作者要感谢泰国皇家政府，欧洲区域发展基金以及荷兰的格尔德兰省和Overijssel（拨款号码:2011P017004），以获得经济支持。本文的内容只反映了作者的观点。作者还欣赏了GreenDino的Andrea Poelstra和Noldus信息技术的Tobias Heffelaar对技术主题的宝贵意见的帮助。

<ol>
	<li>Gorini, A., Griez, E., Petrova, A., Riva, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Assessment+of+the+emotional+responses+produced+by+exposure+to+real+food,+virtual+food+and+photographs+of+food+in+patients+affected+by+eating+disorders.">Assessment of the emotional responses produced by exposure to real food, virtual food and photographs of food in patients affected by eating disorders.</a> Ann Gen Psychiatry. 9 (1), 30-39 (2010).</li><li>Sutherland, I. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+ultimate+display.">The ultimate display.</a> Proceedings of the IFIP Congress. 65 (2), 506-508 (1965).</li><li>Steuer, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Defining+virtual+reality:+Dimensions+determining+telepresence.">Defining virtual reality: Dimensions determining telepresence.</a> J. Commun. 42 (4), 73-93 (1992).</li><li>Witmer, B. G., Singer, M. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Measuring+presence+in+virtual+environments:+A+presence+questionnaire.">Measuring presence in virtual environments: A presence questionnaire.</a> Presence. 7 (3), 225-240 (1998).</li><li>Ba&#241;os, R. M., Botella, C., Garcia-Palacios, A., Villa, H., Perpi&#241;a, C., Alca&#241;iz, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Presence+and+Reality+Judgment+in+Virtual+Environments:+A+Unitary+Construct.">Presence and Reality Judgment in Virtual Environments: A Unitary Construct.</a> Cyberpsychol Behav. 3 (3), 327-335 (2004).</li><li>Lessiter, J., Freeman, J., Keogh, E., Davidoff, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+cross-media+presence+questionnaire:+The+ITC-Sense+of+Presence+Inventory.">A cross-media presence questionnaire: The ITC-Sense of Presence Inventory.</a> Presence-Teleop Virt. 10 (3), 282-297 (2001).</li><li>Witmer, B. G., Singer, M. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Measuring+presence+in+virtual+environments:+A+presence+questionnaire.">Measuring presence in virtual environments: A presence questionnaire.</a> Presence. 7 (3), 225-240 (1998).</li><li>Slater, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Place+illusion+and+plausibility+can+lead+to+realistic+behaviour+in+immersive+virtual+environments.">Place illusion and plausibility can lead to realistic behaviour in immersive virtual environments.</a> Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B. 364 (1535), 3549-3557 (2009).</li><li>Zygouris, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Can+a+virtual+reality+cognitive+training+application+fulfill+a+dual+role?+Using+the+virtual+supermarket+cognitive+training+application+as+a+screening+tool+for+mild+cognitive+impairment.">Can a virtual reality cognitive training application fulfill a dual role? Using the virtual supermarket cognitive training application as a screening tool for mild cognitive impairment.</a> J. Alzheimers Dis. 44 (4), 1333-1347 (2015).</li><li>Waterlander, W. E., Mhurchu, C. N., Steenhuis, I. H. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+a+price+increase+on+purchases+of+sugar+sweetened+beverages.+Results+from+a+randomized+controlled+trial.">Effects of a price increase on purchases of sugar sweetened beverages. Results from a randomized controlled trial.</a> Appetite. 78, 32-39 (2014).</li><li>Waterlander, W. E., Steenhuis, I. H., de Boer, M. R., Schuit, A. J., Seidell, J. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+effects+of+a+25%+discount+on+fruits+and+vegetables:+Results+of+a+randomized+trial+in+a+three-dimensional+web-based+supermarket.">The effects of a 25% discount on fruits and vegetables: Results of a randomized trial in a three-dimensional web-based supermarket.</a> Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 9 (1), 11-22 (2012).</li><li>Waterlander, W. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Study+protocol:+combining+experimental+methods,+econometrics+and+simulation+modelling+to+determine+price+elasticities+for+studying+food+taxes+and+subsidies+(The+Price+ExaM+Study).">Study protocol: combining experimental methods, econometrics and simulation modelling to determine price elasticities for studying food taxes and subsidies (The Price ExaM Study).</a> BMC Public Health. 16 (1), 601-614 (2016).</li><li>Kim, A. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Influence+of+Point-of-Sale+Tobacco+Displays+and+Graphic+Health+Warning+Signs+on+Adults:+Evidence+From+a+Virtual+Store+Experimental+Study.">Influence of Point-of-Sale Tobacco Displays and Graphic Health Warning Signs on Adults: Evidence From a Virtual Store Experimental Study.</a> Am J Public Health. 104 (5), 888-895 (2014).</li><li>van Herpen, E., Immink, V., van Den Puttelaar, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Organics+unpacked:+The+influence+of+packaging+on+the+choice+for+organic+fruits+and+vegetables.">Organics unpacked: The influence of packaging on the choice for organic fruits and vegetables.</a> Food Qual Prefer. 53, 90-96 (2016).</li><li>Ducrot, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Impact+of+Different+Front-of-Pack+Nutrition+Labels+on+Consumer+Purchasing+Intentions:+A+Randomized+Controlled+Trial:+A+Randomized+Controlled+Trial.">Impact of Different Front-of-Pack Nutrition Labels on Consumer Purchasing Intentions: A Randomized Controlled Trial: A Randomized Controlled Trial.</a> Am J Prev Med. 50 (5), 627-636 (2015).</li><li>van Herpen, E., Pieters, R., Zeelenberg, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=When+demand+accelerates+demand:+Trailing+the+bandwagon.">When demand accelerates demand: Trailing the bandwagon.</a> J Consum Psychol. 19 (3), 302-312 (2009).</li><li>Berneburg, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Interactive+3D+simulations+in+measuring+consumer+preferences:+Friend+or+foe+to+test+results.">Interactive 3D simulations in measuring consumer preferences: Friend or foe to test results.</a> J. interact. advert. 8 (1), 1-13 (2007).</li><li>van Herpen, E., van den Broek, E., van Trijp, H. C., Yu, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Can+a+virtual+supermarket+bring+realism+into+the+lab?+Comparing+shopping+behavior+using+virtual+and+pictorial+store+representations+to+behavior+in+a+physical+store.">Can a virtual supermarket bring realism into the lab? Comparing shopping behavior using virtual and pictorial store representations to behavior in a physical store.</a> Appetite. 107, 196-207 (2016).</li><li>Khan, V. -. J., Nuijten, K. C., Desl&#233;, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pervasive+Application+Evaluation+within+Virtual+Environments.">Pervasive Application Evaluation within Virtual Environments.</a> Proc. PECCS. , 261-264 (2011).</li><li>Rebelo, F., Duarte, E., Noriega, P., Soares, M. M., Karwowski, W., Soares, M. M., Stanton, N. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Virtual+reality+in+consumer+product+design:+Methods+and+applications.">Virtual reality in consumer product design: Methods and applications.</a> Human factors and ergonomics in consumer product design. , 381-402 (2011).</li><li>Ruppert, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=New+directions+in+the+use+of+virtual+reality+for+food+shopping:+Marketing+and+education+perspectives.">New directions in the use of virtual reality for food shopping: Marketing and education perspectives.</a> J Diabetes Sci Technol. 5 (2), 315-318 (2011).</li><li>Waterlander, W., Mhurchu, C. N., Steenhuis, I., Xinxing, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+use+of+virtual+reality+in+studying+complex+interventions+in+our+every-day+food+environment.">The use of virtual reality in studying complex interventions in our every-day food environment.</a> Virtual reality-Human computer interaction. , 231-260 (2012).</li><li>Waterlander, W. E., Jiang, Y., Steenhuis, I. H. M., Mhurchu, C. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Using+a+3D+virtual+supermarket+to+measure+food+purchase+behavior:+A+validation+study.">Using a 3D virtual supermarket to measure food purchase behavior: A validation study.</a> J Med Internet Res. 17 (4), (2015).</li><li>Mikkelsen, B., H&#248;eg, E., Mangano, L., Serafin, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Virtual+Foodscape+Simulator-gaming,+designing+and+measuring+food+behaviour+in+created+food+realities.">The Virtual Foodscape Simulator-gaming, designing and measuring food behaviour in created food realities.</a> Proc Meas Behav 2016. , (2016).</li></ol>

作者没有什么可以披露的。

虚拟商店是开发用于创建虚拟环境的更先进的计算机技术之一，人们可以亲眼目睹现实对象的体验和反应。通常，桌面虚拟商店由用户友好的界面组成，需要很短时间才能理解。然而，需要考虑一些关键点。首先，需要明确的研究目标来指定构建虚拟商店的起点。这包括有关产品的计划;货架的类型，布置和数量;这些货架上的产品类别的位置;产品类别内的产品类型和位置;和其他元素（ 如?...

不可否认的是，了解消费者的店内行为对于实现有效的零售营销至关重要。为了帮助这种理解，被称为虚拟存储的高级虚拟现实技术可以使用计算创建的虚拟环境来实现对消费者行为的研究。虚拟商店方法使用虚拟现实系统来生成逼真和沉浸式的三维虚拟商店环境，人们可以在其中与商店中的对象进行交互。在这样的虚拟商店环境中，人们经历人为创造的感官体验。虚拟存储环境可以是现实存在的存储环境或虚拟存储环境的现实表示。此外，虚拟商店可以被看作是传统消费者研究（ 即基于文本的调查，焦点小组或实验室实验），受控实地实验（ 即，在模拟商店环境中）和实地研究（ 即视频拍摄，个人观察或产品销售促销的测试） 1 。 虚拟现实应用有相当的研究历史。早在1965年，萨瑟兰2描绘了他的"终极展示"概念，其中包括一个虚拟世界，提供了良好的触觉反馈。最初，人们的注意力主要集中在技术硬件，但并不提供深入的虚拟现实系统的影响，注意力已经转移到了人类经验3，4。的在计算机生成的世界是意义上的"存在"，已经因此成为虚拟现实体验5,6的键。存在被定义为"处于环境中的主观经验"7从这个角度来看，可以从参与者中检索出"存在感"，并指一个人感觉到他/她自己在一个环境中的程度，或者说Slater 8区分了存在与沉浸的概念，称为"地位幻觉"（PI）和"合理性幻觉"（Psi），PI涉及到一个真实的感觉，它通过一套有效的行动或参与者可以执行的响应来改变他们的观念或环境（ 例如，移动头部和眼睛以改变注视方向或者抓住一些对象来移动它）。当需要类似的一组响应来改变观念时，PI是很高的虚拟现实系统与等效物理环境中预期的响应相比较，Psi考虑了虚拟现实中所感知的内容它实际上发生的错觉。可以导致Psi的一个重要组成部分是虚拟现实，提供虚拟环境中参与者没有直接控制的事件直接指向他/她自己的错觉。 Psi可以通过跟踪人们根据来自外部的虚拟现实变化而显示的任何动作或响应进行测量。例如，如果人们在虚拟环境中看到头像时心率增加，这可能代表了对现实世界的类似反应。因此，这个虚拟现实系统提供了高Psi。 虚拟商店技术已经在商业和学术界引入，为多个目的服务。它可以用作管理援助，例如帮助公司的类别经理制定其产品的货架计划。虚拟商店也在临床环境中使用，以测量患者对食物的情绪反应饮食障碍1或作为轻度认知障碍的筛查工具9 。在研究虚拟商店的一个更常见的用途，但是，是评估在卖场环境的变化，如价格变动10，11，12，不同的销售点显示13设置消费者在店内行为和消费者反应，不同的包装选项14 ，产品包装背面15的不同营养标签，以及库存水平16 。此外，虚拟商店目前用于帮助创建和测试公共卫生干预措施，以促进儿童更健康的食物选择17 。由于以前提到的各种好处，虚拟商店技术和硬件正在迅速发展。因此，本文将重点关注人类经验和描述使用虚拟现实的研究的基本要素。将显示从当前虚拟商店系统获取的所有基本信息。 目前可用的虚拟商店系统可以简单地分为:1）非沉浸式（ 例如桌面），2）半沉浸式（ 例如投影，CAVE系统）和3）完全沉浸式（ 例如，头戴式显示器）。每个系统可能会根据支持系统带来不同程度的沉浸，存在，PI和Psi。然而，由于浸入，存在，PI和PSI的措施被绑定到每个系统支持的特定感觉意外事件中，在不同的系统，这些指标的比较已被认为是不可能的8。近年来，桌面虚拟商店受到越来越多的关注，越来越多地用于研究。即使虚拟商店被认为是一个promisi用于店内消费者行为研究的工具，需要如何使用这样的虚拟商店的专业知识，以确保及时准确地准备和实施实验。然而，到目前为止，报告的全面描述进行虚拟商店实验的程序的研究非常稀缺。因此，这项工作旨在描述一个使用桌面虚拟商店进行消费者研究的协议，这是至关重要的。 通常，虚拟商店的研究需要:1）显示虚拟环境的设备，2）编辑程序，使研究人员能够构建虚拟环境，3）被研究对象的虚拟表示（ 例如商店的几个元素产品），4）用于导航虚拟环境并做出选择的消费者界面; 5）运行数据收集本身的过程;以及6）便于数据存储和分析的数据管理系统。其中大部分可能由虚拟商店公司和程序员管理。研究人员应该知道:1）如何在编辑程序中创建实验零售商店，2）如何使用消费者界面运行数据收集，3）如何组织数据管理程序中的所有输出，并将输出输出为纳入统计方案。本文将通过给出详细的协议步骤来处理这些信息，以便使用桌面虚拟商店进行实验。此外，将讨论在消费者研究中使用虚拟商店的优势和局限性。本文中描述的详细协议可用于帮助研究人员启动和进行虚拟商店研究。 本文中使用的桌面虚拟商店需要硬件（ 即个人电脑（PC），液晶显示器（LCD）屏幕，三维（3D）空间导航仪，鼠标和键盘）和软件（ 即，设计店铺a在3D虚拟商店中像消费者一样购物）。这种特殊的系统已在先前的研究14被使用，18。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="656">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:196px;">Virtual Supermarket Software</td>
			<td style="width:89px;">GreenDino BV</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">http://www.greendino.nl/virtual-labs.html</td>
			<td style="width:229px;">This software consists of editor, product library and consumer interface.&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="105">
			<td height="105" style="height:105px;width:196px;">Data Management Software: Observer XT&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:89px;">Noldus Information Technology</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">http://www.noldus.com/human-behavior-research/products/the-observer-xt&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:229px;">This software records observational data and facilitates the exportation of researcher-specified data sets using filters</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="130">
			<td height="130" style="height:131px;">3D SpaceNavigator</td>
			<td style="width:89px;">3Dconnexion</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">http://www.3dconnexion.eu/index.php?id=26&#38;redirect2=www.3dconnexion.eu</td>
			<td style="width:229px;">A 3D SpaceNavigator allows participants to walk and make turns in the virtual store. In addition, it can be used by participants to adjust their eye-level during a shopping trip.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="126">
			<td height="126" style="height:126px;width:196px;">3D moddeling software (e.g. Blender or 3DS Max)</td>
			<td style="width:89px;">Blender Foundation / Autodesk</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">https://www.blender.org/ http://www.autodesk.nl/products/3ds-max/overview</td>
			<td style="width:229px;">In case 3D models need to be made or adjusted 3D modeling software is needed. Many objects can be found online under different licencing agreements.&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="105">
			<td height="105" style="height:105px;width:196px;">Contract Reseach&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:89px;">Wageningen Univeristy and Research</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">http://www.wur.nl/en/Expertise-Services/Research-Institutes/Economic-Research.htm</td>
			<td style="width:229px;">The socio-economic research institute (Wageningen Economic Research)&#160; with experience in conducting the consumer research with the virtual store.&#160;</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

using a virtual store as a research tool to investigate consumer in-store behavior

人们对产品和/或选择环境的反应对于了解店内消费者行为至关重要。目前，有各种方法（ 例如调查或实验室设置）来研究店内行为，但是这些方法的外部效度受到其类似现实选择环境的差的能力的限制。另外，建立真正的商店以满足实验条件同时控制不良影响是昂贵且非常困难的。由虚拟现实技术开发的虚拟商店可能通过以逼真，灵活和经济高效的方式提供3D虚拟商店环境的模拟来超越这些限制。特别地，虚拟存储交互地允许消费者（参与者）以紧密控制但真实的设置体验和交互对象。本文介绍了使用桌面虚拟商店来研究店内消费者行为的关键要素。 DESCR协议步骤步骤如下:1）建立实验店，2）准备数据管理程序，3）运行虚拟存储实验，4）从数据管理程序中组织导出数据。虚拟商店可让参与者浏览商店，从备选方案中选择产品，并选择或退回产品。此外，还可以收集与消费者有关的购物行为（ 例如，购物时间，步行速度以及检查和购买的产品的数量和类型）。该协议以商店布局实验为例进行了说明，表明货架长度和货架方向影响购物和运动相关行为。这表明使用虚拟商店有助于研究消费者的反应。虚拟商店在检查在现实生活中昂贵或难以改变的因素（ 例如 ，整体商店布局），目前不可用的产品市场和常规行为在熟悉的环境中。

使用具有三个42英寸LCD屏幕的PC显示的虚拟商店已被应用于检查超市布局对消费者购物行为的影响（ 例如，总购物时间，移动持续时间和速度，所检查的产品总数和总数购买产品）和感觉到的购物体验。虚拟商店使研究人员可以灵活地修改商店货架的属性（ 即货架长度和货架方向），并在实验室设置中检查这些效果。 <p class="jove_content" fo:keep-together.within-pa...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Using a Virtual Store As a Research Tool to Investigate Consumer In-store Behavior at JoVE.com

使用虚拟商店作为研究工具来调查消费者店内行为 |视频

Using a Virtual Store As a Research Tool to Investigate Consumer In-store Behavior

本文介绍了使用桌面虚拟商店创建虚拟购物环境来调查店内消费者行为。介绍构建和运行实验的协议的描述，以及关于商店布局的实验的结果，以及进行虚拟商店实验时的重要注意事项。

使用虚拟商店作为调查消费者店内行为的研究工具

People&#39;s responses to products and/or choice environments are crucial to understanding in-store consumer behaviors. Currently, there are various ...

using-virtual-store-as-research-tool-to-investigate-consumer-store

Education

Research

JoVE Core

JoVE Journal

Statistics

Biology

Behavior

Ecology

Unit 1

Understanding Statistics

SCIENTISTS IN ACTION

11.2K 次观看.  Wageningen University and Research. 本文介绍了使用桌面虚拟商店创建虚拟购物环境来调查店内消费者行为。介绍构建和运行实验的协议的描述，以及关于商店布局的实验的结果，以及进行虚拟商店实验时的重要注意事项。 

视频: Using a Virtual Store As a Research Tool to Investigate Consumer In-store Behavior

Combined Shuttle-Box Training with Electrophysiological Cortex Recording and Stimulation as a Tool to Study Perception and Learning

Shuttle-box avoidance learning is a well-established method in behavioral neuroscience and experimental setups were traditionally custom-made; the necessary equipment is now available by several commercial companies. This protocol provides a detailed description of a two-way shuttle-box avoidance learning paradigm in rodents (here Mongolian gerbils; Meriones unguiculatus) in combination with site-specific electrical intracortical microstimulation (ICMS) and simultaneous chronical electrophysiological in vivo recordings. The detailed protocol is applicable to study multiple aspects of learning behavior and perception in different rodent species.
Site-specific ICMS of auditory cortical circuits as conditioned stimuli here is used as a tool to test the perceptual relevance of specific afferent, efferent and intracortical connections. Distinct activation patterns can be evoked by using different stimulation electrode arrays for local, layer-dependent ICMS or distant ICMS sites. Utilizing behavioral signal detection analysis it can be determined which stimulation strategy is most effective for eliciting a behaviorally detectable and salient signal. Further, parallel multichannel-recordings using different electrode designs (surface electrodes, depth electrodes, etc.) allow for investigating neuronal observables over the time course of such learning processes. It will be discussed how changes of the behavioral design can increase the cognitive complexity (e.g. detection, discrimination, reversal learning).

Shuttle-box avoidance learning is well-established in behavioral neuroscience. This protocol describes how shuttle-box learning in rodents can be combined with site-specific electrical intracortical microstimulation (ICMS) and simultaneous chronical in vivo recordings as a tool to study multiple aspects of learning and perception.

联合穿梭盒子训练与电的Cortex记录和刺激作为一种工具来研究感知和学习

Shuttle-box avoidance learning is a well-established method in behavioral neuroscience and experimental setups were traditionally custom-made; the ...

科研

行为学

Vagus Nerve Stimulation as a Tool to Induce Plasticity in Pathways Relevant for Extinction Learning

Extinction describes the process of attenuating behavioral responses to neutral stimuli when they no longer provide the reinforcement that has been maintaining the behavior. There is close correspondence between fear and human anxiety, and therefore studies of extinction learning might provide insight into the biological nature of anxiety-related disorders such as post-traumatic stress disorder, and they might help to develop strategies to treat them. Preclinical research aims to aid extinction learning and to induce targeted plasticity in extinction circuits to consolidate the newly formed memory. Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) is a powerful approach that provides tight temporal and circuit-specific release of neurotransmitters, resulting in modulation of neuronal networks engaged in an ongoing task. VNS enhances memory consolidation in both rats and humans, and pairing VNS with exposure to conditioned cues enhances the consolidation of extinction learning in rats. Here, we provide a detailed protocol for the preparation of custom-made parts and the surgical procedures required for VNS in rats. Using this protocol we show how VNS can facilitate the extinction of conditioned fear responses in an auditory fear conditioning task. In addition, we provide evidence that VNS modulates synaptic plasticity in the pathway between the infralimbic (IL) medial prefrontal cortex and the basolateral complex of the amygdala (BLA), which is involved in the expression and modulation of extinction memory.

Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) has emerged as a tool to induce targeted synaptic plasticity in the forebrain to modify a range of behaviors. This protocol describes how to implement VNS to facilitate the consolidation of fear extinction memory.

迷走神经刺激作为一种工具来诱导可塑性相关途径灭绝学习

Extinction describes the process of attenuating behavioral responses to neutral stimuli when they no longer provide the reinforcement that has been ...

Creating Virtual-hand and Virtual-face Illusions to Investigate Self-representation

Studies investigating how people represent themselves and their own body often use variants of &#34;ownership illusions&#34;, such as the traditional rubber-hand illusion or the more recently discovered enfacement illusion. However, these examples require rather artificial experimental setups, in which the artificial effector needs to be stroked in synchrony with the participants&#39; real hand or face&#8212;a situation in which participants have no control over the stroking or the movements of their real or artificial effector. Here, we describe a technique to establish ownership illusions in a setup that is more realistic, more intuitive, and of presumably higher ecological validity. It allows creating the virtual-hand illusion by having participants control the movements of a virtual hand presented on a screen or in virtual space in front of them. If the virtual hand moves in synchrony with the participants&#39; own real hand, they tend to perceive the virtual hand as part of their own body. The technique also creates the virtual-face illusion by having participants control the movements of a virtual face in front of them, again with the effect that they tend to perceive the face as their own if it moves in synchrony with their real face. Studying the circumstances that illusions of this sort can be created, increased, or reduced provides important information about how people create and maintain representations of themselves.

Here, we describe virtual-hand and virtual-face illusion paradigms that can be used to study body-related self-perception/-representation. They have already been used in various studies to demonstrate that, under specific conditions, a virtual hand or face can be incorporated into one&#39;s body representation, suggesting that body representations are rather flexible.

创建虚拟手和虚拟面对面幻想调查自我表现

Studies investigating how people represent themselves and their own body often use variants of &#34;ownership illusions&#34;, such as the traditional ...

Using Virtual Reality to Transfer Motor Skill Knowledge from One Hand to Another

As far as acquiring motor skills is concerned, training by voluntary physical movement is superior to all other forms of training (e.g. training by observation or passive movement of trainee&#39;s hands by a robotic device). This obviously presents a major challenge in the rehabilitation of a paretic limb since voluntary control of physical movement is limited. Here, we describe a novel training scheme we have developed that has the potential to circumvent this major challenge. We exploited the voluntary control of one hand and provided real-time movement-based manipulated sensory feedback as if the other hand is moving. Visual manipulation through virtual reality (VR) was combined with a device that yokes left-hand fingers to passively follow right-hand voluntary finger movements. In healthy subjects, we demonstrate enhanced within-session performance gains of a limb in the absence of voluntary physical training. Results in healthy subjects suggest that training with the unique VR setup might also be beneficial for patients with upper limb hemiparesis by exploiting the voluntary control of their healthy hand to improve rehabilitation of their affected hand.

We describe a novel virtual-reality based setup which exploits voluntary control of one hand to improve motor-skill performance in the other (non-trained) hand. This is achieved by providing real-time movement-based sensory feedback as if the non-trained hand is moving. This new approach may be used to enhance rehabilitation of patients with unilateral hemiparesis.

利用虚拟现实技术将运动技能知识从一只手转移到另一个

As far as acquiring motor skills is concerned, training by voluntary physical movement is superior to all other forms of training (e.g. training by ...

Using the FishSim Animation Toolchain to Investigate Fish Behavior: A Case Study on Mate-Choice Copying In Sailfin Mollies

Over the last decade, employing computer animations for animal behavior research has increased due to its ability to non-invasively manipulate the appearance and behavior of visual stimuli, compared to manipulating live animals. Here, we present the FishSim Animation Toolchain, a software framework developed to provide researchers with an easy-to-use method for implementing 3D computer animations in behavioral experiments with fish. The toolchain offers templates to create virtual 3D stimuli of five different fish species. Stimuli are customizable in both appearance and size, based on photographs taken of live fish. Multiple stimuli can be animated by recording swimming paths in a virtual environment using a video game controller. To increase standardization of the simulated behavior, the prerecorded swimming path may be replayed with different stimuli. Multiple animations can later be organized into playlists and presented on monitors during experiments with live fish.
In a case study with sailfin mollies (Poecilia latipinna), we provide a protocol on how to conduct a mate-choice copying experiment with FishSim. We utilized this method to create and animate virtual males and virtual model females, and then presented these to live focal females in a binary choice experiment. Our results demonstrate that computer animation may be used to simulate virtual fish in a mate-choice copying experiment to investigate the role of female gravid spots as an indication of quality for a model female in mate-choice copying.
Applying this method is not limited to mate-choice copying experiments but can be used in various experimental designs. Still, its usability depends on the visual capabilities of the study species and first needs validation. Overall, computer animations offer a high degree of control and standardization in experiments and bear the potential to &#39;reduce&#39; and &#39;replace&#39; live stimulus animals as well as to &#39;refine&#39; experimental procedures.

Using the FishSim Animation Toolchain to Investigate Fish Behavior: A Case Study on Mate-Choice Copying In Sailfin Mollies

Using the novel FishSim Animation Toolchain, we present a protocol for non-invasive visual manipulation of public information in the context of mate-choice copying in sailfin mollies. FishSim Animation Toolchain provides an easy-to-use framework for the design, animation and presentation of computer-animated fish stimuli for behavioral experiments with live test fish.

利用fishsim动画工具链调查鱼类行为--以鱼翅钼中的选物复制为例

Over the last decade, employing computer animations for animal behavior research has increased due to its ability to non-invasively manipulate the ...

Applying an eMASS Customization Program as a Research Tool to Evaluate Consumer Benefits

As many scholars and practitioners study personalization and relationship marketing, it is important to provide personalization such as mass customization through marketing technology. The purpose of this study is to examine how to conduct consumer research using an online survey and analysis of data. This study examines consumers&#39;&#160;perceived benefits while customizing a product as well as emotional product attachment, attitudes toward a customization program, and loyalty intentions in the context of online retailing. In addition, this study investigates how consumer responses are different based on individual characteristics such as fashion innovativeness. An online survey company in South Korea recruited 290 female apparel shoppers who purchased apparel online. To enhance external validity, this study used an existing retail website with a well-established mass customization program. After completing the customization program, participants complete the online questionnaire. Structural equation modeling (SEM) and latent mean analyses (LMAs) are then performed for analyses. This study stresses the importance of testing measurement invariance for mean comparisons. Before the SEM and LMA, this study follows the hierarchy of invariance tests (configural invariance test, metric invariance test, and scalar invariance test), which are not considered by traditional approaches such as ANOVA. These statistical analyses provide applicability of the invariance test procedures and LMA to consumer behaviors. The conclusions of mean differences have integrity and validity because they are guided by a sophisticated statistical procedure to ensure measurement invariance.

Presented here is a protocol to examine consumer responses toward mass customization in the context of online retailing. The protocol details the online survey procedure and how to analyze data using structural equation modeling and group differences using latent mean analyses.

应用 eMASS 定制计划作为评估消费者权益的研究工具

As many scholars and practitioners study personalization and relationship marketing, it is important to provide personalization such as mass customization ...

Using Cholesky Decomposition to Explore Individual Differences in Longitudinal Relations between Reading Skills

The Cholesky decomposition method is the gold standard used in the field of behavioral genetics. The method is popular because it is easy to program and solve. Using this method, researchers can explore individual differences in longitudinal relations of different variables across multiple time points. The method allows investigators to decompose variance into (1) unique&#160;genetic, shared and non-shared environmental effects that arise at specific time points as well as (2) overlapping genetic, shared and non-shared environmental effects that carry over from one time point to another. However, the method does not identify the mechanisms or origins underlying these effects. The current report focuses on application of the Cholesky decomposition method in the field of educational psychology. Specifically, it discusses individual differences in longitudinal relations between kindergarten letter knowledge, kindergarten phonological awareness, first grade word-level reading skills, and seventh grade reading comprehension.

This paper demonstrates use of the gold standard method in behavioral genetics, the Cholesky decomposition method, to estimate unique, overlapping genetic and environmental influences on different variables to answer longitudinally motivated research questions.

使用胆汁分解探索阅读技能之间纵向关系中的个体差异

The Cholesky decomposition method is the gold standard used in the field of behavioral genetics. The method is popular because it is easy to program and ...

Using a Virtual Reality Walking Simulator to Investigate Pedestrian Behavior

To cross a road successfully, individuals must coordinate their movements with moving vehicles. This paper describes use of a walking simulator in which people walk on a treadmill to intercept gaps between two moving vehicles in an immersive virtual environment. Virtual reality allows for a safe and ecologically varied investigation of gap crossing behavior. Manipulating the initial starting distance can further the understanding of a participant&#8217;s speed regulation while approaching a gap. The speed profile may be assessed for various gap crossing variables, such as initial distance, vehicle size, and gap size. Each walking simulation results in a position/time series that can inform how velocity is adjusted differently depending on the gap characteristics. This methodology can be used by researchers investigating pedestrian behavior and behavioral dynamics while employing human participants in a safe and realistic setting.

This protocol describes use of a walking simulator that serves as a safe and ecologically valid method to study pedestrian behavior in the presence of moving traffic.

使用虚拟现实步行模拟器调查行人行为

To cross a road successfully, individuals must coordinate their movements with moving vehicles. This paper describes use of a walking simulator in which ...

Simultaneous Monitoring of Wireless Electrophysiology and Memory Behavioral Test as a Tool to Study Hippocampal Neurogenesis

Brainwaves amplitude obtained from electroencephalography (EEG) has been well-recognized as a basis for cognitive capacity, memory, and learning on animals and humans. Adult neurogenesis mechanism is also linked to memory and learning improvement. Traditionally, researchers used to assess learning and memory parameters in rodent models by behavioral tasks. Therefore, the simultaneous monitoring of behavioral changes and EEG is particularly interesting in correlating data between brain activity and task-related behaviors. However, most of the equipment required to perform both studies are either complex, expensive, or uses a wired setup network that hinders the natural animals&#8217; movement. In this study, EEG was recorded with a wireless electrophysiology device along with the execution of a novel object recognition task (NORT). The animal&#8217;s behavior was monitored simultaneously by a video tracking system. Both recordings were analyzed offline by their timestamps which were synched to link EEG signals with the animal&#8217;s actions. Subjects consist of adult Wistar rats after medium-term environmental enrichment treatment. Six skull screw electrodes were fixed in pairs on both hemispheres over frontal, central, and parietal regions and were referenced to an electrode located posterior of the nasal bone. NORT protocol consists of exposing the animal to two identical objects for 10 min. After 2 h and 24 h, one of the objects was replaced with a novel one. Exploration time for each object was monitored by a behavioral tracking software (BTS) and EEG data recording. The analysis of the EEG synced with behavioral data consists of estimations of alpha and beta relative band power and comparisons between novel object recognition versus familiar object exploration, between three experimental stages. In this manuscript, we have discussed electrodes manufacturing process, epidural electrodes implantation surgery, environmental enrichment protocol, NORT protocol, BTS setup, EEG &#8211; BTS coupling for simultaneous monitoring in real-time, and EEG data analysis based on automatic events detection.

The protocol presented here provides information on the simultaneous electroencephalography (EEG) and behavioral assessment in real-time. We have discussed all steps involved in this protocol as an attractive solution for researchers in many fields of neuroscience, particularly in learning and memory areas.

同时监测无线电生理学和记忆行为测试作为研究海马神经发生的工具

Brainwaves amplitude obtained from electroencephalography (EEG) has been well-recognized as a basis for cognitive capacity, memory, and learning on ...

Using Enclosed Y-Mazes to Assess Chemosensory Behavior in Reptiles

Reptiles utilize a variety of environmental cues to inform and drive animal behavior such as chemical scent trails produced by food or conspecifics. Decrypting the scent-trailing behavior of vertebrates, particularly invasive species, enables the discovery of cues that induce exploratory behavior and can aid in the development of valuable basic and applied biological tools. However, pinpointing behaviors dominantly driven by chemical cues versus other competing environmental cues can be challenging. Y-mazes are common tools used in animal behavior research that allow quantification of vertebrate chemosensory behavior across a range of taxa. By reducing external stimuli, Y-mazes remove confounding factors and present focal animals with a binary choice. In our Y-maze studies, a scenting animal is restricted to one arm of the maze to leave a scent trail and is removed once scent-laying parameters have been met. Then, depending on the trial type, either the focal animal is allowed into the maze, or a competing scent trail is created. The result is a record of the focal animal&#39;s choice and behavior while discriminating between the chemical cues presented. Here, two Y-maze apparatuses tailored to different invasive reptile species: Argentine black and white tegu lizards (Salvator merianae) and Burmese pythons (Python bivittatus) are described, outlining the operation and cleaning of these Y-mazes. Further, the variety of data produced, experimental drawbacks and solutions, and suggested data analysis frameworks have been summarized.

Y-mazes enable researchers to determine the relevance of specific stimuli that drive animal behavior, especially isolated chemical cues from a variety of sources. Careful design and planning can yield robust data (e.g., discrimination, degree of exploration, numerous behaviors). This experimental apparatus can provide powerful insight into behavioral and ecological questions.

使用封闭的 Y 迷宫来评估爬行动物中的化学感官行为

Reptiles utilize a variety of environmental cues to inform and drive animal behavior such as chemical scent trails produced by food or conspecifics. ...