Name: using gold-standard gait analysis methods to assess experience effects on lower-limb mechanics during moderate high-heeled jogging and running
Uploaded: 2017-09-14T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Using Gold-standard Gait Analysis Methods to Assess Experience Effects on Lower-limb Mechanics During Moderate High-heeled Jogging and Running at JoVE.com

This study is sponsored by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81301600), K. C. Wong Magna Fund in Ningbo University, National Social Science Foundation of China (16BTY085), the Zhejiang Social Science Program "Zhi Jiang youth project" (16ZJQN021YB), Loctek Ergonomic Technology Corp, and Anta Sports Products Limited.

This study has been approved by the Human Ethics Committee of Ningbo University (ARGH20150356). All subjects gave their informed consent for inclusion in the study, and they were informed of the goal, requirements, and experimental procedures of the study.
1. Gait Laboratory Preparation
<ol>
	<li>Switch off any incandescent lights and leave a reasonable fluorescent lighting level in the laboratory. Remove all markers and unwanted objects of reflection that may be misinterpreted as passive re...

<ol>
	<li>Barkema, D. D., Derrick, T. R., Martin, P. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Heel+height+affects+lower+extremity+frontal+plane+joint+moments+during+walking.">Heel height affects lower extremity frontal plane joint moments during walking.</a> Gait Posture. 35 (3), 483-488 (2012).</li><li>Hong, W. H., Lee, Y. H., Chen, H. C., Pei, Y. C., Wu, C. Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Influence+of+heel+height+and+shoe+insert+on+comfort+perception+and+biomechanical+performance+of+young+female+adults+during+walking.">Influence of heel height and shoe insert on comfort perception and biomechanical performance of young female adults during walking.</a> Foot Ankle Int. 26 (12), 1042-1048 (2005).</li><li>Baker, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gait+analysis+methods+in+rehabilitation.">Gait analysis methods in rehabilitation.</a> J Neuroeng Rehabil. 3 (1), (2006).</li><li>Galna, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Accuracy+of+the+Microsoft+Kinect+sensor+for+measuring+movement+in+people+with+Parkinson's+disease.">Accuracy of the Microsoft Kinect sensor for measuring movement in people with Parkinson's disease.</a> Gait Posture. 39 (4), 1062-1068 (2014).</li><li>Esenyel, M., Walsh, K., Walden, J. 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L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lower+extremity+biomechanics+and+self-reported+foot-strike+patterns+among+runners+in+traditional+and+minimalist+shoes.">Lower extremity biomechanics and self-reported foot-strike patterns among runners in traditional and minimalist shoes.</a> J Athl Train. 50 (6), 603-611 (2015).</li><li>Chien, H. L., Lu, T. W., Liu, M. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+long-term+wearing+of+high-heeled+shoes+on+the+control+of+the+body's+center+of+mass+motion+in+relation+to+the+center+of+pressure+during+walking.">Effects of long-term wearing of high-heeled shoes on the control of the body's center of mass motion in relation to the center of pressure during walking.</a> Gait Posture. 39 (4), 1045-1050 (2014).</li><li>Chien, H. L., Lu, T. W., Liu, M. W., Hong, S. W., Kuo, C. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Kinematic+and+Kinetic+Adaptations+in+the+Lower+Extremities+of+Experienced+Wearers+during+High-Heeled+Gait.">Kinematic and Kinetic Adaptations in the Lower Extremities of Experienced Wearers during High-Heeled Gait.</a> BME. 26 (3), 1450042 (2014).</li><li>Novacheck, T. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+biomechanics+of+running.">The biomechanics of running.</a> Gait Posture. 7 (1), 77-95 (1998).</li><li>Powell, D. W., Williams, D. B., Windsor, B., Butler, R. J., Zhang, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ankle+work+and+dynamic+joint+stiffness+in+high-compared+to+low-arched+athletes+during+a+barefoot+running+task.">Ankle work and dynamic joint stiffness in high-compared to low-arched athletes during a barefoot running task.</a> Hum Mov Sci. 34, 147-156 (2014).</li><li>Robbins, S. E., Gouw, G. J., Hanna, A. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Running-related+injury+prevention+through+innate+impact-moderating+behavior.">Running-related injury prevention through innate impact-moderating behavior.</a> Med Sci Sports Exerc. 21 (2), 130-139 (1989).</li><li>Simonsen, E. B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Walking+on+high+heels+changes+muscle+activity+and+the+dynamics+of+human+walking+significantly.">Walking on high heels changes muscle activity and the dynamics of human walking significantly.</a> J Appl Biomech. 28 (1), 20-28 (2012).</li><li>Stefanyshyn, D. J., Nigg, B. M., Fisher, V., O'Flynn, B., Liu, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+influence+of+high+heeled+shoes+on+kinematics,+kinetics,+and+muscle+EMG+of+normal+female+gait.">The influence of high heeled shoes on kinematics, kinetics, and muscle EMG of normal female gait.</a> J Appl Biomech. 16 (3), 309-319 (2000).</li><li>Kerrigan, D. C., Lelas, J. L., Karvosky, M. 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D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+strain+behavior+of+the+anterior+cruciate+ligament+during+squatting+and+active+flexion-extension+a+comparison+of+an+open+and+a+closed+kinetic+chain+exercise.">The strain behavior of the anterior cruciate ligament during squatting and active flexion-extension a comparison of an open and a closed kinetic chain exercise.</a> Am J Sports. 25 (6), 823-829 (1997).</li><li>Fleming, B. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+gastrocnemius+muscle+is+an+antagonist+of+the+anterior+cruciate+ligament.">The gastrocnemius muscle is an antagonist of the anterior cruciate ligament.</a> J Orthop Res. 19 (6), 1178-1184 (2001).</li><li>Schipplein, O., Andriacchi, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Interaction+between+active+and+passive+knee+stabilizers+during+level+walking.">Interaction between active and passive knee stabilizers during level walking.</a> J Orthop Res. 9 (1), 113-119 (1991).</li><li>Baliunas, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Increased+knee+joint+loads+during+walking+are+present+in+subjects+with+knee+osteoarthritis.">Increased knee joint loads during walking are present in subjects with knee osteoarthritis.</a> Osteoarthr Cartil. 10 (7), 573-579 (2002).</li><li>Payne, C., Munteanu, S., Miller, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Position+of+the+subtalar+joint+axis+and+resistance+of+the+rearfoot+to+supination.">Position of the subtalar joint axis and resistance of the rearfoot to supination.</a> J Am Podiatr Med Assoc. 93 (2), 131-135 (2014).</li><li>Cheung, R. 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One defect of most studies that analyze high-heeled gait biomechanics is ignoring the possible importance of experience wearing high heels12. This study divided subjects into groups of regular and occasional wearers to explore the effects of high-heeled shoe wearing experience on lower-limb kinematics and GRF during moderate high-heeled jogging and running.
EW and IEW showed comparable jogging/running speeds. Compared with EW, IEW adopted a higher stride frequency and a...

High-heel design has always been one of the popular features of women&#39;s footwear. Forcing the ankle into a passive plantar-flexed state, high-heeled shoes considerably alter walking kinematics and kinetics. Despite reported adverse effects on the musculoskeletal system1, social and fashion customs encourage the continued use of high-heeled shoes2.
Optical tracking systems, currently used in the majority of gait-analysis laboratories for both clinical and research purposes, give accurate and reliable measurement of 3D lower-limb joint motions3. This technology provides a &#34;gold standard&#34; for gait analysis4. Consistent results based on the technique have revealed that higher heel heights lead to larger knee flexion and ankle inversion when compared with flat shoes5,6,7. GRF is another commonly used parameter in gait analysis. The shift of GRF toward the medial forefoot, reduced GRF during mid-stance, increased vertical GRF at heel-strike, and increased peak anterior-posterior GRF have also been observed in high-heeled walking1,6,7,8.
Previous studies referenced above use methods based mainly on level walking. In modern society, running for a bus, darting across a busy street, or dashing to catch the last train push more and more women to use higher speeds every now and then. There are limited studies concerning lower-limb biomechanics during high-heeled jogging and running. Gu et al. noted that the joint motion range of knee abduction-adduction and hip flexion-extension increased significantly as the heel height increased during jogging9. The limitation of this study is that they only recruited habitual high-heel wearers. The frequent use of high-heeled shoes can potentially induce structural adaptions in lower-limb muscles. Z&#246;llner et al. created a multiscale computational model revealing that muscle is able to gradually adjust to its new functional length due to the use of high heels after a chronic loss of sarcomeres in series10. Evidence also demonstrates that kinematic accommodations in gait caused by high-heeled shoes vary between experienced and inexperienced wearers11. Data collected from both experienced and inexperienced subjects may mask statistical results12. It is important to explore whether the biomechanical changes are similarly obvious in inexperienced and experienced users.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the differences in lower-limb kinematics and vertical GRF between experienced wearers (EW) and inexperienced wearers (IEW) during moderate high-heeled jogging and running. It was hypothesized that EW would show faster self-preferred jogging and running speeds, less joint motion, and larger vertical GRF during jogging and running.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Motion Tracking Cameras</td>
			<td>Oxford Metrics Ltd., Oxford, UK</td>
			<td>MX cameras</td>
			<td>n= 8</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vicon Nexus&#160;</td>
			<td>Oxford Metrics Ltd., Oxford, UK</td>
			<td>Version 1.4.116</td>
			<td>Proprietary tracking software (PlugInGait template)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dongle</td>
			<td>Oxford Metrics Ltd., Oxford, UK</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MX Ultranet HD</td>
			<td>Oxford Metrics Ltd., Oxford, UK</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vicon Datastation ADC&#160;</td>
			<td>Oxford Metrics Ltd., Oxford, UK</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>External ADC</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Passive Retro-reflective Marker</td>
			<td>Oxford Metrics Ltd., Oxford, UK</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>n=16; Diametre=14 mm&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Force Platform Amplifier</td>
			<td>Kistler, Switzerland</td>
			<td>5165A</td>
			<td>n=1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Force Platform</td>
			<td>Kistler, Switzerland</td>
			<td>9287C</td>
			<td>n=1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>T-Frame</td>
			<td>Oxford Metrics Ltd., Oxford, UK</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Double Adhesive Tape</td>
			<td>Oxford Metrics Ltd., Oxford, UK</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>For fixing markers to skin</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>moderate high-heeled shoe</td>
			<td>Daphne, Hong Kong</td>
			<td>13085015</td>
			<td>Heel height: 4.5cm; Size:37EURO</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microsoft Excel&#160;</td>
			<td>Microsoft Corporation, United States</td>
			<td>Version 2010</td>
			<td>For low pass filtering data and calculations; Add-in:Butterworth.xla</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Origin&#160;</td>
			<td>OriginLab Corporation, United States</td>
			<td>Version 9.0</td>
			<td>Plot GRF-time curve</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stata&#160;</td>
			<td>Stata Corp, College station, TX</td>
			<td>Version 12.0</td>
			<td>Statistical analysis</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

using gold-standard gait analysis methods to assess experience effects on lower-limb mechanics during moderate high-heeled jogging and running

A limited number of studies have explored lower-limb biomechanics during high-heeled jogging and running, and most studies have failed to clarify the wearing experience of subjects. This protocol describes the differences in lower-limb kinematics and ground reaction force (GRF) between experienced wearers (EW) and inexperienced wearers (IEW) during moderate high-heeled jogging and running. A three-dimensional (3D) motion analysis system with a configured force platform was used to synchronously capture lower-limb joint movements and GRF. 36 young females volunteered to participate in this study and were asked about high-heeled shoe-wearing experience, including frequency, duration, heel types, and heel heights. Eleven who had the experience of 3 to 6 cm heels for a minimum of three days per week (6 h per day) for at least two years and eleven who wore high heels less than twice per month participated. Subjects performed jogging and running at comfortable low and high speeds, respectively, with the right foot completely stepping onto a force platform when passing by along a 10 m walkway. EW and IEW adopted different biomechanical adaptations while jogging and running. IEW exhibited a generally larger range of joint movement, while EW showed a dramatically larger loading rate of GRF during running. Hence, further studies on the lower-limb biomechanics of high-heeled gait should strictly control the wearing experience of the subjects.

All results are presented here as the mean &#177; standard deviation. The running speed was significantly greater than the jogging speed, regardless of wearing experience (EW: Jog vs. Run: 2.50 &#177; 0.14 vs. 3.05 &#177; 0.14, p = 0.010; IEW: Jog vs. Run: 2.24 &#177; 0.26 vs. 2.84 &#177; 0.29, p = 0.028; in m/s) (Table 1). No significant difference in the corresponding jogging/running speeds between EW and IEW was fou...

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Using Gold-standard Gait Analysis Methods to Assess Experience Effects on Lower-limb Mechanics During Moderate High-heeled Jogging and Running

This study investigated lower-limb kinematics and ground reaction force (GRF) during moderate high-heeled jogging and running. Subjects were divided into groups of experienced wearers and inexperienced wearers. A three-dimensional motion analysis system with a configured force platform captured lower-limb joint movements and GRF.

A limited number of studies have explored lower-limb biomechanics during high-heeled jogging and running, and most studies have failed to clarify the ...

The overall goal of this experiment is to observe the effects of high-heeled shoes on lower limb mechanics during moderate high-heeled jogging and running. This method can answer the key question that in high-heel exercise, interference, such as the elevation that the heel has, may not be the single main factor causing the attenuators of the low limb mechanics. The one feature of this protocol is that with the variety of participants as experienced and inexperienced subjects, which has been readily considered in previous high heeled studies using their guardist and their method.Begin by measuring the subject's standing height and body mass. Measure the distance between the superior iliac spine and the ankle internal condyle, the distance between the medial and lateral knee condyles, and the distance between the medial and lateral ankle condyles using measuring calipers. Next, palpate to identify anatomical landmarks.Label each landmark on the skin using a marking pen and then attach the 16 passive retro-reflective markers on the landmarks of both sides of the lower limbs with double-sided adhesive tape. Ask the subject to change into the experimental shoe. Then have them walk, jog, and run freely along the runway until they are physiologically and psychologically comfortable with the cameras and markers on their lower limbs, and they feel like they are moving naturally.Next, ask the subject to practice jogging along the runway at a comfortable low speed until they are able to jog steadily. Instruct them to make an effort to jog at a progressively increasing speed on a treadmill within a safe and comfortable range, known as Progressive Training. Then, have them practice running on the ground along the runway at a comfortable high speed until they are able to run steadily at this speed.Finally, instruct the subject to try to start jogging from different starting lines within the starting area several times, to find an appropriate starting position, ensuring that the right foot naturally strikes and completely contacts the force platform when passing by. Begin by asking the subject to stand in a stationary, neutral pose in the center of the capture volume to capture the static data. Click the start button in the subject capture section to capture approximately 150 frames.Then, click the stop button. Next, select static in the pipeline pull-down list in the subject calibration section. Check the left foot and the right foot options in the static settings pane.Click the start button in the subject calibration section. Then, ask the subject to stand at the appropriate starting position. Click the start button in the capture section to begin capturing and then immediately give the subject the oral instruction to go jogging.Ensure that the right foot naturally strikes and completely contacts the force platform when passing by. For jogging trials, ask the subjects to jog at the comfortable low speed that they were familiar with during preparation. For running trials, ask the subjects to run at the comfortable high speed that they had been familiar with during preparation.Allow for a two minute rest between two trials. Finally, after the subject comes to the end of the runway, click the stop button. These results indicated that, except for the knee and hip motions in the sagittal plane, all three joint range of motion of IEW was generally greater than that of EW.Significant speed effect on joint range of motion only existed in the hip-flexion extension.The GRF time curve of EW is characterized by an initial peak immediately followed by a small wave during the shock absorption period, particularly during running. In contrast, that of IEW is relatively fluent after the initial peak. There is no significant difference in the impact force between EW and IEW, but the loading rate of EW was significantly higher during running.While attempting this procedure, it's important to remember to recalibrate the cameras reading the capture volume and to calibrate the first parameter to their own level before starting each and every trial to ensure the capture accuracy. Following this procedure, other parameters, such as joint momentum, can be calculated in order to answer additional questions, like whether wearing high-heeled shoes would factor in other accuracy and measurements of only other accuators. Of these, the value meant that this math ought to emphasize the importance of the allocating their subjects wearing experience of the high-heeled shoes to provide more specific information and reducing the inferring to target the population.After watching this video, you should understand how to use or understand the math or to perform the experiment with the high heel and get the accuracy as well as criteria suggests based on the different wearing experience.

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Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

Comprehensive Analysis of Transcription Dynamics from Brain Samples Following Behavioral Experience

The encoding of experiences in the brain and the consolidation of long-term memories depend on gene transcription. Identifying the function of specific genes in encoding experience is one of the main objectives of molecular neuroscience. Furthermore, the functional association of defined genes with specific behaviors has implications for understanding the basis of neuropsychiatric disorders. Induction of robust transcription programs has been observed in the brains of mice following various behavioral manipulations. While some genetic elements are utilized recurrently following different behavioral manipulations and in different brain nuclei, transcriptional programs are overall unique to the inducing stimuli and the structure in which they are studied1,2.
In this publication, a protocol is described for robust and comprehensive transcriptional profiling from brain nuclei of mice in response to behavioral manipulation. The protocol is demonstrated in the context of analysis of gene expression dynamics in the nucleus accumbens following acute cocaine experience. Subsequent to a defined in vivo experience, the target neural tissue is dissected; followed by RNA purification, reverse transcription and utilization of microfluidic arrays for comprehensive qPCR analysis of multiple target genes. This protocol is geared towards comprehensive analysis (addressing 50-500 genes) of limiting quantities of starting material, such as small brain samples or even single cells.
The protocol is most advantageous for parallel analysis of multiple samples (e.g. single cells, dynamic analysis following pharmaceutical, viral or behavioral perturbations). However, the protocol could also serve for the characterization and quality assurance of samples prior to whole-genome studies by microarrays or RNAseq, as well as validation of data obtained from whole-genome studies.

This manuscript describes a protocol that applies comprehensive profiling for analysis of transcriptional programs induced in specific brain nuclei of rodents following behavioral paradigms. Herein, this approach is illustrated in the context of profiling genes induced in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) of mice following acute cocaine exposure, utilizing microfluidic qPCR arrays.

The encoding of experiences in the brain and the consolidation of long-term memories depend on gene transcription. Identifying the function of specific ...

Using the Threat Probability Task to Assess Anxiety and Fear During Uncertain and Certain Threat

Fear of certain threat and anxiety about uncertain threat are distinct emotions with unique behavioral, cognitive-attentional, and neuroanatomical components. Both anxiety and fear can be studied in the laboratory by measuring the potentiation of the startle reflex. The startle reflex is a defensive reflex that is potentiated when an organism is threatened and the need for defense is high. The startle reflex is assessed via electromyography (EMG) in the orbicularis oculi muscle elicited by brief, intense, bursts of acoustic white noise (i.e., &#8220;startle probes&#8221;). Startle potentiation is calculated as the increase in startle response magnitude during presentation of sets of visual threat cues that signal delivery of mild electric shock relative to sets of matched cues that signal the absence of shock (no-threat cues). In the Threat Probability Task, fear is measured via startle potentiation to high probability (100% cue-contingent shock; certain) threat cues whereas anxiety is measured via startle potentiation to low probability (20% cue-contingent shock; uncertain) threat cues. Measurement of startle potentiation during the Threat Probability Task provides an objective and easily implemented alternative to assessment of negative affect via self-report or other methods (e.g., neuroimaging) that may be inappropriate or impractical for some researchers. Startle potentiation has been studied rigorously in both animals (e.g., rodents, non-human primates) and humans which facilitates animal-to-human translational research. Startle potentiation during certain and uncertain threat provides an objective measure of negative affective and distinct emotional states (fear, anxiety) to use in research on psychopathology, substance use/abuse and broadly in affective science. As such, it has been used extensively by clinical scientists interested in psychopathology etiology and by affective scientists interested in individual differences in emotion.

Potentiation of the startle reflex is measured via electromyography of the orbicularis oculi muscle during low (uncertain) and high (certain) probability electric shock threat in the Threat Probability Task. This provides an objective measure of distinct negative emotional states (fear/anxiety) for research on psychopathology, substance use/abuse, and broad affective science.

Fear of certain threat and anxiety about uncertain threat are distinct emotions with unique behavioral, cognitive-attentional, and neuroanatomical ...

Investigating the Effects of Antipsychotics and Schizotypy on the N400 Using Event-Related Potentials and Semantic Categorization

Within the field of cognitive neuroscience, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is a popular method of visualizing brain function. This is in part because of its excellent spatial resolution, which allows researchers to identify brain areas associated with specific cognitive processes. However, in the quest to localize brain functions, it is relevant to note that many cognitive, sensory, and motor processes have temporal distinctions that are imperative to capture, an aspect that is left unfulfilled by fMRI&#8217;s suboptimal temporal resolution. To better understand cognitive processes, it is thus advantageous to utilize event-related potential (ERP) recording as a method of gathering information about the brain. Some of its advantages include its fantastic temporal resolution, which gives researchers the ability to follow the activity of the brain down to the millisecond. It also directly indexes both excitatory and inhibitory post-synaptic potentials by which most brain computations are performed. This sits in contrast to fMRI, which captures an index of metabolic activity. Further, the non-invasive ERP method does not require a contrast condition: raw ERPs can be examined for just one experimental condition, a distinction from fMRI where control conditions must be subtracted from the experimental condition, leading to uncertainty in associating observations with experimental or contrast conditions. While it is limited by its poor spatial and subcortical activity resolution, ERP recordings&#8217; utility, relative cost-effectiveness, and associated advantages offer strong rationale for its use in cognitive neuroscience to track rapid temporal changes in neural activity. In an effort to foster increase in its use as a research imaging method, and to ensure proper and accurate data collection, the present article will outline &#8211; in the framework of a paradigm using semantic categorization to examine the effects of antipsychotics and schizotypy on the N400 &#8211; the procedure and key aspects associated with ERP data acquisition.

Using event-related EEG potentials (ERPs), we investigate the effects of antipsychotic medications on abnormal semantic brain activations in healthy individuals with schizotypal traits. We use ERPs to track distinct changes in brain activity, shedding insight into the cognitive processes associated with semantic categorization.

Within the field of cognitive neuroscience, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is a popular method of visualizing brain function. This is in ...

Applying Stereotactic Injection Technique to Study Genetic Effects on Animal Behaviors

Stereotactic injection is a useful technique to deliver high titer lentiviruses to targeted brain areas in mice. Lentiviruses can either overexpress or knockdown gene expression in a relatively focused region without significant damage to the brain tissue. After recovery, the injected mouse can be tested on various behavioral tasks such as the Open Field Test (OFT) and the Forced Swim Test (FST). The OFT is designed to assess locomotion and the anxious phenotype in mice by measuring the amount of time that a mouse spends in the center of a novel open field. A more anxious mouse will spend significantly less time in the center of the novel field compared to controls. The FST assesses the anti-depressive phenotype by quantifying the amount of time that mice spend immobile when placed into a bucket of water. A mouse with an anti-depressive phenotype will spend significantly less time immobile compared to control animals. The goal of this protocol is to use the stereotactic injection of a lentivirus in conjunction with behavioral tests to assess how genetic factors modulate animal behaviors.

Stereotactic injection of lentiviruses expressing cDNAs or shRNAs can modulate gene expression in specific brain areas of mice. Here, we present a protocol to combine stereotactic injections with behavioral tasks, such as the Open Field Test (OFT) and the Forced Swim Test (FST).

Stereotactic injection is a useful technique to deliver high titer lentiviruses to targeted brain areas in mice. Lentiviruses can either overexpress or ...

A Within-subjects Experimental Protocol to Assess the Effects of Social Input on Infant EEG

Despite the importance of social interactions for infant brain development, little research has assessed functional neural activation while infants socially interact. Electroencephalography (EEG) power is an advantageous technique to assess infant functional neural activation. However, many studies record infant EEG only during one baseline condition. This protocol describes a paradigm that is designed to comprehensively assess infant EEG activity in both social and nonsocial contexts as well as tease apart how different types of social inputs differentially relate to infant EEG. The within-subjects paradigm includes four controlled conditions. In the nonsocial condition, infants view objects on computer screens. The joint attention condition involves an experimenter directing the infant's attention to pictures. The joint attention condition includes three types of social input: language, face-to-face interaction, and the presence of joint attention. Differences in infant EEG between the nonsocial and joint attention conditions could be due to any of these three types of input. Therefore, two additional conditions (one with language input while the experimenter is hidden behind a screen and one with face-to-face interaction) were included to assess the driving contextual factors in patterns of infant neural activation. Representative results demonstrate that infant EEG power varied by condition, both overall and differentially by brain region, supporting the functional nature of infant EEG power. This technique is advantageous in that it includes conditions that are clearly social or nonsocial and allows for examination of how specific types of social input relate to EEG power. This paradigm can be used to assess how individual differences in age, affect, socioeconomic status, and parent-infant interaction quality relate to the development of the social brain. Based on the demonstrated functional nature of infant EEG power, future studies should consider the role of EEG recording context and design conditions that are clearly social or nonsocial.

This novel protocol is designed to assess the neural bases of social interaction in infants. The paradigm is designed to tease apart how various social inputs such as language, joint attention, and face-to-face interaction relate to infant neural activation. Infant EEG power is recorded during both social and nonsocial conditions.

Despite the importance of social interactions for infant brain development, little research has assessed functional neural activation while infants ...

Clinical-oriented Three-dimensional Gait Analysis Method for Evaluating Gait Disorder

Three-dimensional gait analysis (3DGA) is shown to be a useful clinical tool for the evaluation of gait abnormality due to movement disorders. However, the use of 3DGA in actual clinics remains uncommon. Possible reasons could include the time-consuming measurement process and difficulties in understanding measurement results, which are often presented using a large number of graphs. Here we present a clinician-friendly 3DGA method developed to facilitate the clinical use of 3DGA. This method consists of simplified preparation and measurement processes that can be performed in a short time period in clinical settings and intuitive results presentation to facilitate clinicians&#39; understanding of results. The quick, simplified measurement procedure is achieved by the use of minimum markers and measurement of patients on a treadmill. To facilitate clinician understanding, results are presented in figures based on the clinicians&#39; perspective. A Lissajous overview picture (LOP), which shows the trajectories of all markers from a holistic viewpoint, is used to facilitate intuitive understanding of gait patterns. Abnormal gait pattern indices, which are based on clinicians&#39; perspectives in gait evaluation and standardized using the data of healthy subjects, are used to evaluate the extent of typical abnormal gait patterns in stroke patients. A graph depicting the analysis of the toe clearance strategy, which depicts how patients rely on normal and compensatory strategies to achieve toe clearance, is also presented. These methods could facilitate implementation of 3DGA in clinical settings and further encourage development of measurement strategies from the clinician&#39;s point of view.

In this study, a clinician-friendly three-dimensional gait analysis method, which was designed to be performed in the rehabilitation clinic, is presented. The method consists of a simplified measurement method and intuitive figures to facilitate clinicians&#39; understanding of the results.

Three-dimensional gait analysis (3DGA) is shown to be a useful clinical tool for the evaluation of gait abnormality due to movement disorders. However, ...

Using a Classroom-Based Deese Roediger McDermott Paradigm to Assess the Effects of Imagery on False Memories

Associated word list procedures can elicit false memories in predictable ways by inducing associative processing, thus making it harder to monitor the accuracy of memories. The purpose of the method presented here was to induce false memories using lists of either semantically or phonologically related words and to assess the effects of imagery instructions on the recall and recognition of those false memories. To do this, we used a modified version of the Deese Roediger McDermott (DRM) paradigm. We adapted word lists from previous DRM studies to suit imagery procedures and created an automated presentation to present the word lists in classroom settings. We then recruited undergraduate classes and instructed some of the classes to create mental images of the list words as they were being presented, while instructing the other classes to simply remember the words. The automated presentation presented word lists to participants, one word at a time, alternating between phonologically and semantically related lists. Participants used paper-pencil recall packets to immediately recall list items, complete a distractor activity, and take a subsequent final recognition test. Often, participants immediately recalled and later recognized words that were related to the list items but were not actually presented; these are known as critical lures and indicate a false memory. The protocol detailed here describes a four-step procedure - list presentation, immediate recall, distractor phase, and final recognition - that can assess the effects of list type and imagery instruction within the DRM paradigm on memory. The automated nature of the list presentation provides the ability to systematically vary variables of interest, and the paper and pencil method of data collection affords an easily accessible method for collecting data in classroom settings. The protocol also offers options to modify the procedure to a more traditional DRM paradigm without imagery and/or list type manipulations. The use of this protocol can provide results relevant to both classroom learning and cognitive science principles.

The method presented here induced false memories using lists of related words and also assessed the effects of imagery instructions on the recall and recognition of those false memories. This protocol details a modified version of the Deese Roediger McDermott (DRM) paradigm.

Associated word list procedures can elicit false memories in predictable ways by inducing associative processing, thus making it harder to monitor the ...

Biomechanical Analysis Methods to Assess Professional Badminton Players' Lunge Performance

Under the condition of simulating a badminton court in the laboratory, this study used the injury mechanism model to analyze the maximal right lunge movements of eight professional badminton players and eight amateur players. The purpose of this protocol is to study the differences in kinematics and joint moment of the right knee and ankle. A motion capture system and force plate were used to capture data of the joint movements of the lower extremity and the vertical ground reaction force (vGRF). Sixteen young men who did not have any sports injuries in the past 6 months took part in the study. The subjects performed a maximal right lunge from the start position with their right foot, stepping on and fully contacting with the force plate, hit the shuttlecock with an underhand stroke to the designated position in the backcourt, and then returned to the start/end position. All subjects wore the same badminton shoes to avoid a difference in impact from different badminton shoes. The amateur players showed a greater range of ankle movement and reverse joint moment on the frontal plane, and a larger internal joint rotation moment on the horizontal plane. The professional badminton players exhibited greater knee moment on the sagittal and frontal planes. Therefore, these factors should be considered in the development of the training program to reduce the risk of sports injuries in knee and ankle joints. This study simulates the real badminton court and calibrates the range of activities of each movement of the subjects so that the subjects complete the experimental action in a natural state with high quality. A limitation of this study is that it does not combine joint load and muscle activity. Another limitation is that the sample size is small and should be expanded in future studies. This research method can be applied to the lower limb biomechanical research of other footwork in the badminton project.

Biomechanical Analysis Methods to Assess Professional Badminton Players&#039; Lunge Performance

Here, we present a protocol to evaluate the differences in injury mechanisms between professional and amateur players when performing a badminton maximal right lunge movement by analyzing lower limb kinematics.

Under the condition of simulating a badminton court in the laboratory, this study used the injury mechanism model to analyze the maximal right lunge ...

3D Kinematic Gait Analysis for Preclinical Studies in Rodents

The utility of three-dimensional (3D) kinematic motion analysis systems is limited in rodents. Part of the reason for this inadequacy is the use of complex algorithms and mathematical modeling that accompany 3D data collection and analysis procedures. This work provides a simple, user-friendly, step-by-step detailed methodology for 3D kinematic gait analysis during treadmill locomotion in healthy and neurotraumatic rats using a six-camera motion capture system. Also provided are details on 1) calibration of the system in an experimental set-up customized for quadrupedal locomotion, 2) data collection for treadmill locomotion in adult rats using markers positioned on all four limbs, 3) options available for video tracking and processing, and 4) basic 3D kinematic data generation and visualization and quantification of data using the built-in data collection software. Finally, it is suggested that the utility of this motion capture system be expanded to studying a variety of motor behaviors before and after neurotrauma.

Presented here is a protocol to collect and analyze three-dimensional kinematics of quadrupedal locomotion in rodents for preclinical studies.

The utility of three-dimensional (3D) kinematic motion analysis systems is limited in rodents. Part of the reason for this inadequacy is the use of ...

Low-Cost Gait Analysis for Behavioral Phenotyping of Mouse Models of Neuromuscular Disease

Measurement of animal locomotion is a common behavioral tool used to describe the phenotype of a given disease, injury, or drug model. The low-cost method of gait analysis demonstrated here is a simple but effective measure of gait abnormalities in murine models. Footprints are analyzed by painting a mouse&#8217;s feet with non-toxic washable paint and allowing the subject to walk through a tunnel on a sheet of paper. The design of the testing tunnel takes advantage of natural mouse behavior and their affinity for small dark places. The stride length, stride width, and toe spread of each mouse is easily measured using a ruler and a pencil. This is a well-established and reliable method, and it generates several metrics that are analogous to digital systems. This approach is sensitive enough to detect changes in stride early in phenotype presentation, and due to its non-invasive approach, it allows for testing of groups across life-span or phenotypic presentation.

Footprint analysis is a low-cost alternative to digitized gait analysis programs for researchers quantifying movement abnormalities in mice. Because of its speed, simplicity, and longitudinal potential, it is ideal for behavioral phenotyping of mouse models.

Measurement of animal locomotion is a common behavioral tool used to describe the phenotype of a given disease, injury, or drug model. The low-cost method ...