这项工作一直由美国心脏协会的科学家发展给予 (#12SDG12200001) E.瓦苏德万供资。R.Hamzey 当前加入是机械工程系，波士顿大学，美国，马萨诸塞州，波士顿。E.柯克当前加入是物理治疗系的麻省总医院卫生专业研究所。

所有程序已都获机构的审查委员会，石溪分校。
 1.实验装置 注: 拆分带跑步机实验中常用的术语的定义，请参阅 补充文件 1-定义。
<ol><li>屏幕所有与会者的拆分带跑步机的经验。 
	注: 人已被证明更快适应事先的暴露后，拆分带跑步机 29 ， 30。这些人们时间刻度 &#34; 忘记 &#34; 拆分带跑步机不目前所知的;因此，拆分带跑步机的经验可能是一个混杂变量，如果不控制。</li>
	<li>进行所有的测试，在安静的环境，和尽量减少活动在考场中的。</li>
	<li>集向上运动到记录运动跟踪系统 （根据系统的指示），拆分带跑步机和在上地面走道。 
	注: 例如，当前的协议使用运动与活动 LED 标记跟踪系统。四个三脚架式传感器单元检测到活动的标记，与放在任一侧 （右和左的跑步机上） 和两个 7 万地面走道两边的两个单位的三维位置。</li>
	<li>与运动跟踪 标记、 肌电图等 装备参与者。</li>
	<li>包括分区之间拆分带跑步机上以防止腿从跨越到对侧带的两个带的考虑。此分区不是严格必要神经完好无损的成人，但可能有助于测试儿童或临床的人口。请注意是否存在分区可能会增加台阶宽度;然而，对，这影响拆分带适应程度是未知。</li>
	<li>设置安全带在跑步机上以保护参与者掉落在跑步机上行走. 
	注: 束应该不支持体重，除非这是研究问题的部分。虽然落在跑步机上行走过程中是非常少见的许多研究伦理委员会要求安全线束使用。</li>
	<li>维护一致性的手臂运动跨实验范式和参与者。当手臂运动 （例如，抱着扶手，自然地挥舞着手臂），类型决定的考虑什么将是舒适的学科群和典型摆臂是否将可见性关键标记用于运动的捕获 （例如，标记放在臀部）。
	<ol><li>无论手臂运动指导所有参与者举行同时启动和停止跑步机为安全扶手。</li>
	</ol></li> <li>跨实验范式维护一致性倾向。 
	注: 我们所知，所有发表的分裂带跑步机协议，其中包括当前，有用于零倾斜跑步机和在地面上走动。</li>
</ol> 2。基线期 注: 基准期的目的，是要建立什么正常行走协调是为每一个人。基线协调应在后遗症被测试的所有条件下测试。例如，在当前的协议中，后遗症被测试在跑步机上和地面行走以不同的速度 (0.7 和 1.4 m/s)。因此，基线在地面和跑步机上试验在 0.7 1.4 m/s 并包括在内。这允许直接比较的基线步行协调在相同的速度和上下文的后遗症。在走基线的地面试验可以消除时的实验目标不包括推广到在地面上走动。
<ol><li>为在地面基准试验，指导参与者走在地面上走道哪里可以收集运动捕获数据。收集 10 个步幅周期建立基线在地面上走动最低的限度。
	<ol><li>如果运动捕捉系统只允许在有限的空间内的运动捕捉参与者通过运动捕获空间执行几个通行证 （如、 审判）。在每个审判结束，指导参与者要停止，到位，转身准备研究员 &#39; s 提示开始下一轮试验。</li>
		<li>为每个审判，确保在运动捕捉空间，不包括第一个和最后一个跨越周期内进行至少两个跨越周期。 
		注意: 这些初始的和最终的步幅周期将丢弃从分析加速/减速的步伐，正如他们不稳态走。</li>
		<li>有参与者执行几个 (通常 10) 在地面行走试验。
		<ol><li>如果需要特定的速度，则有参与者步行，跑步机 （上绑安全带） 那种速度，让他/她熟悉的任务。然后在此基础上，将移回人行道，指导参与者以同样的速度走，他 （她） 一样，跑步机，，在每个试验的时间参与者，在地面上走动。在每个审判加速或减速下来，口头反馈，如果需要 25。</li>
		</ol></li></ol></li> <li>跑步机基准试验，指导参与者走上绑安全带 1 5 分钟 
	注意: 这构成单基线审判。如果参与者是陌生的跑步机上行走，这一时期可能被延长，以能成为舒适的任务的人。
	<ol><li>匹配的基线 speed(s) 试验到 speed(s) 的后遗症将测试，以允许对前和后适应步态协调等效速度的比较。 
		注: 多个比较基准试验 （即，1-5 分钟块） 捆绑带速度不同可能需要;例如，在当前的协议中，基准试验在绑皮带速度 0.7 m/s 和 1.4 m/s 被收集因为那些被用来评估后遗症的速度。</li>
	</ol></li></ol> 3。适应期 注: 参与者不需要指示他们即将走上分裂带。在许多实验中，包括目前在位，参与者不是告知会否带绑-或拆分-;他们只是被告知，跑步机将开始或停止时。这允许实验测量中的步行环境意外变化的影响。
<ol><li>虽然参与者站在固定的跑步机皮带，开始分裂带跑步机上跑得更快，比另一个带和允许参与者走至少 7 分钟 （10-15 分钟是更常见）。
	<ol><li>指导参与者，直视前方，不降在他们脚下。</li>
		<li>设置一个带速度快于其他 （例如，2-3 折皮带速度差异）。 
		注: 更高的速度比率曾在过去的 8 ， 31。当前的协议使用 0.7:1.4 m/s 的比例为 2:1。
		<ol><li>随机化哪条腿靠慢皮带或一贯选择一条腿 （显性或非显性） 作为由慢皮带驱动腿。</li>
			<li>皮带速度差可能逐渐引入 （快速带速度是以增量方式增加和/或慢带速度惊人精神上减少了几分钟) 或突然 (从停止的位置, 传送带加速到目标速度在几秒钟内). 
			注意: 分体式带的方式会影响个体的适应能力, 以及他们如何将适应的模式转移到不同的行走环境, 以及他们个的分割带24小时后 27 , 32 . 目前, 大多数的分割带行走协议 (包括当前的), 突然引入了分裂带. </li>
			<li> 如果预计将需要工间休息 ( 例如, 对于年幼的儿童、年长的成年人或流动性有限的个人, 请将预定的休息时间添加到所有参与者的协议中。确保这些断点的长度一致;应记录并定时出现意外中断, 因为这可能是分析 33 中考虑的因素. </li>
		</ol> </li> </ol> </li> </ol> 4。捕获试用 注意: 在跑步机 (系带) 上进行捕捉试验, 用于简要测试参与者和 #39; 目前为止, 在协议中的后遗症, 表明他们已经适应了多少。渔获量试验是一个短 (通常和 #60; 二十年代) 捆绑带步行周期, 以快速评估在分裂带适应期内后遗症的发展. 
<ol> <li> 一旦参与者完全适应了分割带 (最小7分钟分带行走), 请立即停止皮带, 并以相同速度运行的两条皮带重新启动跑步机。执行捕捉试验, 以相同的速度启动跑步机在分裂带适应 28 , 因为后遗症将是最大的在这里。
	<ol> <li> 在拆分带适应的 0.7: 1.4 米/秒时最大化后效振幅, 在0.7 米/秒执行 catch 试验. </li>
	</ol> </li> <li> 要减轻 de-adaptation, 请结束 catch 试验 ( 即 , 停止跑步机), 一旦参与者在所需的捕获试验速度 (约10-15 秒) 中采取了大约五大步. </li>
	<li> 要评估在多个不同的行走速度下执行的渔获量试验的后遗症 (或行走环境中的其他变化, 如 , 向前和向后行走 24 ), 个参与者至少2分钟每个渔获量试验之间的分型带. 
	注: 渔获量试验的顺序应为随机的 25 和/或第一次渔获量试验应在适应期结束前重新, 以确定是否有系统地减少后效大小与重复切换在捆绑带 (抓住试验) 和分裂传送带 (适应) 之间 28 . </li>
	<li> 在最后一次捕捉试验之后, 停止跑步机并使用拆分带 (与适应相同的配置, 请参阅步骤 3.1.2) 将其重新启动2-5 分钟, 以允许参与者个. </li>
</ol> 5。后适应-测试后的效果在地上行走 注意: 此步骤是可选的, 取决于实验的目标。在本议定书中, 目标包括评估对地面步行的泛化, 从而在地面测试期间 post-adaptation. 
<ol> <li> 停止跑步机并将参与者转移到使用轮椅的过地上走道, 以防止参与者在到达录制区域之前采取未记录的步骤. </li>
	<li> 指示参与者沿地上走道行走, 如步骤2.1 所示。
	<ol> <li> 如果需要特定的行走速度, 请指示个人复制基线行走速度 25 。
		<li> 完全洗地面行走的后遗症, 使人们回到他们的基线协调, 让参加者执行10-15 步行通过6米以上的地面走道 
		注意: 这已经被证明是足够的 26 , 27 , 相当于大约30大步 27 。如果超过地面行走不连续地被记录 ( 例如 , 通过记录区域采取几个通行证), 将有几个步骤, 没有分析在每一个以上的地面步行试验, 参与者放慢, 轮流到位,开始走在另一个方向。de-adaptation 在地面 post-adaptation (PA) 试验的速度应谨慎解释, 除非实验设置允许连续记录的地面行走. </li>
	</ol> </li> </ol> 6。后适应试验-在跑步机行走后的效果测试 注意: 在步骤5中, 此步骤是可选的, 并取决于学习目标。如果包括一个 PA 期间, 随后的跑步机 post-adaptation 周期测试的存在的跑步机后遗症后的地面后遗症已被褪色 23 , 26 , 27 . 如果没有 PA 周期, 跑步机 post-adaptation 周期可以用来评估跑步机的后遗症 (前 1-5 步幅 post-adaptation) 和/或跑步机 de-adaptation 率 22 , 29 , 34 . 
<ol> <li> 如果没有 PA, 在适应期结束时, 请停止单调的跑步机, 然后用绑带重新启动。如果有一个超过地面的步行周期, 使用轮椅将参与者送回固定式跑步机, 并用系带重新启动;轮椅是重要的, 以尽量减少没有记录的步骤数。
	<ol> <li> 简单地测量后效大小, 记录绑带走短时间 ( 例如 , 三十年代)。为了评估 de-adaptation 率, 记录连续的捆绑带步行至少10分钟, 以确保完全洗的后遗症. </li>
		<li> 根据所提出的假设, 在 post-adaptation 期间设置绑带的速度, 因为在拆带适应过程中, 当系皮带速度与低速带的匹配时, 最大的跑步机后遗症发生在 25 中, 28 。如果在0.7 和1.4 米/秒的分带速度下进行适应, 则将绑带速度设置为0.7 米/秒, 以观察最大的后遗症. </li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>

作者没有透露。

许多研究表明, 人们在分体式跑步机上调整步态协调以恢复间协调参数 (如步长和双支撑时间) 的对称性。当自然步行条件恢复后, 分带步行, 参与者继续使用适应的步态模式, 导致后遗症, 必须不知道, 以恢复正常步行协调。研究人员主要使用适应率和后效振幅来量化学习这种新的行走模式的能力, 并将这种学习推广到其他的行走环境和任务中。正确解释这些变化的适应率和后效振幅需要仔细遵守的?...

拆分带跑步机上有可以开车每条腿，在不同的速度或方向不同的两个带。此设备是第一次用于 45 年前作为一种工具研究的双腿之间 （即，肢间协调） 行走1过程中的协调。这一点，和其他早期的研究主要使用猫作为实验模型1，，23，但昆虫也研究了的4。在人类的婴儿和成人的拆分带运动的第一批调查发表在 1987 年和 1994 年，分别为5，6。这些初期的研究在人类和非人类的动物主要是研究了短期 （即，立即） 调整在肢间的协调，以维持稳定和向前进展，当以不同的速度驱动的双腿。1995 年的研究指出，长时间 （几分钟） 拆分带行走的损害人类的成年人，准确地感知跑步机传送带速度并进行调整的能力，以均衡速度在每边。这表明，走路的感觉运动映射重新调整的7。然而，它是不直到 2005 年第一次详细的人类电机适应运动报告超过 10 分钟的拆分带跑步机上行走被出版的8。
电机的适应是指错误驱动的过程，其间的纯熟的动作感觉运动映射将在响应新的、 可预测的需求9中调整。这是一种发生在扩展的实习期间 （分钟到数小时） 的运动技能学习和后遗症，是运动模式时删除需求的变化和/或条件的结果返回到正常。例如，最初走上分裂带导致人与不对称的肢间协调，类似于一瘸一拐行走。在拆分带步行几分钟，人适应他们行走的协调，使他们的步态变得更加对称。当两个带随后返回到相同的速度 （即捆绑带） 时，从而恢复正常行走的情况下，人们表现出后遗症步行，以不对称的协调。这些后遗症必须积极地去适应，或在几分钟的系带行走之前正常行走协调是恢复的8不通。
继 2005年斯曼等人8走在人类的拆分带运动学分析，在发表的研究拆分带跑步机的使用增加了大约十倍相比前, 十年。为什么拆分带跑步机正越来越受到欢迎，作为实验的工具？拆分带移动显然是一项实验室的任务 — — 最接近真实的模拟是转弯或走在一个紧密的圆圈，但拆分带跑步机诱导更极端的版本的转动，一条腿比其他更快推动两到四倍。事实上，分裂带跑步机是一个极不寻常的行走任务提供研究自发学习的几个优点。首先，它是新型的大多数人不分年龄和独立行走的经验;它是易于屏幕实验参与者为新奇的拆分带行走。第二，拆分带跑步机诱导肢间协调不迅速解决的相当大变化。相对较慢的适应和脱适应率允许我们研究如何不同训练干预可以改变这些费率而不必接近上限。第三，运动8，10，动力学11，，1213，14，肌电图6，15，16，和感性7，17，，1819修改出现的拆分带跑步机适应已经完善的研究，由于这项任务20 神经控制 ，，2122。换句话说，拆分带跑步机适应有被记录和复制由几个不同的组，使这清晰的描述自发学习任务。
过去十多年来，几个研究表明拆分带适应的任务和特定于上下文的性质。在振幅大大减少这些后遗症拆分带适应修改后，如果他们测试了从培训状况的不同条件下。例如，后遗症较小，如果人移动到一个不同的环境 （例如，在地面行走23），执行不同的运动任务 （例如，向后走路或跑步13，24)，或甚至走在以不同的速度从慢带的速度适应25。正在努力建立控制的运动适应泛化参数。
本文的目的是描述一个协议来使用拆分带跑步机探讨人类运动适应和适应模式对其他行走的上下文 （即，不同的行走速度和环境） 的泛化。虽然议定书 》 所述这里是大多数直接派生中 Hamzey等人所用25 (图 1)，应该指出的是，本议定书获悉由大量的研究，它之前8，23，，2426， 27，28。该方法最初是假说保持恒常步行速度之间，跑步机和地面环境相比会提高泛化拆分带穿过这些不同的环境25。在下面的协议部分，我们给说明如何复制此版本的拆分带跑步机的方法，以指示如何可能对不同方法用于修改某些协议步骤的说明。

<table><tbody><tr><td>Split-belt treadmill</td><td>Woodway</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Codamotion CX1</td><td>Charmwood Dynamics, Ltd, Leicestershire, UK</td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

using a split-belt treadmill to evaluate generalization of human locomotor adaptation

了解运动学习的基本机制有助于研究人员和临床医生优化步态再培训作为汽车康复的一部分。然而, 研究人类的运动学习可能是有挑战性的。在婴儿期和孩童时期, 神经肌肉系统是相当不成熟的, 而且在发育早期阶段的运动学习不太可能与成年时相同的机制所支配。当人类达到成熟的时候, 他们是如此精通步行, 很难想出一个足够新颖的任务来研究从头开始的运动学习。分体式跑步机, 它有两个皮带, 可以以不同的速度驱动每条腿, 使研究短-(即, 立即) 和长期 (即, 超过分钟的时间; 运动学习的形式) 步态的修改, 以响应在步行环境中的新变化。个人可以很容易地被筛选为以前暴露于分裂带式跑步机, 从而确保所有实验参与者没有 (或同等) 的先验经验。本文介绍了一个典型的分体式跑步机适应协议, 它包含了测试方法, 以量化运动学习和推广这种学习的其他步行环境。关于设计分体式跑步机试验的重要考虑因素如下: 包括跑步机皮带速度、休息时间和干扰。此外, 讨论中还考虑了潜在但理解的混杂变量 (例如、arm 移动、先验经验)。

在一条分带式跑步机上行走, 最初导致间协调的大不对称。在 10-15 分钟的时间内, 许多这些措施的对称性逐渐恢复。关于运动行走参数在分体式跑步机适应过程中的变化的详细说明已在别处发布8,10。本文主要研究间协调的两种措施: 步长和双支撑时间。步长的计算方法是两英尺 (即, 在侧足上放置?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Using a Split-belt Treadmill to Evaluate Generalization of Human Locomotor Adaptation at JoVE.com

Using a Split-belt Treadmill to Evaluate Generalization of Human Locomotor Adaptation

我们描述调查人类运动适应使用拆分带跑步机，具有可以以不同的速度行驶每条腿的两个带的协议。具体地说，我们重点旨在测试的不同行走的上下文 （例如，步行速度、 步行环境） 适应运动模式推广的范式。

用分体式跑步机评价人类运动适应的泛化

Understanding the mechanisms underlying locomotor learning helps researchers and clinicians optimize gait retraining as part of motor rehabilitation. ...

using-split-belt-treadmill-to-evaluate-generalization-human-locomotor

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

8.2K 次观看.  Stony Brook University. 我们描述调查人类运动适应使用拆分带跑步机，具有可以以不同的速度行驶每条腿的两个带的协议。具体地说，我们重点旨在测试的不同行走的上下文 （例如，步行速度、 步行环境） 适应运动模式推广的范式。

视频: Using a Split-belt Treadmill to Evaluate Generalization of Human Locomotor Adaptation

Simultaneous Scalp Electroencephalography (EEG), Electromyography (EMG), and Whole-body Segmental Inertial Recording for Multi-modal Neural Decoding

Recent studies support the involvement of supraspinal networks in control of bipedal human walking. Part of this evidence encompasses studies, including our previous work, demonstrating that gait kinematics and limb coordination during treadmill walking can be inferred from the scalp electroencephalogram (EEG) with reasonably high decoding accuracies. These results provide impetus for development of non-invasive brain-machine-interface (BMI) systems for use in restoration and/or augmentation of gait- a primary goal of rehabilitation research. To date, studies examining EEG decoding of activity during gait have been limited to treadmill walking in a controlled environment. However, to be practically viable a BMI system must be applicable for use in everyday locomotor tasks such as over ground walking and turning. Here, we present a novel protocol for non-invasive collection of brain activity (EEG), muscle activity (electromyography (EMG)), and whole-body kinematic data (head, torso, and limb trajectories) during both treadmill and over ground walking tasks. By collecting these data in the uncontrolled environment insight can be gained regarding the feasibility of decoding unconstrained gait and surface EMG from scalp EEG.

Simultaneous Scalp Electroencephalography EEG, Electromyography EMG, and Whole-body Segmental Inertial Recording for Multi-modal Neural Decoding

Development of an effective brain-machine-interface (BMI) system for restoration and rehabilitation of bipedal locomotion requires accurate decoding of user's intent. Here we present a novel experimental protocol and data collection technique for simultaneous non-invasive acquisition of neural activity, muscle activity, and whole-body kinematics during various locomotion tasks and conditions.

同时头皮脑电图（EEG），肌电图（EMG）和全身分部惯性录制多模态神经解码

Recent  studies support the involvement of supraspinal networks in control of bipedal  human walking. Part of this evidence  encompasses studies, ...

科研

行为学

Kinematics and Ground Reaction Force Determination: A Demonstration Quantifying Locomotor Abilities of Young Adult, Middle-aged, and Geriatric Rats

Behavior, in its broadest definition, can be defined as the motor manifestation of physiologic processes. As such, all behaviors manifest through the motor system. In the fields of neuroscience and orthopedics, locomotion is a commonly evaluated behavior for a variety of disease models. For example, locomotor recovery after traumatic injury to the nervous system is one of the most commonly evaluated behaviors 1-3. Though locomotion can be evaluated using a variety of endpoint measurements (e.g. time taken to complete a locomotor task, etc), semiquantitative kinematic measures (e.g. ordinal rating scales (e.g. Basso Beattie and Bresnahan locomotor (BBB) rating scale, etc)) and surrogate measures of behaviour (e.g. muscle force, nerve conduction velocity, etc), only kinetics (force measurements) and kinematics (measurements of body segments in space) provide a detailed description of the strategy by which an animal is able to locomote 1. Though not new, kinematic and kinetic measurements of locomoting rodents is now more readily accessible due to the availability of commercially available equipment designed for this purpose. Importantly, however, experimenters need to be very familiar with theory of biomechanical analyses and understand the benefits and limitations of these forms of analyses prior to embarking on what will become a relatively labor-intensive study. The present paper aims to describe a method for collecting kinematic and ground reaction force data using commercially available equipment. Details of equipment and apparatus set-up, pre-training of animals, inclusion and exclusion criteria of acceptable runs, and methods for collecting the data are described. We illustrate the utility of this behavioral analysis technique by describing the kinematics and kinetics of strain-matched young adult, middle-aged, and geriatric rats.

Locomotion is often examined as a behavioural outcome in various models of disease in fields such as neuroscience and orthopedics. This video paper intends to describe a method for collecting ground reaction forces and kinematics from rats during unrestrained locomotion.

运动学与地面反作用力的测定：一个示范量化青年，中年和老年大鼠的运动能力能力

Behavior, in its broadest definition, can be defined as the motor manifestation of physiologic processes.  As such, all behaviors manifest through the ...

神经科学

Getting to Compliance in Forced Exercise in Rodents: A Critical Standard to Evaluate Exercise Impact in Aging-related Disorders and Disease

There is a major increase in the awareness of the positive impact of exercise on improving several disease states with neurobiological basis; these include improving cognitive function and physical performance. As a result, there is an increase in the number of animal studies employing exercise. It is argued that one intrinsic value of forced exercise is that the investigator has control over the factors that can influence the impact of exercise on behavioral outcomes, notably exercise frequency, duration, and intensity of the exercise regimen. However, compliance in forced exercise regimens may be an issue, particularly if potential confounds of employing foot-shock are to be avoided. It is also important to consider that since most cognitive and locomotor impairments strike in the aged individual, determining impact of exercise on these impairments should consider using aged rodents with a highest possible level of compliance to ensure minimal need for test subjects. Here, the pertinent steps and considerations necessary to achieve nearly 100% compliance to treadmill exercise in an aged rodent model will be presented and discussed. Notwithstanding the particular exercise regimen being employed by the investigator, our protocol should be of use to investigators that are particularly interested in the potential impact of forced exercise on aging-related impairments, including aging-related Parkinsonism and Parkinson&#8217;s disease.

Exercise may alleviate behavioral impairments associated with neurodegenerative diseases. Studies of the mechanisms underlying exercise-mediated effects have increased in disease models, but the neurobiological background accompanying these diseases, specifically aging, is likely not considered. Here, we illustrate measures to increase the likelihood of a successful exercise paradigm in aged rats.

让合规的强制锻炼鼠害:一项关键的标准在衰老相关的疾病和疾病评估运动的影响

There is a major increase in the awareness of the positive impact of exercise on improving several disease states with neurobiological basis; these ...

3D Kinematic Gait Analysis for Preclinical Studies in Rodents

The utility of three-dimensional (3D) kinematic motion analysis systems is limited in rodents. Part of the reason for this inadequacy is the use of complex algorithms and mathematical modeling that accompany 3D data collection and analysis procedures. This work provides a simple, user-friendly, step-by-step detailed methodology for 3D kinematic gait analysis during treadmill locomotion in healthy and neurotraumatic rats using a six-camera motion capture system. Also provided are details on 1) calibration of the system in an experimental set-up customized for quadrupedal locomotion, 2) data collection for treadmill locomotion in adult rats using markers positioned on all four limbs, 3) options available for video tracking and processing, and 4) basic 3D kinematic data generation and visualization and quantification of data using the built-in data collection software. Finally, it is suggested that the utility of this motion capture system be expanded to studying a variety of motor behaviors before and after neurotrauma.

Presented here is a protocol to collect and analyze three-dimensional kinematics of quadrupedal locomotion in rodents for preclinical studies.

3D运动性步态分析,用于啮齿动物的临床前研究

The utility of three-dimensional (3D) kinematic motion analysis systems is limited in rodents. Part of the reason for this inadequacy is the use of ...

A Method to Study the Impact of Chemically-induced Ovarian Failure on Exercise Capacity and Cardiac Adaptation in Mice

The risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) increases in post-menopausal women, yet, the role of exercise, as a preventative measure for CVD risk in post-menopausal women has not been adequately studied. Accordingly, we investigated the impact of voluntary cage-wheel exercise and forced treadmill exercise on cardiac adaptation in menopausal mice. The most commonly used inducible model for mimicking menopause in women is the ovariectomized (OVX) rodent. However, the OVX model has a few dissimilarities from menopause in humans. In this study, we administered 4-vinylcyclohexene diepoxide (VCD) to female mice, which accelerates ovarian failure as an alternative menopause model to study the impact of exercise in menopausal mice. VCD selectively accelerates the loss of primary and primordial follicles resulting in an endocrine state that closely mimics the natural progression from pre- to peri- to post-menopause in humans. To determine the impact of exercise on exercise capacity and cardiac adaptation in VCD-treated female mice, two methods were used. First, we exposed a group of VCD-treated and untreated mice to a voluntary cage wheel. Second, we used forced treadmill exercise to determine exercise capacity in a separate group VCD-treated and untreated mice measured as a tolerance to exercise intensity and endurance.

Two exercise paradigms were tested on a newly developed chemically induced menopausal mouse model to examine the impact of menopause on exercise capacity and cardiac adaption to exercise.

一个方法研究的化学诱导卵巢早衰的运动能力和适应心脏的影响在小鼠

The risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) increases in post-menopausal women, yet, the role of exercise, as a preventative measure for CVD risk in ...

医学

Comparative Analysis of Lower Limb Kinematics between the Initial and Terminal  Phase  of 5km Treadmill Running

Running is beneficial for physical health, but it is also accompanied by many injuries. However, the main factors leading to running injury remain unexplained. This study investigated the effects of long running distance on lower-limb kinematic variables and the lower limb kinematic difference of between the initial (IR) and terminal phase (TR) of 5 km running was compared. Ten amateur runners ran on a treadmill at the speed of 10 km/h. Dynamic kinematic data was collected at the phase of IR (0.5 km) and TR (5 km), respectively. The peak angle, peak angular velocities, and range of motion were recorded in this experiment. The main results demonstrated the following: ankle eversion and knee abduction were increased at TR; ROMs of ankle and knee were increased in the frontal plane at TR than IR; a larger peak angular velocity of ankle dorsiflexion and hip interrotation were found in TR compared to IR. These changes during the long distance running may provide some specific details for exploring potential reasons of running injuries.

This study investigated the biomechanical characteristics of the lower extremity kinematic variables between the initial and terminal phase of 5 km treadmill running. The lower-limb kinematic data of 10 runners were collected using a three-dimensional motion capture system on a treadmill at the initial phase (0.5 km) and the terminal phase (5 km), respectively.

5公里跑步机跑步初始和末期下肢运动学的比较分析

Running is beneficial for physical health, but it is also accompanied by many injuries. However, the main factors leading to running injury remain ...

Activity-based Training on a Treadmill with Spinal Cord Injured Wistar Rats

Spinal cord injury (SCI) results in lasting deficits that include both mobility and a multitude of autonomic-related dysfunctions. Locomotor training (LT) on a treadmill is widely used as a rehabilitation tool in the SCI population with many benefits and improvements to daily life. We utilize this method of activity-based task-specific training (ABT) in rodents after SCI to both elucidate the mechanisms behind such improvements and to enhance and improve upon existing clinical rehabilitation protocols. Our current goal is to determine the mechanisms underlying ABT-induced improvements in urinary, bowel, and sexual function in SCI rats after a moderate to severe level of contusion. After securing each individual animal in a custom-made adjustable vest, they are secured to a versatile body weight support mechanism, lowered to a modified three-lane treadmill and assisted in step-training for 58 minutes, once a day for 10 weeks. This setup allows for the training of both quadrupedal and forelimb-only animals, alongside two different non-trained groups. Quadrupedal-trained animals with body weight support are aided by a technician present to assist in stepping with proper hind limb placement as necessary, while forelimb-only trained animals are raised at the caudal end to ensure no hind limb contact with the treadmill and no weight-bearing. One non-trained SCI group of animals is placed in a harness and rests next to the treadmill, while the other control SCI group remains in its home cage in the training room nearby. This paradigm allows for the training of multiple SCI animals at once, thus making it more time-efficient in addition to ensuring that our pre-clinical animal model mimics the clinical representation as close as possible, particularly with respect to the body weight support with manual assistance.

This protocol demonstrates our model of activity-based locomotor treadmill training for rats with spinal cord injury (SCI). Included is both quadrupedal and forelimb-only groups, in addition to two distinct types of non-trained control groups. Investigators are able to assess training effects on SCI rats using this protocol.

脊髓损伤 wistar 大鼠跑步机的作业训练

Spinal cord injury (SCI) results in lasting deficits that include both mobility and a multitude of autonomic-related dysfunctions. Locomotor training (LT) ...

Evaluation of Patients' Posture and Gait Profile After Lumbar Fusion Surgery by Video Rasterstereography and Treadmill Gait Analysis

This protocol provides guidance on how to perform high resolution video rasterstereography and treadmill gait analysis on patients after lumbar fusion surgery to obtain results about altered variables of gait and posture. These observed changes can then be correlated with the patient-reported outcome measure of pain relief. The rasterstereographic device projects lines of parallel light onto the surface of the tested subject&#39;s back. The deformation of these lines is recognized by the device. From these data, a special software then generates a 3-D profile based on the principle of triangulation. With an inaccuracy of only 0.2 mm it can measure changes in posture at very high precision. Gait and stance parameters are recorded using a treadmill equipped with an electric sensor mat that contains 10,200 miniature force sensors in the registering zone under the belt. Initial walking speed on the treadmill is 0.5 km/h. Speed is then gradually increased by increments of 0.1 km/h until each subject reaches his or her individual maximum well tolerable walking speed. At this speed, parameters are recorded during a 20 s measurement interval. Subjects are tested barefoot and without holding a handrail. Among various other parameters, stride width, step length, stance phase and foot rotation are measured. Both methods used reportedly have a high intra- and inter-observer reliability. The advantage of these highly accurate techniques is that they offer an objective and very detailed perspective on changes in the patient&#39;s posture and gait. Due to the amount of data generated, these techniques are, however, not so much suitable for everyday routine use, but rather interesting to scientifically evaluate long term alterations in posture and gait in patients like for example after lumbar fusion surgery.

Here, we present a protocol to analyze the posture and the gait of patients after lumbar fusion surgery by means of high-resolution video rasterstereography and a treadmill equipped with an integrated sensor mat. Allowing critical functional postoperative evaluation on a less subjective level may enhance accuracy and reliability of indication for surgery.

视频栅格立体成像和跑步机步态分析对腰椎融合手术后患者体型和步态剖面的评价

This protocol provides guidance on how to perform high resolution video rasterstereography and treadmill gait analysis on patients after lumbar fusion ...

Lower Limb Biomechanical Analysis of Healthy Participants

Biomechanical analysis techniques are useful in the study of human movement. The aim of this study was to introduce a technique for the lower limb biomechanical assessment in healthy participants using commercially available systems. Separate protocols were introduced for the gait analysis and muscle strength testing systems. To ensure maximum accuracy for gait assessment, attention should be given to the marker placements and self-paced treadmill acclimatization time. Similarly, participant positioning, a practice trial, and verbal encouragement are three critical stages in muscle strength testing. The current evidence suggests that the methodology outlined in this article may be effective for the assessment of lower limb biomechanics.

This article introduces a comprehensive experimental methodology on two of the latest technologies available to measure the lower limb biomechanics of individuals.

健康参与者的下肢生物力学分析

Biomechanical analysis techniques are useful in the study of human movement. The aim of this study was to introduce a technique for the lower limb ...

Influence of Step-Width Manipulation on Running Biomechanics

Step width is a critical factor influencing lower limb biomechanics during running, significantly affecting stability, performance, and injury risk. Understanding these effects is essential for optimizing running performance and minimizing injury risk. This study evaluated the effects of varying step widths on lower limb biomechanics at different running speeds. Thirteen healthy Chinese males (aged 20-24) participated in the study, running at speeds of 3.0 m/s and 3.7 m/s using six distinct step widths: the preferred step width and five variations (reductions of 13% and 6.5%, and increases of 6.5%, 13%, and 25%, based on leg length). Data were collected using a motion capture system and force plates and analyzed through repeated measures ANOVA and correlation tests. The results indicated that wider step widths significantly reduced peak knee abduction moments and hip adduction angles, whereas narrower step widths increased knee joint loading. These findings have important implications for clinicians and runners, suggesting that careful step width selection can help reduce injury risk and enhance running efficiency. This study contributes a new dataset that lays the foundation for future research into the relationship between step width and running biomechanics and serves as a reference for training and rehabilitation practices.

The present protocol outlines an experimental setup designed to investigate the influence of step width manipulation on running biomechanics using a motion capture system. The objective is to expand relevant datasets and examine the effects of varying step widths on the kinematic chain of the human lower limb.

步宽纵对跑步生物力学的影响

Step width is a critical factor influencing lower limb biomechanics during running, significantly affecting stability, performance, and injury risk. ...