这项工作是由美国国立卫生研究院（批准号:R00GM106414到FFL）的支持。我们要感谢佛罗里达国际大学的高级质谱设备的支持。

1.低能量水容纳馏分的准备（LEWAF） <ol><li>通过漂洗用二氯甲烷瓶子以除去任何潜在的污染物干净的2升抽吸瓶。 </li><li>灌装瓶用50ml二氯甲烷，将其关闭，并搅拌30秒。沥干他们到合适的废物容器。重复总共洗涤三次。 </li><li>使用一个抽吸瓶照射曝光而另一个瓶作为对照样品（使用重复组，每组如果可能的）。 </li><li>每用于33份每千最后盐度1升的水混合35克海盐混合物准备人工海水。过滤下小的溶液或无负压防止用装有0.45微米或更小的细孔过滤器的过滤装置的挥发性化合物的损失。 </li><li>装满人工海水抽吸瓶，剩下约20％，或400毫升，顶空的。 </li&gt; <li>原油添加到使用气密注射器以1g油/ L的标称浓度预定量的海水。 注:更多的粘性油应该重量递送。 </li><li>在加入油后，在黑暗中（或通过覆盖有铝箔抽吸瓶）利用在低速操作的搅拌盘无涡流（约100rpm）下的产生，以允许混合24小时的解所有的水溶性成分进入溶液，并避免微粒油的包容。 </li></ol> 2. LEWAF光照射，样品采集和处理<ol><li>准备两套瓶的每个光照射实验。 </li><li>盖一组用铝箔抽吸瓶;这将是暗控制。 </li><li>放置抽吸瓶在温度控制的水浴集以保持太阳能照射配备无线的内部，在25℃的温度下的抽吸瓶在765瓦/米2的光强度第一个1500瓦氙弧灯。 </li><li>连续照射的样本的所需时间（在此实验持续115 H）;没有最长时间。 </li><li>后设定的时间，（在此实验15，24，48，和115高）由拔去塞子吸气瓶并打开排水阀收集150毫升水从玻璃抽吸器的底部。 </li><li>利用分液漏斗通过添加二氯甲烷50毫升等分试样，振摇2分钟定期排空漏斗，以避免从吹离塞子的样品进行与二氯甲烷液 - 液萃取。 </li><li>使各相分离，并通过从漏斗除去塞子除去底部的有机相和缓慢打开排水阀。沥干样品到装有填充用100克Na 2 SO 4的漏斗的平底烧瓶中。冲洗用另外的二氯甲烷漏斗为了执行提取3次人口增加Ë提取效率。 注意:多个提取是为了提高该过程的提取效率进行。 </li><li>取下漏斗，添加一个斯奈德列和放置的平坦底部烧瓶在设定为58℃的热水浴中。蒸发直至样品的15毫升保持。 </li><li>将样品转移到集中管使用氮气小心飞溅，避免样品损失吹干干燥样品。 </li></ol> 3.分析试样的制备注意:用于分析样品制备是关键，必须小心，以避免引入外来杂质，特别是通过使用的任何塑料，这将导致浸出进入样品。 <ol><li>制备的1的混合物:利用LC-MS最优级溶剂甲苯:1体积:体积甲醇。 </li><li>使用正位移微量，添加溶剂的玻璃小瓶中，然后以1:1的比例添加样品:100，先加入的溶剂990微升，然后通过添加样品的10μL的。 注:玻璃微量移是为了避免榨取使用，由于二氯甲烷或甲苯。 </li><li>可选:使用混合调谐校准离子迁移。 注:一个API源往往会浸出如果经常作为校准标准使用。 1000稀释:如果校准离子中不存在的光谱，然后混合物可以通过加入一些以1标准溶液到样品的制备。 </li></ol> 4.傅立叶变换离子回旋共振质谱（FT-ICR MS）分析<ol><li>通过点击操作按钮，仪器设置到"操作"模式。 </li><li>加载样品到样品注射器中。 </li><li>根据API源选项卡，设置在200微升/ h的速度输液速度。 </li><li>设置喷雾器压力为1巴，蒸发器温度到300℃。 </li><li>将干气率1.2升/分钟，温度为220℃。 注:此过程同时适用于APPI和APCI。 </li><li>通过单击调按钮设置仪器"调"模式。频谱应该出现在屏幕上。 注意:如果需要，仪器可在顺序通过改变仪器参数，如电压，RF频率，和幅度提高分析物的m / z范围的离子传输和检测进行优化。需要注意的是质谱仪将需要重新校准。 </li><li>通过点击停止按钮停止"调"模式。 </li><li>设定的扫描次数为每质谱20-200扫描之间平均，典型地，按获取按钮获取的质谱。 注:平均多个光谱提高通过降低噪声和增加对低丰度品种14的信号的总体信噪比。 </li></ol> 5.囚禁离子迁移SPECTRometry（TIMS）分析<ol><li>启用了FT-ICR的收购计划"色谱"模式。 </li><li>通过在外部断路器TIMS接通开关使能"TIMS"模式。 注:在TIMS使用的电压从仪器外部控制。第二软件将控制来执行的IMS分析仪器的入口漏斗。 </li><li>打开补充粗抽泵，并使用TIMS的控制阀，调节所述入口和出口压力，以期望的范围（在该实验中，P1被设定为2.8毫巴和P2至1.4毫巴）。 注:外部泵应在几个小时分析之前被接通，以确保所述泵是温暖和性能是IMS分析期间均匀，因为在气体速率的变化会引起光谱的错误。 </li><li>首先确定需要执行所述IMS分析的电压范围;这是一个快速，粗略在宽电压范围（250 V）在搜索完成IMS低解析度（1 V /帧）。 </li><li>如果所用的电压是足以分析整个频谱，然后重复实验，调整TIMS为更高分辨率的分析。这样做，减小V /帧为0.1V和改变帧的数目，以涵盖所有的ΔV 坡道 。 注意:用户可能需要优化的被累加到之前对FT-ICR质谱分析碰撞单元TIMS实验次数。 </li></ol> 6.数据分析<ol><li>在数据分析软件打开MS数据。 </li><li>设置峰值采集标准来选择与上述6的信号与噪声和使用"查找峰"功能。 注意:得到的光谱是使用存在于溶液中的标准内部重新校准。这被用来确定化学系列，然后，为了提高对宽范围的元素分配的准确性再次重新校准。 </li><li>使用公式分配进行元素赋值换货工具或软件。 注:H 1-100ñØ0-2 0-7 0-2小号，奇数和偶数的电子配置，允许的Ç1-100公式的限制，并为0.5ppm M +的质量宽容和[M + H] +离子的形式</li><li>在IMS-MS数据导入到数据分析软件，并为整个分析范围的平均质谱。 </li><li>上述6的信号 - 噪声选择峰。使用在所述超高分辨率MS分析，鉴定系列，在内部重新校准光谱</li><li>从FT-ICR MS分析使用公式标识，生成所有目标M / Z的名单，并在数据文件夹本另存为"Flist.txt"。该列表将在数据处理的第一步骤中使用</li><li>加载并以提取列表中的每个目标M / Z的提取离子色谱（EIC）运行所提供的脚本。 </li><li>修改python脚本输入文件主任y，则启动电压，步长，并在该目标分析11个步骤的数量。 </li><li>运行IMS反褶积脚本。 注意:这将打开每个EIC和迭代高斯拟合确定的峰值。结果将在Excel文件格式输出13。 注:嵌合后，低于一定标准的峰被排除在外，通常基于高度，宽度和峰的面积（一定宽度以下的峰通常从分析中排除，因为随机噪声尖峰的）。 </li><li>利用调谐峰，从电压校准离子迁移率的离子11的流动性。这可以转换为使用梅森 - Schamp方程碰撞截面。 </li></ol>

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作者宣称没有竞争经济利益。

该议定书中的关键步骤 LEWAFs的化学复杂性需要，以便使实验室实验来准确反映自然发生准确制剂。数据的有效评估取决于三个标准:尽量减少引进的文物在整个样品处理（ 例如，准备LEWAF，取样，提取，并准备样品进行分析的），验证实验方案（ 即使用暗控制对于光照射试验），并验证该仪器的性能（ 即，验证MS和IMS性能通过使用标准）。 <p class="jove_cont...

有环境暴露原油的来源众多，无论是从自然原因和人为风险。在释放到环境中，特别是在海洋中，原油可经历分区，与浮油的表面上的形成，挥发性组分到大气中的损失，和沉积。然而，难溶油和确实发生的水，并将该混合物，这是不经典溶解，低能量混合形成什么作为低能量的水容纳部分（LEWAF）简称。在水中的油组分的增溶的油 - 水界面的暴露于太阳辐射中，通常提高。在海洋中的原油的照片增溶可以因此暴露于太阳辐射和/或由于酶促降解1,2经历显著化学变化。理解这些化学变化和<html>他们是如何发生在散装矩阵（ 即，原油）的存在是为了减轻这种曝光，对环境的影响的基础。 以前的研究已经表明，原油经受氧化，特别是多环芳香烃（PAHs），这代表污染一个危害生物，经过生物积累的剧毒源，并且是生物活性3，5，6。因为它们只发生在本体基体的存在理解不同的氧合过程的产物是具有挑战性的。因此，一个单一的标准分析可能不具有代表性的天然存在的变化。该LEWAF的编制必须复制了发生在一个环境背景自然过程。特别感兴趣的是多环芳烃的充氧，发生由于太阳辐射。 T"&gt;在水容纳部分的研究的第二个挑战是在样品中的不同的化学成分的分子鉴定。由于样品的复杂性，所造成的高的质量和氧气的程度，氧化产物是通常不适合于传统的分析用气相色谱法与质谱分析7,8结合进行。另一种方法是通过利用超高质量分辨率质谱技术（ 例如，FT-ICR质谱来表征样品的化学式中的变化），通过耦合TIMS到FT-ICR质谱，除了在MS域中的同量异序的分离，离子迁移光谱（IMS）的尺寸为存在于样品9，10，11中的不同的异构体的分离和特征信息。与大气压力激光组合电离（APLI）源，分析可以是选择性的样品中发现的共轭分子，允许改变该多环芳烃经受是准确特征12,13。 在这项工作中，我们描述了为了研究油成分的变换处理暴露于光照射LEWAFs的制备的协议。我们还说明了在光照射时发生的变化，以及对样品提取的过程。我们也将呈现使用APLI与耦合用FT-ICR质谱表征在LEWAF多环芳烃作为曝光于光的功能TIMS。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="915">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:228px;">Reagents</td>
			<td style="width:156px;"></td>
			<td style="width:156px;"></td>
			<td style="width:375px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">methylene chloride</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">methanol</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">toluene</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Na2SO4</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Crude oil</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Instant Ocean&#174;</td>
			<td>Aquarium Systems</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>33 ppt salinity with 0.45 &#956;m pore filtration&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Name&#160;</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Equipment</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Suntext XLS+</td>
			<td>Atlas Chicalo Ill, USA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>1500 w xeon arc lamp, light intensity of 765 W/m2&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Atmospheric Pressure Laser Ionization</td>
			<td>Bruker Daltonics Inc, MA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Note a 266 nm laser is used</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">TIMS-FT-ICR MS Instrument</td>
			<td>Bruker Daltonics Inc, MA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>The set up we had consisted of a 7T magnet with an infinity cell</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Name&#160;</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Software</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">DataAnalysis 4.2</td>
			<td>Bruker Daltonics Inc, MA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Python 2.7</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Requires Numpy, Scipy, Pandas, glob, oct2py, and os</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Octave 4.0</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

chemical analysis of water-accommodated fractions of crude oil spills using tims-ft-icr ms

多种化学过程控制石油原油是如何被纳入到海水中，也发生加班的化学反应。研究这种系统需要的样本，以准确的复制出现在自然界的水容纳部分的自然形成的精心准备。低能量水容纳部分（LEWAF）都是严格在设定的比例混合原油和水配制。然后抽吸瓶照射，并在设定的时间点，水进行采样，并使用标准技术提取。第二个挑战是样本，必须考虑到，随时间发生的化学变化的代表特性。可以使用耦合到定制的俘获离子迁移谱傅立叶变换离子回旋共振质谱（TIMS-FT常压激光电离源来执行LEWAF的芳烃馏分的目标分析-ICR MS）。所述TIMS-FT-ICR质谱分析提供的高分辨率离子迁移和超高分辨率MS分析，其中，还允许同分异构组分的鉴定可以通过碰撞截面（CCS）和化学式。结果表明，随着油 - 水混合物被暴露于光，有表面油的显著光溶解到水中。随着时间的推移，溶解的分子的化学转变发生时，在含氮和含硫物种的标识的数量有利于那些具有更大的氧含量比在基础油中典型地观察到的降低。

通过TIMS-FT-ICR MS结果中基于M / Z和TIMS捕获电压的二维频谱LEWAF分析。各样品，在不同时间点拍摄，因此，可以根据特征的改变的化学成分，由化学式的分布和由IMS（ 见图1）所确定的异构体的贡献所观察到的。通常情况下，M / Z信息可以用来为元素式分配给分析峰。使用APLI的允许与芳香双键分子与更高的灵敏度15分析，电离广泛的...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Chemical Analysis of Water-accommodated Fractions of Crude Oil Spills Using TIMS-FT-ICR MS at JoVE.com

使用 TIMS-FT-ICR MS 对原油泄漏的含水部分进行化学分析环境 |视频

Chemical Analysis of Water-accommodated Fractions of Crude Oil Spills Using TIMS-FT-ICR MS

原油的低能量水容纳部分（LEWAF）是一个具有挑战性的系统来分析，因为随着时间的推移，这种复杂的混合物发生化学转变。这个协议说明了LEWAF样品的准备和用于通过俘获离子迁移谱-FT-ICR质谱进行光照射和化学分析方法。

原油水容纳组分的化学分析泄漏使用TIMS-FT-ICR MS

Multiple chemical processes control how crude oil is incorporated into seawater and also the chemical reactions that occur overtime. Studying this system ...

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11.0K 次观看.  Florida International University. 原油的低能量水容纳部分（LEWAF）是一个具有挑战性的系统来分析，因为随着时间的推移，这种复杂的混合物发生化学转变。这个协议说明了LEWAF样品的准备和用于通过俘获离子迁移谱-FT-ICR质谱进行光照射和化学分析方法。 

视频: Chemical Analysis of Water-accommodated Fractions of Crude Oil Spills Using TIMS-FT-ICR MS

Measurement of H2S in Crude Oil and Crude Oil Headspace Using Multidimensional Gas Chromatography, Deans Switching and Sulfur-selective Detection

A method for the analysis of dissolved hydrogen sulfide in crude oil samples is demonstrated using gas chromatography. In order to effectively eliminate interferences, a two dimensional column configuration is used, with a Deans switch employed to transfer hydrogen sulfide from the first to the second column (heart-cutting). Liquid crude samples are first separated on a dimethylpolysiloxane column, and light gases are heart-cut and further separated on a bonded porous layer open tubular (PLOT) column that is able to separate hydrogen sulfide from other light sulfur species. Hydrogen sulfide is then detected with a sulfur chemiluminescence detector, adding an additional layer of selectivity. Following separation and detection of hydrogen sulfide, the system is backflushed to remove the high-boiling hydrocarbons present in the crude samples and to preserve chromatographic integrity. Dissolved hydrogen sulfide has been quantified in liquid samples from 1.1 to 500 ppm, demonstrating wide applicability to a range of samples. The method has also been successfully applied for the analysis of gas samples from crude oil headspace and process gas bags, with measurement from 0.7 to 9,700 ppm hydrogen sulfide.

Measurement of H2S in Crude Oil and Crude Oil Headspace Using Multidimensional Gas Chromatography, Deans Switching and Sulfur-selective Detection

A multidimensional gas chromatography method for the analysis of dissolved hydrogen sulfide in liquid crude oil samples is presented. A Deans switch is used to heart-cut light sulfur gases for separation on a secondary column and detection on a sulfur chemiluminescence detector.

h的测量<sub&gt; 2</sub&gt; S在原油和原油顶空用多维气相色谱法，院长交换和选择性硫检测

A method for the analysis of dissolved hydrogen sulfide in crude oil samples is demonstrated using gas chromatography. In order to effectively eliminate ...

科研

环境科学

LC-MS Analysis of Human Platelets as a Platform for Studying Mitochondrial Metabolism

Perturbed mitochondrial metabolism has received renewed interest as playing a causative role in a range of diseases. Probing alterations to metabolic pathways requires a model in which external factors can be well controlled, allowing for reproducible and meaningful results. Many studies employ transformed cellular models for these purposes; however, metabolic reprogramming that occurs in many cancer cell lines may introduce confounding variables. For this reason primary cells are desirable, though attaining adequate biomass for metabolic studies can be challenging. Here we show that human platelets can be utilized as a platform to carry out metabolic studies in combination with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis. This approach is amenable to relative quantification and isotopic labeling to probe the activity of specific metabolic pathways. Availability of platelets from individual donors or from blood banks makes this model system applicable to clinical studies and feasible to scale up. Here we utilize isolated platelets to confirm previously identified compensatory metabolic shifts in response to the complex I inhibitor rotenone. More specifically, a decrease in glycolysis is accompanied by an increase in fatty acid oxidation to maintain acetyl-CoA levels. Our results show that platelets can be used as an easily accessible and medically relevant model to probe the effects of xenobiotics on cellular metabolism.

Here we show isolated human platelets can be used as an accessible ex vivo model to study metabolic adaptations in response to the complex I inhibitor rotenone. This approach employs isotopic tracing and relative quantification by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and can be applied to a variety of study designs.

人类血小板的LC-MS分析作为研究线粒体代谢的平台

Perturbed mitochondrial metabolism has received renewed interest as playing a causative role in a range of diseases. Probing alterations to metabolic ...

Measurement of the Rheology of Crude Oil in Equilibrium with CO2 at Reservoir Conditions

A rheometer system to measure the rheology of crude oil in equilibrium with carbon dioxide (CO2) at high temperatures and pressures is described. The system comprises a high-pressure rheometer which is connected to a circulation loop. The rheometer has a rotational flow-through measurement cell with two alternative geometries: coaxial cylinder and double gap. The circulation loop contains a mixer, to bring the crude oil sample into equilibrium with CO2, and a gear pump that transports the mixture from the mixer to the rheometer and recycles it back to the mixer. The CO2 and crude oil are brought to equilibrium by stirring and circulation and the rheology of the saturated mixture is measured by the rheometer. The system is used to measure the rheological properties of Zuata crude oil (and its toluene dilution) in equilibrium with CO2 at elevated pressures up to 220 bar and a temperature of 50 &#176;C. The results show that CO2 addition changes the oil rheology significantly, initially reducing the viscosity as the CO2 pressure is increased and then increasing the viscosity above a threshold pressure. The non-Newtonian response of the crude is also seen to change with the addition of CO2.

Measurement of the Rheology of Crude Oil in Equilibrium with CO2 at Reservoir Conditions

A method for measuring the rheology of crude oil in equilibrium with carbon dioxide at reservoir conditions is presented.

与CO平衡的原油流变学测量<sub&gt; 2</sub&gt;在水库条件

A rheometer system to measure the rheology of crude oil in equilibrium with carbon dioxide (CO2) at high temperatures and pressures is described. The ...

Dispersion of Nanomaterials in Aqueous Media: Towards Protocol Optimization

The sonication process is commonly used for de-agglomerating and dispersing nanomaterials in aqueous based media, necessary to improve homogeneity and stability of the suspension. In this study, a systematic step-wise approach is carried out to identify optimal sonication conditions in order to achieve a stable dispersion. This approach has been adopted and shown to be suitable for several nanomaterials (cerium oxide, zinc oxide, and carbon nanotubes) dispersed in deionized (DI) water. However, with any change in either the nanomaterial type or dispersing medium, there needs to be optimization of the basic protocol by adjusting various factors such as sonication time, power, and sonicator type as well as temperature rise during the process. The approach records the dispersion process in detail. This is necessary to identify the time points as well as other above-mentioned conditions during the sonication process in which there may be undesirable changes, such as damage to the particle surface thus affecting surface properties. Our goal is to offer a harmonized approach that can control the quality of the final, produced dispersion. Such a guideline is instrumental in ensuring dispersion quality repeatability in the nanoscience community, particularly in the field of nanotoxicology.

Here, we present a step-wise protocol for the dispersion of nanomaterials in aqueous media with real-time characterization to identify the optimal sonication conditions, intensity, and duration for improved stability and uniformity of nanoparticle dispersions without impacting the sample integrity.

纳米材料在水介质中的分散: 对协议优化的研究

The sonication process is commonly used for de-agglomerating and dispersing nanomaterials in aqueous based media, necessary to improve homogeneity and ...

Microfluidic Devices for Characterizing Pore-scale Event Processes in Porous Media for Oil Recovery Applications

Microfluidic devices are versatile tools for studying transport processes at a microscopic scale. A demand exists for microfluidic devices that are resistant to low molecular-weight oil components, unlike traditional polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) devices. Here, we demonstrate a facile method for making a device with this property, and we use the product of this protocol for examining the pore-scale mechanisms by which foam recovers crude oil. A pattern is first designed using computer-aided design (CAD) software and printed on a transparency with a high-resolution printer. This pattern is then transferred to a photoresist via a lithography procedure. PDMS is cast on the pattern, cured in an oven, and removed to obtain a mold. A thiol-ene crosslinking polymer, commonly used as an optical adhesive (OA), is then poured onto the mold and cured under UV light. The PDMS mold is peeled away from the optical adhesive cast. A glass substrate is then prepared, and the two halves of the device are bonded together. Optical adhesive-based devices are more robust than traditional PDMS microfluidic devices. The epoxy structure is resistant to swelling by many organic solvents, which opens new possibilities for experiments involving light organic liquids. Additionally, the surface wettability behavior of these devices is more stable than that of PDMS. The construction of optical adhesive microfluidic devices is simple, yet requires incrementally more effort than the making of PDMS-based devices. Also, though optical adhesive devices are stable in organic liquids, they may exhibit reduced bond-strength after a long time. Optical adhesive microfluidic devices can be made in geometries that act as 2-D micromodels for porous media. These devices are applied in the study of oil displacement to improve our understanding of the pore-scale mechanisms involved in enhanced oil recovery and aquifer remediation.

The goal of this procedure is to easily and rapidly produce a microfluidic device with customizable geometry and resistance to swelling by organic fluids for oil recovery studies. A polydimethylsiloxane mold is first generated, and then used to cast the epoxy-based device. A representative displacement study is reported.

微流体器件用于表征多孔介质中的孔隙尺度事件过程, 用于采油应用

Microfluidic devices are versatile tools for studying transport processes at a microscopic scale. A demand exists for microfluidic devices that are ...

The Effect of the Application of Thyme Essential Oil on Microbial Load During Meat Drying

Meat is a high protein meal that is used in the preparation of jerky, a popular food snack, where preservation and safety are important. To assure food safety and to extend the shelf life of meat and meat products, the use of either synthetic or natural preservatives have been applied to control and eliminate foodborne bacteria. A growing interest in the application of natural food additives for meat has increased. Microorganisms, such as Escherichia coli, contaminate meat and meat products, causing foodborne illnesses. Therefore, it is necessary to improve the meat conservation process. However, the use of essential oils when the meat is being dried has not been deeply studied. In this regard, there is an opportunity to increase the value of dried meat and reduce the risk of foodborne illnesses by applying essential oils during the drying process. In this protocol, we present a novel method of applying thyme essential oil (TEO) during meat drying, specifically in vapor form directly in a drying chamber. For evaluation, we use Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) to detect the number of harmful bacteria in the treated samples compared to raw samples. The preliminary results show that this method is a viable and alternative option to synthetic preservatives and that it significantly reduces microbial load in dried meat.

Microorganisms such as Escherichia coli that contaminate meat products cause foodborne illnesses. The use of essential oils in the meat drying process has not been deeply studied. Here, we present a novel method of applying thyme essential oil to meat during drying to reduce the microbial load in dried meat.

百里香精油应用于肉类干燥过程中微生物负荷的影响

Meat is a high protein meal that is used in the preparation of jerky, a popular food snack, where preservation and safety are important. To assure food ...

Identification of Pharmaceuticals in The Aquatic Environment Using HPLC-ESI-Q-TOF-MS and Elimination of Erythromycin Through Photo-Induced Degradation

Monitoring pharmaceuticals throughout the water cycle is becoming increasingly important for the aquatic environment and eventually for human health. Targeted and non-targeted analysis are today's means of choice. Although targeted analysis usually conducted with the help of a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer may be more sensitive, only compounds previously selected can be identified. The most powerful non-targeted analysis is performed through time of flight mass spectrometers (TOF-MS) extended by a quadrupole mass analyzer (Q), as used in this study. Preceded by solid phase extraction and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), the non-targeted approach allows to detect all ionizable substances with high sensitivity and selectivity. Taking full advantage of the Q-TOF-MS instrument, tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) experiments accelerate and facilitate the identification while a targeted MS method enhances the sensitivity but relies on reference standards for identification purposes. The identification of four pharmaceuticals from Rhine river water is demonstrated. The Rhine river originates in Tomasee, Graub&#252;nden, Switzerland and flows into the North Sea, near Southern Bight, The Netherlands. Its length amounts to 1232.7 km. Since it is of prime interest to effectively eliminate pharmaceuticals from the water cycle, the effect UV-C irradiation is demonstrated on a laboratory scale. This method allows fast degradation of pharmaceuticals, which is exemplarily shown for the macrolide antibiotic erythromycin. Using the above HPLC-Q-TOF-MS method, concentration-time diagrams are obtained for the parent drug and their photodegradation products. After establishing the equations for first-order sequential reactions, computational fitting allows the determination of kinetic parameters, which might help to predict irradiation times and conditions when potentially considered as fourth stage within wastewater treatment.

We present a protocol for non-targeted analysis using time of flight mass spectrometry as a perfect tool to identify pharmaceuticals in waters. We demonstrate the application of UV irradiation for their elimination. Analysis involving irradiation, compound isolation, identification and kinetic modelling of the degradation profiles is illustrated.

高效液相色谱-ESI-Q-MS 与红霉素通过光致降解法鉴定水生环境中的药物

Monitoring pharmaceuticals throughout the water cycle is becoming increasingly important for the aquatic environment and eventually for human health. ...

A Novel Method for the Pentosan Analysis Present in Jute Biomass and Its Conversion into Sugar Monomers Using Acidic Ionic Liquid

Recently, ionic liquids (ILs) are used for biomass valorization into valuable chemicals because of their remarkable properties such as thermal stability, lower vapor pressure, non-flammability, higher heat capacity, and tunable solubility and acidity. Here, we demonstrate a method for the synthesis of C5 sugars (xylose and arabinose) from the pentosan present in jute biomass in a one-pot process by utilizing a catalytic amount of Br&#248;nsted acidic 1-methyl-3-(3-sulfopropyl)-imidazolium hydrogen sulfate IL. The acidic IL is synthesized in the lab and characterized using NMR spectroscopic techniques for understanding its purity. The various properties of BAIL are measured such as acid strength, thermal and hydrothermal stability, which showed that the catalyst is stable at a higher temperature (250 &#176;C) and possesses very high acid strength (Ho 1.57). The acidic IL converts over 90% of pentosan into sugars and furfural. Hence, the presenting method in this study can also be employed for the evaluation of pentosan concentration in other kinds of lignocellulosic biomass.

We present a protocol for the synthesis of C5 sugars (xylose and arabinose) from a renewable non-edible lignocellulosic biomass (i.e., jute) with the presence of Br&#248;nsted acidic ionic liquids (BAILs) as the catalyst in water. The BAILs catalyst exhibited better catalytic performance than conventional mineral acid catalysts (H2SO4 and HCl).

利用酸性离子液体戊聚糖分析黄麻生物量及其转化为糖单体的新方法

Recently, ionic liquids (ILs) are used for biomass valorization into valuable chemicals because of their remarkable properties such as thermal stability, ...

Isolation of Mandibular Gland Reservoir Contents from Bornean 'Exploding Ants' (Formicidae) for Volatilome Analysis by GC-MS and MetaboliteDetector

The aim of this manuscript is to present a protocol describing the metabolomic analysis of Bornean &#39;exploding ants&#39; belonging to the Colobopsis cylindrica (COCY) group. For this purpose, the model species C. explodens is used. Ants belonging to the minor worker caste possess distinctive hypertrophied mandibular glands (MGs). In territorial combat, they use the viscous contents of their enlarged mandibular gland reservoirs (MGRs) to kill rival arthropods in characteristic suicidal &#39;explosions&#39; by voluntary rupture of the gastral integument (autothysis). We show the dissection of worker ants of this species for the isolation of the gastral portion of the wax-like MGR contents as well as listing the necessary steps required for solvent-extraction of the therein contained volatile compounds with subsequent gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis and putative identification of metabolites contained in the extract. The dissection procedure is performed under cooled conditions and without the use of any dissection buffer solution to minimize the changes in the chemical composition of the MGR contents. After solvent-based extraction of volatile metabolites contained therein, the necessary steps for analyzing the samples via liquid-injection-GC-MS are presented. Lastly, data processing and putative metabolite identification with the use of the open-source software MetaboliteDetector is shown. With this approach, the profiling and identification of volatile metabolites in MGRs of ants belonging to the COCY group via GC-MS and the MetaboliteDetector software become possible.

Isolation of Mandibular Gland Reservoir Contents from Bornean 'Exploding Ants' Formicidae for Volatilome Analysis by GC-MS and MetaboliteDetector

Minor workers of the ant species Colobopsis explodens are dissected to isolate the wax-like content stored in their hypertrophied mandibular gland reservoirs for subsequent solvent-extraction and analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The&#160;annotation and identification of volatile constituents using the open-source software MetaboliteDetector is also described.

婆罗洲 "爆炸蚂蚁" (蚁科昆虫) 对下颌腺储层含量的分离--gc-ms 和 MetaboliteDetector Volatilome 分析

The aim of this manuscript is to present a protocol describing the metabolomic analysis of Bornean &#39;exploding ants&#39; belonging to the Colobopsis ...

Experimental Study of the Relationship Between Particle Size and Methane Sorption Capacity in Shale

The amount of adsorbed shale gas is a key parameter used in shale gas resource evaluation and target area selection, and it is also an important standard for evaluating the mining value of shale gas. Currently, studies on the correlation between particle size and methane adsorption are controversial. In this study, an isothermal adsorption apparatus, the gravimetric sorption analyzer, is used to test the adsorption capacity of different particle sizes in shale to determine the relationship between the particle size and the adsorption capacity of shale. Thegravimetric method requires fewer parameters and produces better results in terms of accuracy and consistency than methods like the volumetric method. Gravimetric measurements are performed in four steps: a blank measurement, preprocessing, a buoyancy measurement, and adsorption and desorption measurements. Gravimetric measurement is presently considered to be a more scientific and accurate method of measuring the amount of adsorption; however, it is time-consuming and requires a strict measuring technique. A Magnetic Suspension Balance (MSB) is the key to verify the accuracy and consistency of this method. Our results show that adsorption capacity and particle size are correlated, but not a linear correlation, and the adsorptions in particles sieved into 40 - 60 and 60 - 80 meshes tend to be larger. We propose that the maximum adsorption corresponding to the particle size is approximately 250 &#181;m (60 mesh) in the shale gas fracturing.

We use an isothermal adsorption apparatus, the gravimetric sorption analyzer, to test the adsorption capacity of different particle sizes of shale, in order to find out the relationship between particle size and the adsorption capacity of shale.

页岩中粒径与甲烷吸附能力关系的实验研究

The amount of adsorbed shale gas is a key parameter used in shale gas resource evaluation and target area selection, and it is also an important standard ...

原油水容纳组分的化学分析泄漏使用TIMS-FT-ICR MS

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