This study was funded by the Department of Surgery University of Vermont, Danish Council for Independent Research, and by the Odense University Hospital.

根据机构指导，动物被安置在佛蒙特州动物保护基金会大学。所有的动物实验都是按照国家卫生研究院的指南进行的，用于护理和使用实验动物。 膀胱内管植入<ol><li> 准备外科手术的管道和器械 <ol><li>切割一个7厘米的PE10管，使导管植入。 </li><li>通过缓慢地将端部朝着明亮的火焰推进，在PE10管的一端形成一个耀斑。 注意:一旦发生耀斑，就可以快速取出管子。 </li><li>使用三滴通用热胶，使用胶枪上的低热量设置，距离PE10管外侧的喇叭口的距离为4.5,5和5.5厘米。这些将有助于将管固定在动物的背部。 （ 图1 ） </li><li>通过将管浸泡在70％乙醇，然后在使用前用无菌的0.9％NaCl冲洗。放置管子以避免引入气泡进入系统。 </li><li>通过将近端侧面手动操作，通过将30号针头与轮毂分开来创建一个30号插头，以密封PE10导管的末端。最后涂一滴热胶。确保密封件是防水的。 （ 图2 ） </li><li>使用以下显微外科手术仪器:两对Dumont＃7弯曲微型压力机，两对Dumont＃5弯曲微型压力机，21 G针头，超细直线止血钳，微型剪刀，小型解剖剪刀和微型针架。 </li><li>在开始手术之前对所有仪器进行灭菌。 </li></ol></li><li> 动物的准备 <ol><li>麻醉动物后，首先刮下腹部的下半部分，然后转动动物，剃须后用70％酒精擦拭上面的区域，然后用betadine。应用兽医软膏给眼睛防止干燥。接下来，使用一对直的，钝的剪刀和一对Dumont＃7弯曲的微型力量，在肩胛骨之间做一个1.5厘米长的皮肤切口，并将动物仰卧位置在覆盖无菌窗帘的加热垫（37°C）的顶部。 </li><li>最后，用酒精和betadine清洁腹部。 </li></ol></li><li> 外科手术 注意:在放大范围为3.15X至20X的手术显微镜下执行所有外科手术。将动物放在无菌蓬茸上后，戴上无菌手套。在整个手术过程中继续使用无菌手术。 <ol><li>将动物置于感应盒中，并使用2％吸入的异氟烷与氧气载体麻醉（1升/分钟）。通过将动物的头部放置在鼻锥中并使用2％的吸入异氟烷与氧气载体（1升/分钟），在整个过程中保持麻醉。在收到一个负号后开始手术来自脚尖测试的反应。 </li><li>使用一对直的，钝的剪刀和一对Dumont＃7弯曲的微型力量，通过皮肤做一个1.5厘米的中线腹部切口。随后，通过沿着线和肌肉的筋膜创建匹配的切口，以暴露膀胱的穹顶和上半部。通过使用一对Dumont＃7弯曲的微型力量向每个组织层施加向上的牵引力来避免对膀胱造成伤害。通过加入一滴温暖的生理盐水使腹部内脏免受干燥。 </li><li>将动物旋转到侧面，以进入颈部颈部的切口。通过切口皮下移动一个狭窄的止血钳。皮下通道应从背部开始，并沿着侧面继续。 </li><li>一旦仪器的尖端到达肋骨的底部，将尖端朝向中线和腹部内侧（当刺穿腹壁肌肉时会有轻微的弹出）。继续推进止血剂，直到尖端暴露在肌肉层下的腹部切口处。 （ 图3 ） </li><li>用止血钳握住管道的"未扩张"端，并缓慢缩回工具，通过颈部后部的切口将管的一端拉出。调整管道的扩口端，使其直接位于膀胱圆顶上方。 </li><li>制作6-0单丝缝合线（不可吸收）的松紧带，并将其放置在膀胱圆顶顶部。这种领带将在以后用于将管固定在膀胱中。 </li><li>在腹部和膀胱后面放置一小片无绒的组织，以帮助稳定和提升膀胱。 </li><li>准备将PE10导管的扩口端插入膀胱。 <ol><li>在非优势的手中，用Dumont＃7弯曲的微型压力容器保持膀胱的圆顶，并保持该把手，直到导管置于膀胱中。 </li><li>使用21号针to在圆顶的顶点进行膀胱切开术。轻轻地用闭合的＃5弯曲微型力量探测膀胱切开术，以确保导管能够容易地穿过孔。 </li><li>同时将膀胱圆顶保持在非优势手中，将PE10导管的扩口端放入膀胱（将耀斑向下推到膀胱颈，使其在固定时不会滑出）。 </li><li>将6-0单丝缝合在膀胱和管道的圆顶周围，并将扎带放置在管道的前面。确保将缝合线尽可能高的绑在膀胱上，以避免人为地减少膀胱容量。 （ 图4 ） </li><li>或者，如下使用钱包串缝线固定导管。使用6-0单丝在膀胱圆顶上做一个松散的钱包缝合线。按照步骤1.3.8.1 - 1.3.8.3进行膀胱切开术并插入导管。通过捆扎钱包缝合线来固定管子。 （ 图5 ）</li></ol></li><li>通过将带有30号针的0.5mL胰岛素注射器连接到管的远端来测试膀胱中管的通畅和密封。用0.1-0.2mL的0.9％NaCl慢慢填充膀胱，直到尿道口出现下降，然后抽吸排空膀胱。重要的是膀胱可以充满和排空。 </li><li>如果在圆顶没有发生泄漏，用一对弯曲的微型支架支撑膀胱，并轻轻地拉动管道，直到火炬靠在膀胱圆顶内部。 </li><li>关闭前，取出小卷纸，确保膀胱处于正常位置。 </li><li>关闭腹壁两层（肌肉和皮肤）与6-0运行缝合线。通过仅缝合前腹肌筋膜（直肌鞘前壁）的边缘，最好近似腹直肌。 </li><li>为了将动物的管子固定回来，轻轻地滚动把动物放在腹部上。将金属锚固体的皮下部分插入肩胛下切口。 （ 图12 ）使用6-0缝合线通过用垂直床垫缝合环来固定管子和锚固件。 </li><li>确保胶水泡沫保持在皮肤上方和下方，以防止管子拉出。将管切开皮肤上方约2厘米。 </li><li>轻轻地将30号插头（步骤1.1.5）插入管的末端，以防止尿液泄漏。 </li></ol></li><li> 皮下注射0.5 mL 0.9％NaCl进行水合。手术后立即给予术后镇痛，并维持48 h。 <ol><li>将动物放回其位于红外灯下方的笼中。保持持续观察，直到动物自由移动。 </li></ol></li><li>每天监测动物，并允许它在记录前恢复5天。 </li></ol>清醒囊肿ometry录音<ol><li> 记录程序，压力传感器和输液泵的准备。 <ol><li>在麻醉动物之前，使用PE50管连接输液泵，压力传感器和22 G旋转器。 （ 图6 ） </li><li>在计算机上打开录制程序（参见材料表），以校准系统压力并准备录制。确保在校准和录制过程中使用相同的设置。 <ol><li>向20 mL注射器中注入10 - 15 mL室温0.9％NaCl并装入输液泵。将泵编程以0.6 mL / h的速度注入。 </li><li>将压力传感器固定在与动物的膀胱或记录笼底部相同的高度。 </li><li>将22号转子连接到压力传感器的末端（PE50 - 管道 - 压力传感器旋转） 注意:旋转头用于防止管子扭曲或扭曲动物的动作。 </li><li>推进注射泵通过系统冲洗0.9％的NaCl。校准前请确保清除所有气泡。 </li><li>记录程序运行时，使用标尺校准压力（cm / H 2 O）。将PE50系绳的末端从0缓慢移动到30厘米。如果需要，调整零。 注意:0厘米标记应与记录笼和压力传感器的地板处于相同的高度。 </li></ol></li><li>将22号转子悬挂在记录笼的中心上方。确保笼底允许尿液落到定位在笼子下方的天平的收集装置上。调整系绳的高度，以便鼠标可以自由移动，不要紧张或拉伸管道。 （ 图7 ） </li><li>完成后，检查以确保系统和外部PE50管道充满0.9％NaCl，所有气泡都已被去除。 </li></ol></li><li> 预备动物进行记录<ol><li>用2％吸入异氟烷麻醉动物，并将其放在腹部。取下30号插头，将PE10管（膀胱导管）滑入PE50系绳的末端。使用热胶水形成防水密封。 </li><li>关闭麻醉，并将动物放置在带有平行线的地板的记录笼中，这样可以使尿液直接落在放置在分析天平顶部的收集装置上。 （ 图7 ） </li><li>一旦动物在笼子里，开始记录，但不要开始注入。监测动物，直到麻醉完全恢复。一旦膀胱压力稳定，开始以0.6mL / h的速率注入0.9％的NaCl。 注意:当进行任何更改时，请在录制程序中进行注释。输入开始，停止或发生不规则的记录是很重要的。 </li><li>检查系统是否有泄漏，并确保动物容易食物和水。 </li><li>继续录音在一个安静的房间，直到获得三个可再现的排尿循环。 注意:在整个录制过程中，动物应完全不受干扰。最好使用远程视频监控来观察行为。 </li></ol></li></ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

最佳材料和大小的膀胱内管为了确定管径对压力记录的影响，我们测试了不同的微流体管; PE50（0.58mm ID），聚氨酯PU027（0.4mm ID），PE25（0.46mm ID）和PE10（0.28mm ID）。对于每个管，记录输注泵的压力为1mL / h，同时将管垂直地从0延伸至30cm。初始体内实验尝试使用PE50管，但是由于与小鼠膀胱相比，管的尺寸不成功（ 图4A ）。虽然这支持了Smith和Kuchel的发现，他们建议在...

填充性膀胱测量术（FC）是一种诊断方法，其涉及将膀胱放置在膀胱中以在缓慢的膀胱充盈期间记录压力。首先在1927年作为评估下尿路功能的临床诊断方法，它一直被广泛使用。 1在研究应用中，FC可用于测试健康和患病动物模型中的膀胱功能，并研究药理作用的影响。啮齿类动物模型通常用于调查下尿路功能。 2在这组哺乳动物中，FC首先开发用于大鼠。 3在这里，将管子植入膀胱并执行FC的方法已被许多研究人员充分描述和使用，具有可接受的重现性水平。转基因和敲除菌株的可用性使得小鼠成为许多研究领域的宝贵物种，包括下尿路功能障碍的领域。用于执行小鼠膀胱测压术的方法在实验室之间变化明显，使得难以比较结果。 五 与离体模型相比，FC保留了下尿路解剖学，允许评估排尿周期的储存和排尿期间膀胱及其出口之间的协调作用。以前的研究表明，许多常用的麻醉药抑制排尿收缩。维持膀胱平滑肌收缩的药物（氨基甲酸酯，α-氯醛酸，氯胺酮和赛拉嗪），允许动物排尿，仍然显着降低功能性膀胱容量并抑制神经传递。 6，7，8，9虽然在技术上更具挑战性，FC在aw中表现出色ake行动动物保留排尿反射的功能完整性。 下尿路功能受多种因素的影响，包括手术后膀胱壁肿胀，由于疼痛和不适引起的压力，以及环境影响。使用在管植入期间最小化组织损伤的手术技术和减少管运动的记录方法，同时允许动物自由行走，对于获得准确和可再现的记录是必需的。 如果充分进行，在体内 FC在自由移动的动物中可以提供可靠地反映生理性膀胱功能的数据。自由移动动物中的10个 FC可以提供以下参数的数据;基础或基线压力:两次排尿之间的最小压力。间歇压力:两次排尿之间的平均压力。阈值压力:膀胱内压排尿之前。最大压力:排尿期间膀胱压力最大。自发活动（或平均间歇性振荡压力）:排气压力减去基础压力。无空洞的收缩:在充盈阶段增加膀胱内压，与流体释放无关。膀胱依从性:膀胱容量除阈值压力减去基础压力。排尿频率:每单位时间的排尿次数。间隔间隔:两个最大排尿压力之间的周期。膀胱容量:输注量除以排尿次数。以前已经公布了这些参数和标准化术语的详细描述。 11 FC可以使用连续或单循环膀胱输液法进行。连续膀胱测量允许记录多个排尿周期并选择代表性的数据重现性。由于未知剩余体积，其测量膀胱容量的准确性受到限制。此外，在自由行走的小鼠中收集小的空隙体积（其基于应变和性别在30和184μL之间变化）是具有挑战性的。使用这种方法记录空洞体积与麻醉制剂相比不太准确，但是优于其避免麻醉剂对膀胱功能的抑制作用。单循环膀胱测量应用于评估膀胱容量。在这种方法中，膀胱在输注之前通过抽吸排空，并且根据输注速率乘以时间到最大压力的函数计算容量。 虽然已经出版了在小型啮齿动物中进行膀胱测压的技术，但它描述了在大鼠中进行的手术，并建议在氨基甲酸乙酯麻醉下进行小鼠膀胱测压。这个沟通的目标是to描述了用于将膀胱管植入膀胱圆顶的显微手术技术和用于在清醒的自由移动的小鼠中连续膀胱充盈和排尿期间在体内记录下尿路功能的实验装置。此外，进行实验以解决管长度，直径和材料以及在体内 FC中执行的方法是否影响记录。该实验方案总结了以前发表的技术，并提出了一些基于实验结果的修改。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="946">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:379px;">Polyethylene (PE) 10 tubing</td>
			<td style="width:259px;">Instech</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">BTPE-10</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Fits 30G connectors/plugs</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:379px;">Polyethylene (PE) 50 tubing</td>
			<td style="width:259px;">Instech</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">BTPE-50</td>
			<td>Fits 22G connectors/plugs</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:379px;">22ga single channel stainless steel swivel</td>
			<td style="width:259px;">Instech</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">375/22</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:379px;">High Carbon Steel Utility Extension Spring (9/64&#34; OD)</td>
			<td style="width:259px;">Grainger</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">1NAH1</td>
			<td>Protects PE50 tubing - Cut to length</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:379px;">22G connector</td>
			<td style="width:259px;">Instech</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SP22/12</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:379px;">Yutaoz Professional Hot Melt Adhesive Glue Gun</td>
			<td style="width:259px;">Yutaoz</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Use low temperature setting (100&#176;C) - Any hot melt glue gun with an adjustable temperature range will work</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:379px;">Surebonder DT-2010 all purpose glue stick</td>
			<td style="width:259px;">Surebonder</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Any all purpose hot glue will work</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:379px;">Dumont #5 curved microforceps</td>
			<td style="width:259px;">World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td align="right">500232</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:379px;">Dumont #7 curved microforceps</td>
			<td style="width:259px;">World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td align="right">14188</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Mini dissecting scissors - straight</td>
			<td style="width:259px;">World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td align="right">503240</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Micro mosquito forceps (12.5cm)</td>
			<td style="width:259px;">World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td align="right">500451</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Dissecting scissors - straight</td>
			<td style="width:259px;">World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td align="right">14393</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:379px;">Castroviejo Needle Holder</td>
			<td style="width:259px;">World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td align="right">503258</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:379px;">Isoflurane, USP</td>
			<td style="width:259px;">Phoenix</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>2%, 1 L/min flow rate</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:379px;">Buprenorphine</td>
			<td style="width:259px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>0.05mg/kg</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:379px;">0.9% Sodium Chloride Irrigation, USP</td>
			<td style="width:259px;">Baxter</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:379px;">6-0 Ethilon black monofilament, non-absorbable suture</td>
			<td style="width:259px;">Ethicon</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Bladder tie</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:379px;">6-0 Vicryl violet braided, absorbable suture</td>
			<td style="width:259px;">Ethicon</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Muscle suture, running</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:379px;">6-0 Prolene blue monofilament, non-absorbable suture</td>
			<td style="width:259px;">Ethicon</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Skin suture, vertical mattress, buried interrupted</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:379px;">KD Legato 210 infuse/withdraw pump</td>
			<td style="width:259px;">KD Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>1.5ml/hr</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:379px;">Disposable pressure transducer</td>
			<td style="width:259px;">Digitimer</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">NL108T2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:379px;">Pressure Amplifier</td>
			<td style="width:259px;">Digitimer</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">NL108A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:379px;">Power1401-3 data acquisition interface</td>
			<td style="width:259px;">Digitimer</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:379px;">Spike2&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:259px;">Cambridge Electronic Design Limited</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>PC pressure recording software</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:379px;">Leica MZ6 surgical operating microscope (3.2-20X)</td>
			<td style="width:259px;">Leica Microsystems</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Magnification</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

evaluating the procedure for performing awake cystometry in a mouse model

唤醒灌注膀胱测量法已经被用于评估自由移动小鼠的膀胱功能，但是实际使用的具体方法有所不同。这项研究的目的是描述用于植入膀胱内管的显微外科手术和用于在清醒，自由移动的小鼠中记录膀胱压力的实验技术。此外，还提供了实验数据，以显示手术以及管道类型和尺寸如何影响下尿路功能和记录敏感性。在具有不同内径的聚乙烯和聚氨酯管中评估管直径对压力记录的影响。随后，将来自两种材料的最佳试管手术植入雄性C57BL / 6小鼠膀胱的圆顶。手术后2,3,5和7天在健康，完整的动物和动物中记录了12小时，隔夜排尿次数。在收获时，气囊w用大量观察评估肿胀征象，随后进行病理分析。在第2天和第3天观察到膀胱肿胀最大程度，与行为排尿数据相关，显示膀胱功能受损明显。到第5天，膀胱组织学和排尿频率正常化。根据我们研究提供的文献和证据，我们提出了在醒来的小鼠体内记录膀胱内压和空洞体积的以下步骤:1）使用手术显微镜和显微外科手术进行手术，2）使用聚乙烯-10管道以最小化运动伪影，以及3）在膀胱肿胀消退后，在术后第5天进行膀胱测压。

在管堵塞期间，管材料与直径之间的压力上升和系统内的压力一致性没有显着差异。膀胱管内植入的膀胱壁肿胀对于聚乙烯（PE）和聚氨酯（PU）材料都是显着的。在第2天，严重粘膜下肿胀。它占据膀胱横截面的一半，导致管腔阻塞。在第5天，水肿完全解决，使黏膜下层区域渗入部分侵入肌层的炎症细胞。在第7天，炎症浸润显着减少，膀胱壁组织学恢复正常（ 图8</...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Evaluating the Procedure for Performing Awake Cystometry in a Mouse Model at JoVE.com

Evaluating the Procedure for Performing Awake Cystometry in a Mouse Model

本研究描述了在自由移动的小鼠中进行清醒膀胱测压术的外科手术和实验技术。此外，它还提供实验证据来支持其优化和标准化。

评估在鼠标模型中执行唤醒膀胱测压的过程

Awake filling cystometry has been used for a long time to evaluate bladder function in freely moving mice, however, the specific methods used, vary among ...

evaluating-procedure-for-performing-awake-cystometry-mouse

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

12.5K 次观看.  University of Vermont. 本研究描述了在自由移动的小鼠中进行清醒膀胱测压术的外科手术和实验技术。此外，它还提供实验证据来支持其优化和标准化。 

视频: Evaluating the Procedure for Performing Awake Cystometry in a Mouse Model

Intra-Operative Behavioral Tasks in Awake Humans Undergoing Deep Brain Stimulation Surgery

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is a surgical procedure that directs chronic, high frequency electrical stimulation to specific targets in the brain through implanted electrodes. Deep brain stimulation was first implemented as a therapeutic modality by Benabid et al. in the late 1980s, when he used this technique to stimulate the ventral intermediate nucleus of the thalamus for the treatment of tremor 1. Currently, the procedure is used to treat patients who fail to respond adequately to medical management for diseases such as Parkinson's, dystonia, and essential tremor. The efficacy of this procedure for the treatment of Parkinson's disease has been demonstrated in well-powered, randomized controlled trials 2. Presently, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration has approved DBS as a treatment for patients with medically refractory essential tremor, Parkinson's disease, and dystonia. Additionally, DBS is currently being evaluated for the treatment of other psychiatric and neurological disorders, such as obsessive compulsive disorder, major depressive disorder, and epilepsy. 
DBS has not only been shown to help people by improving their quality of life, it also provides researchers with the unique opportunity to study and understand the human brain. Microelectrode recordings are routinely performed during DBS surgery in order to enhance the precision of anatomical targeting. Firing patterns of individual neurons can therefore be recorded while the subject performs a behavioral task. Early studies using these data focused on descriptive aspects, including firing and burst rates, and frequency modulation 3. More recent studies have focused on cognitive aspects of behavior in relation to neuronal activity 4,5. This article will provide a description of the intra-operative methods used to perform behavioral tasks and record neuronal data with awake patients during DBS cases. Our exposition of the process of acquiring electrophysiological data will illuminate the current scope and limitations of intra-operative human experiments.

Deep brain stimulation surgery offers a unique opportunity to examine information encoding in the awake human brain. This article will describe intra-operative methods used to perform cognitive and behavioral tasks while simultaneously acquiring physiological data such as EMG, single-unit neuronal activity and/or local field potentials.

在接受深部脑刺激手术术中唤醒人类行为任务

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is a surgical procedure that directs chronic, high frequency electrical stimulation to specific targets in the brain through ...

科研

医学

The Use of Cystometry in Small Rodents: A Study of Bladder Chemosensation

The lower urinary tract (LUT) functions as a dynamic reservoir that is able to store urine and to efficiently expel it at a convenient time. While storing urine, however, the bladder is exposed for prolonged periods to waste products. By acting as a tight barrier, the epithelial lining of the LUT, the urothelium, avoids re-absorption of harmful substances. Moreover, noxious chemicals stimulate the bladder's nociceptive innervation and initiate voiding contractions that expel the bladder's contents. Interestingly, the bladder's sensitivity to noxious chemicals has been used successfully in clinical practice, by intravesically infusing the TRPV1 agonist capsaicin to treat neurogenic bladder overactivity1. This underscores the advantage of viewing the bladder as a chemosensory organ and prompts for further clinical research. However, ethical issues severely limit the possibilities to perform, in human subjects, the invasive measurements that are necessary to unravel the molecular bases of LUT clinical pharmacology. A way to overcome this limitation is the use of several animal models2. Here we describe the implementation of cystometry in mice and rats, a technique that allows measuring the intravesical pressure in conditions of controlled bladder perfusion.
	After laparotomy, a catheter is implanted in the bladder dome and tunneled subcutaneously to the interscapular region. Then the bladder can be filled at a controlled rate, while the urethra is left free for micturition. During the repetitive cycles of filling and voiding, intravesical pressure can be measured via the implanted catheter. As such, the pressure changes can be quantified and analyzed. Moreover, simultaneous measurement of the voided volume allows distinguishing voiding contractions from non-voiding contractions3.
	Importantly, due to the differences in micturition control between rodents and humans, cystometric measurements in these animals have only limited translational value4. Nevertheless, they are quite instrumental in the study of bladder pathophysiology and pharmacology in experimental pre-clinical settings. Recent research using this technique has revealed the key role of novel molecular players in the mechano- and chemo-sensory properties of the bladder.

Cystometry is an efficient technique to measure bladder function of small animals in vivo. The bladder is continuously infused at rates controlled through an intravesical catheter, whereas the urethra is left free for micturition. This allows for repetitive filling and emptying of the bladder, while intravesical pressure and voided volume are recorded.

的的膀胱测压小老鼠:A膀胱Chemosensation研究的使用

	The lower urinary tract (LUT) functions as a  dynamic reservoir that is able to store urine and to efficiently expel it at a  convenient time. While ...

Clinical Testing and Spinal Cord Removal in a Mouse Model for Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disorder resulting in progressive degeneration of motoneurons. Peak of onset is around 60 years for the sporadic disease and around 50 years for the familial disease. Due to its progressive course, 50% of the patients die within 30 months of symptom onset. In order to evaluate novel treatment options for this disease, genetic mouse models of ALS have been generated based on human familial mutations in the SOD gene, such as the SOD1 (G93A) mutation. Most important aspects that have to be evaluated in the model are overall survival, clinical course and motor function. Here, we demonstrate the clinical evaluation, show the conduction of two behavioural motor tests and provide quantitative scoring systems for all parameters. Because an in depth analysis of the ALS mouse model usually requires an immunohistochemical examination of the spinal cord, we demonstrate its preparation in detail applying the dorsal laminectomy method. Exemplary histological findings are demonstrated. The comprehensive application of the depicted examination methods in studies on the mouse model of ALS will enable the researcher to reliably test future therapeutic options which can provide a basis for later human clinical trials.

Clinical Testing and Spinal Cord Removal in a Mouse Model for Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis ALS

A mouse model for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is examined clinically and behaviorally. As a prerequisite for an accompanying immunohistological analysis the preparation of the spinal cord is depicted in detail.

临床试验和脊髓去除在肌萎缩性侧索硬化症的小鼠模型（ALS）

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disorder resulting in progressive degeneration of motoneurons. Peak of onset is around 60 ...

Intranasal Administration of CNS Therapeutics to Awake Mice

Intranasal administration is a method of delivering therapeutic agents to the central nervous system (CNS). It is non-invasive and allows large molecules that do not cross the blood-brain barrier access to the CNS. Drugs are directly targeted to the CNS with intranasal delivery, reducing systemic exposure and thus unwanted systemic side effects1. Delivery from the nose to the CNS occurs within minutes along both the olfactory and trigeminal neural pathways via an extracellular route and does not require drug to bind to any receptor or axonal transport2. Intranasal delivery is a widely publicized method and is currently being used in human clinical trials3.
Intranasal delivery of drugs in animal models allows for initial evaluation of pharmacokinetic distribution and efficacy. With mice, it is possible to administer drugs to awake (non-anesthetized) animals on a regular basis using a specialized intranasal grip. Awake delivery is beneficial because it allows for long-term chronic dosing without anesthesia, it takes less time than with anesthesia, and can be learned and done by many people so that teams of technicians can dose large numbers of mice in short periods. Efficacy of therapeutics administered intranasally in this way to mice has been demonstrated in a number of studies including insulin in diabetic mouse models 4-6 and deferoxamine in Alzheimer's mouse models. 7,8
The intranasal grip for mice can be learned, but is not easy and requires practice, skill, and a precise grip to effectively deliver drug to the brain and avoid drainage to the lung and stomach. Mice are restrained by hand using a modified scruff in the non-dominant hand with the neck held parallel to the floor, while drug is delivered with a pipettor using the dominant hand. It usually takes 3-4 weeks of acclimating to handling before mice can be held with this grip without a stress response. We have prepared this JoVE video to make this intranasal delivery technique more accessible.

A method to intranasally administer drugs to awake mice for the purpose of targeting the brain is described. This method allows for repeat dosing over long periods using intranasal administration of drug without anesthesia, and nose-to-brain delivery with minimal systemic exposure.

清醒小鼠滴鼻的CNS药物治疗管理

Intranasal administration is a method of delivering  therapeutic agents to the central nervous system (CNS). It is  non-invasive and allows large ...

Performing Subretinal Injections in Rodents to Deliver Retinal Pigment Epithelium Cells in Suspension

The conversion of light into electrical impulses occurs in the outer retina and is accomplished largely by rod and cone photoreceptors and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells. RPE provide critical support for photoreceptors and death or dysfunction of RPE cells is characteristic of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), the leading cause of permanent vision loss in people age 55 and older. While no cure for AMD has been identified, implantation of healthy RPE in diseased eyes may prove to be an effective treatment, and large numbers of RPE cells can be readily generated from pluripotent stem cells. Several interesting questions regarding the safety and efficacy of RPE cell delivery can still be examined in animal models, and well-accepted protocols used to inject RPE have been developed. The technique described here has been used by multiple groups in various studies and involves first creating a hole in the eye with a sharp needle. Then a syringe with a blunt needle loaded with cells is inserted through the hole and passed through the vitreous until it gently touches the RPE. Using this injection method, which is relatively simple and requires minimal equipment, we achieve consistent and efficient integration of stem cell-derived RPE cells in between the host RPE that prevents significant amount of photoreceptor degeneration in animal models. While not part of the actual protocol, we also describe how to determine the extent of the trauma induced by the injection, and how to verify that the cells were injected into the subretinal space using in vivo imaging modalities. Finally, the use of this protocol is not limited to RPE cells; it may be used to inject any compound or cell into the subretinal space.

Here we present a community accepted protocol in multimedia format for subretinally injecting a bolus of RPE cells in rats and mice. This approach can be used for determining rescue potentials, safety profiles, and survival capacities of grafted RPE cells upon implantation in animal models of retinal degeneration.

视网膜下进行注射的鼠害提供视网膜色素上皮细胞悬浮

The conversion of light into electrical impulses occurs in the outer retina and is accomplished largely by rod and cone photoreceptors and retinal pigment ...

A Surgical Procedure for Resecting the Mouse Rib: A Model for Large-Scale Long Bone Repair

This protocol introduces researchers to a new model for large-scale bone repair utilizing the mouse rib. The procedure details the following: preparation of the animal for surgery, opening the thoracic body wall, exposing the desired rib from the surrounding intercostal muscles, excising the desired section of rib without inducing a pneumothorax, and closing the incisions. Compared to the bones of the appendicular skeleton, the ribs are highly accessible. In addition, no internal or external fixator is necessary since the adjacent ribs provide a natural fixation. The surgery uses commercially available supplies, is straightforward to learn, and well-tolerated by the animal. The procedure can be carried out with or without removing the surrounding periosteum, and therefore the contribution of the periosteum to repair can be assessed. Results indicate that if the periosteum is retained, robust repair occurs in 1 - 2 months. We expect that use of this protocol will stimulate research into rib repair and that the findings will facilitate the development of new ways to stimulate bone repair in other locations around the body.

The overall goal of this procedure is to successfully resect a portion of bone from the rib of a mouse. The procedure was developed as a model to study large-scale long bone repair.

外科手术切除为鼠标肋骨:模型进行大规模的长骨修复

This protocol introduces researchers to a new model for large-scale bone repair utilizing the mouse rib. The procedure details the following: preparation ...

A Quick Phenotypic Neurological Scoring System for Evaluating Disease Progression in the SOD1-G93A Mouse Model of ALS

The SOD1-G93A transgenic mouse is the most widely used animal model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). At ALS TDI we developed a phenotypic screening protocol, demonstrated in video herein, which reliably assesses the neuromuscular function of SOD1-G93A mice in a quick manner. This protocol encompasses a simple neurological scoring system (NeuroScore) designed to assess hindlimb function. NeuroScore is focused on hindlimb function because hindlimb deficits are the earliest reported neurological sign of disease in SOD1-G93A mice. The protocol developed by ALS TDI provides an unbiased assessment of onset of paresis (slight or partial paralysis), progression and severity of paralysis and it is sensitive enough to identify drug-induced changes in disease progression. In this report, the combination of a detailed manuscript with video minimizes scoring ambiguities and inter-experimenter variability thus allowing for the protocol to be adopted by other laboratories and enabling comparisons between studies taking place at different settings. We believe that this video protocol can serve as an excellent training tool for present and future ALS researchers.

This video protocol describes a sensitive, reliable, and quick method for evaluating the neuromuscular deficits in a transgenic mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

一个快速的表型神经评分系统在ALS的SOD1-G93A小鼠模型评估疾病进展

The SOD1-G93A transgenic mouse is the most widely used animal model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). At ALS TDI we developed a phenotypic screening ...

A Novel Murine Model of Arteriovenous Fistula Failure: The Surgical Procedure in Detail

The arteriovenous fistula (AVF) still suffers from a high number of failures caused by insufficient remodeling and intimal hyperplasia from which the exact pathophysiology remains unknown. In order to unravel the pathophysiology a murine model of AVF-failure was developed in which the configuration of the anastomosis resembles the preferred situation in the clinical setting. A model was described in which an AVF is created by connecting the venous end of the branch of the external jugular vein to the side of the common carotid artery using interrupted sutures. At a histological level, we observed progressive stenotic intimal lesions in the venous outflow tract that is also seen in failed human AVFs. Although this procedure can be technically challenging due to the small dimensions of the animal, we were able to achieve a surgical success rate of 97% after sufficient training. The key advantage of a murine model is the availability of transgenic animals. In view of the different proposed mechanisms that are responsible for AVF failure, disabling genes that might play a role in vascular remodeling can help us to unravel the complex pathophysiology of AVF failure.

Here we present a murine model of arteriovenous fistula (AVF) failure in which a clinically relevant anastomotic configuration is incorporated. This model can be used to study the pathophysiology and to test possible therapeutic interventions.

动静脉内瘘失败的新型小鼠模型:在详细介绍手术过程

The arteriovenous fistula (AVF) still suffers from a high number of failures caused by insufficient remodeling and intimal hyperplasia from which the ...

The Monoiodoacetate Model of Osteoarthritis Pain in the Mouse

A major symptom of patients with osteoarthritis (OA) is pain that&#160;is triggered by peripheral as well as central changes within the pain pathways. The current treatments for OA pain such as NSAIDS or opiates are neither sufficiently effective nor devoid of detrimental side effects. Animal models of OA are being developed to improve our understanding of OA-related pain mechanisms and define novel pharmacological targets for therapy. Currently available models of OA in rodents include surgical and chemical interventions into one knee joint. The monoiodoacetate (MIA) model has become a standard for modelling joint disruption in OA in both rats and mice. The model, which is easier to perform in the rat, involves injection of MIA into a knee joint that induces rapid pain-like responses in the ipsilateral limb, the level of which can be controlled by injection of different doses. Intra-articular injection of MIA disrupts chondrocyte glycolysis by inhibiting glyceraldehyde-3-phosphatase dehydrogenase and results in chondrocyte death, neovascularization, subchondral bone necrosis and collapse, as well as inflammation. The morphological changes of the articular cartilage and bone disruption are reflective of some aspects of patient pathology. Along with joint damage, MIA injection induces referred mechanical sensitivity in the ipsilateral hind paw and weight bearing deficits that are measurable and quantifiable. These behavioral changes resemble some of the symptoms reported by the patient population, thereby validating the MIA injection in the knee as a useful and relevant pre-clinical model of OA pain.
The aim of this article is to describe the methodology of intra-articular injections of MIA and the behavioral recordings of the associated development of hypersensitivity with a mind to highlight the necessary steps to give consistent and reliable recordings.

Osteoarthritis (OA), or degenerative joint disease, is a debilitating condition associated with pain that remains only partially controlled by available analgesics. Animal models are being developed to improve our understanding of OA-related pain mechanisms. Here we describe the methodology for the monoiodoacetate model of OA pain in the mouse.

骨关节炎疼痛的鼠标Monoiodoacetate模式

A major symptom of patients with osteoarthritis (OA) is pain that&#160;is triggered by peripheral as well as central changes within the pain pathways. The ...

Topical Airway Anesthesia for Awake-endoscopic Intubation Using the Spray-as-you-go Technique with High Oxygen Flow

A patient&#39;s willingness to cooperate is an absolute precondition for successful awake intubation of the trachea. Whilst drug-sedation of patients can jeopardize their spontaneous breathing, topical anesthesia of the airway is a popular technique. The spray-as-you-go technique represents one of the simplest opportunities to anesthetize the airway mucosa. The application of local anesthetic through the working channel of the flexible endoscope is a widespread practice for anesthetists as well as pulmonologists. There is neither need for additional devices nor special training as a pre-requisite to perform this technique. However, a known clinical problem is the coughing and gagging reflex that may occur when the liquid anesthetic strikes the airway mucosa and other sensitive structures like the vocal cords. This can be avoided by the use of oxygen applied through the working channel with the aim of fogging the local anesthetic into finer particles. Furthermore, the oxygen flow provides a higher oxygen supply and contributes to a better view, dispersing mucus secretions and blood away from the lens. Using an atomizer with a high oxygen flow of 10 L/min we maximized these benefits, caused less coughing and had more satisfied and therefore cooperative patients. Possible, but very rare complications of using oxygen flow including gastric insufflation, organ rupture or barotrauma did not arise. We attribute the complication-free use of high oxygen flow to the design of the set, which permits flow and pressure release.

The topical anesthetic lidocaine was atomized using a high oxygen flow through the working channel of a flexible intubating endoscope to achieve topical airway anesthesia for awake endotracheal intubation. We prefer this modified spray-as-you-go technique for endoscopic intubation to classical bolus application because of higher patient satisfaction and better compliance.

气道局部麻醉清醒用于内镜插管使用喷雾为你去技术在高氧流量

A patient&#39;s willingness to cooperate is an absolute precondition for successful awake intubation of the trachea. Whilst drug-sedation of patients can ...