笔者想感谢Sandtown填埋场费尔顿，DE分享他们的知识和渗滤液。

1.系统设置注意:"配对系统"是指一种水族箱和一个管道水塘，并行运行。 <ol><li>对于一个配对的系统中，使用一个100升的水族箱罐（AT），与用于小型容器顶置混合器，和一个1000升管道水塘（RWP），用叶轮混合器大型容器中。在本系统中使用的容器被描绘在图1中。 </li><li>接种用相同的藻类培养所有船只。使用接种的高密度，从而在不低于0.1克/升，一旦稀释至在罐或塘10的全部体积的最终密度。它可能需要一个相当长的时间（数周至数月），以生长足够藻类此步骤。 </li><li>使用未经处理的垃圾渗滤液作为营养源。使用从接受大部分生活垃圾和具有毒素水平低一个垃圾填埋场渗滤液拍摄。对渗滤液成分分析应该从垃圾填埋场。 ŧ他量每个水箱或池塘使用可根据废水的强度变化渗滤液，但最终氨的浓度应测量5-75毫克氨氮 / L。 </li><li>开始与60升工作体积的100升水族箱罐，并用600L的工作体积的管道水塘。本研究开始与在水族箱罐约1升浸出液在59升水中，并在管道水塘590升水10升浸出液。增加使用在这个研究过程中渗滤液浓度。 </li></ol><img alt="图1" src="/files/ftp_upload/55256/55256fig1.jpg" /> 图1.水族箱和跑道水池的例子。一个水族箱（A）和管道水塘（B）的例子所示。 <a href="http://ecsource.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/55256/55256fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a> <ol><li>操作水族馆水箱和管道水塘与三周水力停留时间半间歇反应器。每个采样周期跨越一个星期。 </li><li>以每船125毫升样品。这是一周样品的开始。根据部分3.1-3.3的样品分析协议测试样品。 </li><li>在本周结束时，取从各容器进行分析125毫升样品。结束一周的样本已经后，清空水族箱的整个容积进入管道水塘。 <ol><li>每周一次，泵水族箱的整个容积进入管道水塘。 </li></ol></li><li>除去从管道水塘的体积（3周的平均水力停留时间）的三分之一。替换体积与水和未处理渗滤液除去。 </li><li>从传输管道水塘约60 L背面进入鱼缸。这确保了水族馆黄褐色k和管道水塘每星期开始用相同的营养物和生物条件。 </li><li>就拿从所有船只125毫升样品，为下周启动条件的分析。 </li></ol> 3.样品分析<ol><li>测试和周结束时的样品都开始的最周为氨氮，硝态氮，亚硝酸盐-N，以及生物量密度。 </li><li>衡量标准的总悬浮固体（TSS）协议，ASTM-D5907，使用0.45微米的过滤物质。 <ol><li>首先称量滤纸，然后使用真空过滤系统过滤样品20-40毫升。干燥生物量/滤纸在烘箱中在105℃一小时，或直到生物质/滤纸不再变化的重量。 </li><li>称重生物质/滤纸，并减去滤纸的初始质量。通过过滤来计算密度的生物质的体积除以这个质量。重复11运行。 </li></ol></li><li>测量氨，硝酸盐，亚硝酸盐和分光光度计使用分光光度计。 <ol><li>用100μL的样品的在商业方法试剂盒，以确定氨浓度。指制造商的协议。 </li><li>使用1毫升样品在商业方法试剂盒，以确定硝酸盐浓度。指制造商的协议。 </li><li>使用10毫升的样品的在商业方法试剂盒，以确定亚硝酸盐的浓度。指制造商的协议。 </li></ol></li><li>监视用市售气象站使用商业探针和数据记录器的环境条件（空气温度，太阳辐射，风速）以及罐/池塘条件（水温，pH值，溶解氧）。指制造商的协议。 </li></ol> 4.结果统计分析<ol><li>确定收集到的数据在统计上是正常的。使用QQ图12确定数据集的常态</SUP&gt;。 </li><li>确定使用Pearson的R或斯皮尔曼p表示正常和非正常的数据，分别为13参数之间的相关性。相关参数应至少包括以下参数:初始的氨浓度，初始总氮浓度，初始生物量密度，氨去除率，总氮的去除率，生物量生长速率，以及所有的环境条件。 </li></ol>

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作者什么都没有透露。

系统性能: 在8周的研究过程中，在一个系统中的小型和大型船只的生产率进行了比较。在这项研究中的氮和氨去除速率和生物量生长速率被用作治疗系统的生产率的措施。该系统操作的作为半间歇式反应器，其中，每个星期进行离散条件下操作。代表性的结果占了前8周的系统操作的，但是全面研究会延长更长的时间以考虑环境条件的季节变化。 上述方法要...

较大规模的应用实验室规模的数据的翻译是在生物过程的商业化的关键步骤。在小规模的反应器系统，特别是那些注重利用微生物生产效率，已显示出持续超过预测商业规模的系统1，2，3，4发生效率。挑战也存在于从实验室规模藻类和蓝藻光合作用种植扩展到更大的系统制造高价值产品，如化妆品和药品，用于生产生物燃料的目的，以及废水的处理。对于大型藻类生物量生产的需求与新兴工业日益增长的生物燃料，药品/营养制品，和家畜饲料5藻类。中所描述的方法此稿件旨在评估增加了对生物生长率和脱氮除磷光合反应器系统规模的影响。这里提出的系统使用藻类补救渗滤液废水，但可以适用于各种应用。 大型系统的生产效率是使用小规模的实验往往预测;然而，有几个因素必须考虑，以确定这些预测的准确度，如规模已经显示影响生物过程的性能。例如，容克（2004）提出的结果从八个不同尺寸的发酵反应器的对比，从30升19000升，这表明，在保护高频通道或商业尺度实际生产率比值使用小预测几乎总是低-scale研究4。在容器的尺寸，动力混合，搅拌型，营养品质和气体输送不等式被预测是主要原因为生产力下降4。类似地，已经在藻类生长的反应器显示，生物质生长和生物量相关的产品时规模增加6几乎总是降低。 生物，物理和化学因素与反应器的尺寸改变，许多这些因素在小规模不同于在较大的尺度2,7影响微生物活性。由于大多数全规模系统藻类，如滚道池塘，存在在户外时，要考虑一种生物因素是微生物物种和噬菌体可以从周围环境被引入，其可以改变微生物物种存在并且由此的微生物功能系统。微生物群落的活性也将是环境因素，如轻和温度敏感。气体和流体运动的质量接送这在微生物过程的规模可达影响的物理因素的例子。在实现小型反应堆理想的混合是容易的;然而，随着规模越来越大，它成为工程师理想的混合条件是一个挑战。在更大的尺度，反应器是更可能有死区，非理想的混合，并降低的效率在传质2。由于藻类光合生物，商业增长必须提高音量时占曝光的变化，由于水深和面积的变化。高的生物量密度和/或低质量的传输速率可引起降低的 CO 2浓度和增加的O 2的浓度，这两者都可能导致抑制生物量生长8。在藻类生长系统化学因子由水生环境2，这是因而受pH缓冲化合物的变化，如溶解的CO的pH值动力学驱动<sub&gt; 2和碳酸盐物种。这些因素是由复杂的相互作用的生物，物理和化学因素加剧，往往不可预知的方式9。 本研究提出旨在规范，并在两个不同尺度的血管比较生长条件配对的反应器系统。实验方案侧重于量化渗滤液处理和藻类的生长;然而，它可以适用于监视其他指标，例如在一段时间，或在微生物群落改变藻类中的CO 2截存的潜力。这里介绍的协议被设计为评价尺度上在渗滤液处理系统藻类生长和脱氮效果。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1148">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:283px;">Aquarium Tank</td>
			<td style="width:135px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:612px;">Any 100+L aquarium tank with optically clear glass can be used</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:283px;">RW 3.5</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">MicroBio Engineering</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Raceway Pond</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:283px;">Eurostar 100 digital</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">IKA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">4238101</td>
			<td style="width:612px;">Overhead mixers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:283px;">Leachate</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Sandtown Landfill</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:283px;">Sampling Bottles</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Nalgene</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Plastic or glass, lab grade, 125-200mL&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:283px;">Transfer Pumps</td>
			<td style="width:135px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Garden type pump with drinking water quality hoses will be suitable</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:283px;">AmVer Salicylate Test &#39;N Tube</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Hach</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">2606945</td>
			<td>High Range Ammonia Tests</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:283px;">NitraVer X Nitrogen - Nitrate Reagent Set&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Hach</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">2605345</td>
			<td>High Range Nitrate Tests</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:283px;">NitriVer 2 Nitrite Reagent Powder Pillows</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Hach</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">2107569</td>
			<td>High Range Nitrite Tests</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:283px;">Hach DR2400 Spectrophotmeter</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Hach</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>The DR2400 was discontinued, but any DR series Hach spectrophotometer can be used in this application.&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:283px;">EMD Microbiological Analysis Membrane Filters</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Millipore</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">HAWG047S6</td>
			<td style="width:612px;">0.45&#181;m filters&#160;</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

comparison of scale in a photosynthetic reactor system for algal remediation of wastewater

实验方法被呈现给比较设计用于废水处理两种不同尺寸的反应器的性能。在这项研究中，氨去除，脱氮和藻类生长是通过在成对的套小（100μL）和大（1000升）的反应器设计用于填埋废水的藻类补救8周期间比较。小和大规模反应器中的内容之前，每个每周测试间隔的开始以保持在两个尺度等效初始条件混合。系统的特性，其中包括的表面积与体积比，停留时间，生物量密度，以及废水的进料浓度，可以调节，以便更好地均衡在两个尺度发生的情况。期间短的8周代表的时间段，开始氨和总氮浓度为3.1-14毫克的NH 3 -N / L和8.1-20.1毫克N / L，分别不等。该处理系统的性能进行评价的基础上它能够去除氨氮，总氮和生产藻类生物量。平均值±氨去除的标准偏差，总氮去除和生物量生长率分别为0.95±0.3毫克的NH 3 -N /升/天，0.89±0.3毫克N / L /天，和0.02±0.03克生物质/升/天，分别。所有船只表明初始氨浓度和氨氮去除率之间（R 2 = 0.76）呈正相关关系。如果实验室规模的实验数据是适合于商业规模的生产值的预测在不同尺度的反应器中测得的过程的效率和生产值的比较可以在确定是有用的。

这项研究的目的是比较生物量增长，并在小型和大型反应堆生长的藻类培养的脱氮除磷能力。这项研究使用了两个成对的系统，简称为系统1和系统2，重复其调查结果。这些代表性的结果是从8周的时间，二月到四月，2016年第一轨道池塘藻类原来从宾夕法尼亚州费城，14室外池塘来源接种。此培养物生长至在水族箱的高密度。此接种导致0.12克/升的RWP生物?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Comparison of Scale in a Photosynthetic Reactor System for Algal Remediation of Wastewater at JoVE.com

Comparison of Scale in a Photosynthetic Reactor System for Algal Remediation of Wastewater

实验方法介绍比较小（100 L）和大（1000升）的性能设计规模为垃圾填埋场污水的整治藻类反应堆。系统的特性，其中包括的表面积与体积比，停留时间，生物量密度，以及废水的进料浓度，可根据应用来调整。

规模在光合反应器系统对污水的整治藻类比较

An experimental methodology is presented to compare the performance of two different sized reactors designed for wastewater treatment. In this study, ...

comparison-scale-photosynthetic-reactor-system-for-algal-remediation

Research

JoVE Journal

Environment

8.9K 次观看.  Drexel University. 实验方法介绍比较小（100 L）和大（1000升）的性能设计规模为垃圾填埋场污水的整治藻类反应堆。系统的特性，其中包括的表面积与体积比，停留时间，生物量密度，以及废水的进料浓度，可根据应用来调整。 

视频: Comparison of Scale in a Photosynthetic Reactor System for Algal Remediation of Wastewater

Physical, Chemical and Biological Characterization of Six Biochars Produced for the Remediation of Contaminated Sites

The physical and chemical properties of biochar vary based on feedstock sources and production conditions, making it possible to engineer biochars with specific functions (e.g. carbon sequestration, soil quality improvements, or contaminant sorption). In 2013, the International Biochar Initiative (IBI) made publically available their Standardized Product Definition and Product Testing Guidelines (Version 1.1) which set standards for physical and chemical characteristics for biochar. Six biochars made from three different feedstocks and at two temperatures were analyzed for characteristics related to their use as a soil amendment. The protocol describes analyses of the feedstocks and biochars and includes: cation exchange capacity (CEC), specific surface area (SSA), organic carbon (OC) and moisture percentage, pH, particle size distribution, and proximate and ultimate analysis. Also described in the protocol are the analyses of the feedstocks and biochars for contaminants including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), metals and mercury as well as nutrients (phosphorous, nitrite and nitrate and ammonium as nitrogen). The protocol also includes the biological testing procedures, earthworm avoidance and germination assays. Based on the quality assurance / quality control (QA/QC) results of blanks, duplicates, standards and reference materials, all methods were determined adequate for use with biochar and feedstock materials. All biochars and feedstocks were well within the criterion set by the IBI and there were little differences among biochars, except in the case of the biochar produced from construction waste materials. This biochar (referred to as Old biochar) was determined to have elevated levels of arsenic, chromium, copper, and lead, and failed the earthworm avoidance and germination assays. Based on these results, Old biochar would not be appropriate for use as a soil amendment for carbon sequestration, substrate quality improvements or remediation.

Biochar is a carbon-rich material used as a soil amendment with the ability to sustainably sequester carbon, improve substrate quality and sorb contaminants. This protocol describes the 17 analytical methods used for the characterization of biochar, which is required prior to large scale implementation of these amendments in the environment.

物理，化学和六Biochars生产的生物表征污染场地修复的

The physical and chemical properties of biochar vary based on feedstock sources and production conditions, making it possible to engineer biochars with ...

科研

环境科学

Experimental Protocol for Biodiesel Production with Isolation of Alkenones as Coproducts from Commercial Isochrysis Algal Biomass

The need to replace petroleum fuels with alternatives from renewable and more environmentally sustainable sources is of growing importance. Biomass-derived biofuels have gained considerable attention in this regard, however first generation biofuels from edible crops like corn ethanol or soybean biodiesel have generally fallen out of favor. There is thus great interest in the development of methods for the production of liquid fuels from domestic and superior non-edible sources. Here we describe a detailed procedure for the production of a purified biodiesel from the marine microalgae Isochrysis. Additionally, a unique suite of lipids known as polyunsaturated long-chain alkenones are isolated in parallel as potentially valuable coproducts to offset the cost of biodiesel production. Multi-kilogram quantities of Isochrysis are purchased from two commercial sources, one as a wet paste (80% water) that is first dried prior to processing, and the other a dry milled powder (95% dry). Lipids are extracted with hexanes in a Soxhlet apparatus to produce an algal oil (&#34;hexane algal oil&#34;) containing both traditional fats (i.e., triglycerides, 46-60% w/w) and alkenones (16-25% w/w). Saponification of the triglycerides in the algal oil allows for separation of the resulting free fatty acids (FFAs) from alkenone-containing neutral lipids. FFAs are then converted to biodiesel (i.e., fatty acid methyl esters, FAMEs) by acid-catalyzed esterification while alkenones are isolated and purified from the neutral lipids by crystallization. We demonstrate that biodiesel from both commercial Isochrysis biomasses have similar but not identical FAME profiles, characterized by elevated polyunsaturated fatty acid contents (approximately 40% w/w). Yields of biodiesel were consistently higher when starting from the Isochrysis wet paste (12% w/w vs. 7% w/w), which can be traced to lower amounts of hexane algal oil obtained from the powdered Isochrysis product.

Experimental Protocol for Biodiesel Production with Isolation of Alkenones as Coproducts from Commercial Isochrysis Algal Biomass

Detailed methods are presented for the production of biodiesel along with the co-isolation of alkenones as valuable coproducts from commercial Isochrysis microalgae.

实验协议生产生物柴油与饱和酮的分离从商业余积<em&gt;等鞭金藻</em&gt;藻类生物量

The need to replace petroleum fuels with alternatives from renewable and more environmentally sustainable sources is of growing importance. ...

Use of a Battery of Chemical and Ecotoxicological Methods for the Assessment of the Efficacy of Wastewater Treatment Processes to Remove Estrogenic Potency

Endocrine Disrupting Compounds pose a substantial risk to the aquatic environment. Ethinylestradiol (EE2) and estrone (E1) have recently been included in a watch list of environmental pollutants under the European Water Framework Directive. Municipal wastewater treatment plants are major contributors to the estrogenic potency of surface waters. Much of the estrogenic potency of wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluents can be attributed to the discharge of steroid estrogens including estradiol (E2), EE2 and E1 due to incomplete removal of these substances at the treatment plant. An evaluation of the efficacy of wastewater treatment processes requires the quantitative determination of individual substances most often undertaken using chemical analysis methods. Most frequently used methods include Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GCMS/MS) or Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LCMS/MS) using multiple reaction monitoring (MRM). Although very useful for regulatory purposes, targeted chemical analysis can only provide data on the compounds (and specific metabolites) monitored. Ecotoxicology methods additionally ensure that any by-products produced or unknown estrogenic compounds present are also assessed via measurement of their biological activity. A number of in vitro bioassays including the Yeast Estrogen Screen (YES) are available to measure the estrogenic activity of wastewater samples. Chemical analysis in conjunction with in vivo and in vitro bioassays provides a useful toolbox for assessment of the efficacy and suitability of wastewater treatment processes with respect to estrogenic endocrine disrupting compounds. This paper utilizes a battery of chemical and ecotoxicology tests to assess conventional, advanced and emerging wastewater treatment processes in laboratory and field studies.

Endocrine Disrupting Compounds (EDC) pose a substantial risk to the aquatic environment. Municipal wastewater treatment plants are major contributors to the estrogenic potency of surface waters. The methodology provided in this paper allows for an assessment of the efficacy and suitability of wastewater treatment processes with respect to EDC removal.

对污水处理工艺的疗效评估利用化学和生态毒理学方法的电池，以消除雌激素潜能

Endocrine Disrupting Compounds pose a substantial risk to the aquatic environment. Ethinylestradiol (EE2) and estrone (E1) have recently been included in ...

Laboratory Simulation of an Iron(II)-rich Precambrian Marine Upwelling System to Explore the Growth of Photosynthetic Bacteria

A conventional concept for the deposition of some Precambrian Banded Iron Formations (BIF) proceeds on the assumption that ferrous iron [Fe(II)] upwelling from hydrothermal sources in the Precambrian ocean was oxidized by molecular oxygen [O2] produced by cyanobacteria. The oldest BIFs, deposited prior to the Great Oxidation Event (GOE) at about 2.4 billion years (Gy) ago, could have formed by direct oxidation of Fe(II) by anoxygenic photoferrotrophs under anoxic conditions. As a method for testing the geochemical and mineralogical patterns that develop under different biological scenarios, we designed a 40 cm long vertical flow-through column to simulate an anoxic Fe(II)-rich marine upwelling system representative of an ancient ocean on a lab scale. The cylinder was packed with a porous glass bead matrix to stabilize the geochemical gradients, and liquid samples for iron quantification could be taken throughout the water column. Dissolved oxygen was detected non-invasively via optodes from the outside. Results from biotic experiments that involved upwelling fluxes of Fe(II) from the bottom, a distinct light gradient from top, and cyanobacteria present in the water column, show clear evidence for the formation of Fe(III) mineral precipitates and development of a chemocline between Fe(II) and O2. This column allows us to test hypotheses for the formation of the BIFs by culturing cyanobacteria (and in the future photoferrotrophs) under simulated marine Precambrian conditions. Furthermore we hypothesize that our column concept allows for the simulation of various chemical and physical environments &#8212; including shallow marine or lacustrine sediments.

Laboratory Simulation of an IronII-rich Precambrian Marine Upwelling System to Explore the Growth of Photosynthetic Bacteria

We simulated a Precambrian ferruginous marine upwelling system in a lab-scale vertical flow-through column. The goal was to understand how geochemical profiles of O2 and Fe(II) evolve as cyanobacteria produce O2. The results show the establishment of a chemocline due to Fe(II) oxidation by photosynthetically produced O2.

一个铁（II）的实验室模拟的前寒武纪富海洋上升流系统探索光合细菌生长

A conventional concept for the deposition of some Precambrian Banded Iron Formations (BIF) proceeds on the assumption that ferrous iron [Fe(II)] upwelling ...

Production and Measurement of Organic Particulate Matter in a Flow Tube Reactor

Organic particulate matter (PM) is increasingly recognized as important to the Earth's climate system as well as public health in urban regions, and the production of synthetic PM for laboratory studies have become a widespread necessity. Herein, experimental protocols demonstrate approaches to produce aerosolized organic PM by &#945;-pinene ozonolysis in a flow tube reactor. Methods are described for measuring the size distributions and morphology of the aerosol particles. The video demonstrates basic operations of the flow tube reactor and related instrumentation. The first part of the video shows the procedure for preparing gas-phase reactants, ozonolysis, and production of organic PM. The second part of the video shows the procedures for determining the properties of the produced particle population. The particle number-diameter distributions show different stages of particle growth, namely condensation, coagulation, or a combination of both, depending on reaction conditions. The particle morphology is characterized by an aerosol particle mass analyzer (APM) and a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results confirm the existence of non-spherical particles that have grown from coagulation for specific reaction conditions. The experimental results also indicate that the flow tube reactor can be used to study the physical and chemical properties of organic PM for relatively high concentrations and short time frames.

This paper describes the operation procedure for the flow tube reactor and related data collection. It shows the protocols for setting the experiments, recording data and generating the number-diameter distribution as well as the particle mass information, which gives useful information about chemical and physical properties of the organic aerosols.

流管反应器中有机颗粒物的生产与测定

Organic particulate matter (PM) is increasingly recognized as important to the Earth's climate system as well as public health in urban regions, and the ...

Measuring and Mapping Patterns of Soil Erosion and Deposition Related to Soil Carbonate Concentrations Under Agricultural Management

Spatial patterns of soil erosion and deposition can be inferred from differences in ground elevation mapped at appropriate time increments. Such changes in elevation are related to changes in near-surface soil carbonate (CaCO3) profiles. The objective is to describe a simple conceptual model and detailed protocol for repeatable field and laboratory measurements of these quantities. Here, accurate elevation is measured using a ground-based differential global positioning system (GPS); other data acquisition methods could be applied to the same basic method. Soil samples are collected from prescribed depth intervals and analyzed in the lab using an efficient and precise modified pressure-calcimeter method for quantitative analysis of inorganic carbon concentration. Standard statistical methods are applied to point data, and representative results show significant correlations between changes in soil surface layer CaCO3 and changes in elevation consistent with the conceptual model; CaCO3 generally decreased in depositional areas and increased in erosional areas. Maps are derived from point measurements of elevation and soil CaCO3 to aid analyses. A map of erosional and depositional patterns at the study site, a rain-fed winter wheat field cropped in alternating wheat-fallow strips, shows the interacting effects of water and wind erosion affected by management and topography. Alternative sampling methods and depth intervals are discussed and recommended for future work relating soil erosion and deposition to soil CaCO3.

Spatial patterns of soil erosion and deposition can be inferred from differences in ground elevation mapped at appropriate time increments. Such changes in elevation are related to changes in near-surface soil carbonates. Repeatable methods for field and laboratory measurements of these quantities and data analysis methods are described here.

农业经营条件下土壤侵蚀和沉积与土壤碳酸盐浓度关系的测量与制图

Spatial patterns of soil erosion and deposition can be inferred from differences in ground elevation mapped at appropriate time increments. Such changes ...

Techniques for Investigating the Anatomy of the Ant Visual System

This article outlines a suite of techniques in light microscopy (LM) and electron microscopy (EM) which can be used to study the internal and external eye anatomy of insects. These include traditional histological techniques optimized for work on ant eyes and adapted to work in concert with other techniques such as transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). These techniques, although vastly useful, can be difficult for the novice microscopist, so great emphasis has been placed in this article on troubleshooting and optimization for different specimens. We provide information on imaging techniques for the entire specimen (photo-microscopy and SEM) and discuss their advantages and disadvantages. We highlight the technique used in determining lens diameters for the entire eye and discuss new techniques for improvement. Lastly, we discuss techniques involved in preparing samples for LM and TEM, sectioning, staining, and imaging these samples. We discuss the hurdles that one might come across when preparing samples and how best to navigate around them.

This article outlines a suite of techniques in light and electron microscopy to study the internal and external eye anatomy of insects. These include several traditional techniques optimized for work on ant eyes, detailed troubleshooting, and suggestions for optimization for different specimens and regions of interest.

蚂蚁视觉系统解剖学研究方法

This article outlines a suite of techniques in light microscopy (LM) and electron microscopy (EM) which can be used to study the internal and external eye ...

A Flexible Low Cost Hydroponic System for Assessing Plant Responses to Small Molecules in Sterile Conditions

A wide range of studies in plant biology are performed using hydroponic cultures. In this work, an in vitro hydroponic growth system designed for assessing plant responses to chemicals and other substances of interest is presented. This system is highly efficient in obtaining homogeneous and healthy seedlings of the C3 and C4 model species Arabidopsis thaliana and Setaria viridis, respectively. The sterile cultivation avoids algae and microorganism contamination, which are known limiting factors for plant normal growth and development in hydroponics. In addition, this system is scalable, enabling the harvest of plant material on a large scale with minor mechanical damage, as well as the harvest of individual parts of a plant if desired. A detailed protocol demonstrating that this system has an easy and low-cost assembly, as it uses pipette racks as the main platform for growing plants, is provided. The feasibility of this system was validated using Arabidopsis seedlings to assess the effect of the drug AZD-8055, a chemical inhibitor of the target of rapamycin (TOR) kinase. TOR inhibition was efficiently detected as early as 30 min after an AZD-8055 treatment in roots and shoots. Furthermore, AZD-8055-treated plants displayed the expected starch-excess phenotype. We proposed this hydroponic system as an ideal method for plant researchers aiming to monitor the action of plant inducers or inhibitors, as well as to assess metabolic fluxes using isotope-labeling compounds which, in general, requires the use of expensive reagents.

A simple, versatile, and low-cost in vitro hydroponic system was successfully optimized, enabling large-scale experiments under sterile conditions. This system facilitates the application of chemicals in a solution and their efficient absorption by roots for molecular, biochemical, and physiological studies.

一种灵活的低成本水培系统在无菌条件下评价植物对小分子的响应

A wide range of studies in plant biology are performed using hydroponic cultures. In this work, an in vitro hydroponic growth system designed for ...

Potato Virus X-Based microRNA Silencing (VbMS) In Potato.

Virus-based microRNA silencing (VbMS) is a rapid and efficient tool for functional characterization of microRNAs (miRNAs) in plants. The VbMS system has been developed and applied for various plant species including Nicotiana benthamiana, tomato, Arabidopsis, cotton, and monocot plants such as wheat and maize. Here, we describe a detailed protocol using PVX-based VbMS vectors to silence endogenous miRNAs in potato. To knock down the expression of a specific miRNA, target mimic (TM) molecules of miRNA of interest are designed, integrated into plant virus vectors, and expressed in potato by Agrobacterium infiltration to bind directly to the endogenous miRNA of interest and block its function.

Potato Virus X-Based microRNA Silencing VbMS In Potato.

We present a detailed protocol for potato virus X (PVX)-based microRNA silencing (VbMS) system to functionally characterize endogenous microRNAs (miRNAs) in potato. Target mimic (TM) molecules of miRNA of interest are integrated into the PVX vector and transiently expressed in potato to silence the target miRNA or miRNA family.

马铃薯病毒基于马铃薯的X型微RNA沉默（VbMS）。

Virus-based microRNA silencing (VbMS) is a rapid and efficient tool for functional characterization of microRNAs (miRNAs) in plants. The VbMS system has ...

A Small-Scale Setup for Algal Toxicity Testing of Nanomaterials and Other Difficult Substances

Ecotoxicity data is a requirement for pre- and post-market registration of chemicals by European and international regulations (e.g., REACH). The algal toxicity test is frequently used in regulatory risk assessment of chemicals. In order to achieve high reliability and reproducibility the development of standardized guidelines is vital. For algal toxicity testing, the guidelines require stable and uniform conditions of parameters such as pH, temperature, carbon dioxide levels and light intensity. Nanomaterials and other so-called difficult substances can interfere with light causing a large variation in results obtained hampering their regulatory acceptance. To address these challenges, we have developed LEVITATT (LED Vertical Illumination Table for Algal Toxicity Tests). The setup utilizes LED illumination from below allowing for a homogenous light distribution and temperature control while also minimizing intra-sample shading. The setup optimizes the sample volume for biomass quantification and does at the same time ensure a sufficient influx of CO2 to support exponential growth of the algae. Additionally, the material of the test containers can be tailored to minimize adsorption and volatilization. When testing colored substances or particle suspensions, the use of LED lights also allows for increasing the light intensity without additional heat generation. The compact design and minimal equipment requirements increase the possibilities for implementation of the LEVITATT in a wide range of laboratories. While compliant with standardized ISO and OECD guidelines for algal toxicity testing, LEVITATT also showed a lower inter-sample variability for two reference substances (3,5-Dicholorophenol and K2Cr2O7) and three nanomaterials (ZnO, CeO2, and BaSO4) compared to Erlenmeyer flasks and microtiter plates.

We demonstrate algal toxicity testing for difficult substances (e.g., colored substances or nanomaterials) using a setup illuminated vertically with an LED.

纳米材料和其他难物质藻类毒性试验的小型装置

Ecotoxicity data is a requirement for pre- and post-market registration of chemicals by European and international regulations (e.g., REACH). The algal ...