Biz seyreltme ve pestisit formülasyonu yardım için Molly stedfast teşekkür ederiz. Biz de deneysel tasarım ile ilgili yardım için probit analizi rehberliği için Troy Anderson ve Zachary Adelman teşekkür ederiz. Bu araştırma kısmen Entomoloji Vakfı ödülü ile ve Virginia Zararlı Yönetimi burs fonları tarafından desteklenmiştir.

NOT: Bu protokol ayrıca yatak böcek yumurta ve ilk instars tedavisi için iki insektisit testlerini içerir. Her iki protokol aynı böcek kullanılarak yapılmıştır, ancak protokoller insektisit pozlama sağlamak ve kolayca örnekleri işlemek için adapte edilmesi gerekiyordu. 1. Yumurta Daldırma Böcek Deneyi <ol><li> Bir koloniden evlendirilen, iyi beslenmiş yetişkin dişi yatak hataların çekin ve filtre kağıdı ile bir Petri kabı içine dişileri (5-10) yerleştirin. insektisit tayini için yeterli yumurta var olmasını sağlamak için en az on çoğaltır var. kadın her gün yumurta koydu olmadığını kontrol edin. <ol><li> Onlar yumurtalarını sonra, Petri kabı (6 cm x 5 cm) dışında kadın almak ve günlük yeni bir filtre kağıdı ile yeni Petri kapları içine koydu ve eski ve yeni Petri kapları tarih kaydedin. </li><li> Deneye başlamadan önce 5 gün 4 yaşına yumurta izin verin. embriyonik gelişim sırasında insektisitler değişikliklere duyarlılığı, so yumurta yaş için kontrol etmek önemlidir. D fotoperiyot,% 60 RH ve 27 ° C: 12:12 L tüm yaşam evrelerini tutun. </li></ol></li><li> Yumurta uygun yaş sonra, yumuşak uçlu forseps kullanılarak filtre kağıtları yavaşça yatak böcek yumurta kaldırmak. Yavaşça forseps kullanarak filtre kağıdı bağlı yumurta dibine vurma ve sonra yavaşça atma yatak böcek yumurtalarını sınırlamak için yumurta üzerine fazla baskı uygulamadan yakala. </li><li> içinde plastik Petri yemekleri kendi grupları içinde kaldırılır yatak hata yumurta yerleştirin. Bir kumaş yumuşatıcı levha ile dışarıdan her Petri kabı alt sürterek bed bug yumurta flinging statik elektriği sınırlayın. tek seferde yatak böcek yumurtalarının muamele grupları (grup başına 5-10 yumurta). bir grup bir kopyalayan düşünün ve bu deney için çoğaltır en az beş (veya daha fazla) kullanın. </li><li> 5 farklı konsantrasyonda (bir dizi elde etmek için insektisitlerin seri dilüsyonları Hazırlama 0,21-21 ul / ml imidakloprid (% 0.1) / β-siflutrin (% 0.5) ve kontrol içinÇözücü (musluk suyu) ile çözüm sadece. Daldırma deneyi için yeterli hacim, her bir konsantrasyonun 20 mL sağlayın. </li><li> 35 mL çizgisinde Kesme santrifüj tüpleri (50 ml) medial bir kesme diski aksesuarı ile bir döner alet ve bir santrifüj tüpüne (çap = 2.54 cm) bir alüminyum ile aynı döner alet kap içine bir delik oksit taş aksesuarını taşlama. Kapağı sıkıca boru (Şekil 1) içine vida, böylece keserken kapağın kenarında 5 cm bırakın. </li><li> Kap içine sığacak kadar büyük kareler halinde ince örgü Cut (~ 5 cm 2). santrifüj tüp kapağı kullanılarak santrifüj tüplerine, herhangi bir darbe ortadan kaldırarak, sıkıca örgü vidalayın. </li><li> santrifüj tüpünün içine örgü üzerine boya fırçası kullanarak yatak böcek yumurta bir grup (bir çoğaltma) yerleştirin. 5 saniye boyunca bir insektisit konsantrasyonu içine kesilmiş santrifüj tüpünün içinde yatak hataların grup batırın. </li><li> th dışında santrifüj tüpü çıkarıne insektisit çözüm. içinde bir laboratuvar doku üzerine doğrudan santrifüj tüpü yerleştirerek yumurta ile örgü kurulayın. </li><li> Küçük, ince kıl boya fırçası kullanarak santrifüj tüpünün dışında yumurta grubu kaldırmak ve temiz bir filtre kağıdı ile temiz bir Petri Dish içine koyun. </li><li> Tutanak yumurta ölüm bütün yumurtaları sağlamak için 14 gün boyunca (yumurtadan başarısızlık) yumurtadan için yeterli zaman vardı. </li><li> Abbott formülü (-% kontrol mortalite / 100 - Kontrol ölüm x% 100 test mortalite) kullanarak kontrol tedavisinde mortalite için doğru. </li><li> LC 50 değerleri hesaplamak için analiz yazılımı 15 içine gelen konsantrasyonları ile kaydedilen mortalite yerleştirin. </li></ol> 2. İlk Evre Böcek Deneyi <ol><li> tercihen 1 gün önce beslenen, iyi beslenmiş yatak böcek (5 yetişkin erkek ve 5 yetişkin kadın) bir grup ayırın ve matin için sağlanan filtre kağıdı ile bir Petri kabındaki (6 cm x 5 cm) içine koyung ve yumurtlama. yetişkin yatak böcek dostum ve yaklaşık 7-9 gün süreyle yumurtalarını bırakmak için izin verin. Beslenmesi için kan 16 çevreleyen cam tüplerde sıcak su dolaşır bir yapay besleme sistemi kullanın. Bu çalışma için, defibronated tavşan kanı kullanın. </li><li> Petri gelen yetişkin (5 cm x 6 cm) çıkartın ve yumurta Petri içinde ilk instars içine yumurtadan izin verin. yatak hata yumurta, oda sıcaklığında yumurtadan için yaklaşık 7-9 gün sürer. </li><li> Bir boya fırçası kullanılarak aynı yaştaki beslenmemiş ilk instars toplayın. Yaş onlar yumurtadan gün günlük ilk instars kaldırarak ve kayıt ile tespit edilebilir. insektisit tahlil kadar yeni, temiz Petri kapları içine koyun. insektisit tahlil kısa sürede tamamlanması gerektiğini, böylece ilk evre perileri, dayanıklı çok kurutucu değildir. </li><li> Tahlil için, 5 farklı konsantrasyonda ve bir kontrol Solu bir dizi elde etmek için imidakloprid / p-siflutrin seri dilüsyonları hazırlanmasıSolvent yalnızca yon. Amerika Birleşik Devletleri yatak böcek kontrolü için etiketli formüle edilmiş ürünler, bu nedenle bir çözücü (etikete göre olan su) bu çalışmalar için kullanılmıştır. </li><li> Pipet ayrı ayrı filtre kağıtları üzerine, kontrol grubunda her bir insektisit konsantrasyonu ile su ve 150 uL tam bölünen miktarları (# 1, 4.2 cm çapında). filtre kağıdı tüm kenarı ve merkezi etrafında damlacıkları uygulayarak pipetter kullanarak tüm filtre kağıdının üzerine insektisit dağıtın. </li><li> Bireysel sunta paneller (7 cm 2) üstünde ayrı ayrı işlenmiş filtre kağıtları yerleştirin. </li><li> durumdayken insektisit ile ıslak ve bir Petri tabağına ters bir alt birinci instars kapağı ayrı ayrı filtre kağıtları üzerine ilk instars salınımı grupları (grup başına 5 ila 10). </li><li> işlenmiş yüzeyi kaçan ilk evre yatak hataların önlenmesi için Petri kabı üstünde bir ağırlık koyun. </li><li> Tüm 24 saat maruz bırakıldıktan sonra ilk evre yatak hataların rekor ölüminsektisit konsantrasyonları. </li><li> Abbott formülü (-% kontrol mortalite / 100 - Kontrol ölüm x% 100 test mortalite) kullanarak kontrol tedavisinde mortalite için doğru. </li><li> LC 50 değerleri hesaplamak için analiz yazılımı 15 içine kaydedilen mortalite ve konsantrasyonları yerleştirin. </li></ol>

<ol>
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H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+occurrence+of+resistance+to+phosphine+in+adult+and+egg+stages+of+strains+of+Rhyzopertha+dominica+(F.)(Coleoptera:+Bostrichidae).">The occurrence of resistance to phosphine in adult and egg stages of strains of Rhyzopertha dominica (F.)(Coleoptera: Bostrichidae).</a> J. Stored Prod. Res. 13, 91-94 (1977).</li><li>Campbell, B. E., Miller, D. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Insecticide+Resistance+in+Eggs+and+First+Instars+of+the+Bed+Bug,+Cimex+lectularius+(Hemiptera:+Cimicidae).">Insecticide Resistance in Eggs and First Instars of the Bed Bug, Cimex lectularius (Hemiptera: Cimicidae).</a> Insects. 6, 122-132 (2015).</li><li>Price, L. A., Mills, K. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+toxicity+of+phosphine+to+the+immature+stages+of+resistant+and+susceptible+strains+of+some+common+stored+product+beetles,+and+implications+for+their+control.">The toxicity of phosphine to the immature stages of resistant and susceptible strains of some common stored product beetles, and implications for their control.</a> J. Stored Prod. Res. 24, 51-59 (1988).</li><li>Robertson, J. L., Preisler, H. K., Russel, R. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> PoloPlus: Probit and Logit Analysis User's Guide. , (2003).</li><li>Montes, C., Cuadrillero, C., Vilella, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Maintenance+of+a+laboratory+colony+of+Cimex+lectularius+(Hemiptera:+Cimicidae)+using+an+artificial+feeding+technique.">Maintenance of a laboratory colony of Cimex lectularius (Hemiptera: Cimicidae) using an artificial feeding technique.</a> J. Med. Entomol. 39, 675-679 (2002).</li><li>Brogdon, W. G., McAllister, J. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Simplification+of+adult+mosquito+bioassays+through+use+of+time-mortality+determinations+in+glass+bottles.">Simplification of adult mosquito bioassays through use of time-mortality determinations in glass bottles.</a> J. Am. Mosq. Control. Assoc. 14, 159-164 (1998).</li><li>Katarzyna, K., Saddler, A., Koella, J. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+age+and+larval+nutrition+on+phenotypic+expression+of+insecticide-resistance+in+Anopheles+mosquitoes.">Effects of age and larval nutrition on phenotypic expression of insecticide-resistance in Anopheles mosquitoes.</a> PLoS One. 8 (3), (2013).</li><li>Outram, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Factors+affecting+the+resistance+of+insect+eggs+to+sulphuryl+fluoride-II:+the+distribution+of+sulphuryl-35+S+fluoride+in+insect+eggs+after+fumigation.">Factors affecting the resistance of insect eggs to sulphuryl fluoride-II: the distribution of sulphuryl-35 S fluoride in insect eggs after fumigation.</a> J. Stored. Prod. Res. 3, 353-358 (1967).</li></ol>

Yazarlar ifşa hiçbir şey yok.

A critical step in this assay is to ensure that no eggs that are removed from a surface are damaged prior to the assay. Many insects cement their eggs to a substrate, therefore, a preliminary test may be needed to ensure that removal does not cause mortality. This test can be conducted with several replications of a treated group (bed bugs removed from filter paper) compared to a control group (bed bugs not removed). Similar low rates of mortality (or no mortality) between the treated and control group will ensure that ...

Yatak hataların insan konaklar 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 kan kaybı, cilt tahrişleri, uykusuzluk, depresyon, ve anksiyete neden olabilir önemli bir kentsel haşere vardır. Yatak hataların ortadan kaldırılması ve kontrol maliyetleri yüksek ve çoğu kez bir haşere kontrol firması 7 tarafından bir eve birden fazla ziyaret gerektirir. Birden fazla ziyaret nedeniyle genellikle yatak hataların şifreli davranış ve onları öldürerek ile ilişkili zorluklar gereklidir. Özellikle, yatak böcek Yumurtalar, küçük boyutları ve yumurta kabuğu embriyo koruma kontrol etmek zordur. Şu anda, Amerika Birleşik Devletleri boyunca birçok haşere kontrol şirketleri için ortak bir uygulama, bir kimyasal böcek ilacı kullanan yatak böcek için bir ev tedavi etmektir. BilindikYumurta kontrol etmek zor olduğunu, bu nedenle birçok şirket yeniden tedaviler 8 için iki haftalık bir zaman diliminde hayata geçirdik. İlk evre ortaya ve ileri sürülen böcek ile öldürmek daha kolay olacak, böylece bu yatak böcek yumurta yumurtadan için yeterli zaman sağlar. Ancak, yatakta böcek yumurta ve ilk instars karşı sıvı insektisitlerin etkinliğini değerlendiren çalışmalarda bir eksiklik olduğunu. Böcek yumurtaları birçok tarım zararlılarının yanı sıra, yatak hataların dışında kentsel böcek zararlılarına kontrol edilmesi en zor yaşam evresi olmak belgelenmiştir. birkaç çalışma insektisit direnci rapor ederken, bu zorlukların çoğu, yumurta kabuğu atfedilmiştir. Yumurta aşamasında direnç, Plutella 11 xylostetla 10 capitis Triatoma infestans 9 Pediculus humanus içinde Rhyzopertha Dominica 12 belgelenmiştir <em&gt; Cımex lectularius 13, ve birden fazla depolanmış ürün böcekleri (yani Oryzaephilus surinamensis, Tribolium castaneum, Cryptolestes ferrugineus ve Rhyzopertha dominica). 14 kabuğu ile insektisit penetrasyonu ile ilişkili yumurta aşamasında ve olgunlaşmamış aşamaları yanı sıra komplikasyonlar direnç gelişimi, bu yaşam evrelerinde karşı insektisit etkinliği biyoanalizlere ihtiyacını zorunlu kılmaktadır. Bu protokol ortak yatak hataların yumurta ve birinci instar aşamasında insektisit etkinliğini belirlemek için bir adım-adım yordam sağlar, Cımex lectularius. Bu protokollerin iki LC50 değerlerinin miktarını belirlemek için konsantrasyon-yanıt deneyleri bulunmaktadır. Konsantrasyon-tepki deneyleri genellikle, ancak bu protokolü kolay yatak böcek yumurta ve birinci instars grupları tedavi etmek için adapte edilmiştir, toksikolojik çalışmalar için kullanılmıştır. Bu deneyler, uyarlanabilirÇeşitli böcek türlerin yumurta ve olgunlaşmamış yaşam evrelerinde.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1067">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Petri dishes</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific Inc.</td>
			<td>08-757-105</td>
			<td>Plastic</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Filter paper</td>
			<td>Whatman</td>
			<td>1001-042</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Featherweight forceps</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific Inc.</td>
			<td align="right">4750</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Temprid SC (imidacloprid/bifenthrin)</td>
			<td>Bayer CropScience</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Transport GHP (acetamiprid/bifenthrin)</td>
			<td>FMC Corp.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Centrifuge tube</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>06-443-18</td>
			<td>50 mL; flat-top threaded</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fine mesh</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>7250C</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>KimWipe</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>06-666A</td>
			<td>11 cm X 21 cm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Small paint brush</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Any small paint brush</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hardboard panels</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Composite wood or tile would be sufficient from a home improvement store</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Metal weights</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Any type of metal screw that will hold the weight of the Petri dish down onto a surface</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a method for evaluating insecticide efficacy against bed bug, cimex lectularius, eggs and first instars

Böcek zararlılarına karşı böcek standart toksisite değerlendirmeleri öncelikle yetişkin böcekler üzerinde yapılmaktadır. Değerlendirme bir doz veya bir insektisit konsantrasyonu mortalite de artar bir doz-yanıt veya konsantrasyon-tepki eğrisi, dayanmaktadır. Standart öldürücü konsantrasyon (LC 50) ve öldürücü doz (LD 50) bir test nüfusun% 50 mortalite neden testler, yumurta ve erken instar veya nimf evrelerinde olarak yetişkin olmayan böcek yaşam evrelerinde karşı böcek, toksisitesini değerlendirmek için zor olabilir . Ancak bu bilgiler kontrol ve tedavi çalışmalarını etkileyen tüm yatak böcek yaşam evrelerinde insektisit etkinliği, anlamak için çok önemlidir. Bu protokol yatak hata yumurta için modifiye standart daldırma biyoassay ve nimf ilk instars tedavisi için bir temas böcek öldürücü tahlil kullanır. Bu deneyler, daha insektisit değerlendirmeler için LC50 değerlerinin belirlenmesi için, bir konsantrasyon-yanıt eğrisi oluşturur.

Yumurta imidakloprid / p-siflutrin 5 farklı konsantrasyonda (mL / mL) içine daldırılmıştır. İlk instars imidakloprid / p-siflutrin, beş farklı konsantrasyonda (Şekil 2) ile muamele edilen yüzeyler üzerinde yerleştirilmiştir. Harlan, Richmond, ve Epic Merkezi (Tablo 1): Biz C. lectularius üç farklı popülasyonlar kullanılır. Harlan suşu piretroid insek...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Method for Evaluating Insecticide Efficacy against Bed Bug,  Cimex lectularius, Eggs and First Instars at JoVE.com

A Method for Evaluating Insecticide Efficacy against Bed Bug,  Cimex lectularius, Eggs and First Instars

İnsektisit değerlendirmeler genellikle yetişkin böcekler yerine olgunlaşmamış aşamalarında karşı hedeflenir. Burada, ilk nimf yatak böcek aşamasına bir karşılaştırma ile yatak hata yumurta karşı böcek değerlendirmek için bir protokol mevcut. Bu protokoller, yetişkin olmayan yaşam evrelerinde insektisit etkinliğini değerlendirmek için başka böcekler için ayarlanabilir.

Yatak Bug karşı Böcek etkinliğini değerlendirmek için bir yöntem,<em&gt; Cımex lectularius</em&gt; Yumurta ve İlk instars

Standard toxicity evaluations of insecticides against insect pests are primarily conducted on adult insects. Evaluations are based on a dose-response or ...

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Environment

A Method for Evaluating Insecticide Efficacy against Bed Bug, Cimex lectularius, Eggs and First Instars

11.2K Görüntüleme.  University of Florida.  İnsektisit değerlendirmeler genellikle yetişkin böcekler yerine olgunlaşmamış aşamalarında karşı hedeflenir. Burada, ilk nimf yatak böcek aşamasına bir karşılaştırma ile yatak hata yumurta karşı böcek değerlendirmek için bir protokol mevcut. Bu protokoller, yetişkin olmayan yaşam evrelerinde insektisit etkinliğini değerlendirmek için başka böcekler için ayarlanabilir. 

Video: A Method for Evaluating Insecticide Efficacy against Bed Bug,  Cimex lectularius, Eggs and First Instars

A Rapid and Efficient Method for Assessing Pathogenicity of Ustilago maydis on Maize and Teosinte Lines

Maize is a major cereal crop worldwide. However, susceptibility to biotrophic pathogens is the primary constraint to increasing productivity. U. maydis is a biotrophic fungal pathogen and the causal agent of corn smut on maize. This disease is responsible for significant yield losses of approximately $1.0 billion annually in the U.S.1 Several methods including crop rotation, fungicide application and seed treatments are currently used to control corn smut2. However, host resistance is the only practical method for managing corn smut. Identification of crop plants including maize, wheat, and rice that are resistant to various biotrophic pathogens has significantly decreased yield losses annually3-5. Therefore, the use of a pathogen inoculation method that efficiently and reproducibly delivers the pathogen in between the plant leaves, would facilitate the rapid identification of maize lines that are resistant to U. maydis. As, a first step toward indentifying maize lines that are resistant to U. maydis, a needle injection inoculation method and a resistance reaction screening method was utilized to inoculate maize, teosinte, and maize x teosinte introgression lines with a U. maydis strain and to select resistant plants.
Maize, teosinte and maize x teosinte introgression lines, consisting of about 700 plants, were planted, inoculated with a strain of U. maydis, and screened for resistance. The inoculation and screening methods successfully identified three teosinte lines resistant to U. maydis. Here a detailed needle injection inoculation and resistance reaction screening protocol for maize, teosinte, and maize x teosinte introgression lines is presented. This study demonstrates that needle injection inoculation is an invaluable tool in agriculture that can efficiently deliver U. maydis in between the plant leaves and has provided plant lines that are resistant to U. maydis that can now be combined and tested in breeding programs for improved disease resistance.

A Rapid and Efficient Method for Assessing Pathogenicity of Ustilago maydis on Maize and Teosinte Lines

The use of a needle injection method to inoculate maize and teosinte plants with the biotrophic pathogen Ustilago maydis is described. The needle injection inoculation method facilitates the controlled delivery of the fungal pathogen in between the plant leaves where the pathogen enters the plant through the formation of appresoria. This method is highly efficient, enabling reproducible inoculations with U. maydis.

Ustilago maydis'in Mısır ve Teosinte Hatlarında Patojenitesini Değerlendirmek İçin Hızlı ve Verimli Bir Yöntem

Maize is a major cereal crop worldwide. However, susceptibility to biotrophic pathogens is the primary constraint to increasing productivity. U. maydis is ...

Çevre

A Simple Method for Automated Solid Phase Extraction of Water Samples for Immunological Analysis of Small Pollutants

A new method for solid phase extraction (SPE) of environmental water samples is proposed. The developed prototype is cost-efficient and user friendly, and enables to perform rapid, automated and simple SPE. The pre-concentrated solution is compatible with analysis by immunoassay, with a low organic solvent content. A method is described for the extraction and pre-concentration of natural hormone 17&#946;-estradiol in 100 ml water samples. Reverse phase SPE is performed with octadecyl-silica sorbent and elution is done with 200 &#181;l of methanol 50% v/v. Eluent is diluted by adding di-water to lower the amount of methanol. After preparing manually the SPE column, the overall procedure is performed automatically within 1 hr. At the end of the process, estradiol concentration is measured by using a commercial enzyme-linked immune-sorbent assay (ELISA). 100-fold pre-concentration is achieved and the methanol content in only 10% v/v. Full recoveries of the molecule are achieved with 1 ng/L spiked de-ionized and synthetic sea water samples.

A protocol for the extraction and pre-concentration of estradiol from water samples by using an automated and miniaturized system is presented.

Küçük Kirleticilerin İmmünolojik Analizi Su Örneklerinin Otomatik Katı Faz Ekstraksiyon Basit Bir Yöntem

A new method for solid phase extraction (SPE) of environmental water samples is proposed. The developed prototype is cost-efficient and user friendly, and ...

Use of a Battery of Chemical and Ecotoxicological Methods for the Assessment of the Efficacy of Wastewater Treatment Processes to Remove Estrogenic Potency

Endocrine Disrupting Compounds pose a substantial risk to the aquatic environment. Ethinylestradiol (EE2) and estrone (E1) have recently been included in a watch list of environmental pollutants under the European Water Framework Directive. Municipal wastewater treatment plants are major contributors to the estrogenic potency of surface waters. Much of the estrogenic potency of wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluents can be attributed to the discharge of steroid estrogens including estradiol (E2), EE2 and E1 due to incomplete removal of these substances at the treatment plant. An evaluation of the efficacy of wastewater treatment processes requires the quantitative determination of individual substances most often undertaken using chemical analysis methods. Most frequently used methods include Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GCMS/MS) or Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LCMS/MS) using multiple reaction monitoring (MRM). Although very useful for regulatory purposes, targeted chemical analysis can only provide data on the compounds (and specific metabolites) monitored. Ecotoxicology methods additionally ensure that any by-products produced or unknown estrogenic compounds present are also assessed via measurement of their biological activity. A number of in vitro bioassays including the Yeast Estrogen Screen (YES) are available to measure the estrogenic activity of wastewater samples. Chemical analysis in conjunction with in vivo and in vitro bioassays provides a useful toolbox for assessment of the efficacy and suitability of wastewater treatment processes with respect to estrogenic endocrine disrupting compounds. This paper utilizes a battery of chemical and ecotoxicology tests to assess conventional, advanced and emerging wastewater treatment processes in laboratory and field studies.

Endocrine Disrupting Compounds (EDC) pose a substantial risk to the aquatic environment. Municipal wastewater treatment plants are major contributors to the estrogenic potency of surface waters. The methodology provided in this paper allows for an assessment of the efficacy and suitability of wastewater treatment processes with respect to EDC removal.

Atıksu Arıtma Süreçlerinin Etkinliğinin Değerlendirilmesi için Kimya ve Ekotoksikolojik Yöntemlerinin bir pil kullanılması östrojenik Potency çıkarmak

Endocrine Disrupting Compounds pose a substantial risk to the aquatic environment. Ethinylestradiol (EE2) and estrone (E1) have recently been included in ...

A Gusseted Thermogradient Table to Control Soil Temperatures for Evaluating Plant Growth and Monitoring Soil Processes

Thermogradient tables were first developed in the 1950s primarily to test seed germination over a range of temperatures simultaneously without using a series of incubators. A temperature gradient is passively established across the surface of the table between the heated and cooled ends and is lost quickly at distances above the surface. Since temperature is only controlled on the table surface, experiments are restricted to shallow containers, such as Petri dishes, placed on the table. Welding continuous aluminum vertical strips or gussets perpendicular to the surface of a table enables temperature control in depth via convective heat flow. Soil in the channels between gussets was maintained across a gradient of temperatures allowing a greater diversity of experimentation. The gusseted design was evaluated by germinating oat, lettuce, tomato, and melon seeds. Soil temperatures were monitored using individual, battery-powered dataloggers positioned across the table. LED lights installed in the lids or along the sides of the gradient table create a controlled temperature chamber where seedlings can be grown over a range of temperatures. The gusseted design enabled accurate determination of optimum temperatures for fastest germination rate and the highest percentage germination for each species. Germination information from gradient table experiments can help predict seed germination and seedling growth under the adverse soil conditions often encountered during field crop production. Temperature effects on seed germination, seedling growth, and soil ecology can be tested under controlled conditions in a laboratory using a gusseted thermogradient table.

Traditional thermogradient tables create a range of temperatures across the surface. Welding gussets perpendicular to the surface of a thermogradient table will control temperature in depth increasing possible research applications.

Bir Körüklü Thermogradient Tablo Toprak Süreçleri Bitki Büyüme değerlendirilmesi ve İzleme Toprak Sıcaklıklar Denetim

Thermogradient tables were first developed in the 1950s primarily to test seed germination over a range of temperatures simultaneously without using a ...

Reliable Method for Assessing Seed Germination, Dormancy, and Mortality under Field Conditions

We describe techniques for approximating seed bank dynamics over time using Helianthus annuus as an example study species. Strips of permeable polyester fabric and glue can be folded and glued to construct a strip of compartments that house seeds and identifying information, while allowing contact with soil leachate, water, microorganisms, and ambient temperature. Strips may be constructed with a wide range of compartment numbers and sizes and allow the researcher to house a variety of genotypes within a single species, different species, or seeds that have experienced different treatments. As opposed to individual seed packets, strips are more easily retrieved as a unit. While replicate packets can be included within a strip, different strips can act as blocks or can be retrieved at different times for observation of seed behavior over time. We used a high temperature glue gun to delineate compartments and sealed the strips once the seed and tags identifying block and removal times were inserted. The seed strips were then buried in the field at the desired depth, with the location marked for later removal. Burrowing animal predators were effectively excluded by use of a covering of metal mesh hardware cloth on the soil surface. After the selected time interval for burial, strips were dug up and seeds were assessed for germination, dormancy and mortality. While clearly dead seeds can often be distinguished from ungerminated living ones by eye, dormant seeds were conclusively identified using a standard Tetrazolium chloride colorimetric test for seed viability.

Here we present a protocol for assessing seed survivorship, germination and dormancy under field conditions using buried, labeled seed strips and tetrazolium chloride (TZ) viability testing.

Tarla Şartlarında Tohum çimlenme, dormansi ve Ölümlerini değerlendirilmesi için güvenilir yöntem

We describe techniques for approximating seed bank dynamics over time using Helianthus annuus as an example study species. Strips of permeable polyester ...

A Flow-through Exposure System for Evaluating Suspended Sediments Effects on Aquatic Life

This paper describes the Fish Larvae and Egg Exposure System (FLEES). The flow-through exposure system is used to investigate the effects of suspended sediment on various aquatic species and life stages in the laboratory by using pumps and automating delivery of sediment and water to simulate suspension of sediment. FLEES data are used to develop exposure-response curves between the effects on aquatic organisms and suspended sediment concentrations at the desired exposure duration. The effects data are used to evaluate management practices used to reduce the interactions between aquatic organisms and anthropogenic causes of suspended sediments. The FLEES is capable of generating total suspended solids (TSS) concentrations as low as 30 to as high as 800 mg/L, making this system an ideal choice for evaluating the effects of TSS resulting from many activities including simulating low ambient levels of TSS to evaluating sources of suspended sediments from dredging operations, vessel traffic, freshets, and storms.

A robust and flexible flow-through exposure system designed to maintain sediment in suspension is presented. The system is used to investigate the effects of suspended sediment on various aquatic species and life stages in the laboratory.

Sucul Life Asma değerlendirmek Sedimanlar Etkileri için Flow-through Pozlama Sistemi

This paper describes the Fish Larvae and Egg Exposure System (FLEES). The flow-through exposure system is used to investigate the effects of suspended ...

A Lipid Extraction and Analysis Method for Characterizing Soil Microbes in Experiments with Many Samples

Microbial communities are important drivers and regulators of ecosystem processes. To understand how management of ecosystems may affect microbial communities, a relatively precise but effort-intensive technique to assay microbial community composition is phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis. PLFA was developed to analyze phospholipid biomarkers, which can be used as indicators of microbial biomass and the composition of broad functional groups of fungi and bacteria. It has commonly been used to compare soils under alternative plant communities, ecology, and management regimes. The PLFA method has been shown to be sensitive to detecting shifts in microbial community composition.
An alternative method, fatty acid methyl ester extraction and analysis (MIDI-FA) was developed for rapid extraction of total lipids, without separation of the phospholipid fraction, from pure cultures as a microbial identification technique. This method is rapid but is less suited for soil samples because it lacks an initial step separating soil particles and begins instead with a saponification reaction that likely produces artifacts from the background organic matter in the soil. 
This article describes a method that increases throughput while balancing effort and accuracy for extraction of lipids from the cell membranes of microorganisms for use in characterizing both total lipids and the relative abundance of indicator lipids to determine soil microbial community structure in studies with many samples. The method combines the accuracy achieved through PLFA profiling by extracting and concentrating soil lipids as a first step, and a reduction in effort by saponifying the organic material extracted and processing with the MIDI-FA method as a second step.

The article describes a method that increases throughput while balancing effort and accuracy for extraction of lipids from the cell membranes of microorganisms for use in characterizing both total lipids and the relative abundance of indicator lipids to determine soil microbial community structure in studies with many samples.

Çok Örnekli Deneylerde Toprak Mikroplarını Karakterize Etmek İçin Bir Lipid Ekstraksiyon ve Analiz Metodu

Microbial communities are important drivers and regulators of ecosystem processes. To understand how management of ecosystems may affect microbial ...

Image-based Lagrangian Particle Tracking in Bed-load Experiments

Image analysis has been increasingly used for the measurement of river flows due to its capabilities to furnish detailed quantitative depictions at a relatively low cost. This manuscript describes an application of particle tracking velocimetry (PTV) to a bed-load experiment with lightweight sediment. The key characteristics of the investigated sediment transport conditions were the presence of a covered flow and of a fixed rough bed above which particles were released in limited number at the flume inlet. Under the applied flow conditions, the motion of the individual bed-load particles was intermittent, with alternating movement and stillness terms. The flow pattern was preliminarily characterized by acoustic measurements of vertical profiles of the stream-wise velocity. During process visualization, a large field of view was obtained using two action-cameras placed at different locations along the flume. The experimental protocol is described in terms of channel calibration, experiment realization, image pre-processing, automatic particle tracking, and post-processing of particle track data from the two cameras. The presented proof-of-concept results include probability distributions of the particle hop length and duration. The achievements of this work are compared to those of existing literature to demonstrate the validity of the protocol.

The manuscript presents a protocol for the conduction of bed-load sediment transport experiments where the moving particles are tracked by image analysis. The experimental facility, the procedures for run realization and data processing, and finally some proof-of-concept results are presented here.

Yatak Yüklü Deneylerde Görüntü Tabanlı Lagrangian Parçacık İzleme

Image analysis has been increasingly used for the measurement of river flows due to its capabilities to furnish detailed quantitative depictions at a ...

A Novel Method for the Pentosan Analysis Present in Jute Biomass and Its Conversion into Sugar Monomers Using Acidic Ionic Liquid

Recently, ionic liquids (ILs) are used for biomass valorization into valuable chemicals because of their remarkable properties such as thermal stability, lower vapor pressure, non-flammability, higher heat capacity, and tunable solubility and acidity. Here, we demonstrate a method for the synthesis of C5 sugars (xylose and arabinose) from the pentosan present in jute biomass in a one-pot process by utilizing a catalytic amount of Br&#248;nsted acidic 1-methyl-3-(3-sulfopropyl)-imidazolium hydrogen sulfate IL. The acidic IL is synthesized in the lab and characterized using NMR spectroscopic techniques for understanding its purity. The various properties of BAIL are measured such as acid strength, thermal and hydrothermal stability, which showed that the catalyst is stable at a higher temperature (250 &#176;C) and possesses very high acid strength (Ho 1.57). The acidic IL converts over 90% of pentosan into sugars and furfural. Hence, the presenting method in this study can also be employed for the evaluation of pentosan concentration in other kinds of lignocellulosic biomass.

We present a protocol for the synthesis of C5 sugars (xylose and arabinose) from a renewable non-edible lignocellulosic biomass (i.e., jute) with the presence of Br&#248;nsted acidic ionic liquids (BAILs) as the catalyst in water. The BAILs catalyst exhibited better catalytic performance than conventional mineral acid catalysts (H2SO4 and HCl).

Pentosan analizi için yeni bir yöntem mevcut Jüt biyokütle ve şeker monomerleri asidik iyonik sıvı kullanarak içine onun dönüşüm

Recently, ionic liquids (ILs) are used for biomass valorization into valuable chemicals because of their remarkable properties such as thermal stability, ...

Visualizing Efficacy of Pesticides Against Disease Vector Mosquitoes in the Field

Efficacy of public health pesticides targeting nuisance and disease-vector insects such as mosquitoes, sand flies, and filth-breeding flies is not uniform across ecological zones. To best protect public and veterinary health from these insects, the environmental limitations of pesticides need to be investigated to inform effective use of the most appropriate pesticide formulations and techniques. We have developed a research program to evaluate combinations of pesticides, pesticide application equipment, and application techniques in hot-arid desert, hot-humid tropical, warm and cool temperate, and urban locations to derive pesticide use guidelines specific to target insect and environment. To these ends we designed a system of protocols to support efficient, cost-effective, portable, and standardized evaluation of a diverse range of pesticides and equipment across multiple environments. At the core of these protocols is the use of an array of small cages with colony-reared sentinel mosquitoes (adults and immatures) and sand flies (adults), strategically arranged in natural habitats and exposed to pesticide spray. Spatial and temporal patterns of pesticide efficacy are derived from percent mortality in sentinel cages, then mapped and visualized in a geographic information system. Maps of sentinel mortality data may be statistically compared to evaluate relative efficacy of a pesticide across multiple environments, or to study multiple pesticides in a single environment. Protocols may be modified to accommodate a variety of scenarios, including, for example, the vertical orientation of sentinels in canopy habitats or simultaneous testing of ground and aerial application methods.

The efficacy of public health pesticides targeting nuisance and disease-vector insects is not uniform across different ecological zones. Here we present a system of techniques using captive vector insects as sentinels for pesticide efficacy to derive electronic maps supporting the standard evaluation of pesticides across multiple environments.

Pestisitler hastalık vektör sivrisinekler alanında karşı etkinliği görselleştirme

Efficacy of public health pesticides targeting nuisance and disease-vector insects such as mosquitoes, sand flies, and filth-breeding flies is not uniform ...

Yatak Bug karşı Böcek etkinliğini değerlendirmek için bir yöntem,

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