作者要感谢公司获取其单焦点和多焦点人工晶状体。这项工作得到了橡树岭科学与教育研究所（ORISE）和医疗器械研究金计划（MDFP）的支持，他们的贡献也得到了赞赏。此外，作者还要感谢宋代在实验室的贡献。

SLSP测量平台准备注意:所有对准步骤都需要精确和耐心，以确保在测量光散射时进行准确的定量。 图1中提供的SLSP设置概述。这里，插图（ 图1a ）显示了SLSP设置的基本概念。此外， 图1b和1c有助于定义讨论中引用的各种角度。具体来说，在图1b和1c中定义了以下三个角度:˚R（传感器旋转角度），˚S（传感器测量角）和˚I（入射角）。 <ol><li> SLSP对齐（图2）。 <ol><li>使用10×无穷远校正物镜将窄线宽激光源（这里为543nm中心波长）聚焦到单模输送光纤中。 注意:测试ligh以确保流明输出稳定或测量难以量化。通过观察通过光纤的光来确定聚焦光束，这不会实现100％的效率，但是应该足够使得光可以最终被传感器检测到。 </li><li>通过将单模光纤与10X无限校正物镜集成，使光纤位于物镜的焦点上来对准光源。输出光应该导致均匀的高斯光束分布。 </li><li>在光源前面放置一个光圈孔，以调整高斯光束的直径。 注意:将光圈孔径设置为代表人眼（ 例如直径为1-6 mm）。由于光散射型投诉通常与夜间驾驶有关，所以可以优选代表扩张虹膜的虹膜孔直径。 </li><li>通过附加一个光电传感器来构造一个测角光度计对于具有线性平移（x，y和z方向）功能的电动/可编程360°旋转平台，使用可伸缩臂（带后夹的金属柱）。 注意:设计一个舞台平台，使翻译和倾斜调整。设计传感器安装座，可实现360˚的传感器旋转角度（˚R），并可调节至少45˚的传感器角度旋转（˚S），以测量不同的散射平面。延伸臂的距离取决于光电二极管传感器的灵敏度和所需的角度精度。 </li><li>通过调整传感器面并调整手臂的位置，调整传感器的检测角度（根据需要）。 </li></ol></li><li> IOL对齐 <ol><li>构建一个IOL保持平台，使IOL位于goniophotometer上方（ 图2 ）。 <ol><li>要实现这一点，建立IOL持有平台，使IOL被暂停可以观察角膜光度计的中心位置（也可以将角度测量仪和IOL的位置反转）。 <ol><li>构建平台使用四个18"长，1/2"直径的圆柱形柱和立柱，并将它们连接到18 x 18"面包板上，该面包板是平台的基座。 </li></ol></li></ol></li><li>在面包板下面安装倾斜和旋转（I˚）功能的平移舞台（x，y和z方向），使舞台朝下。 注意:小步距（几微米）的翻译阶段在IOL对准过程中能够实现更高的精度，并且将提高测角测量精度。平台的具体尺寸可根据个人需要进行定制。因此，可以调节柱形柱和面包板尺寸。 <ol><li>通过夹紧IOL触觉件，将IOL牢固地连接到IOL平台上。 注意:在这个证明的目的实验，IOL在空气中测试;然而，最佳代表体内条件的溶液和温度下的IOL将是理想的。 </li></ol></li><li>使用IOL平台平台上的线性和倾斜调节将IOL直接对准光源前端（与IOL垂直于光源的平面），以确保光线方向在穿过中心位置时不会改变IOL。该位置将构成0˚的入射角（I˚）。 </li><li>识别来自IOL的光斑的位置，并将小锥形装置放置在焦点处，以减轻散焦光的检测（必要时）。通过在IOL后面放置一张纸（例如名片）来识别光的焦点，并确定光线最紧密聚焦在哪里。这可以是主观测量。 注意:仅当需要测量纯非b时才需要执行此步骤多彩的光。 </li><li>将光电二极管传感器的电动平台定位在IOL下方，以确保IOL位于测角仪轨迹的中心。将眼底光度计对准，使其距离IOL约12厘米。 注意:IOL和goniophotometer的关系将决定测试的分辨率，在那里放置更远的测角光度计可以获得更高的分辨率。然而，增加的距离（和较小的步长）将导致较低的信号和更长的实验时间。 </li><li>通过旋转IOL平台平台来调整入射角（I˚）。 注意:初始实验应以0°至80°的入射角进行。超过80˚将开始接近所有光线将被反射的掠角。 </li></ol></li><li> 程序设计 <ol><li>建立一个软件程序来协调机械mo使用系统设计软件对传感器进行相应的光测量（参见补充文件1和材料表 ）。 注意:当构建软件程序时，请考虑传感器的速度，以确保传感器的物理位置准确反映其记录的测量。 补充文件1中提供了本实验设计的程序。 </li></ol></li></ol> 2. SLSP实验和数据分析<ol><li> 扫描（˚R） <ol><li>确保IOL和光源正确对准（参见第1.1和1.2节）。 </li><li>在光电二极管传感器和IOL周围构建一个外壳，使用带有非反射内部涂层的容器，以最大限度地减少错误检测光。确保为光源提供一个开口。 注意:机柜的具体设计应定制基于室内的外部光线。因此，可以使用多种设计。然而，外壳的目的是减轻传感器检测到的所有外部光线。 </li><li>关闭房间内的所有光源，但编程电脑除外。 </li><li>运行SLSP软件程序（步骤1.3.1），以便传感器围绕IOL旋转，以便在每个旋转角度（˚R）下测量散射光。 </li><li>为了测量多个平面上的散射光，可以多次运行SLSP软件程序，同时手动调整传感器的扩展臂和传感器测量角（˚S）。 注意:程序运行的次数取决于所需的结果。测量的检测角越大，识别散射光的方向性就越精确。 </li><li>有关光束直径的研究，请在运行SLSP程序之前将光圈孔径调整到所需的直径。 注意:她e，使用1,2,3,4和4.64mm的激光束直径来最好地模拟典型的虹膜直径。 4.64毫米是使用的最大直径，因为这是未经过虹膜孔的准直光束的直径。 </li><li>有关入射角的研究，请在运行SLSP程序之前将IOL安装座旋转到所需的入射角。研究了0˚，20˚，45˚和80˚的入射角（I˚）。 注意:需要科学的数据处理软件包来分析收集的数据。 </li><li>对于三维成像，将来自不同˚S的每次扫描的数据与数据处理包组合在一起。通过绘制矩阵书来测量数据，其中传感器测量角（˚S）与角度或旋转（˚R）相对。 注意:为了更好地代表体外条件，SLSP平台可以颠倒，以便角膜光度计高于IOL，然后IOL可以置于温度控制的盐水溶液浴中。然而，在这些条件下，当传感器从位置移动到位置并移动介质时，传感器停留时间将需要相当长的时间来考虑盐溶液的运动。 </li></ol></li></ol>

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SLSP平台实验的结果发现，使用简单的光学测量原理可以为评估与独特IOL设计和材料相关的光散射性质提供强大的工具。具体地说，SLSP平台已经观察到可检测散射光的量与光源的光束直径之间的直接相关性。另外，在多焦点IOL中发现的多个分散峰可以用SLSP容易地观察到。此外，随着光源接近掠角，SLSP观察到散射光的大幅度增加，因为大多数光被透镜表面反射。 如协议中所述...

首先引入扫描光散射分析仪（SLSP）方法来解决在非临床环境中定量评估眼内透镜（IOL）的光散射特性的需要1 。开发测试方法来评估IOL设计和材料的光散射趋势是非常有意义的，以帮助识别潜在的不必要的光散射问题。光散射通常由患者报告，并被观察为眩光，闪光，光学缺陷和其他形式的功能障碍2 ，有时导致患者要求IOL移植。除了偏心光，散射光减少了弹道光的数量，导致较低的整体图像质量3 。开发可以非临床评估IOL潜能来散射入射光的装置（后来与临床报告的结果相关）c有用的评估IOL的光学性质（用于在白内障手术后替代人晶状体的镜片）是特别有意义的，因为它是世界上最常用的植入医疗器械（每年近2000万） 4和美国（超过3每年百万） 5 。因此，甚至有一小部分报告失调症的患者可能会产生很大的影响。此外，快速改进的技术（ 例如新的IOL设计，材料和光学能力）有可能增加与光散射有关的问题。例如，多焦点IOL已被设计为通过设计利用折射和衍射光学原理的透镜来改善近视和远视力。虽然这些镜片非常成功，但也发现这些镜片增加报道的光晕和眩光的量，这主要与光6的散射有关</s了&gt;。 一些非临床实验室研究试图通过IOL预测来自散射光的异常斑。例如，研究已经确定，IOL触觉（用于将其置于原位的IOL的手臂）和IOL的边缘容易诱发大量的观察到的眩光散射光8 。引入了一种方法，即弹道 - 光子去除积分球法（BRIM），以定量测量通过IOL 9后的非弹道光总量。然而，这种高灵敏度的技术被设计来测量散射光的总强度，并且不能识别散射光的方向性。计算机仿真软件可以与模型眼睛一起使用，以帮助预测各种IOL设计和材料的光散射的强度和方向性。例如，IOL边缘诱发Ligh的倾向模拟t散射以识别限制散射光量10的设计 。此外，结合米氏散射理论的计算机模拟验证了增加的光散射可以减少IOL的调制传递函数（MTF）（与图像质量的直接相关性） 3 。虽然有帮助，但实际的台架测试是验证这些预测模拟所必需的。 为了验证预测模拟，需要进行台架测试，以便能够检测和定量评估两种不同形式的散射光，前向散射和反向散射光。虽然不是摄像斑的来源，但是由于较少的光通过IOL以最终到达视网膜，所以向后散射的光（远离眼睛的光散射）是降低图像质量的原因。向前散射的光（向视网膜散射的光）是眼科医生的关注点可能会导致晕眩的投诉（ 如眩光，晕圈和闪光）。一个常见的例子是夜间驾驶过程中通过迎面而来的车辆报告额外的不必要的眩光;这个问题在多灶性IOLs 11中是特别常见的。然而，目前确定潜在的前向散射光的做法是眼科医生将光照射到患者的眼睛上，并定性观察反射回多少光（反向散射光），并假设后向散射光将与前向散射大致相同光（并不总是这样） 12 。 在这里，我们描述一种简单的测试方法，使用光学测量原理来定量测量散射光通过人工晶状体的大小和方向。 SLSP通过将光电二极管传感器360度旋转在暴露于光的IOL的周围来操作我们见图1a 。我们选择绿色激光源（543 nm），以最好地代表已知的最佳摄影量，并符合国际标准规格13 。这里，将IOL适配到旋转和平移保持器，其中光电二极管传感器可以围绕并观察从透镜散射的光。因此，SLSP具有定量测量散射光的大小和方向性的独特能力。然而，尽管这里没有描述，为了更好的预测能力，应该在受控环境中使用适当的眼睛模型进行实验。 IOL和光学传感器之间的距离（以及传感器元件的尺寸）将决定设备的分辨能力;然而，根据需要，将需要调整解决方案和信号强度之间的折衷。 准确描述原则SLSP平台我们定义了三种旋转角度， 见图1b和1c 。具体地说，旋转角度（°R）表示光电二极管传感器围绕IOL旋转时的旋转。这里，当传感器位于透镜后面（反向散射光）时，0˚R表示传感器位于透镜前方（向前散射光）时180˚R。 90˚和270˚的角度表示前后散射光的转换点。传感角（˚S）表示传感器枢转（上下方向）的程度，以便可以检测多于一个散射光平面。这里，0˚S表示传感器表面平行于IOL（和光源）。最后，入射角（˚I）表示光源接近IOL的角度。这里，0˚I对应于当入射光在IOL的光轴上时，＃730;将表示当光源垂直于Meridional平面时。

<table><tbody><tr><td>PD300 series Photodiode Sensor</td><td>Ophir-Spiricon Corp</td><td>7Z02410</td><td>PD300-1W, RoHS</td></tr><tr><td>URS Series Precision Rotation Stage</td><td>Newport Corp.</td><td>URS75BCC</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>ESP301 1-Axis Motion Controller and Driver</td><td>Newport Corp.</td><td>ESP301-1N</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>LabView Software</td><td>National Instruments Corp.</td><td>776671-35</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Origin</td><td>OriginLab Corp.</td><td>N/A</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Single Mode FC/APC Fiber Optic Patch Cables</td><td>ThorLabs Inc.</td><td>P3-460B-FC</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>10X Olympus Plan Achromat Objective</td><td>ThorLabs Inc.</td><td>RMS10X</td><td>RMS10X - 10X Olympus Plan Achromat Objective, 0.25 NA, 10.6 mm WD&amp;nbsp;</td></tr></tbody></table>

scanning light scattering profiler (slps) based methodology to quantitatively evaluate forward and backward light scattering from intraocular lenses

已经开发了扫描光散射分析仪（SLSP）方法，用于使用角度光度计原理从眼内透镜（IOL）的前向和后向光散射进行全角度定量评估。该协议描述了SLSP平台，以及它如何采用360度旋转光电检测器传感器，它在IOL样品周围扫描，同时记录散射光通过IOL介质时的强度和位置。 SLSP平台可用于非临床预测当前和新颖的IOL设计和材料诱导光散射的倾向。 IOL的光散射特性的非临床评估可以显着减少与不想要的眩光，闪光，光学缺陷，差的图像质量以及与非预期的光散射相关的其他现象的患者投诉的数量。应进行未来研究，以将SLSP数据与临床结果相关联以帮助确定测量光散射对于在IOL植入后经历白内障手术的患者是最有问题的。

当传感器不位于光源平面上时，光度测量可以产生360˚R的信号。然而，为了从光源平面上的散射光（0˚I）采集测量结果，传感器将需要对光源进行摄像，从而产生小于360˚R的信号。在我们的实验中，确定〜20˚R的信号被阻挡，因为传感器遮挡了光源。 实验发现，直接向后散射光（〜150˚-175˚R和〜185˚-225˚R）的左右两侧观察到?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Scanning Light Scattering Profiler SLPS Based Methodology to Quantitatively Evaluate Forward and Backward Light Scattering from Intraocular Lenses at JoVE.com

Scanning Light Scattering Profiler SLPS Based Methodology to Quantitatively Evaluate Forward and Backward Light Scattering from Intraocular Lenses

该协议描述了扫描光散射分析仪（SLSP），其使用角度光度计原理对来自眼内透镜（IOL）的光的前向和后向散射进行全角度定量评估。

基于扫描光散射分析器（SLPS）的方法来量化评估来自眼内镜的前向和后向光散射

The scanning light scattering profiler (SLSP) methodology has been developed for the full-angle quantitative evaluation of forward and backward light ...

scanning-light-scattering-profiler-slps-based-methodology-to

Research

JoVE Journal

Engineering

Scanning Light Scattering Profiler (SLPS) Based Methodology to Quantitatively Evaluate Forward and Backward Light Scattering from Intraocular Lenses

7.5K 次观看.  U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 该协议描述了扫描光散射分析仪（SLSP），其使用角度光度计原理对来自眼内透镜（IOL）的光的前向和后向散射进行全角度定量评估。 

视频: Scanning Light Scattering Profiler SLPS Based Methodology to Quantitatively Evaluate Forward and Backward Light Scattering from Intraocular Lenses

Measuring Spatially- and Directionally-varying Light Scattering from Biological Material

Light interacts with an organism's integument on a variety of spatial scales. For example in an iridescent bird: nano-scale structures produce color; the milli-scale structure of barbs and barbules largely determines the directional pattern of reflected light; and through the macro-scale spatial structure of overlapping, curved feathers, these directional effects create the visual texture. Milli-scale and macro-scale effects determine where on the organism's body, and from what viewpoints and under what illumination, the iridescent colors are seen. Thus, the highly directional flash of brilliant color from the iridescent throat of a hummingbird is inadequately explained by its nano-scale structure alone and questions remain. From a given observation point, which milli-scale elements of the feather are oriented to reflect strongly? Do some species produce broader "windows" for observation of iridescence than others? These and similar questions may be asked about any organisms that have evolved a particular surface appearance for signaling, camouflage, or other reasons.
In order to study the directional patterns of light scattering from feathers, and their relationship to the bird's milli-scale morphology, we developed a protocol for measuring light scattered from biological materials using many high-resolution photographs taken with varying illumination and viewing directions. Since we measure scattered light as a function of direction, we can observe the characteristic features in the directional distribution of light scattered from that particular feather, and because barbs and barbules are resolved in our images, we can clearly attribute the directional features to these different milli-scale structures. Keeping the specimen intact preserves the gross-scale scattering behavior seen in nature. The method described here presents a generalized protocol for analyzing spatially- and directionally-varying light scattering from complex biological materials at multiple structural scales.

We present a non-destructive method for sampling spatial variation in the direction of light scattered from structurally complex materials. By keeping the material intact, we preserve gross-scale scattering behavior, while concurrently capturing fine-scale directional contributions with high-resolution imaging. Results are visualized in software at biologically-relevant positions and scales.

从生物材料空间定向变化的光散射测量

Light interacts with an organism's integument on a variety of spatial scales. For example in an iridescent bird: nano-scale structures produce color; the ...

科研

工程学

Characterization of Surface Modifications by White Light Interferometry: Applications in Ion Sputtering, Laser Ablation, and Tribology Experiments

In materials science and engineering it is often necessary to obtain quantitative measurements of surface topography with micrometer lateral resolution. From the measured surface, 3D topographic maps can be subsequently analyzed using a variety of software packages to extract the information that is needed.
In this article we describe how white light interferometry, and optical profilometry (OP) in general, combined with generic surface analysis software, can be used for materials science and engineering tasks. In this article, a number of applications of white light interferometry for investigation of surface modifications in mass spectrometry, and wear phenomena in tribology and lubrication are demonstrated. We characterize the products of the interaction of semiconductors and metals with energetic ions (sputtering), and laser irradiation (ablation), as well as ex situ measurements of wear of tribological test specimens.
Specifically, we will discuss:
<ol class="lroman">
	<li>Aspects of traditional ion sputtering-based mass spectrometry such as sputtering rates/yields measurements on Si and Cu and subsequent time-to-depth conversion.</li>
	<li>Results of quantitative characterization of the interaction of femtosecond laser irradiation with a semiconductor surface. These results are important for applications such as ablation mass spectrometry, where the quantities of evaporated material can be studied and controlled via pulse duration and energy per pulse. Thus, by determining the crater geometry one can define depth and lateral resolution versus experimental setup conditions.</li>
	<li>Measurements of surface roughness parameters in two dimensions, and quantitative measurements of the surface wear that occur as a result of friction and wear tests.</li>
</ol>
Some inherent drawbacks, possible artifacts, and uncertainty assessments of the white light interferometry approach will be discussed and explained.

White light microscope interferometry is an optical, noncontact and quick method for measuring the topography of surfaces. It is shown how the method can be applied toward mechanical wear analysis, where wear scars on tribological test samples are analyzed; and in materials science to determine ion beam sputtering or laser ablation volumes and depths.

白光干涉表面改性中的应用离子溅射，激光烧蚀，与摩擦学实验表征

In materials science and engineering it is often necessary to obtain quantitative measurements of surface topography with micrometer lateral resolution. ...

Controlled Synthesis and Fluorescence Tracking of Highly Uniform Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) Microgels

Stimuli-sensitive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) microgels have various prospective practical applications and uses in fundamental research. In this work, we use single particle tracking of fluorescently labeled PNIPAM microgels as a showcase for tuning microgel size by a rapid non-stirred precipitation polymerization procedure. This approach is well suited for prototyping new reaction compositions and conditions or for applications that do not require large amounts of product. Microgel synthesis, particle size and structure determination by dynamic and static light scattering are detailed in the protocol. It is shown that the addition of functional comonomers can have a large influence on the particle nucleation and structure. Single particle tracking by wide-field fluorescence microscopy allows for an investigation of the diffusion of labeled tracer microgels in a concentrated matrix of non-labeled microgels, a system not easily investigated by other methods such as dynamic light scattering.

Controlled Synthesis and Fluorescence Tracking of Highly Uniform PolyN-isopropylacrylamide Microgels

Non-stirred precipitation polymerization provides a rapid, reproducible prototyping approach to the synthesis of stimuli-sensitive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) microgels of narrow size distribution. In this protocol synthesis, light scattering characterization and single particle fluorescence tracking of these microgels in a wide-field microscopy setup are demonstrated.

可控合成和高度统一聚荧光追踪（<em&gt;ñ</em&gt; -isopropylacrylamide）微凝胶

Stimuli-sensitive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) microgels have various prospective practical applications and uses in fundamental research. In this ...

化学

Measurement of Particle Size Distribution in Turbid Solutions by Dynamic Light Scattering Microscopy

A protocol for measuring polydispersity of concentrated polymer solutions using dynamic light scattering is described. Dynamic light scattering is a technique used to measure the size distribution of polymer solutions or colloidal particles. Although this technique is widely used for the assessment of polymer solutions, it is difficult to measure the particle size in concentrated solutions due to the multiple scattering effect or strong light absorption. Therefore, the concentrated solutions should be diluted before measurement. Implementation of the confocal optical component in a dynamic light scattering microscope1 helps to overcome this barrier. Using such a microscopic system, both transparent and turbid systems can be analyzed under the same experimental setup without a dilution. As a representative example, a size distribution measurement of a temperature-responsive polymer solution was performed. The sizes of the polymer chains in an aqueous solution were several tens of nanometers at a temperature below the lower critical solution temperature (LCST). In contrast, the sizes increased to more than 1.0 &#181;m when above the LCST. This result is consistent with the observation that the solution turned turbid above the LCST.

A protocol for the direct measurement of particle size distribution in concentrated solutions using dynamic light scattering microscopy is presented.

通过动态光散射显微镜混浊解决方案粒度分布的测定

A protocol for measuring polydispersity of concentrated polymer solutions using dynamic light scattering is described. Dynamic light scattering is a ...

High-speed Continuous-wave Stimulated Brillouin Scattering Spectrometer for Material Analysis

Recent years have witnessed a significant increase in the use of spontaneous Brillouin spectrometers for non-contact analysis of soft matter, such as aqueous solutions and biomaterials, with fast acquisition times. Here, we discuss the assembly and operation of a Brillouin spectrometer that uses stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) to measure stimulated Brillouin gain (SBG) spectra of water and lipid emulsion-based tissue-like samples in transmission mode with &lt;10 MHz spectral-resolution and &lt;35 MHz Brillouin-shift measurement precision at &lt;100 ms. The spectrometer consists of two nearly counter-propagating continuous-wave (CW) narrow-linewidth lasers at 780 nm whose frequency detuning is scanned through the material Brillouin shift. By using an ultra-narrowband hot rubidium-85 vapor notch filter and a phase-sensitive detector, the signal-to-noise-ratio of the SBG signal is significantly enhanced compared to that obtained with existing CW-SBS spectrometers. This improvement enables measurement of SBG spectra with up to 100-fold faster acquisition times, thereby facilitating high spectral-resolution and high-precision Brillouin analysis of soft materials at high speed.

We describe the construction of a rapid continuous-wave-stimulated-Brillouin-scattering (CW-SBS) spectrometer. The spectrometer employs single-frequency diode-lasers and an atomic vapor notch-filter to acquire transmission spectra of turbid/non-turbid samples with high spectral-resolution at speeds up to 100-fold faster than those of existing CW-SBS spectrometers. This improvement enables high-speed Brillouin material analysis.

用于材料分析的高速连续波受激布里渊散射光谱仪

Recent years have witnessed a significant increase in the use of spontaneous Brillouin spectrometers for non-contact analysis of soft matter, such as ...

Scattering And Absorption of Light in Planetary Regoliths

Theoretical, numerical, and experimental methods are presented for multiple scattering of light in macroscopic discrete random media of densely-packed microscopic particles. The theoretical and numerical methods constitute a framework of Radiative Transfer with Reciprocal Transactions (R2T2). The R2T2 framework entails Monte Carlo order-of-scattering tracing of interactions in the frequency space, assuming that the fundamental scatterers and absorbers are wavelength-scale volume elements composed of large numbers of randomly distributed particles. The discrete random media are fully packed with the volume elements. For spherical and nonspherical particles, the interactions within the volume elements are computed exactly using the Superposition T-Matrix Method (STMM) and the Volume Integral Equation Method (VIEM), respectively. For both particle types, the interactions between different volume elements are computed exactly using the STMM. As the tracing takes place within the discrete random media, incoherent electromagnetic fields are utilized, that is, the coherent field of the volume elements is removed from the interactions. The experimental methods are based on acoustic levitation of the samples for non-contact, non-destructive scattering measurements. The levitation entails full ultrasonic control of the sample position and orientation, that is, six degrees of freedom. The light source is a laser-driven white-light source with a monochromator and polarizer. The detector is a mini-photomultiplier tube on a rotating wheel, equipped with polarizers. The R2T2 is validated using measurements for a mm-scale spherical sample of densely-packed spherical silica particles. After validation, the methods are applied to interpret astronomical observations for asteroid (4) Vesta and comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko (Figure 1) recently visited by the NASA Dawn mission and the ESA Rosetta mission, respectively.

Numerical and experimental methods are presented for multiple scattering of light in discrete random media of densely-packed particles. The methods are utilized to interpret the observations of asteroid (4) Vesta and comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko.

行星光的散射和吸收

Theoretical, numerical, and experimental methods are presented for multiple scattering of light in macroscopic discrete random media of densely-packed ...

Measuring the Behavioral Effects of Intraocular Scatter

Intraocular scatter, with its associated functional manifestations, is a leading cause of automotive accidents and a significant biomarker of covert and overt ocular disease (e.g., diseases of the cornea and lens). Nearly all current methods of measuring the behavioral consequences of light scatter, however, suffer from various limitations mostly reflecting a lack of construct and content validity: to wit, the measures do not adequately reflect real world conditions (e.g., artificial light vs. sunlight) or everyday tasks (e.g., recognition under visually demanding conditions).
This protocol describes two novel, ecologically valid methods of measuring the behavioral effects of intraocular scatter by quantifying scatter geometry and visual recognition under glare conditions. The former was measured by assessing the diameter of halos and spokes that resulted from a bright point source. Light spread (essentially, the point spread function determined using Rayleigh criteria) was quantified by determining the minimum perceivable distance between two small points of broad-band light. The latter was done based on the identification of letters formed using apertures through which bright light was shone.

In this protocol, we outline the conceptual design elements and structural development of a glare acuity apparatus. Additionally, the design of a device for measuring positive dysphotopsia (halos, spokes) and two-point light thresholds is described.

测量眼内散射的行为影响

Intraocular scatter, with its associated functional manifestations, is a leading cause of automotive accidents and a significant biomarker of covert and ...

行为学

Multimodal Volumetric Retinal Imaging by Oblique Scanning Laser Ophthalmoscopy (oSLO) and Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT)

While fluorescence imaging is widely used in ophthalmology, a large field of view (FOV) three-dimensional (3D) fluorescence retinal image is still a big challenge with the state-of-the-art retinal imaging modalities because they would require z-stacking to compile a volumetric dataset. Newer optical coherence tomography (OCT) and OCT angiography (OCTA) systems overcome these restrictions to provide three-dimensional (3D) anatomical and vascular images, but the dye-free nature of OCT cannot visualize leakage indicative of vascular dysfunction. This protocol describes a novel oblique scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (oSLO) technique that provides 3D volumetric fluorescence retinal imaging. The setup of the imaging system generates the oblique scanning by a dove tail slider and aligns the final imaging system at an angle to detect fluorescent cross-sectional images. The system uses the laser scanning method, and therefore, allows an easy incorporation of OCT as a complementary volumetric structural imaging modality. In vivo imaging on rat retina is demonstrated here. Fluorescein solution is intravenously injected to produce volumetric fluorescein angiography (vFA).

Multimodal Volumetric Retinal Imaging by Oblique Scanning Laser Ophthalmoscopy oSLO and Optical Coherence Tomography OCT

Here, we present a protocol to get a large field of view (FOV) three-dimensional (3D) fluorescence and OCT retinal image by using a novel imaging multimodal platform. We will introduce the system setup, the method of alignment, and the operational protocols. In vivo imaging will be demonstrated, and representative results will be provided.

斜扫描激光检眼镜 (奥斯陆) 与光学相干层析成像 (OCT) 的多模态视网膜成像

While fluorescence imaging is widely used in ophthalmology, a large field of view (FOV) three-dimensional (3D) fluorescence retinal image is still a big ...

生物工程

In vivo Structural Assessments of Ocular Disease in Rodent Models using Optical Coherence Tomography

Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) is useful for visualizing retinal and ocular structures in vivo. In research, SD-OCT is a valuable tool to evaluate and characterize changes in a variety of retinal and ocular disease and injury models. In light induced retinal degeneration models, SD-OCT can be used to track thinning of the photoreceptor layer over time. In glaucoma models, SD-OCT can be used to monitor decreased retinal nerve fiber layer and total retinal thickness and to observe optic nerve cupping after inducing ocular hypertension. In diabetic rodents, SD-OCT has helped researchers observe decreased total retinal thickness as well as decreased thickness of specific retinal layers, particularly the retinal nerve fiber layer with disease progression. In mouse models of myopia, SD-OCT can be used to evaluate axial parameters, such as axial length changes. Advantages of SD-OCT include in vivo imaging of ocular structures, the ability to quantitatively track changes in ocular dimensions over time, and its rapid scanning speed and high resolution. Here, we detail the methods of SD-OCT and show examples of its use in our laboratory in models of retinal degeneration, glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, and myopia. Methods include anesthesia, SD-OCT imaging, and processing of the images for thickness measurements.

Here, we describe the use of spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) to visualize retinal and ocular structures in vivo in models of retinal degeneration, glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, and myopia.

使用光学相干断层扫描对啮齿动物模型中眼部疾病的体内结构评估

Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) is useful for visualizing retinal and ocular structures in vivo. In research, SD-OCT is a valuable ...

Spatio-Temporal In Vivo Imaging of Ocular Drug Delivery Systems using Fiberoptic Confocal Laser Microendoscopy

Subconjunctival injection is an attractive route to administer ocular drugs due to easy trans-scleral access that bypasses anterior ocular barriers, such as the cornea and conjunctiva. While therapeutic effects and pharmacokinetics of the drugs upon subconjunctival injection have been described in some studies, very few assess the ocular distribution of drugs or drug delivery systems (DDS). The latter is critical for the optimization of intraocular DDS design and drug bioavailability to achieve the desired ocular localization and duration of action (e.g., acute versus. prolonged). This study establishes the use of fiberoptic confocal laser microendoscopy (CLM) to qualitatively study the ocular distribution of fluorescent liposomes in real-time in live mice after sub-conjunctival injection. Being designed for in vivo visual inspection of tissues at the microscopic level, this is also the first full description of the CLM imaging method to study spatio-temporal distribution of injectables in the eye after subconjunctival injection.

Spatio-Temporal In Vivo Imaging of Ocular Drug Delivery Systems using Fiberoptic Confocal Laser Microendoscopy

We present a protocol for the use of fiberoptic confocal laser microendoscopy (CLM) to non-invasively study the spatio-temporal distribution of liposomes in the eye after subconjunctival injection.

使用光纤共聚焦激光微内窥镜检查的眼部药物输送系统的时空 体内 成像

Subconjunctival injection is an attractive route to administer ocular drugs due to easy trans-scleral access that bypasses anterior ocular barriers, such ...

基于扫描光散射分析器（SLPS）的方法来量化评估来自眼内镜的前向和后向光散射

摘要

探索更多视频

从生物材料空间定向变化的光散射测量

白光干涉表面改性中的应用离子溅射，激光烧蚀，与摩擦学实验表征

可控合成和高度统一聚荧光追踪（

通过动态光散射显微镜混浊解决方案粒度分布的测定

用于材料分析的高速连续波受激布里渊散射光谱仪

行星光的散射和吸收

测量眼内散射的行为影响

斜扫描激光检眼镜 (奥斯陆) 与光学相干层析成像 (OCT) 的多模态视网膜成像

使用光学相干断层扫描对啮齿动物模型中眼部疾病的体内结构评估

使用光纤共聚焦激光微内窥镜检查的眼部药物输送系统的时空体内成像

基于扫描光散射分析器（SLPS）的方法来量化评估来自眼内镜的前向和后向光散射

摘要

探索更多视频

从生物材料空间定向变化的光散射测量

白光干涉表面改性中的应用离子溅射，激光烧蚀，与摩擦学实验表征

可控合成和高度统一聚荧光追踪（

通过动态光散射显微镜混浊解决方案粒度分布的测定

用于材料分析的高速连续波受激布里渊散射光谱仪

行星光的散射和吸收

测量眼内散射的行为影响

斜扫描激光检眼镜 (奥斯陆) 与光学相干层析成像 (OCT) 的多模态视网膜成像

使用光学相干断层扫描对啮齿动物模型中眼部疾病的体内结构评估

使用光纤共聚焦激光微内窥镜检查的眼部药物输送系统的时空 体内 成像

使用光纤共聚焦激光微内窥镜检查的眼部药物输送系统的时空体内成像