这项工作部分由拨款DA024558，DA30896，DA033892和DA021471从NIDA / NIH到CD的支持。我们也承认RCMI批G12MD007586，范德比尔特CTSA授予UL1RR024975的梅哈里转化研究中心从NCRR / NIH，从NIMHD / NIH的U54补助MD007593，和田纳西CFAR补助P30 AI110527（MeTRC）CTSA补助U54 RR026140。

1.病毒生产注意:为了产生感染性的HIV-1的高滴度，使用活化基于树枝状大分子转染试剂转染与感染HIV-1的分子克隆的人类胚胎肾（HEK）细胞系293T。已经观察到，磷酸钙转染方法产生可比较的结果。 <ol><li>在生物安全等级2（BSL2）实验室中，种子3×10 6个 293T细胞每10cm培养皿中8的Dulbecco补充有10％胎牛血清（FBS），青霉素和链霉素改良的Eagle培养基（DMEM）中的溶液。培养细胞在设置在37℃的培养箱中5％的CO 2 O / N。 </li><li>第二天，在每个10cm皿转染细胞，稀释8微克pNL4-3质粒DNA（见材料数据表 ）的对的DMEM 300微升的缺乏血清和抗生素的最终体积。加入80微升转染试剂，吹打拌匀，并在室温孵育5 - 10分钟的转染复合物的形成。 </li><li>吸取下菜中，每含有血清和抗生素的DMEM新鲜菜加7毫升。 </li><li>添加1毫升含DMEM血清和抗生素的对转染复合物，通过移液混合，并将该混合物添加到细胞中。轻轻地摇晃菜方便，甚至转染复合物的分布。 </li><li>立即将细胞转移到BSL3实验室地点中的CO 2设定在37℃和5％的培养箱，并培养所述细胞48小时。 </li><li>收集用吸管含有病毒的组织培养上清液中，然后将其转移到一个离心管中。离心机在300×g离心5分钟以沉淀细胞和碎片，然后用0.45μm孔径的注射器过滤器过滤上清液。 </li><li>以消除在此无细胞病毒制备任何夹带的质粒DNA，在37℃下处理用DNA酶1（20微克/毫升）1小时。 </li><li>量化HIV-1的效价，可使用特定的p24-酶联免疫吸附测定（ELISA），因为它是常规使用22迅速并且易于方法。 注意:应该指出的是，p24的ELISA测量物理滴度（病毒颗粒的数量）。另外，测量病毒相关的RT活性（外源性RT法）或病毒感染（TZM-BL-基于线指示细胞感染性测定）将提供感染性病毒颗粒的独家读数。 </li></ol> 2. SUP-T1细胞病毒感染（BSL3实验室） <ol><li>在一个BSL2实验室中，保持SUP-T1细胞1细胞1.0和2.0之间×10 6×10 6 / mL的罗斯韦尔园区纪念研究所（RPMI）补充有10％热灭活的FBS，青霉素培养基，链霉素（分流比2，每2 - 3天）。汇集SUP-T1细胞从培养瓶中，吹打混匀，并通过使用血细胞计数器和台盼蓝排除ST确定活菌数癌宁方法。 <ol><li>制备所需数目的50毫升锥形离心管中80×10 6个细胞（每病毒感染）的等分试样。 </li><li>离心在吊桶式转子的细胞以500 xg离心和25℃下5分钟。不去除细胞培养基，含有沉淀的细胞在管转移到BSL3实验室用于进一步处理。小心吸从管细胞培养基而不干扰细胞沉淀。 </li></ol></li><li> DNA酶I处理过的病毒接种物的适量添加到管中的细胞，并通过温和移液拌匀。为80×10 6个细胞，使用30毫升DNA酶I处理过的病毒（p24的相当于病毒的50微克）的。 注:太平洋岛国功能的分离需要与感染非常高的多重性（MOI）感染靶细胞。 </li><li>均匀分布两个6孔组织培养板（ 即 12×2.5毫升等分试样的混合物;使用每个侵染2板离子）。 </li><li>为spinoculation，放置用在480 xg离心吊桶式转子和25℃2小时的板载体和离心机的培养板中。 </li><li>孵育spinoculated细胞在37℃和5％的CO 2 5小时。 </li></ol> 3.收获和裂解感染的细胞（BSL3实验室） <ol><li>池对应于从培养板放入50毫升锥形离心管中的每个感染（总共30毫升〜）细胞。 </li><li>收获离心细胞在300 xg离心和25℃下进行10分钟。小心吸从管的上清液（可替代地，可使用移液管）。 </li><li>以除去任何残留的病毒颗粒，通过加入缓冲的K 2毫升洗涤各细胞沉淀- / - （150毫米氯化钾，20mM的HEPES，pH值7.6，5mM的MgCl 2的），并离心分离，在300 xg离心样品和25℃下10分钟。然后，在不干扰颗粒，小心地取出通过抽吸或通过使用移液管的上清液。 </li><li> RepeaT高低3.3。 </li><li>小心通过使用微量除去任何残余缓冲液。重悬每个细胞沉淀在2ml冰冷的裂解缓冲液的K + / +（缓冲的 K - / -补充有0.025％毛地黄皂苷，1毫摩尔DTT，20微克/毫升抑肽酶），混合通过温和移液的内容，并转移到2毫升离心管中。 </li></ol> 4.准备细胞质的PIC（BSL3实验室） <ol><li>岩石上在RT旋转振荡器10分钟的样品。 </li><li>离心样品，用预冷却至4℃的转子，在1500 xg离心和4℃下进行4分钟。 </li><li>不干扰沉淀，小心地将上清液转移到新的微量离心管中并离心以16,000 xg离心和4℃1分钟。 </li><li>小心地将上清液转移到新的微量离心管中。添加RNA酶A（20毫克/毫升），以20微克/毫升（2微升2毫升的PIC）的终浓度和孵育在室温的内容为30分钟（无摇摆）。&lt;/ LI&gt; <li> （ - / -在缓冲ķ60％重量/体积）加入蔗糖至7％的终浓度，并通过温和移液拌匀。制备的PIC的等分试样（ 例如，200微升）在微量离心管，闪光冷冻在液氮中，并发生在-80℃冷冻用于长期存储。 </li></ol> 5. 在体外集成（IVI）分析使用HIV-1图片<ol><li>准备用特制的引物，phiX174-F和phiX174-R从PCR的phiX174质粒DNA扩增2.0 kb的区域在IVI试验使用的目标DNA。 <ol><li>组装如表1中描述的PCR混合物中。使用表2中建议的热循环条件在热循环仪进行PCR。凝胶纯化用凝胶纯化试剂盒（按照制造商推荐的协议）的PCR产物，并在-80℃下将纯化的靶DNA作为等份储存直至使用。 </li></ol></li><li>加入靶DNA的600毫微克至200 - ＆＃181;太平洋岛国L的等份，混合均匀，在37℃孵育45分钟。 注:IVI反应省略目标DNA或包括整合酶抑制剂（如雷特格韦）推荐的控制反应。 </li><li>通过添加SDS，EDTA和蛋白酶K至0.5％，8毫米，和0.5毫克/毫升，终浓度分别停止IVI反应。充分混合反应的内容和孵育过夜在56℃。 </li><li>第二天，净化从通过苯酚/氯仿萃取和乙醇沉淀的IVI反应的总DNA。开展16000 XG和RT所有离心步骤。 </li><li>酚等体积添加到脱蛋白质样品，通过涡旋剧烈混合，并离心2分钟。小心取出上层水相，并将其转移至新管。 </li><li>重复步骤5.5。上层水相转移至新管。 </li><li>加1的等体积:1的苯酚:氯仿混合物中，通过涡旋剧烈混合，并离心FOR 2分钟。上层水相转移至新管。 </li><li>添加氯仿等体积的，通过涡旋剧烈混合，并离心2分钟。上层水相转移至新管。 </li><li>沉淀的DNA，0.1微克/微升，醋酸钠3 M的最终浓度添加糖原到0.3M的最终浓度，和2.5体积的100％乙醇（冰冷）的。涡旋混合，短暂离心，收集的内容，并将该管在-80℃CO / N。 </li><li>第二天，离心样品30分钟，以16,000 xg离心4℃30分钟。小心取出上清液，而不会干扰颗粒。 </li><li>添加80％乙醇（冰冷），以沉淀和离心的500μL的16000 xg离心4℃10分钟。在RT风干的DNA沉淀，并在不含核酸酶的水加入50μL彻底重悬。在-20℃保存DNA样本。 </li></ol> 6. PCR方法量化PIC活动<ol><li>使用引物（分别为LTR和phiX174引物）靶向病毒LTR和phiX174的DNA扩增整合的HIV-1的DNA的结执行第一轮常规PCR。 <ol><li>组装如表3中描述的第一轮PCR混合物。组装不含模板DNA所有组件的主结构，取45微升等分到单独的PCR管，并添加5μL模板DNA或无核酸酶水（对照）。 </li><li>使用表4中建议的热循环条件在热循环仪进行PCR。 </li></ol></li><li>执行使用侧翼病毒LTR（LTR-R和LTR-U的引物）的一个短区域的引物，以选择性地扩增从第一ロ集成VDNA序列第二轮的qPCRUND PCR产物。以确定集成VDNA拷贝数，生成通过使用已知拷贝数的10倍系列稀释的标准曲线（ 例如，10 0 - 10 8）的HIV-1的分子克隆。 <ol><li>组装，如表5中描述的第二轮的qPCR混合物。组装不含模板DNA的所有部件的主混合物，小心地分配25μL的等分试样到96孔PCR反应板孔的适当数量，然后添加未纯化的第一轮的5微升PCR产物或无核酸酶水（控制）。一式三份执行所有的qPCR反应。 </li><li>加载PCR板放入实时PCR仪，并使用表6中所建议的循环条件进行定量PCR。 </li><li>使用合适软件进行数据分析。 </li></ol></li></ol>

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作者宣称没有竞争的金融和非金融利益。

逆转录病毒的PIC的生化分析提供了重要的见解逆转录病毒DNA整合的机制。逆转录病毒的PIC的融合活性的测定可通过空斑形成试验，Southern印迹分析，和嵌套的qPCR来实现。空斑试验的实验策略是费力并且利用测量积分6，7，18的间接方法。 Southern印迹的检测方法衡量直接集成，但需要较大量的PIC ...

在靶细胞中HIV-1复制涉及多个步骤，大致分为两个阶段:早期和晚期的事件。当HIV-1顺序地结合靶细胞表面受体CD4和两个共同受体（CCR5或CXCR4）1的一个早期的事件开始。因此，该病毒细胞膜熔丝，病毒衣壳（CA）的芯被释放到细胞质2。在CA芯含有病毒基因组的单链RNA（ssRNA）和几种蛋白质，包括病毒和起源细胞。在CA相关病毒蛋白包括逆转录酶（RT）和整合酶（IN），在病毒复制的早期事件介导的关键步骤的两种酶。 RT和在核蛋白复合体，即反转录复合物（RTC）和一体化的预复合物（PIC），分别为3，4，5的上下文功能&lt;SUP&gt;，6。所述病毒ssRNA基因组海港末端重复（R）相邻的元件以特有的序列U5（在5&#39;端）和U3（在3&#39;端）的端部。 RTC的转换病毒ssRNA基因组中双链（DS）的DNA拷贝（VDNA）。此逆转录过程也导致U5和U3序列的重复，从而产生在VDNA 7,8的两端长末端重复序列（LTR）。接着，在PIC相关中催化两个顺序的生化反应，使所述VDNA的整合到宿主染色体9，10，11。首先，在细胞质中，在多聚体接合两者的LTR 12和从每个3&#39;-末端的裂解二核苷酸。此3&#39;末端加工在每个3&#39;端的VDNA的（CA OH）产生羟基。接着，PIC投放到细胞核，其中IN使用VDNA CA OH作为亲核切断染色体DNA的两条链以交错的方式。同时，在协调拼接的VDNA两端在染色体DNA上的相反链所得到的磷酸二酯键。以下这个链转移步骤，所述宿主细胞机器在整合位点的连接点除去在VDNA的5&#39;端和修理随后的单链缺口两个未配对核苷酸。因此，早期事件达到高潮与建立的HIV-1基因组的集成DNA拷贝（前病毒）。原病毒提供了高效的病毒基因表达，从而启动后的事件，包括病毒编码的蛋白质的表达的合适的环境;未成熟病毒的组装;而崭露头角，释放和成熟为感染性病毒体13。 纯化的重组逆转录病毒在有资格进行， 在体外 ，两个3&#39;-末端加工和链转移活动外源提供的LTR状衬底的DNA。使用这样的纯化的重组中的生化研究已经揭示VDNA积分14，15，16，17的关键方面。然而，不同于在天然感染，这在体外生化反应不支持基板DNA导入靶DNA的两端的协调一致的集成。与此相反，从急性感染的细胞中分离逆转录病毒的PIC协调一致内源性VDNA两端整合到异源靶DNA。这导致了广泛的采用和I N体外集成（IVI）测定后续改进使用分离的天然照片。 在首次报道逆转录病毒的IVI测定法，从感染了重组小鼠细胞胞质提取物白血病病毒（MLV）窝藏在其LTR 大肠杆菌supF基因担任活动的源，和一个突变λ噬菌体缺陷在裂解生长作为目标的DNA外源提供的DNA中。重组MLV的DNA成功整合复制到噬菌体DNA和随后supF表达导致的重组噬菌体的噬斑形成能力的恢复。然而，该实验策略是一种间接的方式费力和措施集成。为了解决这样的警告，一个Southern印迹间接末端标记测定法，其中量化的PIC-相关联的IVI活性内源性VDNA纳入外源线性噬菌体phiX174的DNA的量度，被开发6，7，18。虽然这种方法提供了积分事件的直接量度，需要较高量的PIC的准备，这仍然是一个技术挑战性努力。为了规避这一点，只需要适量的PIC的巢式PCR为基础的测定法开发的4，5，19。 在这份报告中，我们描述的更新版本基于PCR技术在设计来概括自然感染过程中出现的HIV-1 PIC介导的整合活动体外方法嵌套。这种方法使用的HIV-1感染靶细胞的胞质提取物作为内源性的PIC活性的源，其与实时定量聚合酶链式反应（qPCR的）测量。隔离PIC和测量它们的整合活动的程序改编，经过修改，从由恩格尔曼实验室20发表协议。在该方法中，在PIC相关积分活性是通过提供外源的线性靶DNA 21，并从得到的DNA产物发起这种融合反应中纯化，并用作用于基于PCR的随后的量化的起始原料。在第一轮常规PCR，病毒靶DNA结是通过使用合适的引物扩增。在第二轮的qPCR，特定LTR-引物用于特异性富集来自第一轮PCR产物的VDNA人口。请参见该方法的详细描述的协议部分。 在用反转录病毒的PIC 体外研究已经导致显著进展中的逆转录病毒DNA整合机制的理解以及在抑制剂的开发。根据最近的更加注重映射HIV-1的整合位点，确定的病毒和宿主因子的HIV-1整合的作用，并朝向打击抗药性发展新的抗病毒药物，我们设想以增加的兴趣，并广泛使用的IVI测定的一样，本报告中所述的。这反过来会导致在该方法将来精炼，从而多样化其应用的范围。

<table align="left" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:679px;" width="679">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td style="width:312px;">
			Fetal bovine serum (FBS)
			</td>
			<td style="width:198px;">
			GIBCO/Invitrogen
			</td>
			<td style="width:138px;">
			10437-028
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="width:312px;height:34px;">
			Heat-inactivated Fetal bovine serum (Hi-FBS)
			</td>
			<td style="width:198px;height:34px;">
			GIBCO/Invitrogen
			</td>
			<td style="width:138px;height:34px;">
			10438-026
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="width:312px;height:42px;">
			Dulbecco&#8217;s modified Eagle&#8217;s medium (DMEM)
			
			</td>
			<td style="width:198px;height:42px;">
			GIBCO/Invitrogen
			</td>
			<td style="width:138px;height:42px;">
			11995-065
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="width:312px;">
			Roswell Park Memorial Institute (RPMI) 1640 medium
			</td>
			<td style="width:198px;">
			GIBCO/Invitrogen
			</td>
			<td style="width:138px;">
			11875-093
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="width:312px;">
			Phosphate buffered saline (PBS) (1X)
			</td>
			<td style="width:198px;">
			GIBCO/Invitrogen
			</td>
			<td style="width:138px;">
			20012-027
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="width:312px;">
			Trypsin-EDTA (0.25%)
			
			</td>
			<td style="width:198px;">
			GIBCO/Invitrogen
			</td>
			<td style="width:138px;">
			25200-056
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="width:312px;">
			Penicillin-Streptomycin solution (100x)
			</td>
			<td style="width:198px;">
			Cellgro/Mediatech
			</td>
			<td style="width:138px;">
			30-002-CI
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="width:312px;">
			HEK293T cells (293T)
			</td>
			<td style="width:198px;">
			American Type Culture Collection (ATCC)
			</td>
			<td style="width:138px;">
			CRL-3216
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="width:312px;">
			HIV-1 proviral molecular clone pNL4-3
			</td>
			<td style="width:198px;">
			NIH AIDS Research and Reference Reagent Program
			
			</td>
			<td style="width:138px;">
			114
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="width:312px;">
			PolyFect transfection reagent
			</td>
			<td style="width:198px;">
			Qiagen
			</td>
			<td style="width:138px;">
			301107
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="width:312px;">
			DNase
			
			</td>
			<td style="width:198px;">
			Calbiochem/Merckmillipore
			</td>
			<td style="width:138px;">
			260913
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="width:312px;">
			Immulon 2HB 96-well plates
			
			</td>
			<td style="width:198px;">
			Thermo Scientific
			
			</td>
			<td style="width:138px;">
			3455
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="width:312px;">
			Triton X-100
			</td>
			<td style="width:198px;">
			Sigma-Aldrich
			</td>
			<td style="width:138px;">
			T9284
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="width:312px;">
			ELISA coating antibody: anti-CA-183-H12-5C monoclonal antibody
			</td>
			<td style="width:198px;">
			NIH AIDS Research and Reference Reagent Program
			
			</td>
			<td style="width:138px;">
			1513
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="width:312px;">
			ELISA wash solution (0.2% Tween-20 in PBS)
			</td>
			<td style="width:198px;">
			---
			</td>
			<td style="width:138px;">
			---
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="width:312px;">
			Donor bovine serum
			</td>
			<td style="width:198px;">
			&#160;Gibco/Invitrogen
			</td>
			<td style="width:138px;">
			16030074
			
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="width:312px;height:78px;">
			Blocking Buffer (5% donor bovine serum in PBS) - Prepare fresh before use.
			
			</td>
			<td style="width:198px;height:78px;">
			---
			</td>
			<td style="width:138px;height:78px;">
			---
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="width:312px;">
			Sample diluent (SD) buffer (10% donor bovine serum and 0.5% Triton X-100 in PBS) - Sterilize using 0.22 micron pore-size syringe filter and store aliquots at 4&#176;C.
			
			</td>
			<td style="width:198px;">
			---
			</td>
			<td style="width:138px;">
			---
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="width:312px;">
			Recombinant p24 protein
			(Full-length CA protein was expressed from pET21a-CA plasmid in E. coli BL21-DE3 and purified as described in Ref # ----)
			</td>
			<td style="width:198px;">
			Dr. Wesley Sundquist
			</td>
			<td style="width:138px;">
			---
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="width:312px;">
			HIV IgG
			</td>
			<td style="width:198px;">
			NIH AIDS Research and Reference Reagent Program
			
			</td>
			<td style="width:138px;">
			3957
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="width:312px;">
			Goat anti-human IgG (H+L) cross-adsorbed secondary antibody, HRP conjugate
			</td>
			<td style="width:198px;">
			Pierce/ThermoFisher
			
			</td>
			<td style="width:138px;">
			31412
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="width:312px;">
			TMB Microwell Peroxidase substrate system
			</td>
			<td style="width:198px;">
			KPL, Inc.
			</td>
			<td style="width:138px;">
			50-76-00
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="width:312px;">
			SupT1 cells
			</td>
			<td style="width:198px;">
			American Type Culture Collection (ATCC)
			</td>
			<td style="width:138px;">
			CRL-1942
			
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="width:312px;">
			HEPES pH 7.2-7.5
			(ready-to-use solution)
			</td>
			<td style="width:198px;">
			GIBCO/Invitrogen
			</td>
			<td style="width:138px;">
			15630-080
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="width:312px;">
			Potassium chloride (KCl) solution
			</td>
			<td style="width:198px;">
			Sigma-Aldrich
			</td>
			<td style="width:138px;">
			60142
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="width:312px;">
			Magnesium chloride (MgCl2) solution
			</td>
			<td style="width:198px;">
			Sigma-Aldrich
			</td>
			<td style="width:138px;">
			M1028
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="width:312px;">
			Dithiothreitol (DTT)
			</td>
			<td style="width:198px;">
			Sigma-Aldrich
			</td>
			<td style="width:138px;">
			43815
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="width:312px;">
			Aprotinin
			</td>
			<td style="width:198px;">
			Sigma-Aldrich
			</td>
			<td style="width:138px;">
			A6106
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="width:312px;">
			Digitonin
			</td>
			<td style="width:198px;">
			Sigma-Aldrich
			</td>
			<td style="width:138px;">
			D141
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="width:312px;">
			RNase A
			</td>
			<td style="width:198px;">
			Invitrogen
			</td>
			<td style="width:138px;">
			12091-021
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="width:312px;height:29px;">
			Sucrose
			</td>
			<td style="width:198px;height:29px;">
			Sigma-Aldrich
			</td>
			<td style="width:138px;height:29px;">
			S0389
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="width:312px;">
			phiX174 Replicative Form 1 DNA
			</td>
			<td style="width:198px;">
			Promega
			</td>
			<td style="width:138px;">
			D1531
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="width:312px;">
			PhiX174-F primer:
			5&#8217;-CGCTTCCATGACGCAGAAGTT-3&#8217;
			
			PhiX174-R primer:
			5&#8217;-CACTGACCCTCAGCAATCTTA-3&#8217;
			
			
			</td>
			<td style="width:198px;">
			Invitrogen and/or IDT-DNA
			</td>
			<td style="width:138px;">
			
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="width:312px;">
			dNTP mix
			</td>
			<td style="width:198px;">
			Promega
			</td>
			<td style="width:138px;">
			U1515
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="width:312px;">
			Go Taq DNA Polymerase
			</td>
			<td style="width:198px;">
			Promega
			</td>
			<td style="width:138px;">
			M3005
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="width:312px;">
			Qiaquick gel extraction kit
			</td>
			<td style="width:198px;">
			Qiagen
			</td>
			<td style="width:138px;">
			28706
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="width:312px;">
			Ultrapure distilled water
			</td>
			<td style="width:198px;">
			Invitrogen
			</td>
			<td style="width:138px;">
			10977-015
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="width:312px;">
			Tris-EDTA (TE) buffer (100X)
			</td>
			<td style="width:198px;">
			Sigma-Aldrich
			</td>
			<td style="width:138px;">
			T9285
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="width:312px;">
			Sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS)
			</td>
			<td style="width:198px;">
			Sigma-Aldrich
			</td>
			<td style="width:138px;">
			L3771
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="width:312px;height:50px;">
			Ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid, disodium salt (EDTA) solution, 0.5 M, pH 8.0
			</td>
			<td style="width:198px;height:50px;">
			Sigma-Aldrich
			</td>
			<td style="width:138px;height:50px;">
			E7889
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="width:312px;">
			Proteinase K (20 mg/ml ready-to-use solution)
			</td>
			<td style="width:198px;">
			Qiagen
			</td>
			<td style="width:138px;">
			19131
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="width:312px;">
			Phenol (equilibrated with 10&#160;mM Tris HCl, pH&#160;8.0 and 1&#160;mM EDTA)
			</td>
			<td style="width:198px;">
			Sigma-Aldrich
			</td>
			<td style="width:138px;">
			P4557
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="width:312px;">
			Chloroform
			</td>
			<td style="width:198px;">
			Sigma-Aldrich
			</td>
			<td style="width:138px;">
			288306
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="width:312px;">
			Glycogen (5 mg/ml solution)
			</td>
			<td style="width:198px;">
			Ambion/Invitrogen
			</td>
			<td style="width:138px;">
			AM9510
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="width:312px;">
			Sodium acetate (3M, pH 5.2)
			</td>
			<td style="width:198px;">
			Sigma-Aldrich
			</td>
			<td style="width:138px;">
			57899
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="width:312px;">
			Ethanol
			</td>
			<td style="width:198px;">
			Sigma-Aldrich
			</td>
			<td style="width:138px;">
			E7023
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="width:312px;">
			First round LTR primer:
			5&#8217;-GTGCGCGCTTCAGCAAG-3&#8217;)
			First round phiX174 primer:
			5&#8217;-CACTGACCCTCAGCAATCTTA-3&#8217;
			</td>
			<td style="width:198px;">
			Invitrogen and/or IDT-DNA
			</td>
			<td style="width:138px;">
			---
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="width:312px;">
			Second round LTR-R primer:
			5&#8217;-TCTGGCTAACTAGGGAACCCA-3&#8217;
			Second round LTR-U primer:
			5&#8217;-CTGACTAAAAGGGTCTGAGG-3&#8217;;
			
			Second round Taqman probe:
			&#160;5&#8217;-56- FAM/TTAAGCCTCAATAAAGCTTGC
			CTTGAGTGC/36-TAMRA/-3&#8217;
			</td>
			<td style="width:198px;">
			Invitrogen and/or IDT-DNA
			</td>
			<td style="width:138px;">
			---
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="width:312px;">
			iQ Supermix
			</td>
			<td style="width:198px;">
			Bio-Rad
			</td>
			<td style="width:138px;">
			170-8862
			</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

measurement of in vitro integration activity of hiv-1 preintegration complexes

HIV-1包膜蛋白的接合靶细胞表面，这导致病毒细胞膜融合，随后通过释放病毒衣壳（CA）的芯的进入细胞质上的同源受体。接着，病毒逆转录酶（RT），如一个同名核蛋白复合物的一部分被称为反转录复合物（RTC），转换病毒单链RNA基因组中的双链DNA拷贝（VDNA）。这导致了另一个核蛋白复合物中的生物合成，称为集成预复合物（PIC），所述VDNA和相关病毒蛋白和宿主因素组成。在PIC相关病毒整合酶（IN）的编排一体化VDNA成在时间上和空间上调节两步骤过程宿主染色体DNA。首先，在IN处理VDNA的3&#39;端在细胞质中，第二，在PIC投放到细胞核后，它介导的加工VDNA整合到染色体DNA中。太平洋岛国隔离从急性感染HIV-1的靶细胞在体外功能，因为它们有能力相关VDNA集成到一个外源添加的异源靶DNA。这种PIC-基于体外整合实验已显著贡献描绘逆转录病毒整合的机械细节和发现IN抑制剂。在这份报告中，我们在阐述一个更新的HIV-1检测PIC，它采用嵌套实时定量聚合酶链反应（定量PCR）为基础的策略，用于测量分离的天然太平洋岛国的体外整合活动。

HIV-1图片的分离 用于HIV-1图片由急性感染SUP-T1细胞分离协议的原理图如图1所示。这个协议是从由恩格尔曼等人描述的方法得到。 19，20。的HIV-1 PIC可被组装在感染的细胞和被包括在逆转录VDNA的核蛋白复合物，病毒蛋白，和细胞因子<su...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Measurement of In Vitro Integration Activity of HIV-1 Preintegration Complexes at JoVE.com

Measurement of In Vitro Integration Activity of HIV-1 Preintegration Complexes

This report describes an in vitro assay for measuring the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) preintegration complex (PIC)-associated integration activity in the cytoplasmic extracts of acutely infected cells. The integration of PIC-associated HIV-1 DNA into heterologous target DNA is quantified by using a nested real-time polymerase chain reaction strategy.

测量<em&gt;体外</em&gt; HIV-1 Preintegration配合物的整合活动

HIV-1 envelope proteins engage cognate receptors on the target cell surface, which leads to viral-cell membrane fusion followed by the release of the ...

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Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

Measurement of In Vitro Integration Activity of HIV-1 Preintegration Complexes

7.4K 次观看.  Meharry Medical College. This report describes an in vitro assay for measuring the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) preintegration complex (PIC)-associated integration activity in the cytoplasmic extracts of acutely infected cells. The integration of PIC-associated HIV-1 DNA into heterologous target DNA is quantified by using a nested real-time polymerase chain reaction strategy. 

视频: Measurement of In Vitro Integration Activity of HIV-1 Preintegration Complexes

Genotypic Inference of HIV-1 Tropism Using Population-based Sequencing of V3

Background: Prior to receiving a drug from CCR5-antagonist class in HIV therapy, a patient must undergo an HIV tropism test to confirm that his or her viral population uses the CCR5 coreceptor for cellular entry, and not an alternative coreceptor. One approach to tropism testing is to examine the sequence of the V3 region of the HIV envelope, which interacts with the coreceptor.
Methods: Viral RNA is extracted from blood plasma. The V3 region is amplified in triplicate with nested reverse transcriptase-PCR. The amplifications are then sequenced and analyzed using the software, RE_Call. Sequences are then submitted to a bioinformatic algorithm such as geno2pheno to infer viral tropism from the V3 region. Sequences are inferred to be non-R5 if their geno2pheno false positive rate falls below 5.75%. If any one of the three sequences from a sample is inferred to be non-R5, the patient is unlikely to respond to a CCR5-antagonist.

HIV tropism can be inferred from the V3 region of the viral envelope. V3 is PCR amplified in triplicate using nested RT-PCR, sequenced, and interpreted using bioinformatic software. Samples with with 1 or more sequence(s) with low g2P scores are classified as non-R5 virus.

V3的HIV - 1取向的基因型推理使用人口为基础的测序

Background: Prior to receiving a drug from CCR5-antagonist class in HIV therapy, a patient must undergo an HIV tropism test to confirm that his or her ...

科研

免疫与感染

In vitro Uncoating of HIV-1 Cores

The genome of the retroviruses is encased in a capsid surrounded by a lipid envelope. For lentiviruses, such as HIV-1, the conical capsid shell is composed of CA protein arranged as a lattice of hexagon. The capsid is closed by 7 pentamers at the broad end and 5 at the narrow end of the cone1, 2. Encased in this capsid shell is the viral ribonucleoprotein complex, and together they comprise the core.
Following fusion of the viral membrane with the target cell membrane, the HIV-1 is released into the cytoplasm. The capsid then disassembles releasing free CA in the soluble form3 in a process referred to as uncoating. The intracellular location and timing of HIV-1 uncoating are poorly understood. Single amino-acid substitutions in CA that alter the stability of the capsid also impair the ability of HIV-1 to infect cells4. This indicates that the stability of the capsid is critical for HIV-1 infection.
HIV-1 uncoating has been difficult to study due to lack of availability of sensitive and reliable assays for this process. Here we describe a quantitative method for studying uncoating in vitro using cores isolated from infectious HIV-1 particles. The approach involves isolation of cores by sedimentation of concentrated virions through a layer of detergent and into a linear sucrose gradient, in the cold. To quantify uncoating, the isolated cores are incubated at 37&deg;C for various timed intervals and subsequently pelleted by ultracentrifugation. The extent of uncoating is analyzed by quantifying the fraction of CA in the supernatant. This approach has been employed to analyze effects of viral mutations on HIV-1 capsid stability4, 5, 6. It should also be useful for studying the role of cellular factors in HIV-1 uncoating.

In vitro Uncoating of HIV-1 Cores

Uncoating is an essential step in the early phase of the HIV-1 life cycle and is defined as the disassembly of the capsid shell and the release of the viral ribonucleoprotein complex (vRNP). Here, we demonstrate techniques for isolating intact cores from HIV-1 virions and for quantifying their uncoating in vitro.

在体外对HIV - 1核心脱壳

The genome of the retroviruses is encased in a capsid surrounded by a lipid envelope. For lentiviruses, such as HIV-1, the conical capsid shell is ...

Imaging of HIV-1 Envelope-induced Virological Synapse and Signaling on Synthetic Lipid Bilayers

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection occurs most efficiently via cell to cell transmission2,10,11. This cell to cell transfer between CD4+ T cells involves the formation of a virological synapse (VS), which is an F-actin-dependent cell-cell junction formed upon the engagement of HIV-1 envelope gp120 on the infected cell with CD4 and the chemokine receptor (CKR) CCR5 or CXCR4 on the target cell 8. In addition to gp120 and its receptors, other membrane proteins, particularly the adhesion molecule LFA-1 and its ligands, the ICAM family, play a major role in VS formation and virus transmission as they are present on the surface of virus-infected donor cells and target cells, as well as on the envelope of HIV-1 virions1,4,5,6,7,13. VS formation is also accompanied by intracellular signaling events that are transduced as a result of gp120-engagement of its receptors. Indeed, we have recently showed that CD4+ T cell interaction with gp120 induces recruitment and phosphorylation of signaling molecules associated with the TCR signalosome including Lck, CD3&zeta;, ZAP70, LAT, SLP-76, Itk, and PLC&gamma;15.
In this article, we present a method to visualize supramolecular arrangement and membrane-proximal signaling events taking place during VS formation. We take advantage of the glass-supported planar bi-layer system as a reductionist model to represent the surface of HIV-infected cells bearing the viral envelope gp120 and the cellular adhesion molecule ICAM-1. The protocol describes general procedures for monitoring HIV-1 gp120-induced VS assembly and signal activation events that include i) bi-layer preparation and assembly in a flow cell, ii) injection of cells and immunofluorescence staining to detect intracellular signaling molecules on cells interacting with HIV-1 gp120 and ICAM-1 on bi-layers, iii) image acquisition by TIRF microscopy, and iv) data analysis. This system generates high-resolution images of VS interface beyond that achieved with the conventional cell-cell system as it allows detection of distinct clusters of individual molecular components of VS along with specific signaling molecules recruited to these sub-domains.

This article describes a method to visualize formation of an HIV-1 envelope-induced virological synapse on glass supported planar bilayers by total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy. The method can also be combined with immunofluorescence staining to detect activation and redistribution of signaling molecules that occur during HIV-1 envelope-induced virological synapse formation.

艾滋病毒的成像1信封引起的病毒学突触信号合成脂双层

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection occurs most efficiently via cell to cell transmission2,10,11. This cell to cell transfer between ...

An In vitro Co-infection Model to Study Plasmodium falciparum-HIV-1 Interactions in Human Primary Monocyte-derived Immune Cells

Plasmodium falciparum, the causative agent of the deadliest form of malaria, and human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) are among the most important health problems worldwide, being responsible for a total of 4 million deaths annually1. Due to their extensive overlap in developing regions, especially Sub-Saharan Africa, co-infections with malaria and HIV-1 are common, but the interplay between the two diseases is poorly understood. Epidemiological reports have suggested that malarial infection transiently enhances HIV-1 replication and increases HIV-1 viral load in co-infected individuals2,3. Because this viremia stays high for several weeks after treatment with antimalarials, this phenomenon could have an impact on disease progression and transmission.
The cellular immunological mechanisms behind these observations have been studied only scarcely. The few in vitro studies investigating the impact of malaria on HIV-1 have demonstrated that exposure to soluble malarial antigens can increase HIV-1 infection and reactivation in immune cells. However, these studies used whole cell extracts of P. falciparum schizont stage parasites and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), making it hard to decipher which malarial component(s) was responsible for the observed effects and what the target host cells were4,5. Recent work has demonstrated that exposure of immature monocyte-derived dendritic cells to the malarial pigment hemozoin increased their ability to transfer HIV-1 to CD4+ T cells6,7, but that it decreased HIV-1 infection of macrophages8. To shed light on this complex process, a systematic analysis of the interactions between the malaria parasite and HIV-1 in different relevant human primary cell populations is critically needed.
Several techniques for investigating the impact of HIV-1 on the phagocytosis of micro-organisms and the effect of such pathogens on HIV-1 replication have been described. We here present a method to investigate the effects of P. falciparum-infected erythrocytes on the replication of HIV-1 in human primary monocyte-derived macrophages. The impact of parasite exposure on HIV-1 transcriptional/translational events is monitored by using single cycle pseudotyped viruses in which a luciferase reporter gene has replaced the Env gene while the effect on the quantity of virus released by the infected macrophages is determined by measuring the HIV-1 capsid protein p24 by ELISA in cell supernatants.

An In vitro Co-infection Model to Study Plasmodium falciparum-HIV-1 Interactions in Human Primary Monocyte-derived Immune Cells

We have developed an in vitro malaria-HIV-1 co-infection model to study the impact of Plasmodium falciparum on the HIV-1 replicative cycle in human primary monocyte-derived macrophages. This versatile system can easily be adapted to other primary cell types susceptible to HIV-1 infection.

一个<em&gt;在体外</em&gt;共感染模型研究<em&gt;恶性疟原虫</em人原发性单核细胞源性的免疫细胞-HIV-1相互作用

Plasmodium falciparum, the causative agent  of the deadliest form of malaria, and human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) are among the most important ...

A Restriction Enzyme Based Cloning Method to Assess the In vitro Replication Capacity of HIV-1 Subtype C Gag-MJ4 Chimeric Viruses

The protective effect of many HLA class I alleles on HIV-1 pathogenesis and disease progression is, in part, attributed to their ability to target conserved portions of the HIV-1 genome that escape with difficulty. Sequence changes attributed to cellular immune pressure arise across the genome during infection, and if found within conserved regions of the genome such as Gag, can affect the ability of the virus to replicate in vitro. Transmission of HLA-linked polymorphisms in Gag to HLA-mismatched recipients has been associated with reduced set point viral loads. We hypothesized this may be due to a reduced replication capacity of the virus. Here we present a novel method for assessing the in vitro replication of HIV-1 as influenced by the gag gene isolated from acute time points from subtype C infected Zambians. This method uses restriction enzyme based cloning to insert the gag gene into a common subtype C HIV-1 proviral backbone, MJ4. This makes it more appropriate to the study of subtype C sequences than previous recombination based methods that have assessed the in vitro replication of chronically derived gag-pro sequences. Nevertheless, the protocol could be readily modified for studies of viruses from other subtypes. Moreover, this protocol details a robust and reproducible method for assessing the replication capacity of the Gag-MJ4 chimeric viruses on a CEM-based T cell line. This method was utilized for the study of Gag-MJ4 chimeric viruses derived from 149 subtype C acutely infected Zambians, and has allowed for the identification of residues in Gag that affect replication. More importantly, the implementation of this technique has facilitated a deeper understanding of how viral replication defines parameters of early HIV-1 pathogenesis such as set point viral load and longitudinal CD4+ T cell decline.

A Restriction Enzyme Based Cloning Method to Assess the In vitro Replication Capacity of HIV-1 Subtype C Gag-MJ4 Chimeric Viruses

HIV-1 pathogenesis is defined by both viral characteristics and host genetic factors. Here we describe a robust method that allows for reproducible measurements to assess the impact of the gag gene sequence variation on the in vitro replication capacity of the virus.

限制性内切酶克隆方法，以评估<em&gt;在体外</em&gt; HIV-1 C亚型的Gag-MJ4嵌合病毒的复制能力

The protective effect of many HLA class I alleles on HIV-1 pathogenesis and disease progression is, in part, attributed to their ability to target ...

Conformational Evaluation of HIV-1 Trimeric Envelope Glycoproteins Using a Cell-based ELISA Assay

HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins (Env) mediate viral entry into target cells and are essential to the infectious cycle. Understanding how those glycoproteins are able to fuel the fusion process through their conformational changes could lead to the design of better, more effective immunogens for vaccine strategies. Here we describe a cell-based ELISA assay that allows studying the recognition of trimeric HIV-1 Env by monoclonal antibodies. Following expression of HIV-1 trimeric Env at the surface of transfected cells, conformation specific anti-Env antibodies are incubated with the cells. A horseradish peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibody and a simple chemiluminescence reaction are then used to detect bound antibodies. This system is highly flexible and can detect Env conformational changes induced by soluble CD4 or cellular proteins. It requires minimal amount of material and no highly-specialized equipment or know-how. Thus, this technique can be established for medium to high throughput screening of antigens and antibodies, such as newly-isolated antibodies.

Understanding viral surface antigens conformations is required to evaluate antibody neutralization and guide the design of effective vaccine immunogens. Here we describe a cell-based ELISA assay that allows the study of the recognition of trimeric HIV-1 Env expressed at the surface of transfected cells by specific anti-Env antibodies.

HIV-1的三聚体包膜糖蛋白的构象评估使用基于细胞的ELISA检测

HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins (Env) mediate viral entry into target cells and are essential to the infectious cycle. Understanding how those glycoproteins ...

Isolation of Exosomes from the Plasma of HIV-1 Positive Individuals

Exosomes are small vesicles ranging in size from 30 nm to 100 nm that are released both constitutively and upon stimulation from a variety of cell types. They are found in a number of biological fluids and are known to carry a variety of proteins, lipids, and nucleic acid molecules. Originally thought to be little more than reservoirs for cellular debris, the roles of exosomes regulating biological processes and in diseases are increasingly appreciated.
Several methods have been described for isolating exosomes from cellular culture media and biological fluids. Due to their small size and low density, differential ultracentrifugation and/or ultrafiltration are the most commonly used techniques for exosome isolation. However, plasma of HIV-1 infected individuals contains both exosomes and HIV viral particles, which are similar in size and density. Thus, efficient separation of exosomes from HIV viral particles in human plasma has been a challenge.
To address this limitation, we developed a procedure modified from Cantin et. al., 2008 for purification of exosomes from HIV particles in human plasma. Iodixanol velocity gradients were used to separate exosomes from HIV-1 particles in the plasma of HIV-1 positive individuals. Virus particles were identified by p24 ELISA. Exosomes were identified on the basis of exosome markers acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and the CD9, CD63, and CD45 antigens. Our gradient procedure yielded exosome preparations free of virus particles. The efficient purification of exosomes from human plasma enabled us to examine the content of plasma-derived exosomes and to investigate their immune modulatory potential and other biological functions.

Techniques describing a gradient procedure to separate exosomes from human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) particles are described. This procedure was used to isolate exosomes away from HIV particles in human plasma from HIV-infected individuals. The isolated exosomes were analyzed for cytokine/chemokine content.

从HIV-1阳性者的血浆分离外来体的

Exosomes are small vesicles ranging in size from 30 nm to 100 nm that are released both constitutively and upon stimulation from a variety of cell types. ...

Visualization of HIV-1 Gag Binding to Giant Unilamellar Vesicle (GUV) Membranes

The structural protein of HIV-1, Pr55Gag (or Gag), binds to the plasma membrane in cells during the virus assembly process. Membrane binding of Gag is an essential step for virus particle formation, since a defect in Gag membrane binding results in severe impairment of viral particle production. To gain mechanistic details of Gag-lipid membrane interactions, in vitro methods based on NMR, protein footprinting, surface plasmon resonance, liposome flotation centrifugation, or fluorescence lipid bead binding have been developed thus far. However, each of these in vitro methods has its limitations. To overcome some of these limitations and provide a complementary approach to the previously established methods, we developed an in vitro assay in which interactions between HIV-1 Gag and lipid membranes take place in a &#34;cell-like&#34; environment. In this assay, Gag binding to lipid membranes is visually analyzed using YFP-tagged Gag synthesized in a wheat germ-based in vitro translation system and GUVs prepared by an electroformation technique. Here we describe the background and the protocols to obtain myristoylated full-length Gag proteins and GUV membranes necessary for the assay and to detect Gag-GUV binding by microscopy.

Visualization of HIV-1 Gag Binding to Giant Unilamellar Vesicle GUV Membranes

We illustrate here an in vitro membrane binding assay in which interactions between HIV-1 Gag and lipid membranes are visually analyzed using YFP-tagged Gag synthesized in a wheat germ-based in vitro translation system and GUVs prepared by an electroformation technique.

HIV-1 Gag的可视化绑定到巨人的单片囊泡（GUV）膜

The structural protein of HIV-1, Pr55Gag (or Gag), binds to the plasma membrane in cells during the virus assembly process. Membrane binding of Gag is an ...

Evaluation of the Efficacy And Toxicity of RNAs Targeting HIV-1 Production for Use in Gene or Drug Therapy

Small RNA therapies targeting post-integration steps in the HIV-1 replication cycle are among the top candidates for gene therapy and have the potential to be used as drug therapies for HIV-1 infection. Post-integration inhibitors include ribozymes, short hairpin (sh) RNAs, small interfering (si) RNAs, U1 interference (U1i) RNAs and RNA aptamers. Many of these have been identified using transient co-transfection assays with an HIV-1 expression plasmid and some have advanced to clinical trials. In addition to measures of efficacy, small RNAs have been evaluated for their potential to affect the expression of human RNAs, alter cell growth and/or differentiation, and elicit innate immune responses. In the protocols described here, a set of transient transfection assays designed to evaluate the efficacy and toxicity of RNA molecules targeting post-integration steps in the HIV-1 replication cycle are described. We have used these assays to identify new ribozymes and optimize the format of shRNAs and siRNAs targeting HIV-1 RNA. The methods provide a quick set of assays that are useful for screening new anti-HIV-1 RNAs and could be adapted to screen other post-integration inhibitors of HIV-1 replication.

Methods to evaluate the efficacy and toxicity of RNA molecules targeting post-integration steps of the HIV-1 replication cycle are described. These methods are useful for screening new molecules and optimizing the format of existing ones.

RNA的疗效和毒性的评价基因或药物治疗靶向HIV-1的生产使用

Small RNA therapies targeting post-integration steps in the HIV-1 replication cycle are among the top candidates for gene therapy and have the potential ...

SILAC Based Proteomic Characterization of Exosomes from HIV-1 Infected Cells

Proteomics is the large-scale analysis of proteins. Proteomic techniques, such as liquid chromatography tandem mass spectroscopy (LC-MS/MS), can characterize thousands of proteins at a time. These powerful techniques allow us to have a systemic understanding of cellular changes, especially when cells are subjected to various stimuli, such as infections, stresses, and specific test conditions. Even with recent developments, analyzing the exosomal proteome is time-consuming and often involves complex methodologies. In addition, the resultant large dataset often needs robust and streamlined analysis in order for researchers to perform further downstream studies. Here, we describe a SILAC-based protocol for characterizing the exosomal proteome when cells are infected with HIV-1. The method is based on simple isotope labeling, isolation of exosomes from differentially labeled cells, and mass spectrometry analysis. This is followed by detailed data mining and bioinformatics analysis of the proteomic hits. The resultant datasets and candidates are easy to understand and often offer a wealth of information that is useful for downstream analysis. This protocol is applicable to other subcellular compartments and a wide range of test conditions.

Here, we describe a quantitative proteomics method using the technique of stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture (SILAC) to analyze the effects of HIV-1 infection on host exosomal proteomes. This protocol can be easily adapted to cells under different stress or infection conditions.

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