Name: soil lysimeter excavation for coupled hydrological, geochemical, and microbiological investigations
Uploaded: 2016-09-11T15:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 10 min 30 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Soil Lysimeter Excavation for Coupled Hydrological, Geochemical, and Microbiological Investigations at JoVE.com

We thank Ty P.A. Ferr&#233;, Till Volkman, Edwin Donker, Mauricio Vera for helping us during the excavation, and Triffon J. Tatarin, Manpreet Sahnan and Edward Hunt for their help in sample analysis. This work was carried out at Biosphere 2, University of Arizona and funded by National Science Foundation grant EAR_1344552 and Honors Research Program of Biosphere 2.

1，设计一个采样矩阵，确保蒸渗仪的系统全面的采样<ol><li>划分蒸渗成固定长度，宽度和深度的体素。 <ol><li>使用欧几里德空间坐标系和除以沿每个方向（X，Y和Z）的总距离成相等的间隔有足够的数量。考虑丢弃蒸渗仪的墙壁附近的土壤，以避免边界效应。 注:沿四个壁5cm的缓冲器在本实验中，以避免边界效应被采用，同时确保土壤的收集的体积是足够的。 </li><li>分配每个样品独特的XYZ位置，并确定为一个像素。 注:在此挖掘，X表示沿着斜坡的宽度位置，Y代表沿斜坡的长度位置，而ž沿着斜坡的深度表示位置。每个维中的时间间隔的大小决定的宽度，长度和体素的深度。˚Figure 2显示了与确定为XYZ系统原点选择沿空闲间隔后蒸渗仪的划分。在目前的开挖方案的部门有两个沿Y和Z方向9间隔在X方向4个间隔，产生共为10厘米×20厘米×10cm的尺寸（ 图3）324像素。 注意:所选择的取样策略确保了整个系统均匀地与传感器的损害最小采样。每个体素（1-2厘米）的边界被丢弃向相邻像素限制交叉污染。此外，体素的尺寸确保有足够的土壤材料可用于微生物，地球化学以及在每个体素水文样品收集。 </li></ol></li></ol><img alt="图1" src="/files/ftp_upload/54536/54536fig1.jpg" /> 蒸渗仪图1.侧视，从渗水发蒸渗仪观CE。也可见是在四个角三个传感器区域（白色聚氯乙烯管）沿着所述斜坡和喷水灭火系统。 <img alt="图2" src="/files/ftp_upload/54536/54536fig2.jpg" /> 图2.采样方案。沿着XYZ。A. X尺寸蒸渗仪的采样方案将宽到每个10厘米4个部分，而划分Ÿ长度为20cm的B. z方向指示的深度和分为9层10厘米深。 5厘米一直在蒸渗仪边缘的边界被确定，以防止可能会表现出边界效应样本的采集。 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/54536/54536fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处下载此文件。</a> <img alt="图3" src="/files/ftp_upload/54536/54536fig3.jpg" /> 图3.三-D一个体素的imensional表示。沿蒸渗的XYZ表平面中的一个体素的视觉示意图。整个斜坡分为324像素等，每个像素描绘了一次抽样单位。 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/54536/54536fig3large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处下载此文件。</a> 2.添加亮蓝FCF染料来追踪水分入渗坡面<ol><li>在土壤表面应用亮蓝染料，足以覆盖顶部105厘米沿Y方向的表面。盖上塑料布残土。 <ol><li>选择的浓度（这里是10克/升），以保证对黑色玄武岩土壤的对比。染料添加到灌溉系统舱，并用水稀释至所需的浓度。 </li><li>决定基于该渗透前的期望深度和由灌溉系统供给的速率灌溉的持续时间。 注:对于这项研究中，我20分钟（ 图4）之前，挖掘30毫米/ hr的rrigation率被认为是为了在第一几厘米，以确定水渗入的异质模式就足够了。 </li><li>经过染料的应用，给时间渗透到停止，蒸渗仪内的水分状态达到平衡。在这项研究中，经过一段时间的应用染料和发掘之间的10小时（过夜）的是适当的。 </li></ol></li></ol> 3.体素的划界<ol><li>附加测量沿着斜坡的长度胶带体素划分期间提供指导的原位参考系统。 </li><li>标记每个土壤体素与测量带的帮助下的尺寸。绘制用于 ​​使用铝-刀片护罩和塑料油灰刀（ 图4）每层网格线。丢弃的边界材料（从每个隔壁5厘米防止边界效应）。 </li></ol> 图4.蒸渗仪的顶视图，该视图显示层2的染色表面（10厘米深）。土壤表面上绘制以辅助取样网格也是可见的，与在微生物样品收集后的各体素芯孔区域沿。 4.微生物样品采集<ol><li>从每个像素前的水文地球化学收集样品微生物分析无菌操作，防止样品的交叉污染。确保新手套通过进行挖掘，以从人体皮肤减少污染所有成员佩戴。 </li><li>使用直径为1cm和20厘米高和薄刮刀微生物样品收集的土壤取样器。清洁取样管并用蒸馏水锅铲，擦干用干净的纸巾，并与使用喷雾瓶75％乙醇冲洗干净。允许取样器和抹刀风干。 </li><li>说明C各样品的ollection时间。使用取样器核心在每个体素位置为10厘米的深度，并且刮刀清空土壤样品引入预消毒的塑料袋（ 图5）。小心开袋之前，为了沉积样品。手工匀化样品袋。 </li><li>存储在冰冷却器样品袋采样期间，并尽快转移到-80℃冷冻机中。 </li></ol><img alt="图5" src="/files/ftp_upload/54536/54536fig5.jpg" /> 图5.微生物样本采集，为20厘米×1厘米，无菌袋，和抹刀一个小的手持式取样器的微生物取样过程中显示在这里。 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/54536/54536fig5large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击这里下载此文件。</a> 5.地球化学和水文样品采集<ol><li>在X和Y PL照片染地区开挖的地方观察染料深处期间ANES。使用色卡来提供用于彩色观察（ 图6）的参考。确保适当的自然采光存在正确记录颜色强度。 </li><li>在开始测量前校准便携式X射线荧光光谱仪（pXRF）每天。用于校准和测量的细节，见生产商的说明13（ 图7）。简要地说，放置在支架上的仪器，并直接指向波束窗口到工厂金属珠。选择"校准"并且等待30秒，以允许完成校准。 <ol><li>服用每次测量前清洁束窗口。测量一式三份的每个体素的表面在三个不同的位置。放置在土壤表面上的pXRF仪器并等待90秒，以允许完成测量。 注:X射线可以通过在光束方向的长距离穿透。因此，ensu再次，只有经过培训的人员处理设备，并保持适当的安全协议。 </li></ol></li></ol><img alt="图6" src="/files/ftp_upload/54536/54536fig6.jpg" /> 图6.色卡遵循染料渗入。可见染料渗透每个位置与作为基准的色卡拍照。 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/54536/54536fig6large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处下载此文件。</a> <img alt="图7" src="/files/ftp_upload/54536/54536fig7.jpg" /> 图7.便携式X射线荧光光谱仪。手持pXRF定位在体素的表面。测量在每个体素的表面上的三个不同位置记录，然后取平均值。 <ol start="3"><li>干净的金属芯（高度= 3厘米，直径= 5.7Hz厘米）和聚碳酸酯共水库（高度= 6厘米，直径= 5.7Hz厘米）对堆积密度（BD）和所需的体素，分别（ 图8）的水力传导率测量（KSAT）。 </li><li>纵向金属核和核聚碳酸酯（垂直KSAT）插入注意不要损坏传感器或传感器导线所需的体素。轻轻敲打芯进入土壤，小心使用的平坦表面，如核心和锤之间的木材块，以便最小化干扰的土壤做到这一点。此外，一旦芯是中途进入土壤，放置一个第二芯的第一芯的顶端。放置在第二芯的顶部的木块，直到第一芯嵌入在与芯轮辋仍然可见土壤轻轻锤块。 </li><li>作为体素的侧面具有连续挖掘开辟了插入水平KSAT芯。如步骤5.4中提到，以尽量减少压实使用木块和第二核心。 </li><li>请注意，以确保像素被抽样从边界和相邻体素之前地球化学样品采集隔离。为此使用塑料油灰刀，随后手持式镘刀围绕金属或聚丙烯芯土壤样品采集到标地球化学（GC）样品袋中，直到核心可以轻松卸下来（ 例如 ， 图9A，B）。 </li></ol><img alt="图8" src="/files/ftp_upload/54536/54536fig8.jpg" /> 图8.堆积密度和水力传导芯。聚丙烯芯（左）被用于收集垂直和水平水力传导率的样品而金属芯（右）用于收集堆积密度的样品。 <img alt="图9" src="/files/ftp_upload/54536/54536fig9.jpg" /> 图9.体素的划分。塑料油灰刀被用来（A）隔离前（B）地球化学，容重和水力传导核心种质像素的界限。 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/54536/54536fig9large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处下载此文件。</a> <ol start="7"><li>取出金属芯，从两端刷掉多余的材料，并从核心传递样品标记BD样品袋中。称重每个样品袋样品并记录的总重量。 </li><li>取出聚丙烯核心。盖两侧用红色塑料瓶盖和标签垂直的聚丙烯核心是"V"和水平的聚丙烯核心为"H"之后样品编号。 </li><li>从体素到GC样品袋收集剩余的物质，留下一对土壤的几厘米在所有四个侧面，以防止与下一个体素的交叉污染。 </li><li>从步骤重复5.1到5.9的体素的一层中的其余部分。 </li><li>一旦从一层的所有像素已经完成后，重复步骤3.2至5.10的后续层。 注意:步骤5.1的需求，只对具有可见染料的体素执行。参阅图10可视化的体素突出显示从每个体素采集的所有样本的代表图。 </li> <li></li></ol><img alt="图10" src="/files/ftp_upload/54536/54536fig10.jpg" /> 图10.代表性体素，红色虚线表示芯收集微生物样品，绿色虚线表示水平水力传导率芯，黄色划线表示垂直水力传导芯，紫色虚线表示堆积密度芯和蓝色椭圆边界指示剩余从素样品被用于地球化学分析， <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/54536/54536fig10large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处下载该文件。</a> &lt;/ P&gt; 6.样品分析<ol><li>收集了微生物样本使用分析分子（土壤中微生物DNA提取）14和培养（异养平板计数）15的分析。使用定量聚合酶链反应（定量PCR）16，以及高通量基因测序实验17,18提取的DNA。 </li><li>收集了地球化学使用的样品分析来衡量地球化学性质包括pH值（US EPA方法150.2），电导率（EC）（US EPA方法120.1），碳和氮的含量（US EPA方法415.3，元素19的连续提取的群众，和X射线衍射（XRD）和扩展X射线吸收精细结构（EXAFS）光谱按照斯坦福同步加速器辐射实验室规格，来调查矿物变换。 </li><li>使用收集用于实验室实验水文分析岩芯样品，如容重20和水力传导系数21。 </li></ol>

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J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hillslope+threshold+response+to+rainfall:+(1)+A+field+based+forensic+approach.">Hillslope threshold response to rainfall: (1) A field based forensic approach.</a> J. Hydrol. 393 (1-2), 65-76 (2010).</li><li>Anderson, A. E., Weiler, M., Alila, Y., Hudson, R. O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dye+staining+and+excavation+of+a+lateral+preferential+flow+network.">Dye staining and excavation of a lateral preferential flow network.</a> Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss. 5 (2), 1043-1065 (2008).</li><li>Gleeson, T., Paszkowski, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Perceptions+of+scale+in+hydrology:+what+do+you+mean+by+regional+scale?.">Perceptions of scale in hydrology: what do you mean by regional scale?.</a> Hydrol. Sci. J. 00, 1-9 (2013).</li><li>Molins, S., Trebotich, D., Steefel, C. I., Shen, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+investigation+of+the+effect+of+pore+scale+flow+on+average+geochemical+reaction+rates+using+direct+numerical+simulation.">An investigation of the effect of pore scale flow on average geochemical reaction rates using direct numerical simulation.</a> Water Resour. Res. 48, W03527 (2012).</li><li>Fierer, N., Lennon, J. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+generation+and+maintenance+of+diversity+in+microbial+communities.">The generation and maintenance of diversity in microbial communities.</a> Am. J. Bot. 98 (3), 439-448 (2011).</li><li>Niu, G. Y., Pasetto, D., Scudeler, C., Paniconi, C., Putti, M., Troch, P. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Analysis+of+an+extreme+rainfall-runoff+event+at+the+Landscape+Evolution+Observatory+by+means+of+a+three-dimensional+physically-based+hydrologic+model.">Analysis of an extreme rainfall-runoff event at the Landscape Evolution Observatory by means of a three-dimensional physically-based hydrologic model.</a> Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss. 10, 12615-12641 (2013).</li><li>Marteinsson, V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microbial+colonization+in+diverse+surface+soil+types+in+Surtsey+and+diversity+analysis+of+its+subsurface+microbiota.">Microbial colonization in diverse surface soil types in Surtsey and diversity analysis of its subsurface microbiota.</a> Biogeosciences. 12, 1191-1203 (2015).</li><li>Orcutt, B. N., Sylvan, J. B., Rogers, D. R., Delaney, J., Lee, R. W., Girguis, P. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Carbon+fixation+by+basalt-hosted+microbial+communities.">Carbon fixation by basalt-hosted microbial communities.</a> Front. Microbiol. 6, 00904 (2015).</li><li>Wu, L., Jacobson, A. D., Chen, H. C., Hausner, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Characterization+of+elemental+release+during+microbe-basalt+interactions+at+T=28&#176;C.">Characterization of elemental release during microbe-basalt interactions at T=28&#176;C.</a> Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta. 71, 2224-2239 (2007).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

景观进化是水文，地球化学和生物过程12的累积效应。这些过程控制流量以及水和元件运输，并在不断发展的景观生物地球化学反应。然而，捕捉交互同时要求精确协调的实验设计和抽样。此外，研究早期景观演化是自然系统困难，用有限的能力来识别"零时间"的条件。文献报道其进行测量植物根系密度23，而灌溉和挖掘基于现场的办法是由Graham等 24和 ​​安德森<em...

土壤和景观动态由物理，化学的复杂的相互作用，和生物过程1型。水流量，地球化学风化和生物活性塑造景观的整体发展成一个稳定的生态系统中2,3。虽然表面的变化都在地下区域景观4的最显着的特征，水文地球化学的认识累积效应，和微生物方法是了解潜在力量塑造景观2至关重要。未来气候情景摄惊慌失措进一步进化景观5的可预见性和模式。因此，它成为对景观尺度6小规模的过程链接到他们大型的表现是一个挑战。传统的短期实验室实验或与未知的初始条件和时间变化迫使功亏一篑捕捉个自然景观实验Ë固有景观演变的异质性。另外，由于强非线性耦合，它是很难预测在异构系统7从水文模拟生物地球化学的变化。在这里，我们描述了一种新的实验方法来挖掘已知初始条件完全控制和监测土坡。我们的挖掘和取样程序的目的是捕获沿其长度和深度的坡面的显影异质性，以提供全面的数据集来调查水力生物地球化学相互作用以及它们对土壤形成过程的影响的目的。 在自然界中发现水文系统远远不是静态的时间，在发生了大范围的空间和时间尺度3的水文响应变化。沿着风景流动通道的空间结构决定的速度，程度和地球化学反应和生物殖民化推动的分布风化，运输和溶质和沉积物的沉淀，和土壤结构的进一步发展。因此，结合从土壤学，地球物理和生态知识转化为理论和实验设计，评估水文过程，提高水文预测已建议8,9。景观演变也由地下的生物地球化学过程与水动力学，土壤发育过程中元素的迁移，并结合由空气，水矿物表面和微生物10的反应所带来的矿物转变的影响。因此，为一个变化的领域内研究地球化学热点的发展是重要的。此外，关键是为了了解复杂的景观发展的动态初始土壤形成过程中涉及的地球化学风化图案，水文过程和微生物的签名。土壤发生的具体过程管辖由气候，生物输入，浮雕和时间上的特定母材的综合影响。该实验的目的是要解决的条件，其中下在母材通过用浮雕（包括斜率和深度）相关的水文和地球化学变化支配风化的非均质性，并是受环境梯度（ 即 ，氧化还原电位）驱动在微生物活性相关的变异母体材料，气候和时间保持不变。对于微生物的活性，土壤中的微生物是重要组成部分，而且对景观稳定性11深远的影响。它们在土壤结构，营养元素的生物地球化学循环和植物生长至关重要的作用。因此，有必要了解这些生物体如风化司机，土壤发生，和景观形成过程的重要性，同时识别的水文流动路径和地球化学我们的倒数效果athering对微生物群落结构和多样性。这可以通过在一个不断发展的景观的水文地球化学特征也正在研究并行研究微生物群落多样性的空间异质性来实现。 在这里，我们提出了一个土壤蒸渗仪，操作上名为miniLEO，设计模仿设在生物圈2号（亚利桑那大学）的景观演变天文台（LEO）的大型零阶盆地模型的挖掘过程。该miniLEO目的是为了查明从累计异构水文生物地球化学过程所产生的小规模的景观演化模式。它是一个蒸渗2米长，0.5米宽，并在高度1米，以及10°的斜面（ 图1）。此外，蒸渗的壁是绝缘的，涂有非生物降解的两部分组成的环氧底漆和骨料填充脂族氨基甲酸酯涂层，以避免潜在的污染或浸出从蒸渗帧到土壤中的金属。在蒸渗仪中弥漫着被从火山口梅里亚姆在亚利桑那州北部关联晚更新世火山灰的存款中提取碎玄武岩。加载的玄武岩材料是相同的大得多的LEO实验中使用的材料。矿物组合物，粒度分布，和液压属性由潘高等人 12所述。下坡渗水面带小孔的塑料屏幕（0.002米直径的孔，14％的孔隙率）的衬里。该系统配有传感器，例如水含量和温度传感器，两种类型的水势传感器，土壤 - 水取样，液压重量平衡，导电性的探针，以及压力传感器，以确定水位高度。在蒸渗仪被用于灌溉前的开挖18个月。 此次发掘是在方法上细致，旨在回答两大问题:（1）什么水文，地球化学和微生物的签名可以在斜坡的长度和深度可以观察到相对于模拟降雨条件和（2）是否水力生物地球化学过程之间的关系，并反馈的坡面发生可以从推断个人签名。除了实验装置和发掘过程中，我们提出了关于如何申请类似的发掘协议兴趣研究加之地球系统动力学和/或土壤发展进程的研究人员具有代表性的数据和建议。

<table><tbody><tr><td>Measuring tape</td><td>Any</td><td>Any</td><td>Preventing cross-contamination of samples is crucial. Therefore, it is helpful to have multiple putty knives to isolate voxel boundary.</td></tr><tr><td>Brilliant Blue dye</td><td>Waldeck GmBH &amp;amp;Co&amp;nbsp;</td><td>B0770</td><td>Rulers can be used to draw grids. The sampling strategy can be modified based on individual experiments.</td></tr><tr><td>Soil Corer</td><td>AMS</td><td>56975</td><td>Any commercially manufactured Brilliant Blue dye can be used.</td></tr><tr><td>75% Ethanol</td><td>Any</td><td>Any</td><td>A Nikon D90 camera and 50 mm lens were used for photography. Any high resolution camera and lens can be used for this purpose.</td></tr><tr><td>Spray Bottle</td><td>Any</td><td>Any</td><td>Use of dye and color card is subjective to individual experiments and/or research questions.</td></tr><tr><td>Spatula</td><td>Any&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Any</td><td>Gardening gloves may be used if handling of corer becomes tedious.</td></tr><tr><td>Gloves</td><td>Any&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Any</td><td>Ensure microbiology samples are kept in ice during sampling and frozen as soon as possible.</td></tr><tr><td>KimWipes</td><td>KimTech Science</td><td>Any</td><td>Water can be used to wash soil corer, prior to sanitizing with ethanol.</td></tr><tr><td>Sterile Sample bags</td><td>Fisher Scientific&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Whirl-Pak 4 OZ. 24 OZ</td><td>Keep buckets and dustpans handy to facilitate removal of waste soil.</td></tr><tr><td>Color Card</td><td>Any</td><td>Any</td><td>The original design of miniLEO has various sensors embedded in the lysimeter. Such sensors may or may not be necessary based on the scope of individual experimental design.</td></tr><tr><td>X-ray Fluoresce Spectrophotmeter</td><td>XRF, OLYMPUS</td><td>DS-2000 Delta XRF</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Polypropylene cores</td><td>Any</td><td>Any</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Metal cores&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Any&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Any</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Caps for polypropylene cores</td><td>Any</td><td>Any</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Hammer</td><td>Any&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Any</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Plastic putty knives</td><td>Any&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Any</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Face masks</td><td>Any&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Any</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

soil lysimeter excavation for coupled hydrological, geochemical, and microbiological investigations

Studying co-evolution of hydrological and biogeochemical processes in the subsurface of natural landscapes can enhance the understanding of coupled Earth-system processes. Such knowledge is imperative in improving predictions of hydro-biogeochemical cycles, especially under climate change scenarios. We present an experimental method, designed to capture sub-surface heterogeneity of an initially homogeneous soil system. This method is based on destructive sampling of a soil lysimeter designed to simulate a small-scale hillslope. A weighing lysimeter of one cubic meter capacity was divided into sections (voxels) and was excavated layer-by-layer, with sub samples being collected from each voxel. The excavation procedure was aimed at detecting the incipient heterogeneity of the system by focusing on the spatial assessment of hydrological, geochemical, and microbiological properties of the soil. Representative results of a few physicochemical variables tested show the development of heterogeneity. Additional work to test interactions between hydrological, geochemical, and microbiological signatures is planned to interpret the observed patterns. Our study also demonstrates the possibility of carrying out similar excavations in order to observe and quantify different aspects of soil-development under varying environmental conditions and scale.

像素尺寸确保了样本的采集水文，地球化学和微生物学的测量。开挖过程产生了324内核的微生物分析，972 pXRF数据点，324地球化学样品袋，180 KSAT样品（128垂直和水平方向52）和311容重样本。亮蓝染料的优先流还观察到的表面的小于30厘米的深度。从蒸渗仪的单一的垂直切片一组有代表性的样品81被选为初步分析。选择的样品来自于斜率X = 2的位置，而Y和Z体素从0-8范围。从DN...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Soil Lysimeter Excavation for Coupled Hydrological, Geochemical, and Microbiological Investigations at JoVE.com

用于水文、地球化学和微生物耦合研究的土壤蒸渗仪挖掘 |环境 |视频

Soil Lysimeter Excavation for Coupled Hydrological, Geochemical, and Microbiological Investigations

这项研究提出调查地下的水文，地球化学和土壤蒸渗仪的微生物异质性挖掘方法。在蒸渗仪模拟人工坡面它最初是均匀的条件下，并在18个月内曾受到近5000毫米的水灌溉超过8个周期。

土壤蒸渗仪开挖加之水文，地球化学和微生物调查

Studying co-evolution of hydrological and biogeochemical processes in the subsurface of natural landscapes can enhance the understanding of coupled ...

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10.6K 次观看.  University of Arizona. 这项研究提出调查地下的水文，地球化学和土壤蒸渗仪的微生物异质性挖掘方法。在蒸渗仪模拟人工坡面它最初是均匀的条件下，并在18个月内曾受到近5000毫米的水灌溉超过8个周期。 

视频: Soil Lysimeter Excavation for Coupled Hydrological, Geochemical, and Microbiological Investigations

Integrated Field Lysimetry and Porewater Sampling for Evaluation of Chemical Mobility in Soils and Established Vegetation

Potentially toxic chemicals are routinely applied to land to meet growing demands on waste management and food production, but the fate of these chemicals is often not well understood. Here we demonstrate an integrated field lysimetry and porewater sampling method for evaluating the mobility of chemicals applied to soils and established vegetation. Lysimeters, open columns made of metal or plastic, are driven into bareground or vegetated soils. Porewater samplers, which are commercially available and use vacuum to collect percolating soil water, are installed at predetermined depths within the lysimeters. At prearranged times following chemical application to experimental plots, porewater is collected, and lysimeters, containing soil and vegetation, are exhumed. By analyzing chemical concentrations in the lysimeter soil, vegetation, and porewater, downward leaching rates, soil retention capacities, and plant uptake for the chemical of interest may be quantified. Because field lysimetry and porewater sampling are conducted under natural environmental conditions and with minimal soil disturbance, derived results project real-case scenarios and provide valuable information for chemical management. As chemicals are increasingly applied to land worldwide, the described techniques may be utilized to determine whether applied chemicals pose adverse effects to human health or the environment.

Field lysimetry and porewater sampling allow researchers to evaluate the fate of chemicals applied to soils and established vegetation. The goal of this protocol is to demonstrate how to install required instrumentation and collect samples for chemical analysis during integrated field lysimetry and porewater sampling experiments.

综合外地Lysimetry和孔隙水采样的化学活动性土壤的评价和植被成立

Potentially toxic chemicals are routinely applied to land to meet growing demands on waste management and food production, but the fate of these chemicals ...

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环境科学

A Protocol for Collecting and Constructing Soil Core Lysimeters

Leaching of nutrients from land applied fertilizers and manure used in agriculture can lead to accelerated eutrophication of surface water. Because the landscape has complex and varied soil morphology, an accompanying disparity in flow paths for leachate through the soil macropore and matrix structure is present. The rate of flow through these paths is further affected by antecedent soil moisture. Lysimeters are used to quantify flow rate, volume of water and concentration of nutrients leaching downward through soils. While many lysimeter designs exist, accurately determining the volume of water and mass balance of nutrients is best accomplished with bounded lysimeters that leave the natural soil structure intact. 
Here we present a detailed method for the extraction and construction of soil core lysimeters equipped with soil moisture sensors at 5 cm and 25 cm depths. Lysimeters from four different Coastal Plain soils (Bojac, Evesboro, Quindocqua and Sassafras) were collected on the Delmarva Peninsula and moved to an indoor climate controlled facility. Soils were irrigated once weekly with the equivalent of 2 cm of rainfall to draw down soil nitrate-N concentrations. At the end of the draw down period, poultry litter was applied (162 kg TN ha-1) and leaching was resumed for an additional five weeks. Total recovery of applied irrigation water varied from 71% to 85%. Nitrate-N concentration varied over the course of the study from an average of 27.1 mg L-1 before litter application to 40.3 mg L-1 following litter application. While greatest flux of nutrients was measured in soils dominated by coarse sand (Sassafras) the greatest immediate flux occurred from the finest textured soil with pronounced macropore development (Quindocqua).

A detailed method for extraction and assembly of intact soil core lysimeters and their use for study of leachate and associated loss of nutrients from surface applied poultry litter is demonstrated.

一种用于收集和构建土芯协议测渗计

Leaching of nutrients from land applied fertilizers and manure used in agriculture can lead to accelerated eutrophication of surface water. Because the ...

A Lipid Extraction and Analysis Method for Characterizing Soil Microbes in Experiments with Many Samples

Microbial communities are important drivers and regulators of ecosystem processes. To understand how management of ecosystems may affect microbial communities, a relatively precise but effort-intensive technique to assay microbial community composition is phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis. PLFA was developed to analyze phospholipid biomarkers, which can be used as indicators of microbial biomass and the composition of broad functional groups of fungi and bacteria. It has commonly been used to compare soils under alternative plant communities, ecology, and management regimes. The PLFA method has been shown to be sensitive to detecting shifts in microbial community composition.
An alternative method, fatty acid methyl ester extraction and analysis (MIDI-FA) was developed for rapid extraction of total lipids, without separation of the phospholipid fraction, from pure cultures as a microbial identification technique. This method is rapid but is less suited for soil samples because it lacks an initial step separating soil particles and begins instead with a saponification reaction that likely produces artifacts from the background organic matter in the soil. 
This article describes a method that increases throughput while balancing effort and accuracy for extraction of lipids from the cell membranes of microorganisms for use in characterizing both total lipids and the relative abundance of indicator lipids to determine soil microbial community structure in studies with many samples. The method combines the accuracy achieved through PLFA profiling by extracting and concentrating soil lipids as a first step, and a reduction in effort by saponifying the organic material extracted and processing with the MIDI-FA method as a second step.

The article describes a method that increases throughput while balancing effort and accuracy for extraction of lipids from the cell membranes of microorganisms for use in characterizing both total lipids and the relative abundance of indicator lipids to determine soil microbial community structure in studies with many samples.

用于表征土壤微生物的脂质提取和分析方法在许多样品的实验中

Microbial communities are important drivers and regulators of ecosystem processes. To understand how management of ecosystems may affect microbial ...

Monitoring Pedogenic Inorganic Carbon Accumulation Due to Weathering of Amended Silicate Minerals in Agricultural Soils.

The present study aims to demonstrate a systematic procedure for monitoring inorganic carbon induced by enhanced weathering of comminuted rocks in agricultural soils. To this end, the core soil samples taken at different depth (including 0-15 cm, 15-30 cm, and 30-60 cm profiles) are collected from an agriculture field, the topsoil of which has already been enriched with an alkaline earth metal silicate containing mineral (such as wollastonite). After transporting to the laboratory, the soil samples are air-dried and sieved. Then, the inorganic carbon content of the samples is determined by a volumetric method called calcimetry. The representative results presented herein showed five folded increments of inorganic carbon content in the soils amended with the Ca-silicate compared to control soils. This compositional change was accompanied by more than 1 unit of pH increase in the amended soils, implying high dissolution of the silicate. Mineralogical and morphological analyses, as well as elemental composition, further corroborate the increase in the inorganic carbon content of silicate-amended soils. The sampling and analysis methods presented in this study can be adopted by researchers and professionals looking to trace pedogenic inorganic carbon changes in soils and subsoils, including those amended with other suitable silicate rocks such as basalt and olivine. These methods can also be exploited as tools for verifying soil inorganic carbon sequestration by private and governmental entities to certify and award carbon credits.

The verification method described here is adaptable for monitoring pedogenic inorganic carbon sequestration in various agricultural soils amended with alkaline earth metal silicate-containing rocks, such as wollastonite, basalt, and olivine. This type of validation is essential for carbon credit programs, which can benefit farmers that sequester carbon in their fields.

监测农业土壤中经修正的硅酸盐矿物风化造成的致病性无机碳积累。

The present study aims to demonstrate a systematic procedure for monitoring inorganic carbon induced by enhanced weathering of comminuted rocks in ...

In Situ Soil Moisture Sensors in Undisturbed Soils

Soil moisture directly affects operational hydrology, food security, ecosystem services, and the climate system. However, the adoption of soil moisture data has been slow due to inconsistent data collection, poor standardization, and typically short record duration. Soil moisture, or quantitatively volumetric soil water content (SWC), is measured using buried, in situ sensors that infer SWC from an electromagnetic response. This signal can vary considerably with local site conditions such as clay content and mineralogy, soil salinity or bulk electrical conductivity, and soil temperature; each of these can have varying impacts depending on the sensor technology.
Furthermore, poor soil contact and sensor degradation can affect the quality of these readings over time. Unlike more traditional environmental sensors, there are no accepted standards, maintenance practices, or quality controls for SWC data. As such, SWC is a challenging measurement for many environmental monitoring networks to implement. Here, we attempt to establish a community-based standard of practice for in situ SWC sensors so that future research and applications have consistent guidance on site selection, sensor installation, data interpretation, and long-term maintenance of monitoring stations.
The videography focuses on a multi-agency consensus of best-practices and recommendations for the installation of in situ SWC sensors. This paper presents an overview of this protocol along with the various steps essential for high-quality and long-term SWC data collection. This protocol will be of use to scientists and engineers hoping to deploy a single station or an entire network.

In Situ Soil Moisture Sensors in Undisturbed Soils

The determination of soil water content is a critical mission requirement for many state and federal agencies. This protocol synthesizes multi-agency efforts to measure soil water content using buried in situ sensors.

原位 未受干扰土壤中的土壤湿度传感器

Soil moisture directly affects operational hydrology, food security, ecosystem services, and the climate system. However, the adoption of soil moisture ...

Dissolved Solute Sampling Across an Oxic-Anoxic Soil-Water Interface Using Microdialysis Profilers

Biogeochemical processes shift rapidly in both spatial (millimeter scale) and temporal (hour scale to day scale) dimensions at the oxic-anoxic interface in response to disturbances. Deciphering the rapid biogeochemical changes requires in situ, minimally invasive tools with high spatial and temporal sampling resolution. However, the available passive sampling devices are not very useful in many cases either due to their disposable nature or the complexity and extensive workload for sample preparation.
To address this problem, a microdialysis profiler with 33 individual polyethersulfone nanomembrane tubes (semipermeable, &#60;20 nm pore size) integrated into the one-dimensional skeleton (60 mm) was established to iteratively sample the dissolved compounds in porewater across the soil-water interface at a high resolution of 1.8 mm (outer diameter plus one spacing, i.e., 0.1 mm between probes). The sampling mechanism is based on the principle of concentration gradient diffusion. The automatic loading of degassed water allows minimal disturbance to the chemical species across the oxic-anoxic interface.
This paper describes the procedures of device setup and continuous porewater sampling across the soil-water interface on a daily basis. Concentration-depth profiles were selectively measured before (on Day 6) and after (on Day 7) disturbances induced by irrigation. The results showed that concentration-depth profiles were undergoing rapid changes, especially for redox-sensitive elements (i.e., iron and arsenic). These protocols can help investigate the biogeochemical responses across the soil-water interface under various disturbances caused by physical, chemical, and biological factors. The paper thoroughly discusses the advantages and disadvantages of this method for potential use in the environmental sciences.

A microdialysis profiler is described to sample dissolved porewater solutes across an oxic-anoxic soil-water interface in situ with minimal disturbance. This device is designed to capture rapid changes in concentration-depth profiles induced by disturbances at the soil-water interface and beyond.

使用微透析剖面仪在氧化-缺氧土壤-水界面上进行溶解溶质采样

Biogeochemical processes shift rapidly in both spatial (millimeter scale) and temporal (hour scale to day scale) dimensions at the oxic-anoxic interface ...

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>通过蒸发测量土壤水力特性的协议

Measurements of Soil Water Potential and Conductivity based on a Simple Evaporation Experiment using a Hydraulic Property Analyzer

The measurement of soil hydraulic properties is critical in understanding the physical components of soil health as well as integrated knowledge of soil systems under various management practices. Collecting reliable data is imperative for informing decisions that affect agriculture and the environment. The simple evaporation experiment described here uses instrumentation in a laboratory setting to analyze soil samples collected in the field. The soil water tension of the sample is measured by the instrument, and tension data is modeled by software to return soil hydraulic properties. This method can be utilized to measure soil water retention and hydraulic conductivity and give insight into differences in treatments or environmental dynamics over time. Initial establishment requires a user, but data acquisition is automated with the instrument. Soil hydraulic properties are not easily measured with traditional experiments, and this protocol offers a simple and optimal alternative. Interpretation of results and options for extending the data range are discussed.

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>作者聚焦:使用水力特性分析仪推进农业用地生态系统研究以评估土壤健康状况

This article features a simple evaporation experiment using a hydraulic property instrument for a soil sample. Through efficient means, measurements can be taken over a series of days to generate high-quality data.

使用水力特性分析仪基于简单蒸发实验的土壤水势和电导率测量

The measurement of soil hydraulic properties is critical in understanding the physical components of soil health as well as integrated knowledge of soil ...

增强 CO2 封存：促进矿物风化的土壤生物群方法

Design and Construction of an Experimental Setup to Enhance Mineral Weathering through the Activity of Soil Organisms

Enhanced weathering (EW) is an emerging carbon dioxide (CO2) removal technology that can contribute to climate change mitigation. This technology relies on accelerating the natural process of mineral weathering in soils by manipulating the abiotic variables that govern this process, in particular mineral grain size and exposure to acids dissolved in water. EW mainly aims at reducing atmospheric CO2 concentrations by enhancing inorganic carbon sequestration. Until now, knowledge of EW has been mainly gained through experiments that focused on the abiotic variables known for stimulating mineral weathering, thereby neglecting the potential influence of biotic components. While bacteria, fungi, and earthworms are known to increase mineral weathering rates, the use of soil organisms in the context of EW remains underexplored. 
 This protocol describes the design and construction of an experimental setup developed to enhance mineral weathering rates through soil organisms while concurrently controlling abiotic conditions. The setup is designed to maximize weathering rates while maintaining soil organisms' activity. It consists of a large number of columns filled with rock powder and organic material, located in a climate chamber and with water applied via a downflow irrigation system. Columns are placed above a fridge containing jerrycans to collect the leachate. Representative results demonstrate that this setup is suitable to ensure the activity of soil organisms and quantify their effect on inorganic carbon sequestration. Challenges remain in minimizing leachate losses, ensuring homogeneous ventilation through the climate chamber, and avoiding flooding of the columns. With this setup, an innovative and promising approach is proposed to enhance mineral weathering rates through the activity of soil biota and disentangle the effect of biotic and abiotic factors as drivers of EW.

作者聚焦：揭示蚯蚓在增强矿物风化作用以去除 CO2 中的作用 

Here we present the construction and operation of an experimental setup to enhance mineral weathering through the activity of soil organisms while concurrently manipulating abiotic variables known to stimulate weathering. Representative results from the functioning of the setup and sample analyses are discussed together with points for improvement.

设计和建造实验装置，通过土壤生物的活动增强矿物风化

Enhanced weathering (EW) is an emerging carbon dioxide (CO2) removal technology that can contribute to climate change mitigation. This technology relies ...

土壤蒸渗仪开挖加之水文，地球化学和微生物调查

摘要

探索更多视频

此视频中的章节

综合外地Lysimetry和孔隙水采样的化学活动性土壤的评价和植被成立

一种用于收集和构建土芯协议测渗计

用于表征土壤微生物的脂质提取和分析方法在许多样品的实验中

监测农业土壤中经修正的硅酸盐矿物风化造成的致病性无机碳积累。

原位未受干扰土壤中的土壤湿度传感器

使用微透析剖面仪在氧化-缺氧土壤-水界面上进行溶解溶质采样

使用水力特性分析仪基于简单蒸发实验的土壤水势和电导率测量

使用水力特性分析仪基于简单蒸发实验的土壤水势和电导率测量

使用水力特性分析仪基于简单蒸发实验的土壤水势和电导率测量

设计和建造实验装置，通过土壤生物的活动增强矿物风化

土壤蒸渗仪开挖加之水文，地球化学和微生物调查

摘要

探索更多视频

此视频中的章节

综合外地Lysimetry和孔隙水采样的化学活动性土壤的评价和植被成立

一种用于收集和构建土芯协议测渗计

用于表征土壤微生物的脂质提取和分析方法在许多样品的实验中

监测农业土壤中经修正的硅酸盐矿物风化造成的致病性无机碳积累。

原位 未受干扰土壤中的土壤湿度传感器

使用微透析剖面仪在氧化-缺氧土壤-水界面上进行溶解溶质采样

使用水力特性分析仪基于简单蒸发实验的土壤水势和电导率测量

使用水力特性分析仪基于简单蒸发实验的土壤水势和电导率测量

使用水力特性分析仪基于简单蒸发实验的土壤水势和电导率测量

设计和建造实验装置，通过土壤生物的活动增强矿物风化

原位未受干扰土壤中的土壤湿度传感器