This study was supported by the Astellas Foundation for Research on Metabolic Disorders (HT), Takeda Science Foundation (HT), and MEXT-Supported Program for the Strategic Research Foundation at Private Universities (HT).

注意:在此研究中使用的转基因果蝇包括以下内容:DE-CAD :: GFP 10。 1.苹果板的制作<ol><li>制备12.5克琼脂，125毫升100％市售苹果汁12.5克葡萄糖，和375毫升H 2 O的热混合物的混合物在微波中，并将其倒入3cm的细胞培养皿。储存在4℃下以供将来使用该混合物。 </li><li>准备苹果平板后，加入在它上面揉酵母泥薄薄的一层，让苍蝇产卵。 </li></ol> 2.胚胎制备及实时成像协议<ol><li>将约50苍蝇（男25例，女25例），在一个瓶子交配，随后隔夜产卵上覆盖揉酵母苹果平板。在瓶口设置苹果汁板。 保持瓶孵化器倒置。裹塑现货果蝇瓶铝箔提示日Ë苍蝇奠定更加鸡蛋。 </li><li>第二天早晨，用新的替换旧的苹果汁板。 </li><li>让苍蝇通过包装瓶用铝箔产卵3至4小时。 </li><li>三四个小时后，收集用刷子或棉花不好从苹果汁板胚胎滤网胚胎，用PBS洗涤。洗胚胎2至3次以上，用PBS在12孔培养皿中。 </li><li> Dechorionate用50％的漂白剂的胚胎在12孔培养皿5分钟。 </li><li>继dechorionation过程中，2至3次以上，用PBS洗胚胎。 </li><li>胚胎转移到含有PBS和选择阶段，在显微镜下5胚胎基于透明在其边境水平3cm的细胞培养皿。移液器用200微升枪头上演胚胎。 </li><li>下一步，放置在一个玻璃盖玻片两个选定的胚胎，并去除多余的PBS捻的细棉纸。定向胚胎起来的背侧用捻的细棉纸盖玻片。在此之后，附加胚胎的玻璃盖玻片用细针和扭曲的纸巾硅脂。 </li><li>加卤烃油700的一小滴上的胚胎并放置含有胚胎上凹滑动倒置盖玻片，留在滑动底部一些空间。 </li><li>检查用共焦成像系统中，氩气/ 488激光，以及一个油浸物镜（63X）的胚胎。 注:确定在适当的发育阶段的胚胎是重要捕获原肠胚形成事件的图像。在这些条件下，观察几乎所有的胚胎正常发育高达至少阶段14.分析胚胎可进一步培养以开发作为成人。 </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Haruta, T., Warrior, R., Yonemura, S., Oda, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+proximal+half+of+the+Drosophila+E-cadherin+extracellular+region+is+dispensable+for+many+cadherin-dependent+events+but+required+for+ventral+furrow+formation.">The proximal half of the Drosophila E-cadherin extracellular region is dispensable for many cadherin-dependent events but required for ventral furrow formation.</a> Genes Cells. 15 (3), 193-208 (2010).</li><li>Oda, H., Takeichi, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evolution:+structural+and+functional+diversity+of+cadherin+at+the+adherens+junction.">Evolution: structural and functional diversity of cadherin at the adherens junction.</a> J. Cell Biol. 193 (7), 1137-1146 (2011).</li><li>Fernandez-Sanchez, M. E., Serman, F., Ahmadi, P., Farge, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanical+induction+in+embryonic+development+and+tumor+growth+integrative+cues+through+molecular+to+multicellular+interplay+and+evolutionary+perspectives.">Mechanical induction in embryonic development and tumor growth integrative cues through molecular to multicellular interplay and evolutionary perspectives.</a> Methods Cell Biol. 98, 295-321 (2010).</li><li>Alderton, G. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Metastasis:+Epithelial+to+mesenchymal+and+back+again.">Metastasis: Epithelial to mesenchymal and back again.</a> Nat. Rev. Cancer. 13 (1), 3 (2013).</li><li>Fabregat, I., Malfettone, A., Soukupova, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=New+Insights+into+the+Crossroads+between+EMT+and+Stemness+in+the+Context+of+Cancer.">New Insights into the Crossroads between EMT and Stemness in the Context of Cancer.</a> J. Clin. Med. 5 (3), (2016).</li><li>Serrano-Gomez, S. J., Maziveyi, M., Alahari, S. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Regulation+of+epithelial-mesenchymal+transition+through+epigenetic+and+post-translational+modifications.">Regulation of epithelial-mesenchymal transition through epigenetic and post-translational modifications.</a> Mol. Cancer. 15, (2016).</li><li>Yu, A. Q., Ding, Y., Li, C. L., Yang, Y., Yan, S. R., Li, D. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=TALEN-induced+disruption+of+Nanog+expression+results+in+reduced+proliferation,+invasiveness+and+migration,+increased+chemosensitivity+and+reversal+of+EMT+in+HepG2+cells.">TALEN-induced disruption of Nanog expression results in reduced proliferation, invasiveness and migration, increased chemosensitivity and reversal of EMT in HepG2 cells.</a> Oncol. Rep. 35 (3), 1657-1663 (2016).</li><li>Zheng, X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Epithelial-to-mesenchymal+transition+is+dispensable+for+metastasis+but+induces+chemoresistance+in+pancreatic+cancer.">Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition is dispensable for metastasis but induces chemoresistance in pancreatic cancer.</a> Nature. 527 (7579), 525-530 (2015).</li><li>Kalluri, R., Weinberg, R. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+basics+of+epithelial-mesenchymal+transition.">The basics of epithelial-mesenchymal transition.</a> J. Clin. Invest. 119 (6), 1420-1428 (2009).</li><li>Huang, J., Zhou, W., Dong, W., Watson, A. M., Hong, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Directed,+efficient,+and+versatile+modifications+of+the+Drosophila+genome+by+genomic+engineering.">Directed, efficient, and versatile modifications of the Drosophila genome by genomic engineering.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 106 (20), 8284-8289 (2009).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Although we have previously reported a similar procedure to capture live images of the gastrulation process in Drosophilla1, the method we describe here is detailed and easy to trace endogenous cadherin expression and thus is quite useful for genetic screening of key factors involved in gastrulation. To maximize success with this imaging procedure, it is essential to use an indented slide. Mechanical pressure sometimes causes embryonic death. Therefore, it is also important to handle the embryos as ge...

原肠胚是所述第一组的多细胞动物如果蝇 1,2-胚胎发育过程中出现的形态动态事件。有趣的是，新的证据表明，这一过程是通过机械和分子机制3之间的相互作用调控。此外，上皮至间质转变（EMT），这是在原肠胚形成的关键过程，也牵连在人类疾病过程，如癌症转移4-8。作为控制根尖狭窄这样，许多基因也被称为是在癌症转移9中观察到的EMT的关键因素。因此，在原肠胚形成的时间根尖狭窄是调查前述监管机制，以提高我们的癌症转移的理解的优秀典范。该技术的优点是，我们可以在实时的，因此，原肠胚形成的时间观察细胞的运动，我们将能够筛选参与原肠胚以及肿瘤转移的基因。 虽然相对未知的，细胞-细胞粘附被认为在根尖狭窄1中发挥中心作用。 果蝇遗传学非常适合于单细胞水平调查探索调控的分子机制。这种模式将使我们在原肠揭开根尖狭窄的重要性。此外，这种方法可以用于筛选参与癌转移的基因。 果蝇原肠胚形成的捕获实时图像，进一步使我们更详细地了解管理组织重排的分子机制。在此，我们提供了一个简单的方法的全面说明实现这一目标。

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			<td height="54" style="height:54px;width:268px;">Halocarbon oil 700</td>
			<td style="width:164px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:129px;">MKBH 5726</td>
			<td style="width:133px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="54">
			<td height="54" style="height:54px;width:268px;">Vacuum grease Silicone</td>
			<td style="width:164px;">Beckman</td>
			<td style="width:129px;">335148</td>
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		<tr height="38">
			<td height="38" style="height:38px;width:268px;">Glass coverslip&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:164px;">Matsunami glass</td>
			<td style="width:129px;">Thickness No1</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">24-36mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="38">
			<td height="38" style="height:38px;width:268px;">Embryo stariner</td>
			<td style="width:164px;">Corning</td>
			<td style="width:129px;">Corning3477</td>
			<td style="width:133px;"></td>
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		<tr height="38">
			<td height="38" style="height:38px;width:268px;">Plastic Drosophilla Stock Bottles</td>
			<td style="width:164px;">Hitec</td>
			<td style="width:129px;">MKC-100</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:268px;">DE-Cadherin knock-in flies</td>
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			<td>REF (10)</td>
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imaging of cell shape alteration and cell movement in drosophila gastrulation using de-cadherin reporter transgenic flies

原肠是国内第一套多细胞动物，例如果蝇胚胎发育过程中出现形态的动态事件。这种形态学改变也被认为是上皮间质转化（EMT）。 EMT的失调与纤维化和癌症转移有关。有新出现的证据表明，EMT是由多个的分子机制来控制。作为控制根尖狭窄这样，许多关键基因也已知可用于在癌转移中观察到的EMT的重要因素。像果蝇原肠胚形成过程中的EMT，上皮细胞可被诱导以改变它们的形状和被重新编程的细胞命运重定向朝向各种其它类型的细胞。在这里，我们提供果蝇原肠胚形成的鲁棒成像方法以测定在此阶段的胚胎发育的形态发生细胞运动和细胞命运识别的开始。使用这种方法，我们确定Ç在原肠胚形成的时间ELL重排并用GFP在原肠胚形成示范根尖狭窄的重要性标记DE-cadherin的。

这里，我们显示了果蝇胚胎的原肠胚形成事件和胚胎制备过程的一般概述（ 图1）。细胞膜用DE-cadherin的:: GFP和细胞运动的实时成像在原肠胚形成的时间在果蝇进行（ 图2）进行标记。由于DE-cadherin的GFP的苍蝇让我们想象细胞粘附路口，我们能够追踪顶端细胞的形状和使用该系统的动作。更重要的是，该系统还允许我们跟踪的内源性DE-cadherin?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Imaging of Cell Shape Alteration and Cell Movement in Drosophila Gastrulation Using DE-cadherin Reporter Transgenic Flies at JoVE.com

Imaging of Cell Shape Alteration and Cell Movement in Drosophila Gastrulation Using DE-cadherin Reporter Transgenic Flies

Herein we describe a procedure to capture live images of Drosophila gastrulation. This has enabled us to better understand the apical constriction involved in early development and further analyze mechanisms governing cellular movements during tissue structure modification.

细胞形态改变与细胞运动的影像<em&gt;果蝇</em&gt;原肠胚形成使用DE-cadherin的记者转基因果蝇

Gastrulation is the first set of morphologically dynamic events that occur during the embryonic development of multicellular animals such as Drosophila. ...

imaging-cell-shape-alteration-cell-movement-drosophila-gastrulation

Research

JoVE Journal

Developmental Biology

Imaging of Cell Shape Alteration and Cell Movement in Drosophila Gastrulation Using DE-cadherin Reporter Transgenic Flies

7.0K 次观看.  Jahangirnagar University. Herein we describe a procedure to capture live images of Drosophila gastrulation. This has enabled us to better understand the apical constriction involved in early development and further analyze mechanisms governing cellular movements during tissue structure modification.

视频: Imaging of Cell Shape Alteration and Cell Movement in Drosophila Gastrulation Using DE-cadherin Reporter Transgenic Flies

Tracking Cells in GFP-transgenic Zebrafish Using the Photoconvertible PSmOrange System

The rapid development of transparent zebrafish embryos (Danio rerio) in combination with fluorescent labelings of cells and tissues allows visualizing developmental processes as they happen in the living animal. Cells of interest can be labeled by using a tissue specific promoter to drive the expression of a fluorescent protein (FP) for the generation of transgenic lines. Using fluorescent photoconvertible proteins for this purpose additionally allows to precisely follow defined structures within the expression domain. Illuminating the protein in the region of interest, changes its emission spectrum and highlights a particular cell or cell cluster leaving other transgenic cells in their original color. A major limitation is the lack of known promoters for a large number of tissues in the zebrafish. Conversely, gene- and enhancer trap screens have generated enormous transgenic resources discretely labeling literally all embryonic structures mostly with GFP or to a lesser extend red or yellow FPs. An approach to follow defined structures in such transgenic backgrounds would be to additionally introduce a ubiquitous photoconvertible protein, which could be converted in the cell(s) of interest. However, the photoconvertible proteins available involve a green and/or less frequently a red emission state1 and can therefore often not be used to track cells in the FP-background of existing transgenic lines. To circumvent this problem, we have established the PSmOrange system for the zebrafish2,3. Simple microinjection of synthetic mRNA encoding a nuclear form of this protein labels all cell nuclei with orange/red fluorescence. Upon targeted photoconversion of the protein, it switches its emission spectrum to far red. The quantum efficiency and stability of the protein makes PSmOrange a superb cell-tracking tool for zebrafish and possibly other teleost species.

We established the photoconvertible PSmOrange system as a powerful, straight-forward and cost inexpensive tool for in vivo cell tracking in GFP transgenic backgrounds. This protocol describes its application in the zebrafish model system.

在GFP-转基因斑马鱼使用Photoconvertible PSmOrange系统追踪单元

The rapid development of transparent zebrafish embryos (Danio rerio) in combination with fluorescent labelings of cells and tissues allows visualizing ...

科研

发育生物学

Analyzing In Vivo Cell Migration using Cell Transplantations and Time-lapse Imaging in Zebrafish Embryos

Cell migration is key to many physiological and pathological conditions, including cancer metastasis. The cellular and molecular bases of cell migration have been thoroughly analyzed in vitro. However, in vivo cell migration somehow differs from in vitro migration, and has proven more difficult to analyze, being less accessible to direct observation and manipulation. This protocol uses the migration of the prospective prechordal plate in the early zebrafish embryo as a model system to study the function of candidate genes in cell migration. Prechordal plate progenitors form a group of cells which, during gastrulation, undergoes a directed migration from the embryonic organizer to the animal pole of the embryo. The proposed protocol uses cell transplantation to create mosaic embryos. This offers the combined advantages of labeling isolated cells, which is key to good imaging, and of limiting gain/loss of function effects to the observed cells, hence ensuring cell-autonomous effects. We describe here how we assessed the function of the TORC2 component Sin1 in cell migration, but the protocol can be used to analyze the function of any candidate gene in controlling cell migration in vivo.

Analyzing In Vivo Cell Migration using Cell Transplantations and Time-lapse Imaging in Zebrafish Embryos

Combining cell transplantation, cytoskeletal labeling and loss/gain of function approaches, this protocol describes how the migrating zebrafish prospective prechordal plate can be used to analyze the function of a candidate gene in in vivo cell migration.

分析<em&gt;在体内</em&gt;细胞迁移使用细胞移植和时间推移成像在斑马鱼胚胎

Cell migration is key to many physiological and pathological conditions, including cancer metastasis. The cellular and molecular bases of cell migration ...

Culture of Adult Transgenic Zebrafish Retinal Explants for Live-cell Imaging by Multiphoton Microscopy

An endogenous regeneration program is initiated by M&#252;ller glia in the adult zebrafish (Danio rerio) retina following neuronal damage and death. The M&#252;ller glia re-enter the cell cycle and produce neuronal progenitor cells that undergo subsequent rounds of cell divisions and differentiate into the lost neuronal cell types. Both M&#252;ller glia and neuronal progenitor cell nuclei replicate their DNA and undergo mitosis in distinct locations of the retina, i.e. they migrate between the basal Inner Nuclear Layer (INL) and the Outer Nuclear Layer (ONL), respectively, in a process described as Interkinetic Nuclear Migration (INM). INM has predominantly been studied in the developing retina. To examine the dynamics of INM in the adult regenerating zebrafish retina in detail, live-cell imaging of fluorescently-labeled M&#252;ller glia/neuronal progenitor cells is required. Here, we provide the conditions to isolate and culture dorsal retinas from Tg[gfap:nGFP]mi2004 zebrafish that were exposed to constant intense light for 35 h. We also show that these retinal cultures are viable to perform live-cell imaging experiments, continuously acquiring z-stack images throughout the thickness of the retinal explant for up to 8 h using multiphoton microscopy to monitor the migratory behavior of gfap:nGFP-positive cells. In addition, we describe the details to perform post-imaging analysis to determine the velocity of apical and basal INM. To summarize, we established conditions to study the dynamics of INM in an adult model of neuronal regeneration. This will advance our understanding of this crucial cellular process and allow us to determine the mechanisms that control INM.

Zebrafish retinal regeneration has mostly been studied using fixed retinas. However, dynamic processes such as interkinetic nuclear migration occur during the regenerative response and require live-cell imaging to investigate the underlying mechanisms. Here, we describe culture and imaging conditions to monitor Interkinetic Nuclear Migration (INM) in real-time using multiphoton microscopy.

成年转基因斑马鱼视网膜外植体培养由多光子显微镜活细胞成像

An endogenous regeneration program is initiated by M&#252;ller glia in the adult zebrafish (Danio rerio) retina following neuronal damage and death. The ...

Live Imaging of Mouse Secondary Palate Fusion

The fusion of the secondary palatal shelves to form the intact secondary palate is a key process in mammalian development and its disruption can lead to cleft secondary palate, a common congenital anomaly in humans. Secondary palate fusion has been extensively studied leading to several proposed cellular mechanisms that may mediate this process. However, these studies have been mostly performed on fixed embryonic tissues at progressive timepoints during development or in fixed explant cultures analyzed at static timepoints. Static analysis is limited for the analysis of dynamic morphogenetic processes such a palate fusion and what types of dynamic cellular behaviors mediate palatal fusion is incompletely understood. Here we describe a protocol for live imaging of ex vivo secondary palate fusion in mouse embryos. To examine cellular behaviors of palate fusion, epithelial-specific Keratin14-cre was used to label palate epithelial cells in ROSA26-mTmGflox reporter embryos. To visualize filamentous actin, Lifeact-mRFPruby reporter mice were used. Live imaging of secondary palate fusion was performed by dissecting recently-adhered secondary palatal shelves of embryonic day (E) 14.5 stage embryos and culturing in agarose-containing media on a glass bottom dish to enable imaging with an inverted confocal microscope. Using this method, we have detected a variety of novel cellular behaviors during secondary palate fusion. An appreciation of how distinct cell behaviors are coordinated in space and time greatly contributes to our understanding of this dynamic morphogenetic process. This protocol can be applied to mutant mouse lines, or cultures treated with pharmacological inhibitors to further advance understanding of how secondary palate fusion is controlled.

Here, we present a protocol for live imaging of mouse secondary palate fusion using confocal microscopy. This protocol can be used in combination with a variety of fluorescent reporter mouse lines, and with pathway inhibitors for mechanistic insight. This protocol can be adapted for live imaging in other developmental systems.

小鼠第二腭融合的实时成像

The fusion of the secondary palatal shelves to form the intact secondary palate is a key process in mammalian development and its disruption can lead to ...

Dissection and Staining of Drosophila Pupal Ovaries

Unlike adult Drosophila ovaries, pupal ovaries are relatively difficult to access and examine due to their small size, translucence, and encasing within a pupal case. The challenge of dissecting pupal ovaries also lies in their physical location within the pupa: the ovaries are surrounded by fat body cells inside the pupal abdomen, and these fat cells must be removed to allow for proper antibody staining. To overcome these challenges, this protocol utilizes customized Pasteur pipets to extract fat body cells from the pupal abdomen. Moreover, a chambered coverglass is used in place of a microcentrifuge tube during the staining process to improve visibility of the pupae. However, despite these and other advantages of the tools used in this protocol, successful execution of these techniques may still involve several days of practice due to the small size of pupal ovaries. The techniques outlined in this protocol could be applied to time course experiments in which ovaries are analyzed at various stages of pupal development.

Dissection and Staining of Drosophila Pupal Ovaries

The Drosophila ovary is an excellent model system for studying stem cell niche development. Though methods for dissecting larval and adult ovaries have been published, pupal ovary dissections require different techniques that have not been published in detail. Here we outline a protocol for dissecting, staining, and mounting pupal ovaries.

果蝇蛹卵巢的解剖与染色

Unlike adult Drosophila ovaries, pupal ovaries are relatively difficult to access and examine due to their small size, translucence, and encasing within a ...

A Cell-based Assay to Investigate Non-muscle Myosin II Contractility via the Folded-gastrulation Signaling Pathway in Drosophila S2R+ Cells

We have developed a cell-based assay using Drosophila cells that recapitulates apical constriction initiated by folded gastrulation (Fog), a secreted epithelial morphogen. In this assay, Fog is used as an agonist to activate Rho through a signaling cascade that includes a G-protein-coupled receptor (Mist), a G&#945;12/13 protein (Concertina/Cta), and a PDZ-domain-containing guanine nucleotide exchange factor (RhoGEF2). Fog signaling results in the rapid and dramatic reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton to form a contractile purse string. Soluble Fog is collected from a stable cell line and applied ectopically to S2R+ cells, leading to morphological changes like apical constriction, a process observed during developmental processes such as gastrulation. This assay is amenable to high-throughput screening and, using RNAi, can facilitate the identification of additional genes involved in this pathway.

A Cell-based Assay to Investigate Non-muscle Myosin II Contractility via the Folded-gastrulation Signaling Pathway in Drosophila S2R+ Cells

Here we describe a contractility assay using Drosophila S2R+ cells. The application of an exogenous ligand, folded gastrulation (Fog), leads to the activation of the Fog signaling pathway and cellular contractility. This assay can be used to investigate the regulation of cellular contractility proteins in the Fog signaling pathway.

果蝇S2R+ 细胞折叠-肠信号通路检测非肌球蛋白 II . 收缩力的细胞基础研究

We have developed a cell-based assay using Drosophila cells that recapitulates apical constriction initiated by folded gastrulation (Fog), a secreted ...

Analysis of Actomyosin Dynamics at Local Cellular and Tissue Scales Using Time-lapse Movies of Cultured Drosophila Egg Chambers

Drosophila immature eggs are called egg chambers, and their structure resembles primitive organs that undergo morphological changes from a round to an ellipsoid shape during development. This developmental process is called oogenesis and is crucial to generating functional mature eggs to secure the next fly generation. For these reasons, egg chambers have served as an ideal and relevant model to understand animal organ development.
Several in vitro culturing protocols have been developed, but there are several disadvantages to these protocols. One involves the application of various covers that exert an artificial pressure on the imaged egg chambers in order to immobilize them and to increase the imaged acquisition plane of the circumferential surface of the analyzed egg chambers. Such an approach may negatively influence the behavior of the thin actomyosin machinery that generates the power to rotate egg chambers around their longer axis.
Thus, to overcome this limitation, we culture Drosophila egg chambers freely in the media in order to reliably analyze actomyosin machinery along the circumference of egg chambers. In the first part of the protocol, we provide a manual detailing how to analyze the actomyosin machinery in a limited acquisition plane at the local cellular scale (up to 15 cells). In the second part of the protocol, we provide users with a new Fiji-based plugin that allows the simple extraction of a defined thin layer of the egg chambers&#8217; circumferential surface. The following protocol then describes how to analyze actomyosin signals at the tissue scale (&#62;50 cells). Finally, we pinpoint the limitations of these approaches at both the local cellular and tissue scales and discuss its potential future development and possible applications.

Analysis of Actomyosin Dynamics at Local Cellular and Tissue Scales Using Time-lapse Movies of Cultured Drosophila Egg Chambers

This protocol provides a Fiji-based, user-friendly methodology along with straightforward instructions explaining how to reliably analyze actomyosin behavior in individual cells and curved epithelial tissues. No programming skills are required to follow the tutorial; all steps are performed in a semi-interactive manner using the graphical user interface of Fiji and associated plugins.

使用培养的果蝇卵室延时电影对局部细胞和组织尺度的actomyosin动力学的分析

Drosophila immature eggs are called egg chambers, and their structure resembles primitive organs that undergo morphological changes from a round to an ...

Thawing, Culturing, and Cryopreserving Drosophila Cell Lines

There are currently over 160 distinct Drosophila cell lines distributed by the Drosophila Genomics Resource Center (DGRC). With genome engineering, the number of novel cell lines is expected to increase. The DGRC aims to familiarize researchers with using Drosophila cell lines as an experimental tool to complement and drive their research agenda. Procedures for working with a variety of Drosophila cell lines with distinct characteristics are provided, including protocols for thawing, culturing, and cryopreserving cell lines. Importantly, this publication demonstrates the best practices required to work with Drosophila cell lines to minimize the risk of contaminations from adventitious microorganisms or from other cell lines. Researchers who become familiar with these procedures will be able to delve into the many applications that use Drosophila cultured cells including biochemistry, cell biology and functional genomics.

Thawing, Culturing, and Cryopreserving Drosophila Cell Lines

Drosophila cell lines are important reagents for both fundamental and biomedical research. This article provides protocols for thawing, subculturing, and the cryopreservation of commonly used Drosophila cell lines to assist researchers in incorporating the use of these reagents in their research.

解冻、培养和冷冻保存的嗜酸性粒细胞系

There are currently over 160 distinct Drosophila cell lines distributed by the Drosophila Genomics Resource Center (DGRC). With genome engineering, the ...

Visualization and Analysis of Pharyngeal Arch Arteries using Whole-mount Immunohistochemistry and 3D Reconstruction

Improper formation or remodeling of the pharyngeal arch arteries (PAAs) 3, 4, and 6 contribute to some of the most severe forms of congenital heart disease. To study the formation of PAAs, we developed a protocol using whole-mount immunofluorescence coupled with benzyl alcohol/benzyl benzoate (BABB) tissue clearing, and confocal microscopy. This allows for the visualization of the pharyngeal arch endothelium at a fine cellular resolution as well as the 3D connectivity of the vasculature. Using software, we have established a protocol to quantify the number of endothelial cells (ECs) in PAAs, as well as the number of ECs within the vascular plexus surrounding the PAAs within pharyngeal arches 3, 4, and 6. When applied to the whole embryo, this methodology provides a comprehensive visualization and quantitative analysis of embryonic vasculature.

Here, we describe a protocol to visualize and analyze the pharyngeal arch arteries 3, 4, and 6 of mouse embryos using whole-mount immunofluorescence, tissue clearing, confocal microscopy, and 3D reconstruction.

使用全载免疫作用化学和三维重建对咽弓动脉的可视化与分析

Improper formation or remodeling of the pharyngeal arch arteries (PAAs) 3, 4, and 6 contribute to some of the most severe forms of congenital heart ...

Imaging Intranuclear Actin Rods in Live Heat Stressed Drosophila Embryos

The purpose of this protocol is to visualize intranuclear actin rods that assemble in live Drosophila melanogaster embryos following heat stress. Actin rods are a hallmark of a conserved, inducible Actin Stress Response (ASR) that accompanies human pathologies, including neurodegenerative disease. Previously, we showed that the ASR contributes to morphogenesis failures and reduced viability of developing embryos. This protocol allows the continued study of mechanisms underlying actin rod assembly and the ASR in a model system that is highly amenable to imaging, genetics and biochemistry. Embryos are collected and mounted on a coverslip to prepare them for injection. Rhodamine-conjugated globular actin (G-actinRed) is diluted and loaded into a microneedle. A single injection is made into the center of each embryo. After injection, embryos are incubated at elevated temperature and intranuclear actin rods are then visualized by confocal microscopy. Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) experiments may be performed on the actin rods; and other actin-rich structures in the cytoplasm can also be imaged. We find that G-actinRed polymerizes like endogenous G-actin and does not, on its own, interfere with normal embryo development. One limitation of this protocol is that care must be taken during injection to avoid serious injury to the embryo. However, with practice, injecting G-actinRed into Drosophila embryos is a fast and reliable way to visualize actin rods and can easily be used with flies of any genotype or with the introduction of other cellular stresses, including hypoxia and oxidative stress.

Imaging Intranuclear Actin Rods in Live Heat Stressed Drosophila Embryos

The goal of this protocol is to inject Rhodamine-conjugated globular actin into Drosophila embryos and image intranuclear actin rod assembly following heat stress.

成像核内作用棒在活热应力 果蝇 胚胎

The purpose of this protocol is to visualize intranuclear actin rods that assemble in live Drosophila melanogaster embryos following heat stress. Actin ...