This study sponsored by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81772423), K. C. Wong Magna Fund in Ningbo University, and the National Key R&#38;D Program of China (2018YFF0300903).

Written informed consent was obtained from subjects and the testing procedures were approved by the university ethics committee. All participants were informed of the requirements and process of the trial.
1. Laboratory preparation
<ol>
	<li>During calibration, switch off the lights and remove other possibly reflective objects. Ensure that eight cameras are appropriately placed and have a clear view without re&#64258;ection.</li>
	<li>Open the Vicon Nexus 1.8.5 program, and then initialize t...

<ol>
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N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rates+and+Risks+for+Running+and+Exercise+Injuries:+Studies+in+Three+Populations.">Rates and Risks for Running and Exercise Injuries: Studies in Three Populations.</a> Research Quarterly for Exercise &amp; Sport. 58 (3), 221-228 (2016).</li><li>Lun, V., Meeuwisse, W. H., Stergiou, P., Stefanyshyn, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Relation+between+running+injury+and+static+lower+limb+alignment+in+recreational+runners.">Relation between running injury and static lower limb alignment in recreational runners.</a> British Journal of Sports Medicine. 38 (5), 576-580 (2004).</li><li>Fukuchi, R. K., Fukuchi, C. A., Duarte, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+public+dataset+of+running+biomechanics+and+the+effects+of+running+speed+on+lower+extremity+kinematics+and+kinetics.">A public dataset of running biomechanics and the effects of running speed on lower extremity kinematics and kinetics.</a> PeerJ. 5 (5), 3298 (2017).</li><li>Iii, E. B. L., Sackiriyas, K. S. B., Swen, R. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+comparison+of+the+spatiotemporal+parameters,+kinematics,+and+biomechanics+between+shod,+unshod,+and+minimally+supported+running+as+compared+to+walking.">A comparison of the spatiotemporal parameters, kinematics, and biomechanics between shod, unshod, and minimally supported running as compared to walking.</a> Physical Therapy in Sport Official Journal of the Association of Chartered Physiotherapists in Sports Medicine. 12 (4), 151-163 (2011).</li><li>Dowling, G. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dynamic+foot+function+as+a+risk+factor+for+lower+limb+overuse+injury:+a+systematic+review.">Dynamic foot function as a risk factor for lower limb overuse injury: a systematic review.</a> Journal of Foot &amp; Ankle Research. 7 (1), 53 (2014).</li><li>Aderem, J., Louw, Q. 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Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Running+from+Paris+to+Beijing:+biomechanical+and+physiological+consequences.">Running from Paris to Beijing: biomechanical and physiological consequences.</a> Eur J Appl Physiol. 107 (6), 731-738 (2009).</li><li>Mizrahi, J., Verbitsky, O., Isakov, E., Daily, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+fatigue+on+leg+kinematics+and+impact+acceleration+in+long+distance+running.">Effect of fatigue on leg kinematics and impact acceleration in long distance running.</a> Human Movement Science. 19 (2), 139-151 (2000).</li><li>Bisiaux, M., Moretto, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+effects+of+fatigue+on+plantar+pressure+distribution+in+walking.">The effects of fatigue on plantar pressure distribution in walking.</a> Gait &amp; Posture. 28 (4), (2008).</li><li>Dierks, T. 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This study compared the effect of long distance running on the biomechanical characteristics of the lower extremity in amateur runners. It was found that the peak angle of ankle eversion and knee abduction increased after 5 km running, which is consistent with a previous study17. Studies have shown that excessive ankle eversion and eversion velocity are important factors that increase the risk of ankle injuries18,19. It is not surprising t...

Running is the most popular sport around the world. There are a large number of individuals that run and this number increases substantially every year1. It has been suggested that participation in regular exercise including running can promote health, reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases and thus improve life expectancy2,3,4. Despite the significant health benefits of running, the incidence of running injuries has increased from 25% to 83% over the years5,6. There are some risks associated with running, especially to the lower extremities, which are mainly focused on musculoskeletal injuries7. The majority of common running-related injuries are related to patellofemoral pain, ankle sprain, tibial stress fractures, and plantar fasciitis8. Running injuries can be induced by many factors, such as incorrect foot striking patterns, incorrect shoe selection, and other individual biomechanical factors9. For instance, running with a heel-strike pattern can lead to greater pronation, and is accompanied by larger plantar pressure on the medial side of foot, which may lead a higher risk for Achilles tendinopathy and patellofemoral pain10. In addition, running with a greater knee internal rotation has been previously reported to be associated with the iliotibial band syndrome for female runners11, especially when running long distances.
Parameters of kinetics, kinematics, and time-space components can provide a precise analysis of gait biomechanics, and is currently considered to be an important parameter for clinical gait analysis12. Lower vertical ground reaction forces and larger impact accelerations are recoded after long-distance running13,14. Higher hip excursion and smaller knee flexions have also been found along with fatigued muscles15, and the increased stride frequency can result in reduced stride lengths13,16.
However, changes in biomechanical features of lower limbs at the phase of initial and terminal running have not been fully analyzed, since most studies measured biomechanical variation after running. Additionally, only a few studies use standard laboratory techniques to assess the effects of long-distance running on gait biomechanical changes in amateur runners. The main factors leading to running injuries are still unclear. Therefore, in order to reveal the underlying reasons for lower extremity injuries caused by long distance running, this study aims to compare the biomechanical changes of the lower extremity between the IR and TR phases in treadmill 5 km running in amateur runners.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:659px;" width="657">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col span="2" />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">14 mm Diameter Passive Retro-reflective Marker</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Oxford Metrics Ltd., Oxford, UK</td>
			<td style="width:111px;"></td>
			<td style="width:221px;">n=22</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:22px;width:216px;">Double Adhesive Tape</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Oxford Metrics Ltd., Oxford, UK</td>
			<td style="width:111px;"></td>
			<td>For fixing markers to skin</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Heart Rate</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Garmin, HRM3-SS, China</td>
			<td style="width:111px;"></td>
			<td>Detection of fatigue state</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;width:216px;">Motion Tracking Cameras</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Oxford Metrics Ltd., Oxford, UK</td>
			<td style="width:111px;"></td>
			<td>n= 8</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:23px;width:216px;">T-Frame</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Oxford Metrics Ltd., Oxford, UK</td>
			<td style="width:111px;"></td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:216px;">Treadmill</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Smart Run,China</td>
			<td style="width:111px;"></td>
			<td style="width:221px;">Subject run on the treadmill for all the process.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:23px;width:216px;">Valid Dongle</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Oxford Metrics Ltd., Oxford, UK</td>
			<td style="width:111px;"></td>
			<td>Vicon Nexus 1.4.116</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;">Vicon Datastation ADC</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Oxford Metrics Ltd., Oxford, UK</td>
			<td style="width:111px;"></td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

comparative analysis of lower limb kinematics between the initial and terminal  phase  of 5km treadmill running

Running is beneficial for physical health, but it is also accompanied by many injuries. However, the main factors leading to running injury remain unexplained. This study investigated the effects of long running distance on lower-limb kinematic variables and the lower limb kinematic difference of between the initial (IR) and terminal phase (TR) of 5 km running was compared. Ten amateur runners ran on a treadmill at the speed of 10 km/h. Dynamic kinematic data was collected at the phase of IR (0.5 km) and TR (5 km), respectively. The peak angle, peak angular velocities, and range of motion were recorded in this experiment. The main results demonstrated the following: ankle eversion and knee abduction were increased at TR; ROMs of ankle and knee were increased in the frontal plane at TR than IR; a larger peak angular velocity of ankle dorsiflexion and hip interrotation were found in TR compared to IR. These changes during the long distance running may provide some specific details for exploring potential reasons of running injuries.

The results showed that no differences in the peak angle of the ankle and hip were observed in the sagittal plane. Compared with IR, the peak angles of the ankle and the knee in the frontal plane were significantly increased at TR. A larger internal hip angle was found in TR as contrasted to IR. However, TR presented a smaller peak angle in hip abduction, ankle interrotation, and knee interrotation than IR (Figure 2).
In the sagittal plane, the ROMs of the ankle a...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Comparative Analysis of Lower Limb Kinematics between the Initial and Terminal  Phase  of 5km Treadmill Running at JoVE.com

Comparative Analysis of Lower Limb Kinematics between the Initial and Terminal  Phase  of 5km Treadmill Running

This study investigated the biomechanical characteristics of the lower extremity kinematic variables between the initial and terminal phase of 5 km treadmill running. The lower-limb kinematic data of 10 runners were collected using a three-dimensional motion capture system on a treadmill at the initial phase (0.5 km) and the terminal phase (5 km), respectively.

Running is beneficial for physical health, but it is also accompanied by many injuries. However, the main factors leading to running injury remain ...

This method can be used to investigate second question about by owner chemical changes that occur in nature and turn off phases or long distance work out in amateur runners. Some advantage of this technical is that it can provide specific details about how to explore potential factors that cause running injury. To calibrate the analysis software, switch off the lights in the lab and remove any possibly reflective objects.Place eight cameras in the appropriate positions around the experimental area such that they have a clear view of the action without reflection. To engage the cameras, open the software and select system, local system and MX cameras in the resources pane. Place the T-frame in the center of the capture area.Select all of the cameras in the system and select the 2D mode. Confirm that the T-frame is in the camera view without any interference points and select system preparation. In the T-frame drop down list, select the five marker wand and T-frame calibration object.In the system preparation tools pane, click the Start buttons in the mask cameras and to calibrate MX camera sections. When the calibration process is completed, the progress bar will be restored to zero percent. To establish the origin of the coordinates, place the T-frame in the center of the camera field of view and in the tool pane, click the Start button in the set volume origins section then position the treadmill in the center of the test zone within the center of the fields of view of all eight of the cameras.Before performing an analysis, give a sample explanation of the experimental procedures to the subject and have the subjects complete a questionnaire. After obtaining written consent, record the subjects height, lower limb length, knee width, and angle with in millimeters and the subjects weight in kilograms. After obtaining all of the measurements, place one reflective marker each at the anterior superior iliac spine, posterior superior iliac spine, lateral mid thigh, lateral knee, lateral mid shank, lateral malleolus, second metatarsal head and calcaneus.Then place markers on the second metatarsal head and calcaneus on the corresponding anatomical points of the socks and shoes, and have the subject warm up with a light running and stretching for five minutes. For a static calibration of the markers, click the data management button on the toolbar and select data management. Under the new database tab, select to the location, describe the trial name and the clinical template and click Create.In the open database window, select the name of the database that was created. In the open interface, click the green new patient classification button, the yellow new patient button and the gray new session button to create a new experiment. In the Nexus pane, click subjects to create a new subject data set and select trial model.In the properties pane, fill in all the anthropometric measurements and click Go Live. Select split horizontally, and select the graph to check the trajectory count. To capture the static model, in the capture tools pane, click Start in this subject capture section, and view the capture marks in the perspective pane.To create a 3D image of the captured markers, click the pipeline button in the tools pane and select running the reconstruct pipeline and manually label this static model. When the identification is completed, save and press Escape to exit. In the toolbar, select subject preparation and the subject calibration and select the static plug in gate option from the drop down list.Then in the static settings pane, select left foot and right foot. Click Start and save the static model. To start a dynamic trial, select capture in the software and select the trial type and session.After filling in the trial description, now the subject put on a heart monitor. And ask the subject to warm up on the treadmill by walking at eight kilometers per hour for one minute. At the end of the warm up period have the subject run for four minutes at a speed of 10 kilometers per hour, recording the kinematic running data for 40 seconds at the point five and five kilometer distance points respectively.At the end of the dynamic trial, click stop to end the collection. For kinematic processing, open the data management window and double click the trial name. click the run reconstruct pipeline and labels buttons in the toolbar to reconstruct the mark point position and in the perspective window, move the blue triangles on the time bar to set the required range of time.Shift the view of the timeline so that it shows only the selected range. Click on the time bar and click zoom to region of interest. Next, select the label button to identify and check the label points as demonstrated for the static identification process, supplementing any incomplete identification points as necessary.In the subject calibration pane, select the dynamic plug in gate. Then click the start button to run the data and export the material trials in three CD format for post processing. In this representative analysis, no differences in the peak angle of the ankle or the hip were observed in the sagittal plane.Compared with the initial phase, the peak angles of the ankle and the knee in the frontal plane were significantly increased in the terminal phase, while a larger internal hip angle was measured in the terminal phase. However, in the transverse plane, the terminal phase presented a smaller peak angle in hip abduction and angle and knee into rotation. In the sagittal plane, the ranges of motion of the ankle and the knee were significantly increased in the initial phase compared to the terminal phase.In the frontal plane, the hip range of motion was significantly decreased in the terminal phase compared to the initial phase. Whereas the ranges of motion of the ankle and the knee were increased in the terminal phase. In the transverse plane, the knee range of motion was found to be significantly lower in the terminal phase compared to the initial phase.But no differences were observed in the ranges of motion of the ankle or the hip. Making sure that the marks do not fall off analyzes is the most important aspect of this procedure.

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