我们感谢莫莉Stedfast稀释和农药制剂的援助。我们也感谢特洛伊安德森概率分析指导和扎卡里阿德尔曼与实验设计的帮助。这项研究部分由一个昆虫基金会奖和弗吉尼亚州的害虫管理奖学基金的支持。

注:此协议包括两个检测杀虫剂分开处理床虱卵和第一龄。两个协议都使用相同的杀虫剂进行的，然而，这些协议必须适应，以保证杀虫剂曝光和容易地操纵标本。 1.鸡蛋浸杀虫剂含量<ol><li>从殖民地拉交配，精心喂养成年雌性臭虫和女性（5-10）放入一个培养皿滤纸。有至少十个重复，以确保有足够的蛋的杀虫剂测定。检查是否女性每天都下蛋。 <ol><li>一旦他们下蛋，把女性从培养皿英寸（6厘米×5厘米），且每天把它们纳入新的培养皿新滤纸并记录新老培养皿的日期。 </li><li>在开始测定之前使鸡蛋4岁至5天。敏感性杀虫剂改变胚胎发育过程中，Sø以控制蛋年龄是重要的。 ð光照，相对湿度60％，和27°C:在12:12大号保持所有生命阶段。 </li></ol></li><li>一旦卵适当年龄，使用软尖镊子滤纸轻轻取下臭虫鸡蛋。轻轻刮去附连到使用镊子滤纸上的蛋的底部，然后不施加在蛋大的压力，以限制投掷臭虫鸡蛋轻轻抓住。 </li><li>将拆卸下来的臭虫鸡蛋打入各自的内部塑料培养皿组。从摩擦每个培养皿的底上用织物柔软剂片外丢臭虫鸡蛋限制静电。臭虫卵治疗组（5-10鸡蛋每组）一次全部。考虑一组复制和使用至少五个（或更多）复制该测定。 </li><li>制备杀虫剂的连续稀释液以获得一系列5个不同浓度（的0.21-21微升/毫升为吡虫啉（0.1％）/β氟氯氰菊酯（0.5％）和一个控制用溶剂（自来水）溶液只。使各20毫升浓度的具有足够量的浸渍试验。 </li><li>切离心管（50ml）中在35毫升线内侧使用具有切割轮附件旋转工具，然后切孔进入离心机管（直径= 2.54厘米），使用与铝相同的旋转工具的帽氧化物研磨石附件。离开5厘米在盖的边缘切割时，使帽将牢固地拧入管（ 图1）。 </li><li>切细网状成正方形大到足以放入帽（约5 平方厘米）。在拧紧网，消除了任何的颠簸，到使用离心管盖离心管。 </li><li>放置使用油漆刷的基团臭虫蛋（一个复制）到离心管内的网格。浸组切割离心管的内部臭虫的成杀虫剂浓度为5秒。 </li><li>取下离心管出来日。Ë杀虫剂的解决方案。里面直接放置离心管到实验室组织干后用蛋网格。 </li><li>删除该组鸡蛋了使用小，细鬃油漆刷的离心管，将它们放入一个干净的培养皿用干净的过滤纸。 </li><li>记录卵死亡率（未能孵化）14天，以确保所有的鸡蛋有足够的时间来孵化。 </li><li>正确使用雅培的配方（％测试的死亡率 - ％的死亡率控制/ 100 - 控制死亡率×100），在控制治疗的死亡率。 </li><li>插入与相应的浓度记录死亡率到分析软件15计算的LC 50值。 </li></ol> 2.一龄杀虫剂含量<ol><li>单独一组精心喂养臭虫（5成年男性和5成年女性），最好是喂前1天，并将它们放入一个培养皿英寸（6厘米×5厘米），用滤纸规定晨报G和产蛋。允许成年臭虫交配和产卵约7-9天。对于饲养，使用循环热水周围血液16玻管的人工喂养系统。在这项研究中，使用defibronated兔血。 </li><li>取下培养皿大人英寸（6厘米×5厘米），并允许卵孵化成培养皿内第一龄。大约需要7-9天的臭虫鸡蛋在室温下孵化。 </li><li>收集使用油漆刷同龄不喂食物的第一龄。年龄可以通过每天除去第一龄和记录它们孵出当天确定。它们放入新的，干净的培养皿中，直到杀虫剂检测。首先龄若虫不是很耐干燥剂，所以杀虫剂检测应尽快完成。 </li><li>对于试验，准备吡虫啉/β-氟氯氰菊酯的连续稀释来获得一系列5种不同浓度和控制的SOLU化只用溶剂。标记为在美国臭虫控制配方产品被用于这些研究中，因此，溶剂为水（根据标签）。 </li><li>吸管每杀虫剂浓度和水为对照组到各个滤纸的150微升等分试样（＃1; 4.2厘米直径的）。分发杀虫剂在使用移液器通过围绕滤纸的整个边缘和中心涂敷液滴整个滤纸。 </li><li>单独放置处理滤纸上个别硬质纤维板板（7 cm 2）的顶部。 </li><li>第一龄的释放基团（5至10元组）到个别滤纸，同时仍然与杀虫剂湿和覆盖培养皿的倒底部的第一龄。 </li><li>放置一个重量上培养皿以防止第一龄臭虫逸出处理过的表面的顶部上。 </li><li> 24小时后接触到的所有第一龄臭虫的死亡记录杀虫剂的浓度。 </li><li>正确使用雅培的配方（％测试的死亡率 - ％的死亡率控制/ 100 - 控制死亡率×100），在控制治疗的死亡率。 </li><li>插入记录死亡率和浓度成分析软件15计算的LC 50值。 </li></ol>

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<li>Toloza, A. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Differential+patterns+of+insecticide+resistance+in+eggs+and+first+instars+of+Triatoma+infestans+%28Hemiptera%3A+Reduviidae%29+from+Argentina+and+Bolivia%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22J.+Med.+Entomol%22%5BJournal%5D)">Differential patterns of insecticide resistance in eggs and first instars of Triatoma infestans (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) from Argentina and Bolivia.</a> J. Med. Entomol. 45, 421-426 (2008).</li>
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作者什么都没有透露。

A critical step in this assay is to ensure that no eggs that are removed from a surface are damaged prior to the assay. Many insects cement their eggs to a substrate, therefore, a preliminary test may be needed to ensure that removal does not cause mortality. This test can be conducted with several replications of a treated group (bed bugs removed from filter paper) compared to a control group (bed bugs not removed). Similar low rates of mortality (or no mortality) between the treated and control group will ensure that ...

臭虫一个显著城市害虫可导致血液流失，皮肤过敏，失眠，抑郁和焦虑中的人类宿主1，2，3，4，5，6。消除和控制臭虫的成本高，很多时候需要用灭虫公司7家多次访问。多次访问通常需要，因为臭虫的神秘行为与杀害他们的困难。特别是，臭虫蛋是困难的，因为它们的小的尺寸和由蛋壳保护胚胎的控制。 目前，许多灭虫公司在美国各地的普遍做法是将一个家使用化学杀虫剂臭虫。这非常出名该鸡蛋是很难控制，所以很多企业都实施了再治疗8两个星期的时间框架。这使得臭虫蛋足够的时间来孵化，这样一龄中脱颖而出，据称是更容易杀死杀虫剂。然而，在研究中评估针对床虱卵和第一龄液体杀虫剂的功效缺乏。 虫卵已记录在案，是最困难的阶段，生活在城市害虫控制，比臭虫等，此外还有许多农业害虫。大多数的这些困难已被归因于蛋壳，而很少有研究报告杀虫剂抗性。抵抗卵期已被记录在骚扰锥蝽 9，pediculus的头虱 10， 小菜蛾 11，Rhyzopertha多米尼加 12， <eM&gt;臭虫臭虫13，以及多个存储产品甲虫（ 即 锯谷盗，赤拟谷盗，Cryptolestes棕象甲和Rhyzopertha多米尼加 ）。 14在通过蛋壳与杀虫剂渗透相关的卵期和未成熟阶段，以及并发症抗性的发展，就必须对针对这些生命阶段杀虫剂功效的生物测定的需要。 该协议提供了一个一步一步的程序确定共同臭虫的卵和一龄阶段的杀虫剂的功效， 臭虫臭虫 。这两种协议是浓度-响应测定法，以允许LC 50值的量化。浓度 - 响应测定法通常用于毒理学研究，然而，这协议已被改编为容易处理臭虫卵和第一龄组。这些测定法可适于各种昆虫卵和未成熟的生命阶段。

<table><tbody><tr><td>Petri dishes</td><td>Fisher Scientific Inc.</td><td>08-757-105</td><td>Plastic</td></tr><tr><td>Filter paper</td><td>Whatman</td><td>1001-042</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Featherweight forceps</td><td>Fisher Scientific Inc.</td><td>4750</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Temprid SC (imidacloprid/bifenthrin)</td><td>Bayer CropScience</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Transport GHP (acetamiprid/bifenthrin)</td><td>FMC Corp.</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Centrifuge tube</td><td></td><td>06-443-18</td><td>50 mL; flat-top threaded</td></tr><tr><td>Fine mesh</td><td></td><td>7250C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>KimWipe</td><td></td><td>06-666A</td><td>11 cm x 21 cm</td></tr><tr><td>Small paint brush</td><td></td><td></td><td>Any small paint brush</td></tr><tr><td>Hardboard panels</td><td></td><td></td><td>Composite wood or tile would be sufficient from a home improvement store</td></tr><tr><td>Metal weights</td><td></td><td></td><td>Any type of metal screw that will hold the weight of the Petri dish down onto a surface</td></tr></tbody></table>

a method for evaluating insecticide efficacy against bed bug, cimex lectularius, eggs and first instars

对害虫杀虫剂的毒性标准评价上成虫主要进行。评价是基于剂量 - 反应或浓度 - 响应曲线，其中死亡率随着剂量或杀虫剂的浓度增大。标准致死浓度（LC 50）和致死剂量（LD 50），导致在测试群体的50％的死亡率测试可以挑战用于评估对非成虫生命阶段的杀虫剂，如鸡蛋和早龄或若虫阶段的毒性。然而，这一信息对于理解在所有臭虫生命阶段的杀虫剂效力，从而影响控制和治疗工作是必不可少的。该协议使用修改臭虫鸡蛋标准浸渍生物测定和治疗若虫龄第一次接触杀虫试验。这些测定产生浓度-响应曲线，以进一步量化的LC 50值杀虫剂评估。

卵浸入5种不同浓度的吡虫啉/β氟氯氰菊酯的（微升/毫升）。第一龄被置于五个不同浓度的吡虫啉/β氟氯氰菊酯（ 图2）处理过的表面。 我们使用C.臭虫的三个不同的群体:哈兰，里士满，和Epic中心（ 表1）。哈伦应变易受拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂和哈罗德·哈伦博士于2005年被收购。里士满?...

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A Method for Evaluating Insecticide Efficacy against Bed Bug,  Cimex lectularius, Eggs and First Instars

杀虫剂评估经常靶向成虫，而不是不成熟的阶段。在这里，我们提出了一个协议有比较第一若虫臭虫阶段评估对臭虫的杀虫剂鸡蛋。这些协议可能会调整其他昆虫，以评估非成人的生命阶段杀虫剂效力。

一个反对臭虫评估杀虫剂效果的方法，<em&gt;臭虫臭虫</em&gt;，鸡蛋和一龄期

Standard toxicity evaluations of insecticides against insect pests are primarily conducted on adult insects. Evaluations are based on a dose-response or ...

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A Method for Evaluating Insecticide Efficacy against Bed Bug, Cimex lectularius, Eggs and First Instars

11.3K 次观看.  University of Florida. 杀虫剂评估经常靶向成虫，而不是不成熟的阶段。在这里，我们提出了一个协议有比较第一若虫臭虫阶段评估对臭虫的杀虫剂鸡蛋。这些协议可能会调整其他昆虫，以评估非成人的生命阶段杀虫剂效力。 

视频: A Method for Evaluating Insecticide Efficacy against Bed Bug,  Cimex lectularius, Eggs and First Instars

A Technique to Screen American Beech for Resistance to the Beech Scale Insect (Cryptococcus fagisuga Lind.)

Beech bark disease (BBD) results in high levels of initial mortality, leaving behind survivor trees that are greatly weakened and deformed.&#160;The disease is initiated by feeding activities of the invasive beech scale insect, Cryptococcus fagisuga, which creates entry points for infection by one of the Neonectria species of fungus.&#160;Without scale infestation, there is little opportunity for fungal infection. Using scale eggs to artificially infest healthy trees in heavily BBD impacted stands demonstrated that these trees were resistant to the scale insect portion of the disease complex1.&#160;Here we present a protocol that we have developed, based on the artificial infestation technique by Houston2, which can be used to screen for scale-resistant trees in the field and in smaller potted seedlings and grafts.&#160;The identification of scale-resistant trees is an important component of management of BBD through tree improvement programs and silvicultural manipulation.

A Technique to Screen American Beech for Resistance to the Beech Scale Insect Cryptococcus fagisuga Lind.

Beech bark disease is initiated by feeding activities of the beech scale insect that create fungal entry points in the bark.&#160;Trees that are resistant to the scale insect are also disease resistant.&#160;Here we present the protocol we have developed to screen individual beech trees for beech scale resistance.

一种技术，屏幕美国榉木为抵抗山毛榉介壳虫（<em&gt;隐球菌fagisuga</em&gt;林德。）

Beech bark disease (BBD) results in high levels of initial mortality, leaving behind survivor trees that are greatly weakened and deformed.&#160;The ...

科研

环境科学

Functional Characterization of Carboxylesterases in Insecticide Resistant House Flies, Musca Domestica

Carboxylesterase-mediated metabolism is thought to play a major role in insecticide resistance in various insects. Several carboxylesterase genes were found up-regulated in the resistant house fly strain, whereas their roles in conferring insecticide resistance remained to be explored. Here, we designed a protocol for the functional characterization of carboxylesterases. Three example experiments are presented: (1) expression and isolation of carboxylesterase proteins through a baculovirus-mediated insect Spodoptera frugiperda (Sf9) cell expression system; (2) a cell-based MTT (3-[4, 5-dimethykthiazol-2-yl]-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) cytotoxicity assay to measure the tolerance of insect cells to different permethrin treatments; and (3) in vitro metabolic studies to explore the metabolic capabilities of carboxylesterases toward permethrin. The carboxylesterase gene Md&#945;E7 was cloned from a resistant house fly strain ALHF and used to construct a recombinant baculovirus for Sf9 cells infection. The cell viabilities against different permethrin treatments were measured with the MTT assay. The enhanced cell tolerance of the experimental group (Md&#945;E7-recombinant baculovirus infected cells) compared with those of the control groups (CAT-recombinant baculovirus infected cells and GFP-recombinant baculovirus infected cells) to permethrin treatments suggested the capabilities of Md&#945;E7 in metabolizing insecticides, thereby protecting cells from chemical damages. Besides that, carboxylesterase proteins were expressed in insect Sf9 cells and isolated to conduct an in vitro metabolic study. Our results indicated a significant in vitro metabolic efficiency of Md&#945;E7 toward permethrin, directly indicating the involvement of carboxylesterases in metabolizing insecticides and thus conferring insecticide resistance in house flies.

Functional Characterization of Carboxylesterases in Insecticide Resistant House Flies, Musca Domestica

Here, we present a protocol to produce house fly carboxylesterase proteins in vitro with a baculovirus mediated insect cell expression system and later functionally characterize their roles in metabolizing permethrin, thereby, conferring pyrethroid resistance by conducting cell-based MTT assay and in vitro metabolic studies.

Carboxylesterases 在抗杀虫剂家蝇、家蝇中的功能表征

Carboxylesterase-mediated metabolism is thought to play a major role in insecticide resistance in various insects. Several carboxylesterase genes were ...

生物化学

Methodology to Test Control Agents and Insecticides Against the Coffee Berry Borer Hypothenemus hampei

Prior to recommending insecticides to treat the coffee berry borer (CBB) Hypothenemus hampei, it is valuable to know the mortality and repellency of these insecticides against adult insects or their impact on reproductive output. However, currently available methods assess adult mortality only, limiting the selection of novel insecticides with a different mode of action. In this work, different experimental methods were examined to identify the diverse effects on the CBB under laboratory conditions. For this, green coffee fruits (GFs) were collected and disinfected by immersion in sodium hypochlorite solution followed by UV light irradiation. In parallel, CBB adults from a colony were disinfected by immersion in sodium hypochlorite solution. To assess fruit protection (preinfestation), the fruits were placed in plastic boxes, and the insecticides were applied. Then, the CBB adults were released at a rate of two CBBs per GF. The GFs were left under controlled conditions to evaluate CBB infestation and survival after 1, 7, 15, and 21 days. To evaluate insecticide efficacy after CBB infestation (postinfestation), CBB adults were released to the GFs in a 2:1 ratio for 3 h at 21 &#176;C. Infested fruits showing CBB adults with their abdomens partially exposed were selected and placed in 96-well racks, and the CBBs boring into the fruits were treated directly. After 20 days, the fruits were dissected, and the CBB biological stages inside each fruit were recorded. The GFs served as substrates that mimic natural conditions to evaluate toxic, chemical, and biological insecticides against the CBB.

Methodology to Test Control Agents and Insecticides Against the Coffee Berry Borer Hypothenemus hampei

A method using green coffee fruits (GFs) was developed to test the toxicity of insecticides against the coffee berry borer (CBB). Insecticides or toxic substances were applied to disinfected GFs before or after CBB infestation. Insect mortality, repellency, and reproductive capacity, in addition to other parameters, were evaluated.

针对咖啡浆果螟子下皮测试控制剂和杀虫剂 的方法

Prior to recommending insecticides to treat the coffee berry borer (CBB) Hypothenemus hampei, it is valuable to know the mortality and repellency of these ...

Evaluating the Effect of Pesticides on the Larvae of the Solitary Bees

Current ecological risk assessments of pesticides on pollinators have primarily considered only laboratory conditions. For the larvae of solitary bees, ingestion of provisions contaminated with pesticides may increase the mortality rate of the larvae, decrease the collection rate and the population of adult solitary bees in the next year from a demographic perspective. But there are limited studies on the effects of pesticides on the larvae of solitary bees. Therefore, understanding how pesticides influence the larvae of solitary bees should be considered an integral part of pesticide ecological risk assessment. This study presents a method to expose the larvae of solitary bee, Osmia excavata, to lethal or sublethal doses of pesticide, tracking larval weight gain, developmental duration, eclosion ability, and food consumption efficiency conversion of ingested food. To demonstrate the effectiveness of this method, the larvae of O. excavata were fed with provisions containing acute lethal and sublethal doses of chlorpyrifos. Then, the above indexes of the treated larvae were investigated. This technique helps to predict and mitigate the risk of pesticides to pollinators.

The present protocol explains a method to feed pesticide-contaminated provisions to the larvae of the solitary bees, Osmia excavata. The procedure examines the ecotoxicity of the pesticide to the larvae of the solitary bees.

评估农药对孤独蜜蜂幼虫的影响

Current ecological risk assessments of pesticides on pollinators have primarily considered only laboratory conditions. For the larvae of solitary bees, ...

Bioassays for Monitoring Insecticide Resistance

Pest resistance to pesticides is an increasing problem because pesticides are an integral part of high-yielding production agriculture. When few products are labeled for an individual pest within a particular crop system, chemical control options are limited. Therefore, the same product(s) are used repeatedly and continual selection pressure is placed on the target pest. There are both financial and environmental costs associated with the development of resistant populations. The cost of pesticide resistance has been estimated at approximately $ 1.5 billion annually in the United States. This paper will describe protocols, currently used to monitor arthropod (specifically insects) populations for the development of resistance. The adult vial test is used to measure the toxicity to contact insecticides and a modification of this test is used for plant-systemic insecticides. In these bioassays, insects are exposed to technical grade insecticide and responses (mortality) recorded at a specific post-exposure interval. The mortality data are subjected to Log Dose probit analysis to generate estimates of a lethal concentration that provides mortality to 50% (LC50) of the target populations and a series of confidence limits (CL's) as estimates of data variability. When these data are collected for a range of insecticide-susceptible populations, the LC50 can be used as baseline data for future monitoring purposes. After populations have been exposed to products, the results can be compared to a previously determined LC50 using the same methodology.

This manuscript demonstrates and discusses techniques used to survey pesticide susceptibility and detect resistance to contact and systemic pesticides in arthropod pests.

生物测定对杀虫剂的抗药性监测

Pest resistance to pesticides is an increasing problem because pesticides are an integral part of high-yielding production agriculture. When few products ...

生物学

Using Single Sensillum Recording to Detect Olfactory Neuron Responses of Bed Bugs to Semiochemicals

The insect olfactory system plays an important role in detecting semiochemicals in the environment. In particular, the antennal sensilla which house single or multiple neurons inside, are considered to make the major contribution in responding to the chemical stimuli. By directly recording action potential in the olfactory sensillum after exposure to stimuli, single sensillum recording (SSR) technique provides a powerful approach for investigating the neural responses of insects to chemical stimuli. For the bed bug, which is a notorious human parasite, multiple types of olfactory sensillum have been characterized. In this study, we demonstrated neural responses of bed bug olfactory sensilla to two chemical stimuli and the dose-dependent responses to one of them using the SSR method. This approach enables researchers to conduct early screening for individual chemical stimuli on the bed bug olfactory sensilla, which would provide valuable information for the development of new bed bug attractants or repellents and benefits the bed bug control efforts.

Bed bugs rely on olfactory receptor neurons housed in their antennal olfactory sensilla to detect semiochemicals in the environment. Utilizing single sensillum recording, we demonstrate a method to evaluate bed bug response to semiochemicals and explore the coding process involved.

使用单一感器录音来检测臭虫的嗅觉神经元的反应，以信息化学物质

The insect olfactory system plays an important role in detecting semiochemicals in the environment. In particular, the antennal sensilla which house ...

神经科学

Protocols for Testing the Toxicity of Novel Insecticidal Chemistries to Mosquitoes

New classes of insecticides with novel modes of action are needed to control insecticide resistant populations of mosquitoes that transmit diseases such as Zika, dengue and malaria. Assays for rapid, high-throughput analyses of unformulated novel chemistries against mosquito larvae and adults are presented. We describe protocols for single point-dose and dose response assays to evaluate the toxicity of small molecule chemistries to the Aedes aegypti vector of Zika, dengue and yellow fever,&#160;the malaria vector, Anopheles gambiae and the northern house mosquito, Culex quinquefasciatus, on contact and via ingestion. As an example, we evaluated the toxicity of amitriptyline, a small molecule antagonist of G protein-coupled receptors, via larval, adult topical and adult blood-feeding assay. The protocols provide a starting point to investigate insecticide potential. Results are discussed in the context of additional experiments to explore product applications and mechanisms for delivery.

Protocols are described for assessing the toxicity of chemistries to immature and adult mosquitoes for development as new classes of larvicides, adulticides and endectocides. The protocols enable high-throughput testing of multiple chemistries at single-point dose and subsequent evaluation via dose response assay to determine toxicity on contact or via ingestion.

新型杀虫化学对蚊子毒性测试规程

New classes of insecticides with novel modes of action are needed to control insecticide resistant populations of mosquitoes that transmit diseases such ...

Topical Application Bioassay to Quantify Insecticide Toxicity for Mosquitoes and Fruit Flies

The continued use of insecticides for public health and agriculture has led to widespread insecticide resistance and hampering of control methods. Insecticide resistance surveillance of mosquito populations is typically done through Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) bottle bioassays or World Health Organization (WHO) tube tests. However, these methods can result in a high degree of variability in mortality data due to variable insecticide contact with&#160;the insect, the relatively small numbers of organisms tested, extensive variation in mass between populations, and constantly changing environmental conditions, leading to variable outcomes. This paper presents the topical application bioassay, adapted as a high-throughput phenotypic bioassay for both mosquitoes and fruit flies, to test large numbers of insects along&#160;a range of insecticide concentrations.
This assay 1) ensures consistent treatment and insecticide contact with every organism, 2) produces highly specific dose-response curves that account for differences in average mass between strains and sexes (which is particularly important for field-collected organisms), and 3) allows for the calculation of statistically rigorous median lethal doses (LD50), which are necessary for resistance ratio comparisons-an alternative surveillance approach from diagnostic dose mortality, which is also used for larvicide resistance surveillance. This assay will be a complementary tool for accurately phenotyping mosquito populations and, as illustrated using fruit flies, is easily adaptable for use with other insects. We argue that this assay will help fill the gap between genotypic and phenotypic insecticide resistance in multiple insect species.

We describe the methodology and importance of the topical application bioassay to measure insecticide susceptibility in mosquitoes and fruit flies. The presented assay is high-throughput, utilizes insect mass-thus allowing for calculating a mass-relativized lethal dose instead of concentration-and likely has lower variability than other similar methods.

局部应用生物测定以量化蚊子和果蝇的杀虫剂毒性

The continued use of insecticides for public health and agriculture has led to widespread insecticide resistance and hampering of control methods. ...

通过饲喂测定评估植物化学对 Helicoverpa armigera 的影响

Developing a Feeding Assay System for Evaluating the Insecticidal Effect of Phytochemicals on Helicoverpa armigera

Helicoverpa armigera, a lepidopteran insect, is a polyphagous pest with a worldwide distribution. This herbivorous insect is a threat to plants and agricultural productivity. In response, plants produce several phytochemicals that negatively impact the insect's growth and survival. This protocol demonstrates an obligate feeding assay method to evaluate the effect of a phytochemical (quercetin) on insect growth, development, and survival. Under controlled conditions, the neonates were maintained until the second instar on a pre-defined artificial diet. These second-instar larvae were allowed to feed on a control and quercetin-containing artificial diet for 10 days. The insects' body weight, developmental stage, frass weight, and mortality were recorded on alternate days. The change in body weight, the difference in feeding pattern, and developmental phenotypes were evaluated throughout the assay time. The described obligatory feeding assay simulates a natural mode of ingestion and can be scaled up to a large number of insects. It permits one to analyze phytochemicals' effect on the growth dynamics, developmental transition, and overall fitness of H. armigera. Furthermore, this setup can also be utilized to evaluate alterations in nutritional parameters and digestive physiology processes. This article provides a detailed methodology for feeding assay systems, which may have applications in toxicological studies, insecticidal molecule screening, and understanding chemical effects in plant-insect interactions.

作者聚焦:害虫管理饲喂分析的发展和挑战 

This protocol describes the obligate feeding assay to evaluate the potentially toxic effect of a phytochemical on the lepidopteran insect larvae. This is a highly scalable insect bioassay, easy to optimize the sublethal and lethal dose, deterrent activity, and physiological effect. This could be used for screening eco-friendly insecticides.

开发一种用于评估植物化学物质对 Helicoverpa armigera 的杀虫作用的摄食试验系统

Helicoverpa armigera, a lepidopteran insect, is a polyphagous pest with a worldwide distribution. This herbivorous insect is a threat to plants and ...

一个反对臭虫评估杀虫剂效果的方法，

摘要

探索更多视频

一种技术，屏幕美国榉木为抵抗山毛榉介壳虫（

Carboxylesterases 在抗杀虫剂家蝇、家蝇中的功能表征

针对咖啡浆果螟子下皮测试控制剂和杀虫剂的方法

评估农药对孤独蜜蜂幼虫的影响

生物测定对杀虫剂的抗药性监测

使用单一感器录音来检测臭虫的嗅觉神经元的反应，以信息化学物质

新型杀虫化学对蚊子毒性测试规程

局部应用生物测定以量化蚊子和果蝇的杀虫剂毒性

开发一种用于评估植物化学物质对 Helicoverpa armigera 的杀虫作用的摄食试验系统

开发一种用于评估植物化学物质对 Helicoverpa armigera 的杀虫作用的摄食试验系统

一个反对臭虫评估杀虫剂效果的方法，

摘要

探索更多视频

一种技术，屏幕美国榉木为抵抗山毛榉介壳虫（

Carboxylesterases 在抗杀虫剂家蝇、家蝇中的功能表征

针对咖啡浆果螟子下皮测试控制剂和杀虫剂 的方法

评估农药对孤独蜜蜂幼虫的影响

生物测定对杀虫剂的抗药性监测

使用单一感器录音来检测臭虫的嗅觉神经元的反应，以信息化学物质

新型杀虫化学对蚊子毒性测试规程

局部应用生物测定以量化蚊子和果蝇的杀虫剂毒性

开发一种用于评估植物化学物质对 Helicoverpa armigera 的杀虫作用的摄食试验系统

开发一种用于评估植物化学物质对 Helicoverpa armigera 的杀虫作用的摄食试验系统

针对咖啡浆果螟子下皮测试控制剂和杀虫剂的方法