">CAS 107-21-1</td>
			<td style="width:309px;">Mixed with distilled water as coolant (50 v% )</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:231px;">Drierite</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">W.A. Hammond Drierite Co. Ltd.</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">24001</td>
			<td style="width:309px;">For water absorption after CO catalytic converter</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:231px;">Copper Oxide</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">LECO Corporation</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">501-170</td>
			<td style="width:309px;">Catalyst for conversion of CO to CO2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:231px;">Toluene</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">Fisher Scientific Co.&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">CAS 108-88-3</td>
			<td style="width:309px;">For cleaning liquid receivers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:231px;">Acetone</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">Fisher Scientific Co.&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">CAS 67-64-1</td>
			<td style="width:309px;">For cleaning liquid receivers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:231px;">Micro GC Calibration Gas</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">Air Liquid Canada Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">SPG-25MX0015306</td>
			<td style="width:309px;">Multicomponent standard gas</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:231px;">19.8% CO2 Standard Gas</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">BOC Canada Ltd.</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">24069890</td>
			<td style="width:309px;">For calibration of IR analyzer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:231px;">Argon Gas</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">Linde Canada ltd.</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">24001306</td>
			<td style="width:309px;">Grade 5.0 Purity</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:231px;">Helium Gas</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">Linde Canada ltd.</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">24001333</td>
			<td style="width:309px;">Grade 5.0 Purity</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:231px;">Gas analyzer GC Module</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">Inficon</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">GCMOD-15</td>
			<td style="width:309px;">Channel A</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:231px;">Gas analyzer GC Module</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">Inficon</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">GCMOD-03</td>
			<td style="width:309px;">Channel B</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:231px;">Gas analyzer GC Module</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">Inficon</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">GCMOD-04</td>
			<td style="width:309px;">Channel C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:231px;">Gas analyzer GC Module</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">Inficon</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">GCMOD-73</td>
			<td style="width:309px;">Channel D</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:231px;">HP 6890 GC</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">Hewlett-Packard Co.&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">G1530A</td>
			<td style="width:309px;">For simulated distillation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:231px;">ASTM 2887 Standard Sample</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">PAC L.P.</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">26650.150</td>
			<td style="width:309px;">For quality control in simulated distillation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:231px;">ASTM 2887 Standard Sample</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">PAC L.P.</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">25950.200</td>
			<td style="width:309px;">For calibration in simulated distillation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:231px;">Column for GC 6890 (simulated distillation)</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">Agilent Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">CP7562</td>
			<td style="width:309px;">10m x 0.53mm x 1.2&#181;m, HP 6890 GC column</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:231px;">Liquid Nitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">Air Liquid Canada Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">SPG-NIT1AC240LC</td>
			<td style="width:309px;">For use in simulated distillation&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:231px;">Nitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">Air Liquid Canada Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Bulk (building N2)</td>
			<td style="width:309px;">For use in ACE unit operation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:231px;">Isotemp Programmable Furnace</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">Thermo Fisher Scientifc Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">10-750-126</td>
			<td style="width:309px;">For calcination of catalyst</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:231px;">GC Vials, Crimp Top</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">Chromatograghic Specialties Inc</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">C223682C</td>
			<td style="width:309px;">2ml, for liquid product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:231px;">Seals, Crimp Top</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">Chromatograghic Specialties Inc</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">C221150</td>
			<td style="width:309px;">11 mm, for use with GC vials</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:231px;">4 oz clear Boston round bottles</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">Fisher Scientific Co.&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">02-911-784</td>
			<td style="width:309px;">With PE cone lined caps, for use in feed system</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:231px;">Sieve</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">Endecotts Ltd.</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">6140269</td>
			<td style="width:309px;">Aperture 38 micron</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:231px;">Sieve</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">Endecotts Ltd.</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">6146265</td>
			<td style="width:309px;">Aperture 250 micron</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:231px;">Shaker</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">Endecotts Ltd.</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">MIN 2737-11</td>
			<td style="width:309px;">Minor-Meinzer 2 Sieve Shaker for catalyst screening</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:231px;">V20 Volumetric KF Titrator</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">Mettler Toledo</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">5131025056</td>
			<td style="width:309px;">For water content analysis of the liquid product</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:231px;">Hydranal Composite 5</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">34805-1L-R</td>
			<td style="width:309px;">Reagent for Karl Fischer titration</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:231px;">Methanol (extremely low water grade)</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">Fisher Scientific Co.&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">A413-4</td>
			<td style="width:309px;">Mixed with toluene (40:60 w/w) for KF titration: also used to recover water in receiver</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:231px;">Glass Wool</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">Fisher Scientific Co.&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">11-388</td>
			<td style="width:309px;">Placed inside the top of receiver outlet arm&#160;</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

laboratory production of biofuels and biochemicals from a rapeseed oil through catalytic cracking conversion

The work is based on a reported study which investigates the processability of canola oil (bio-feed) in the presence of bitumen-derived heavy gas oil (HGO) for production of transportation fuels through a fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) route. Cracking experiments are performed with a fully automated reaction unit at a fixed weight hourly space velocity (WHSV) of 8 hr-1, 490-530 &#176;C, and catalyst/oil ratios of 4-12 g/g. When a feed is in contact with catalyst in the fluid-bed reactor, cracking takes place generating gaseous, liquid, and solid products. The vapor produced is condensed and collected in a liquid receiver at -15 &#176;C. The non-condensable effluent is first directed to a vessel and is sent, after homogenization, to an on-line gas chromatograph (GC) for refinery gas analysis. The coke deposited on the catalyst is determined in situ by burning the spent catalyst in air at high temperatures. Levels of CO2 are measured quantitatively via an infrared (IR) cell, and are converted to coke yield. Liquid samples in the receivers are analyzed by GC for simulated distillation to determine the amounts in different boiling ranges, i.e., IBP-221 &#176;C (gasoline), 221-343 &#176;C (light cycle oil), and 343 &#176;C+ (heavy cycle oil). Cracking of a feed containing canola oil generates water, which appears at the bottom of a liquid receiver and on its inner wall. Recovery of water on the wall is achieved through washing with methanol followed by Karl Fischer titration for water content. Basic results reported include conversion (the portion of the feed converted to gas and liquid product with a boiling point below 221 &#176;C, coke, and water, if present) and yields of dry gas (H2-C2's, CO, and CO2), liquefied petroleum gas (C3-C4), gasoline, light cycle oil, heavy cycle oil, coke, and water, if present.

Kanola yağı ve SCO türetilmiş HgO 20 arası (85,27 kütle oranı, yani 14,73) oluşturulan protokolü başarılı bir şekilde 15:85 hacim oranında bir yağ karışımı uygulanmıştır. yüksek konsantrasyonlarda ile beslemeleri de denenmiş olmasına rağmen pratik nedenlerle (maliyet kanola yağı kullanılabilirliği ve ticari operasyonda olası zorluklar) için, çalışma, 15 v% kanola yağı ilavesini içeren hammadde üzerinde duruldu. Karışım katalit...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Laboratory Production of Biofuels and Biochemicals from a Rapeseed Oil through Catalytic Cracking Conversion at JoVE.com

Laboratory Production of Biofuels and Biochemicals from a Rapeseed Oil through Catalytic Cracking Conversion

Bu çalışma, ılımlı ısılarda, bir katalizör varlığında bir fosil bazlı besleme ile karıştırılır, kanola yağından biyoyakıt ve biyokimyasallar üretir deneysel bir yöntem sunmaktadır. bir reaksiyon biriminden gaz, sıvı ve katı ürünlerin ölçülmesi ve karakterize edilir. Dönüşüm ve bireysel ürün verimleri hesaplanmış ve raporlanır.

Katalitik Kırma Dönüşüm aracılığıyla Kanola Yağı gelen Biyoyakıt ve Biochemicals laboratuvar üretimi

The work is based on a reported study which investigates the processability of canola oil (bio-feed) in the presence of bitumen-derived heavy gas oil ...

laboratory-production-biofuels-biochemicals-from-rapeseed-oil-through

Research

JoVE Journal

Chemistry

13.7K Görüntüleme.  Natural Resources Canada.  Bu çalışma, ılımlı ısılarda, bir katalizör varlığında bir fosil bazlı besleme ile karıştırılır, kanola yağından biyoyakıt ve biyokimyasallar üretir deneysel bir yöntem sunmaktadır. bir reaksiyon biriminden gaz, sıvı ve katı ürünlerin ölçülmesi ve karakterize edilir. Dönüşüm ve bireysel ürün verimleri hesaplanmış ve raporlanır. 

Video: Laboratory Production of Biofuels and Biochemicals from a Rapeseed Oil through Catalytic Cracking Conversion

Preparation of Silica Nanoparticles Through Microwave-assisted Acid-catalysis

Microwave-assisted synthetic techniques were used to quickly and reproducibly produce silica nanoparticle sols using an acid catalyst with nanoparticle diameters ranging from 30-250 nm by varying the reaction conditions. Through the selection of a microwave compatible solvent, silicic acid precursor, catalyst, and microwave irradiation time, these microwave-assisted methods were capable of overcoming the previously reported shortcomings associated with synthesis of silica nanoparticles using microwave reactors. The siloxane precursor was hydrolyzed using the acid catalyst, HCl. Acetone, a low-tan &#948; solvent, mediates the condensation reactions and has minimal interaction with the electromagnetic field. Condensation reactions begin when the silicic acid precursor couples with the microwave radiation, leading to silica nanoparticle sol formation. The silica nanoparticles were characterized by dynamic light scattering data and scanning electron microscopy, which show the materials&#39; morphology and size to be dependent on the reaction conditions. Microwave-assisted reactions produce silica nanoparticles with roughened textured surfaces that are atypical for silica sols produced by St&#246;ber&#39;s methods, which have smooth surfaces.

Silica nanoparticles were prepared using acid-catalysis of a siloxane precursor and microwave-assisted synthetic techniques resulting in the controlled growth of nanomaterials ranging from 30-250 nm in diameter. The growth dynamics can be controlled by varying the initial silicic acid concentration, time of the reaction, and temperature of reaction.

Microwave-assisted synthetic techniques were used to quickly and reproducibly produce silica nanoparticle sols using an acid catalyst with nanoparticle ...

Kimya

Thin-layer Chromatographic (TLC) Separations and Bioassays of Plant Extracts to Identify Antimicrobial Compounds

A common screen for plant antimicrobial compounds consists of separating plant extracts by paper or thin-layer chromatography (PC or TLC), exposing the chromatograms to microbial suspensions (e.g. fungi or bacteria in broth or agar), allowing time for the microbes to grow in a humid environment, and visualizing zones with no microbial growth.&#160;The effectiveness of this screening method, known as bioautography, depends on both the quality of the chromatographic separation and the care taken with microbial culture conditions.&#160;This paper describes standard protocols for TLC and contact bioautography&#160;with a novel application to amino acid-fermenting bacteria. The extract is separated on flexible (aluminum-backed) silica TLC plates, and bands are visualized under ultraviolet (UV) light.&#160;Zones are cut out and incubated face down onto agar inoculated with the test microorganism.&#160;Inhibitory bands are visualized by staining the agar plates with tetrazolium red.&#160;The method is applied to the separation of red clover (Trifolium pratense cv. Kenland) phenolic compounds and their screening for activity against Clostridium sticklandii, a hyper ammonia-producing bacterium (HAB) that is native to the bovine rumen.&#160;The TLC methods apply to many types of plant extracts&#160;and other bacterial species (aerobic or anaerobic), as well as fungi, can be used as test organisms if culture conditions are modified to fit the growth requirements of the species.

Thin-layer Chromatographic TLC Separations and Bioassays of Plant Extracts to Identify Antimicrobial Compounds

Methods are described for thin-layer chromatographic (TLC) separation of plant extracts and contact bioautography to identify antibacterial metabolites. The methods are applied to the screening of red clover phenolic compounds inhibiting hyper&#160;ammonia-producing bacteria (HAB) native to the bovine rumen.

İnce tabaka kromatografi (TLC) Ayırımı ve bitki özleri Biyodenemeler Antimikrobiyal Bileşikler tanımak

A common screen for plant antimicrobial compounds consists of separating plant extracts by paper or thin-layer chromatography (PC or TLC), exposing the ...

A Simple and Efficient Protocol for the Catalytic Insertion Polymerization of Functional Norbornenes

Norbornene can be polymerized by a variety of mechanisms, including insertion polymerization whereby the double bond is polymerized and the bicyclic nature of the monomer is conserved. The resulting polymer, polynorbornene, has a very high glass transition temperature, Tg, and interesting optical and electrical properties. However, the polymerization of functional norbornenes by this mechanism is complicated by the fact that the endo substituted norbornene monomer has, in general, a very low reactivity. Furthermore, the separation of the endo substituted monomer from the exo monomer is a tedious task. Here, we present a simple protocol for the polymerization of substituted norbornenes (endo:exo ca. 80:20) bearing either a carboxylic acid or a pendant double bond. The process does not require that both isomers be separated, and proceeds with low catalyst loadings (0.01 to 0.02 mol%). The polymer bearing pendant double bonds can be further transformed in high yield, to afford a polymer bearing pendant epoxy groups. These simple procedures can be applied to prepare polynorbornenes with a variety of functional groups, such as esters, alcohols, imides, double bonds, carboxylic acids, bromo-alkyls, aldehydes and anhydrides.

We describe the catalytic insertion polymerization of 5-norbornene-2-carboxylic acid and 5-vinyl-2-norbornene to form functional polymers with a very high glass transition temperature.

Fonksiyonel norbornenler Katalitik Yerleştirme Polimerizasyon için Basit ve Etkin Protokol

Norbornene can be polymerized by a variety of mechanisms, including insertion polymerization whereby the double bond is polymerized and the bicyclic ...

Characterizing Electron Transport through Living Biofilms

Here we demonstrate the method of electrochemical gating used to characterize electrical conductivity of electrode-grown microbial biofilms under physiologically relevant conditions.1 These measurements are performed on living biofilms in aqueous medium using source and drain electrodes patterned on a glass surface in a specialized configuration referred to as an interdigitated electrode (IDA) array. A biofilm is grown that extends across the gap connecting the source and drain. Potentials are applied to the electrodes (ES and ED) generating a source-drain current (ISD) through the biofilm between the electrodes. The dependency of electrical conductivity on gate potential (the average of the source and drain potentials, EG = [ED + ES]/2) is determined by systematically changing the gate potential and measuring the resulting source-drain current. The dependency of conductivity on gate potential provides mechanistic information about the extracellular electron transport process underlying the electrical conductivity of the specific biofilm under investigation. The electrochemical gating measurement method described here is based directly on that used by M. S. Wrighton2,3 and colleagues and R. W. Murray4,5,6 and colleagues in the 1980&#39;s to investigate thin film conductive polymers.

A protocol for measuring electrical conductivity of living microbial biofilms under physiologically relevant conditions is presented.

Elektron taşıma yaşayan biyofilmler ile karakterize

Here we demonstrate the method of electrochemical gating used to characterize electrical conductivity of electrode-grown microbial biofilms under ...

Palladium N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes: Synthesis from Benzimidazolium Salts and Catalytic Activity in Carbon-carbon Bond-forming Reactions

Detailed and generalized protocols are presented for the synthesis and subsequent purification of four palladium N-heterocyclic carbene complexes from benzimidazolium salts. Detailed and generalized protocols are also presented for testing the catalytic activity of such complexes in arylation and Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reactions. Representative results are shown for the catalytic activity of the four complexes in arylation and Suzuki-Miyaura type reactions. For each of the reactions investigated, at least one of the four complexes successfully catalyzed the reaction, qualifying them as promising candidates for catalysis of many carbon-carbon bond-forming reactions. The protocols presented are general enough to be adapted for the synthesis, purification and catalytic activity testing of new palladium N-heterocyclic carbene complexes.

Palladium N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes: Synthesis from Benzimidazolium Salts and Catalytic Activity in Carbon-carbon Bond-forming Reactions

Detailed and generalized protocols are presented for the synthesis and subsequent purification of four palladium N-heterocyclic carbene complexes from benzimidazolium salts. The complexes were tested for catalytic activity in arylation and Suzuki-Miyaura reactions. For each reaction investigated, at least one of the four complexes successfully catalyzed the reaction.

palladyum<em&gt; K</em&gt; -Heterosiklik Karben Kompleksleri: Benzimidazolyum Tuzlarından Sentez ve Karbon-karbon Bağ Oluşturma Reaksiyonlarında Katalitik Aktivite

Detailed and generalized protocols are presented for the synthesis and subsequent purification of four palladium N-heterocyclic carbene complexes from ...

From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding

Herein, we demonstrate that a bottom-up approach, based on halogen bonding (XB), can be successfully applied for the design of a new type of ionic liquid crystals (ILCs). Taking advantages of the high specificity of XB for haloperfluorocarbons and the ability of anions to act as XB-acceptors, we obtained supramolecular complexes based on 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium iodides and iodoperfluorocarbons, overcoming the well-known immiscibility between hydrocarbons (HCs) and perfluorocarbons (PFCs). The high directionality of the XB combined with the fluorophobic effect, allowed us to obtain enantiotropic liquid crystals where a rigid, non-aromatic, XB supramolecular anion acts as mesogenic core.
X-ray structure analysis of the complex between 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium iodide and iodoperfluorooctane showed the presence of a layered structure, which is a manifestation of the well-known tendency to segregation of perfluoroalkyl chains. This is consistent with the observation of smectic mesophases. Moreover, all the reported complexes melt below 100 &#176;C, and most are mesomorphic even at room temperature, despite that the starting materials were non-mesomorphic in nature.
The supramolecular strategy reported here provides new design principles for mesogen design allowing a totally new class of functional materials.

A protocol for the synthesis of a new type of mesogens, based on the halogen-bonded supramolecular anion [CnF2n+1-I&#183;&#183;&#183;I&#183;&#183;&#183;I-CnF2n+1]&#8722;, is reported.

Malzemeler molekülleri üzerinden: yeni iyonik sıvı kristaller halojen yoluyla mühendislik

Herein, we demonstrate that a bottom-up approach, based on halogen bonding (XB), can be successfully applied for the design of a new type of ionic liquid ...

One-pot Microwave-assisted Conversion of Anomeric Nitrate-esters to Trichloroacetimidates

The goal of the following procedure is to provide a demonstration of the one-pot conversion of a 2-azido-1-nitrate-ester to a trichloroacetimidate glycosyl donor. Following azido-nitration of a glycal, the product 2-azido-1-nitrate ester can be hydrolyzed under microwave-assisted irradiation. This transformation is usually achieved using strongly nucleophilic reagents and extended reaction times. Microwave irradiation induces hydrolysis, in the absence of reagents, with short reaction times. Following denitration, the intermediate anomeric alcohol is converted, in the same pot, to the corresponding 2-azido-1-trichloroacetimidate.

A 2-azido-1-nitrate-ester can be converted to the corresponding 2-azido-1-trichloroacetimidate in a one-pot procedure. The goal of the manuscript is to demonstrate utility of the microwave reactor in carbohydrate synthesis.

One-pot mikrodalga destekli dönüşüm anomerik nitrat-esterleri Trichloroacetimidates

The goal of the following procedure is to provide a demonstration of the one-pot conversion of a 2-azido-1-nitrate-ester to a trichloroacetimidate ...

Chemical Precipitation Method for the Synthesis of Nb2O5 Modified Bulk Nickel Catalysts with High Specific Surface Area

We demonstrate a method for the synthesis of NixNb1-xO catalysts with sponge-like and fold-like nanostructures. By varying the Nb:Ni ratio, a series of NixNb1-xO nanoparticles with different atomic compositions (x = 0.03, 0.08, 0.15, and 0.20) have been prepared by chemical precipitation. These NixNb1-xO catalysts are characterized by X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. The study revealed the sponge-like and fold-like appearance of Ni0.97Nb0.03O and Ni0.92Nb0.08O on the NiO surface, and the larger surface area of these NixNb1-xO catalysts, compared with the bulk NiO. Maximum surface area of 173 m2/g can be obtained for Ni0.92Nb0.08O catalysts. In addition, the catalytic hydroconversion of lignin-derived compounds using the synthesized Ni0.92Nb0.08O catalysts have been investigated.

Chemical Precipitation Method for the Synthesis of Nb2O5 Modified Bulk Nickel Catalysts with High Specific Surface Area

A protocol for the synthesis of sponge-like and fold-like Ni1-xNbxO nanoparticles by chemical precipitation is presented.

Nb2O5 sentezi için kimyasal yağış yöntemi toplu nikel katalizör yüksek belirli yüzey alanı ile modifiye

We demonstrate a method for the synthesis of NixNb1-xO catalysts with sponge-like and fold-like nanostructures. By varying the Nb:Ni ratio, a series of ...

Fabrication and Testing of Catalytic Aerogels Prepared Via Rapid Supercritical Extraction

Protocols for preparing and testing catalytic aerogels by incorporating metal species into silica and alumina aerogel platforms are presented. Three preparation methods are described: (a) the incorporation of metal salts into silica or alumina wet gels using an impregnation method; (b) the incorporation of metal salts into alumina wet gels using a co-precursor method; and (c) the addition of metal nanoparticles directly into a silica aerogel precursor mixture. The methods utilize a hydraulic hot press, which allows for rapid (&#60;6 h) supercritical extraction and results in aerogels of low density (0.10 g/mL) and high surface area (200-800 m2/g). While the work presented here focuses on the use of copper salts and copper nanoparticles, the approach can be implemented using other metal salts and nanoparticles. A protocol for testing the three-way catalytic ability of these aerogels for automotive pollution mitigation is also presented. This technique uses custom-built equipment, the Union Catalytic Testbed (UCAT), in which a simulated exhaust mixture is passed over an aerogel sample at a controlled temperature and flow rate. The system is capable of measuring the ability of the catalytic aerogels, under both oxidizing and reducing conditions, to convert CO, NO and unburned hydrocarbons (HCs) to less harmful species (CO2, H2O and N2). Example catalytic results are presented for the aerogels described.

Here we present protocols for preparing and testing catalytic aerogels by incorporating metal species into silica and alumina aerogel platforms. Methods for preparing materials using copper salts and copper-containing nanoparticles are featured. Catalytic testing protocols demonstrate the effectiveness of these aerogels for three-way catalysis applications.

İmalat ve katalitik Aerogels hızlı süperkritik ayıklama hazırlanan test

Protocols for preparing and testing catalytic aerogels by incorporating metal species into silica and alumina aerogel platforms are presented. Three ...

Tuning the Acidity of Pt/ CNTs Catalysts for Hydrodeoxygenation of Diphenyl Ether

We herein present a method for the synthesis of HNbWO6, HNbMoO6, HTaWO6 solid acid nanosheet modified Pt/CNTs. By varying the weight of various solid acid nanosheets, a series of Pt/xHMNO6/CNTs with different solid acid compositions (x = 5, 20 wt%; M = Nb, Ta; N = Mo, W) have been prepared by carbon nanotube pretreatment, protonic exchange, solid acid exfoliation, aggregation and finally Pt particles impregnation. The Pt/xHMNO6/CNTs are characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and NH3-temperature programmed desorption. The study revealed that HNbWO6 nanosheets were attached on CNTs, with some edges of the nanosheets being bent in shape. The acid strength of the supported Pt catalysts increases in the following order: Pt/CNTs &#60; Pt/5HNbWO6/CNTs &#60; Pt/20HNbMoO6/CNTs &#60; Pt/20HNbWO6/CNTs &#60; Pt/20HTaWO6/CNTs. In addition, the catalytic hydroconversion of lignin-derived model compound: diphenyl ether using the synthesized Pt/20HNbWO6 catalyst has been investigated.

A protocol for the synthesis of HNbWO6, HNbMoO6, HTaWO6 solid acid nanosheet modified Pt/CNTs is presented.

Difenil Eterhidrodeoksijenasyonu için Pt/ CNTs Katalizörlerinin Asitliğini Değiştirme

We herein present a method for the synthesis of HNbWO6, HNbMoO6, HTaWO6 solid acid nanosheet modified Pt/CNTs. By varying the weight of various solid acid ...