这项工作得到了普渡大学化学工程学院的支持。先进光子源的使用得到了美国能源部基础能源科学办公室的支持。 DE-AC02-06CH11357。 MRCAT业务，beamline 10-BM由能源部和MRCAT成员机构支持。作者还承认使用beamline 11-ID-C。我们感谢Evan Wegener对XAS的实验帮助。

负载型2nm Pt-Cu双金属纳米粒子催化剂的合成<ol><li> 金属前体溶液的制备 <ol><li>将0.125g硝酸铜三水合物（Cu（NO 3 ） 2 ·3H 2 O）溶解在1mL水中以获得天蓝色溶液。 注意:处理化学品时请使用防护手套。 </li><li>将氨滴加到硝酸铜溶液中，形成深蓝色的氢氧化铜沉淀。 注意:使用通风橱处理碱和挥发性化学物质。 </li><li>继续加入氨，直到深蓝色沉淀物溶解形成深蓝色溶液，pH&gt; 10。 </li><li>向溶液中加入0.198g硝酸四氨基铵（（NH 3 ） 4 Pt（NO 3 ） 2 ）和另外的水，使溶液的总体积为3.5mL。如果需要添加额外的氨，以保持溶液的pH值大于10。 </li><li>将溶液加热至70℃，直到所有的四氨基十六烷基硝酸盐溶解在溶液中。让溶液冷却至室温。 </li></ol></li><li> 共浸渍金属前体溶液 <ol><li>在催化剂制备之前，确定二氧化硅载体的浸渍孔体积。小心地将约5g干二氧化硅称重到加重盘中。混合时，滴加H 2 O直到二氧化硅完全湿润，但没有过量溶液。重刷湿二氧化硅。将加入的克的克数除以样品的克数以计算孔体积。 </li><li>在陶瓷蒸发皿中一次将溶解的金属前体溶液几滴加入到5g高孔二氧化硅（SiO 2 ）中，并轻轻搅拌以分散粘附在一起的颗粒以实现溶液的均匀分布。 注意:一旦吸收了所有3.5 mL的金属前体溶液，白色二氧化硅就会变成深蓝色ñ。 <ol><li>确保二氧化硅颗粒的质地保持与干砂的质地相同。避免在浸渍过程中过量溶液的积聚。 </li></ol></li><li>将浸渍的Pt-0.7Cu / SiO 2催化剂前体放入干燥炉中，并以125°CO / N干燥。 </li></ol></li><li> 煅烧和还原 <ol><li>在250℃的炉中以5℃/ min的升温速率在空气中煅烧催化剂3小时。 注意:在较高温度下煅烧通常会导致较大的Pt纳米颗粒。 </li><li>在1"石英管反应器的中间放置2厘米的石英棉层，并通过塑料漏斗将煅烧后的Pt-0.7Cu / SiO 2催化剂装入管中，将管放置在蛤壳温度程序化的炉中。 </li><li>在室温下用N 2吹洗管5分钟后，以与N 2 （100ccm）相同的流速开始流动H 2 （室温），以将Pt-0.7Cu /SiO 2催化剂。 </li><li>以5℃/ min的升温速率将温度升至150℃并保持5分钟。 </li><li>以2.5°C / min的速度缓慢升温至250°C。每25°C保持15分钟。 注意:其他金属可能需要较低或更高的还原温度。通常可以通过检查Pt-Cu的催化剂的颜色变化（ 例如，从蓝色到黑色）确定确切的温度​​。 </li><li>以10℃/ min的速度倾斜至550℃（或反应温度，如果较高），并停留30分钟以完成还原。用N 2吹扫并冷却至室温。 </li><li>卸载Pt-0.7Cu / SiO2催化剂并储存在小瓶中以备将来使用。 注意:使用不同量的Cu（NO 3 ） 2 ·3H 2 O和（NH 3 ） 4 Pt（NO 3 ） 2重复类似的合成程序以制备另一种Pt-X Cu / SiO 2 </s（X = 0.7,2.3和7.3，代表Cu:Pt原子比）和Pt / SiO2催化剂。 </li></ol></li></ol>丙烷脱氢性能试验<ol><li> 催化剂装载 <ol><li>取3/8"石英管反应器，将1厘米的石英棉层放在中间的凹坑处。 注意:处理石英棉时请使用防护手套，因为细针可以嵌入皮肤。 </li><li>称取40mg Pt-0.7Cu / SiO 2催化剂和960mg二氧化硅用于稀释。将颗粒（总重量为1g）混合在空的小瓶中。 </li><li>使用塑料漏斗将所有催化剂混合物装入反应管。用无毛巾擦拭两个管端的外壁，以清除任何污垢，以便与O型圈保持良好的密封。 </li><li>将管接头插入石英反应管的两端，并将其连接到装有蛤壳式炉的反应器系统中。 </li></ol></li> &lt;泄漏试验和催化剂预处理 <ol><li>打开通过管式反应器的50 cm 3 / min N 2流量。 1分钟后，关闭反应器出口上的球阀。等待系统压力增加到5 psig。关闭入口N 2线上的球阀，以停止N 2流动并密封反应堆系统。 </li><li>等待1分钟，记录从量规读取的压力。如果压力下降，打开反应器出口上的球阀以释放压力并重新连接配件。如果没有，首先打开反应器出口上的球阀，以通过打开入口N 2管线上的球阀来重新启动N 2流，释放压力，以清洗系统1分钟。 </li><li>在运行反应之前开始流动50cm 3 / min的5％H 2 / N 2用于催化剂还原并停止N 2流。开始将管加热至550℃的反应温度食用10°C / min。炉子达到设定点30分钟后，使系统温度稳定在目标温度。 </li></ol></li><li> 丙烷脱氢反应试验 <ol><li>启动反应器系统中的气相色谱仪（GC），并选择适当的气体成分分析方法。 <ol><li>将反应堆气流切换到旁路管路。流量为100cm 3 / min的5％丙烷/ N 2和100cm 3 / min的5％H 2 / N 2 。等待1分钟，使丙烷流量稳定并将旁路流注入GC作为参考样品。 </li></ol></li><li>将气流切换回反应管管线，开始反应并记录时间。 </li><li>反应进行4分钟后，将反应器出口气体流（GC样品）注入GC以获得出口气体成分信息。每4分钟注入样品，运行测试直到转换达到稳定状态<html> te或转换非常低。 </li><li>使用相应的峰分析软件分析每个峰。 <ol><li>单击以选择峰的起点和终点。使用积分功能获得峰值区域。记下丙烷（C 3 H 8 ）反应物的峰面积;丙烯（C 3 H 6 ）产物;和副产物甲烷（CH 4 ），乙烷（C 2 H 4 ）和乙烯（C 2 H 6 ）。 注意:对于每次注射，获得具有多个峰的GC模式，其面积与不同气体种类的摩尔数相关。 </li></ol></li><li>使用响应因子将峰面积转换为每个物种的摩尔数。根据下列公式确定每个样品的丙烷转化率和丙烯选择性: <img alt="方程" src="/files/ftp_upload/56040/56040eq1.jpg" /> ad / 56040 / 56040eq2.jpg"/&gt; 哪里<img alt="方程" src="/files/ftp_upload/56040/56040eq3.jpg" />是丙烷的转化， <img alt="方程" src="/files/ftp_upload/56040/56040eq4.jpg" />是丙烯选择性， <img alt="方程" src="/files/ftp_upload/56040/56040eq5.jpg" />是丙烷的摩尔数， <img alt="方程" src="/files/ftp_upload/56040/56040eq6.jpg" />是丙烯的摩尔数。 </li><li>通过使用指数拟合外推推测测量的转化率和选择性对时间上的时间，获得t = 0时的初始转化率和选择性值。 </li></ol></li><li> 后反应 <ol><li>关闭温度程序停止加热反应堆。将气体流量切换到10厘米3 /分钟N 2 。 </li><li>将气相色谱仪切换回待机方式，以降低载气的流量。 </li><li>冷却后从石英固定床反应器中取出所用的催化剂室内温度。在指定的废物处理区域收集催化剂重量。 </li></ol></li></ol> 3.催化剂样品的表征<ol><li> 扫描透射电子显微镜 4，20 <ol><li>将催化剂装入研钵中，并用研杵将其研磨成小于100目的粉末。 </li><li>将约30mg催化剂粉末分散在小瓶中的约5mL异丙醇中。摇动小瓶完全混合，然后让小瓶放置5分钟以使沉积较大的颗粒。 注意:所得悬浮液应包含非常小的负载催化剂颗粒。 </li><li>将Au TEM准备好的栅格放置在蒸发皿上。将盘子加热至80°C。将三滴催化剂悬浮液加入电网。 注意:异丙醇会迅速蒸发，并将催化剂颗粒留在其上电网。 </li><li>将网格加载到样品架上进行电子显微镜样品成像。 </li></ol></li><li> 原位 X射线吸收光谱 3,4，19，20 <ol><li>将催化剂装入砂浆中，并用研杵将其研磨成小于100目的粉末。将细粉末装入模具组并用手指按压以形成自支撑晶片。 </li><li>将〜100毫克样品装入样品架。 </li><li>将样品架置于石英管反应器中，并以50 cm 3 / min 3％H 2 / He进行减压，对样品进行预处理。 </li><li>冷却至室温后，密封管并将其转移到同步加速器束线以收集XAS数据。 </li></ol></li><li> 原位 X射线衍射 19,20 <ol><li>罗将催化剂加入砂浆中，并用研杵将其研磨成小于100目的粉末。 </li><li>使用标准7 mm直径的模具压制薄片。 注意:模具包含一个女性件和顶部和底部男性件。 <ol><li>将底部阳件连接到女性部件。将样品装载到底部的抛光表面上。将顶部的阳件连接并将模具转移到压机的样品台上。按适当的力量按压。 </li></ol></li><li>卸载晶片并将其转移到专用样品台的陶瓷杯中（参见材料表 ）。密封舞台，并将其固定在束线上的样品台上。 </li><li>通过流动并将温度升高到550℃来减少样品。在550℃下冷却至RT 20后，在3％H 2 / He气流下收集原位 X射线衍射数据。 </li></ol></li></ol>

<ol>
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作者没有什么可以披露的。

本工作中制备的Pt-Cu催化剂包含大小为2nm的均匀纳米颗粒，类似于符合工业应用的非均相催化剂。与分离的单金属颗粒相反，所有Pt和Cu前体形成双金属结构。这种双金属相互作用和小粒径通过对合成方法的仔细控制来实现。浸渍过程利用金属离子与某些氧化物载体21的表面之间的强静电吸附（SEA）。氧化物材料如二氧化硅在表面具有羟基，其可以根据pH在溶液中被质子化或去质子...

丙烷脱氢（PDH）是生产丙烯的关键加工步骤，利用页岩气，国内增长最快的天然气来源1 。该反应在丙烷分子中断裂两个CH键以形成一个丙烯和分子氢。贵金属催化剂，包括Pd纳米颗粒，对PDH的选择性差，破坏CC键以产生高产率的甲烷，随之产生焦炭，导致​​催化剂失活。最近的报告表明，选择性PDH催化剂可以通过加入像Zn或在与Pd 2，3，4的启动子来获得。促进的催化剂对PDH的选择性接近100％，而相同尺寸的单金属Pd纳米颗粒的催化剂相对于小于50％。选择性的巨大改善归因于PdZn或PdIn金属间化合物的形成（IMC）结构。 IMC中两种不同类型的原子的有序阵列用非催化的Zn或In原子几何地分离Pd活性位点，这导致由相邻Pd活性位点的整体（组）催化的副反应。 铂在丙烷脱氢贵金属中的固有选择性最高，但商业用途仍然不令人满意1 。典型地，锡，锌，在，或Ga被添加作为启动子的Pt 5，6，7，8，9，10，11，12，13。基于几何活性位置隔离有助于高选择性的想法，任何形成合金的非催化元素与Pt结合，如Cu，也应潜在地促进催化剂性能14 。一些以前的研究表明，添加铜的确实提高了Pt的PDH选择性催化剂15，16，17，18。然而，没有报道直接证据来确定Pt和Cu是否形成双金属纳米颗粒或有序结构，这对于理解Cu的促进作用至关重要。在Pt的Cu的二元相图，两个不同的结构类型是可能在很宽的组成范围内16，18:金属间化合物，其中Pt和铜各自占据特定的结晶位点，和固溶体，其中铜在随机代铂格。 IMCs在低温下形成，并在大约600-800℃下转变成固溶体，用于散装材料即 550℃）附近，纳米颗粒的转变温度可能较低。因此，必须在反应条件下研究Pt-Cu的原子顺序。对于具有小的颗粒尺寸的纳米颗粒的支持，这是非常具有挑战性的，以获得使用实验室仪器19有意义的结构信息。单元电池的有限重复导致非常宽的衍射峰，具有非常低的强度。由于在空气中被氧化的纳米粒子1-3nm的表面原子的高分数，必须使用通常用同步加速技术的高通量X射线原位收集衍射。 先前报道的Pt-Cu系催化剂PDH均大于5nm的尺寸15，16，17，18。然而，对于贵金属纳米颗粒催化剂，总是有强烈的愿望，通过合成催化剂具有高分散体（通常大约或尺寸小于2nm）19以最大化每单位成本的催化活性。尽管通过标准浸渍方法可以制备这种尺寸的双金属纳米颗粒，但是合理控制方法是必要的。需要控制金属前体，浸渍溶液的pH和支持体，以优化金属物质在高表面积载体上的锚定。还应仔细控制随后的煅烧和还原热处理以抑制金属纳米颗粒的生长。 本文介绍了合成支持的2 nm Pt-Cu双金属纳米粒子催化剂和丙烷脱氢性能测试的方案。通过扫描T研究催化剂的结构传输电子显微镜（STEM）， 原位同步加速器X射线吸收光谱（XAS）和原位同步加速器X射线衍射（XRD），有助于阐明引入Cu时催化剂性能的改善。

<table><tbody><tr><td>1&quot; quartz tube reactor&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Quartz Scientific</td><td>Processed by glass blower</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>drying oven&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>calcination Furnace</td><td>Thermo Sciencfic</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>clam-shell temperature programmed furnace&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Applied Test System</td><td>Custom made</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>propane dehydorgenation performance evaluation system</td><td></td><td>Homemade</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>gas chromatography</td><td>Hewlett-Packard</td><td>Model 7890</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>TEM grid</td><td>TedPella</td><td>01824G</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>pellet press</td><td>International Crystal Lab</td><td>0012-8211</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>die set</td><td>International Crystal Lab</td><td>0012-189</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Linkam Sample Stage</td><td>Linkam Scientific</td><td>Model TS1500</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>copper nitrate trihydrgate</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>61197</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>tetraammineplatinum nitrate&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>278726</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>ammonia&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>294993</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>silica</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>236802</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>isopropyl alcohol</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>balance</td><td>Denver Instrument Company</td><td>A-160</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>spatulas</td><td>VWR</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>ceramic and glass evaporating dishes, beakers</td><td>VWR</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>heating plate</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>kimwipe papers</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>mortar and pestle</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>quartz wool&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Swagelok tube fittings&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

synthesis and testing of supported pt-cu solid solution nanoparticle catalysts for propane dehydrogenation

这里证明了合成双金属Pt-Cu催化剂的方便方法和丙烷脱氢和表征的性能测试。该催化剂形成一个取代的固溶体结构，其粒径约为2nm左右。这通过仔细控制催化剂制备过程中的浸渍，煅烧和还原步骤而实现，并通过先进的原位同步加速技术进行鉴定。催化剂丙烷脱氢性能随着Cu:Pt原子比的增加而不断提高。

在初始丙烷转化率下测量的Pt和Pt-Cu催化剂的丙烯选择性对时间约为20％， 如图1A所示 。 Pt催化剂具有61％的初始选择性，随着催化剂失活1小时，随着时间的推移，其增加到约82％。 Pt-0.7Cu催化剂显示72％的较好的初始丙烯选择性。对于Pt-2.3Cu和Pt-7.3Cu催化剂，其初始选择性分别达到90％和96％，并保持反应时间。 图1B显示Pt和Pt-7.3C...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Synthesis and Testing of Supported Pt-Cu Solid Solution Nanoparticle Catalysts for Propane Dehydrogenation at JoVE.com

Synthesis and Testing of Supported Pt-Cu Solid Solution Nanoparticle Catalysts for Propane Dehydrogenation

这里报道了合成2nm负载的双金属纳米颗粒Pt-Cu催化剂用于丙烷脱氢的方便方法。 原位同步加速器X射线技术允许确定催化剂结构，这通常使用实验室仪器无法获得。

用于丙烷脱氢的负载型Pt-Cu固溶体纳米粒子催化剂的合成与测试

A convenient method for the synthesis of bimetallic Pt-Cu catalysts and performance tests for propane dehydrogenation and characterization are ...

synthesis-testing-supported-pt-cu-solid-solution-nanoparticle

Research

JoVE Journal

Chemistry

11.9K 次观看.  Purdue University. 这里报道了合成2nm负载的双金属纳米颗粒Pt-Cu催化剂用于丙烷脱氢的方便方法。 原位同步加速器X射线技术允许确定催化剂结构，这通常使用实验室仪器无法获得。 

视频: Synthesis and Testing of Supported Pt-Cu Solid Solution Nanoparticle Catalysts for Propane Dehydrogenation

On the Preparation and Testing of Fuel Cell Catalysts Using the Thin Film Rotating Disk Electrode Method

We present a step-by-step tutorial to prepare proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) catalysts, consisting of Pt nanoparticles (NPs) supported on a high surface area carbon, and to test their performance in thin film rotating disk electrode (TF-RDE) measurements. The TF-RDE methodology is widely used for catalyst screening; nevertheless, the measured performance sometimes considerably differs among research groups. These uncertainties impede the advancement of new catalyst materials and, consequently, several authors discussed possible best practice methods and the importance of benchmarking.
The visual tutorial highlights possible pitfalls in the TF-RDE testing of Pt/C catalysts. A synthesis and testing protocol to assess standard Pt/C catalysts is introduced that can be used together with polycrystalline Pt disks as benchmark catalysts. In particular, this study highlights how the properties of the catalyst film on the glassy carbon (GC) electrode influence the measured performance in TF-RDE testing. To obtain thin, homogeneous catalyst films, not only the catalyst preparation, but also the ink deposition and drying procedures are essential. It is demonstrated that an adjustment of the ink&#39;s pH might be necessary, and how simple control measurements can be used to check film quality. Once reproducible TF-RDE measurements are obtained, determining the Pt loading on the catalyst support (expressed as Pt wt%) and the electrochemical surface area is necessary to normalize the determined reaction rates to either surface area or Pt mass. For the surface area determination, so-called CO stripping, or the determination of the hydrogen underpotential deposition (Hupd) charge, are standard. For the determination of the Pt loading, a straightforward and cheap procedure using digestion in aqua regia with subsequent conversion of Pt(IV) to Pt(II) and UV-vis measurements is introduced.

Preparing and testing Pt/C fuel cell catalysts is subject to continuous discussion in the scientific community with respect to reproducibility and best practice. With the presented work, we intend to present a step-by-step tutorial to make and test Pt/C catalysts, which can serve as benchmark for novel catalyst systems.

用薄膜旋转圆盘电极法制备和测试燃料电池催化剂的研究

We present a step-by-step tutorial to prepare proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) catalysts, consisting of Pt nanoparticles (NPs) supported on a ...

科研

环境科学

Combining Solid-state and Solution-based Techniques: Synthesis and Reactivity of Chalcogenidoplumbates(II or IV)

The phases of &#34;PbCh2&#34; (Ch = Se, Te) are obtained from solid-state syntheses (i.e., by the fusion of the elements under inert conditions in silica glass ampules). Reduction of such phases by elemental alkaline metals in amines affords crystalline chalcogenidoplumbate(II) salts comprised of [PbTe3]2- or [Pb2Ch3]2- anions, depending upon which sequestering agent for the cations is present: crown ethers, like 18-crown-6, or cryptands, like [2.2.2]crypt. Reactions of solutions of such anions with transition-metal compounds yield (poly-)chalcogenide anions or transition-metal chalcogenide clusters, including one with a &#181;-PbSe ligand (i.e., the heaviest-known CO homolog).
In contrast, the solid-state synthesis of a phase of the nominal composition &#34;K2PbSe2&#34; by successive reactions of the elements and by the subsequent solvothermal treatment in amines yields the first non-oxide/halide inorganic lead(IV) compound: a salt of the ortho-selenidoplumbate(IV) anion [PbSe4]4-. This was unexpected due to the redox potentials of Pb(IV) and Se(-II). Such methods can further be applied to other elemental combinations, leading to the formation of solutions with binary [HgTe2]2- or [BiSe3]3- anions, or to large-scale syntheses of K2Hg2Se3 or K3BiSe3 via the solid-state route.
All compounds are characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction and elemental analysis; solutions of plumbate salts can be investigated by 205Pb and 77Se or 127Te NMR techniques. Quantum chemical calculations using density functional theory methods enable energy comparisons. They further allow for insights into the electronic configuration and thus, the bonding situation. Molecular Rh-containing Chevrel-type compounds were found to exhibit delocalized mixed valence, whereas similar telluridopalladate anions are electron-precise; the cluster with the &#181;-PbSe ligand is energetically favored over a hypothetical CO analog, in line with the unsuccessful attempt at its synthesis. The stability of formal Pb(IV) within the [PbSe4]4- anion is mainly due to a suitable stabilization within the crystal lattice.

Combining Solid-state and Solution-based Techniques: Synthesis and Reactivity of ChalcogenidoplumbatesII or IV

The synthesis of chalcogenidoplumbates(II,IV) via the in situ reduction of nominal "PbCh2" (Ch = Chalcogen) and via a solid-state reaction and subsequent solvothermal reactions is presented. Additionally, reactivities of plumbate(II) solutions are portrayed, which yield the heaviest-known CO homolog known to date: the &#181;-PbSe ligand.

结合固态和基于解决方案的技术合成及Chalcogenidoplumbates的反应（II或IV）

The phases of &#34;PbCh2&#34; (Ch = Se, Te) are obtained from solid-state syntheses (i.e., by the fusion of the elements under inert conditions in silica ...

化学

Measurement of Particle Size Distribution in Turbid Solutions by Dynamic Light Scattering Microscopy

A protocol for measuring polydispersity of concentrated polymer solutions using dynamic light scattering is described. Dynamic light scattering is a technique used to measure the size distribution of polymer solutions or colloidal particles. Although this technique is widely used for the assessment of polymer solutions, it is difficult to measure the particle size in concentrated solutions due to the multiple scattering effect or strong light absorption. Therefore, the concentrated solutions should be diluted before measurement. Implementation of the confocal optical component in a dynamic light scattering microscope1 helps to overcome this barrier. Using such a microscopic system, both transparent and turbid systems can be analyzed under the same experimental setup without a dilution. As a representative example, a size distribution measurement of a temperature-responsive polymer solution was performed. The sizes of the polymer chains in an aqueous solution were several tens of nanometers at a temperature below the lower critical solution temperature (LCST). In contrast, the sizes increased to more than 1.0 &#181;m when above the LCST. This result is consistent with the observation that the solution turned turbid above the LCST.

A protocol for the direct measurement of particle size distribution in concentrated solutions using dynamic light scattering microscopy is presented.

通过动态光散射显微镜混浊解决方案粒度分布的测定

A protocol for measuring polydispersity of concentrated polymer solutions using dynamic light scattering is described. Dynamic light scattering is a ...

Protocol for the Solid-phase Synthesis of Oligomers of RNA Containing a 2'-O-thiophenylmethyl Modification and Characterization via Circular Dichroism

Solid-phase synthesis has been used to obtain canonical and modified polymers of nucleic acids, specifically of DNA or RNA, which has made it a popular methodology for applications in various fields and for different research purposes. The procedure described herein focuses on the synthesis, purification, and characterization of dodecamers of RNA 5&#39;-[CUA CGG AAU CAU]-3&#39; containing zero, one, or two modifications located at the C2&#39;-O-position. The probes are based on 2-thiophenylmethyl groups, incorporated into RNA nucleotides via standard organic synthesis and introduced into the corresponding oligonucleotides via their respective phosphoramidites. This report makes use of phosphoramidite chemistry via the four canonical nucleobases (Uridine (U), Cytosine (C), Guanosine (G), Adenosine (A)), as well as 2-thiophenylmethyl functionalized nucleotides modified at the 2&#39;-O-position; however, the methodology is amenable for a large variety of modifications that have been developed over the years. The oligonucleotides were synthesized on a controlled-pore glass (CPG) support followed by cleavage from the resin and deprotection under standard conditions, i.e., a mixture of ammonia and methylamine (AMA) followed by hydrogen fluoride/triethylamine/N-methylpyrrolidinone. The corresponding oligonucleotides were purified via polyacrylamide electrophoresis (20% denaturing) followed by elution, desalting, and isolation via reversed-phase chromatography (Sep-pak, C18-column). Quantification and structural parameters were assessed via ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) and circular dichroism (CD) photometric analysis, respectively. This report aims to serve as a resource and guide for beginner and expert researchers interested in embarking in this field. It is expected to serve as a work-in-progress as new technologies and methodologies are developed. The description of the methodologies and techniques within this document correspond to a DNA/RNA synthesizer (refurbished and purchased in 2013) that uses phosphoramidite chemistry.

Protocol for the Solid-phase Synthesis of Oligomers of RNA Containing a 2'-O-thiophenylmethyl Modification and Characterization via Circular Dichroism

This article provides a detailed procedure on the solid-phase synthesis, purification, and characterization of dodecamers of RNA modified at the C2&#39;-O-position. UV-vis and circular dichroism photometric analyses are used to quantify and characterize structural aspects, i.e., single-strands or double-strands.

用于固相合成含有2&#39;-<em&gt; 0</em通过圆二色性修饰和表征

Solid-phase synthesis has been used to obtain canonical and modified polymers of nucleic acids, specifically of DNA or RNA, which has made it a popular ...

Liquid-cell Transmission Electron Microscopy for Tracking Self-assembly of Nanoparticles

Drying a nanoparticle dispersion is a versatile way to create self-assembled structures of nanoparticles, but the mechanism of this process is not fully understood. We have traced the trajectories of individual nanoparticles using liquid-cell transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to investigate the mechanism of the assembly process. Herein, we present the protocols used for liquid-cell TEM studies of the self-assembly mechanism. First, we introduce the detailed synthetic protocols used to produce uniformly sized platinum and lead selenide nanoparticles. Next, we present the microfabrication processes used to produce liquid cells with silicon nitride or silicon windows and then describe the loading and imaging procedures of the liquid-cell TEM technique. Several notes are included to provide helpful tips for the entire process, including how to manage the fragile cell windows. The individual motions of nanoparticles tracked by liquid-cell TEM revealed that changes in the solvent boundaries caused by evaporation affected the self-assembly process of nanoparticles. The solvent boundaries drove nanoparticles to primarily form amorphous aggregates, followed by flattening of the aggregates to produce a 2-dimensional (2D) self-assembled structure. These behaviors are also observed for different nanoparticle types and different liquid-cell compositions.

Here we introduce experimental protocols for the real-time observation of a self-assembly process using liquid-cell transmission electron microscopy.

用于跟踪纳米粒子自组装的液体细胞透射电子显微镜

Drying a nanoparticle dispersion is a versatile way to create self-assembled structures of nanoparticles, but the mechanism of this process is not fully ...

Chemical Precipitation Method for the Synthesis of Nb2O5 Modified Bulk Nickel Catalysts with High Specific Surface Area

We demonstrate a method for the synthesis of NixNb1-xO catalysts with sponge-like and fold-like nanostructures. By varying the Nb:Ni ratio, a series of NixNb1-xO nanoparticles with different atomic compositions (x = 0.03, 0.08, 0.15, and 0.20) have been prepared by chemical precipitation. These NixNb1-xO catalysts are characterized by X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. The study revealed the sponge-like and fold-like appearance of Ni0.97Nb0.03O and Ni0.92Nb0.08O on the NiO surface, and the larger surface area of these NixNb1-xO catalysts, compared with the bulk NiO. Maximum surface area of 173 m2/g can be obtained for Ni0.92Nb0.08O catalysts. In addition, the catalytic hydroconversion of lignin-derived compounds using the synthesized Ni0.92Nb0.08O catalysts have been investigated.

Chemical Precipitation Method for the Synthesis of Nb2O5 Modified Bulk Nickel Catalysts with High Specific Surface Area

A protocol for the synthesis of sponge-like and fold-like Ni1-xNbxO nanoparticles by chemical precipitation is presented.

化学沉淀法合成铌2O5改性高比表面积镍催化剂

We demonstrate a method for the synthesis of NixNb1-xO catalysts with sponge-like and fold-like nanostructures. By varying the Nb:Ni ratio, a series of ...

Synthesis of Bimetallic Pt/Sn-based Nanoparticles in Ionic Liquids

We demonstrate a method for the synthesis of bimetallic nanoparticles consisting of Pt and Sn. A synthesis strategy is used in which the particular physico-chemical properties of ionic liquids (ILs) are exploited to control both nucleation and growth processes. The nanoparticles form colloidal sols of very high colloidal stability in the IL, which is particularly interesting in view of their use as quasi-homogeneous catalysts. Procedures for both nanoparticle extraction in conventional solvents and for nanoparticle precipitation are presented. The size, structure and composition of the synthesized nanocrystals are confirmed using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES), X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). By this, we show that the nanocrystals are random-type alloy and of small (2-3 nm) size. The catalytic activity and selectivity in the hydrogenation of &#945;,&#946;-unsaturated aldehydes is tested in a semi-continuous batch-type reactor. In this context, the bimetallic Pt/Sn-based nanoparticles reveal a high selectivity towards the unsaturated alcohol.

A protocol for the synthesis of bimetallic nanoparticles in ionic liquids and the procedure of their catalytic testing in the selective hydrogenation of unsaturated aldehydes are described.

离子液体中双金属 Pt/锡基纳米粒子的合成

We demonstrate a method for the synthesis of bimetallic nanoparticles consisting of Pt and Sn. A synthesis strategy is used in which the particular ...

Tuning the Acidity of Pt/ CNTs Catalysts for Hydrodeoxygenation of Diphenyl Ether

We herein present a method for the synthesis of HNbWO6, HNbMoO6, HTaWO6 solid acid nanosheet modified Pt/CNTs. By varying the weight of various solid acid nanosheets, a series of Pt/xHMNO6/CNTs with different solid acid compositions (x = 5, 20 wt%; M = Nb, Ta; N = Mo, W) have been prepared by carbon nanotube pretreatment, protonic exchange, solid acid exfoliation, aggregation and finally Pt particles impregnation. The Pt/xHMNO6/CNTs are characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and NH3-temperature programmed desorption. The study revealed that HNbWO6 nanosheets were attached on CNTs, with some edges of the nanosheets being bent in shape. The acid strength of the supported Pt catalysts increases in the following order: Pt/CNTs &#60; Pt/5HNbWO6/CNTs &#60; Pt/20HNbMoO6/CNTs &#60; Pt/20HNbWO6/CNTs &#60; Pt/20HTaWO6/CNTs. In addition, the catalytic hydroconversion of lignin-derived model compound: diphenyl ether using the synthesized Pt/20HNbWO6 catalyst has been investigated.

A protocol for the synthesis of HNbWO6, HNbMoO6, HTaWO6 solid acid nanosheet modified Pt/CNTs is presented.

调整二苯醚氢氧化的Pt/CNT催化剂的酸度

We herein present a method for the synthesis of HNbWO6, HNbMoO6, HTaWO6 solid acid nanosheet modified Pt/CNTs. By varying the weight of various solid acid ...

Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles Supported on Carbon Nanotube with Doped Co and N Atoms and its Catalytic Applications in Hydrogen Production

A method for facile synthesis of nanostructured catalysts supported on carbon nanotubes with atomically dispersed cobalt and nitrogen dopant is presented herein. The novel strategy is based on a facile one-pot pyrolysis treatment of cobalt (II) acetylacetonate and nitrogen-rich organic precursors under Ar atmosphere at 800 &#176;C, resulting in the formation of Co- and N- co-doped carbon nanotube with earthworm-like morphology. The obtained catalyst was found to have a high density of defect sites, as confirmed by Raman spectroscopy. Here, cobalt (II) nanoparticles were stabilized on the atomically dispersed cobalt- and nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes. The catalyst was confirmed to be effective in the catalytic hydrolysis of ammonia borane, in which the turnover frequency was 5.87 mol H2&#183;molCo-1&#183;min-1, and the specific hydrogen generation rate was determined to be 2447 mL H2&#183;gCo-1&#183;min-1. A synergistic function between the Co nanoparticle and the doped carbon nanotubes was proposed for the first time in the catalytic hydrolysis of ammonia borane reaction under a mild condition. The resulting hydrogen production with its high energy density and minimal refueling time could be suitable for future development as energy sources for mobile and stationary applications such as road trucks and forklifts in transport and logistics.

Here, we present a protocol to synthesize Co nanoparticles supported on carbon nanotubes with Co- and N- dopants for hydrogen productions.

碳纳米管负载掺杂Co和N原子金属纳米粒子的合成及其在制氢中的催化应用

A method for facile synthesis of nanostructured catalysts supported on carbon nanotubes with atomically dispersed cobalt and nitrogen dopant is presented ...

Catalytic Reactions at Amine-Stabilized and Ligand-Free Platinum Nanoparticles Supported on Titania During Hydrogenation of Alkenes and Aldehydes

Ligands like amines are used in the colloidal synthesis approach to protect platinum nanoparticles (Pt NP&#39;s) from agglomeration. Normally, ligands like amines are removed by diverse pre-treatment procedures before use in heterogeneous catalysis as amines are considered as a catalyst poison. However, a possible beneficial influence of these surface modifiers on hydrogenation reactions, which is known from spectator species on metal surfaces, is often neglected.
Therefore, amine-stabilized Pt nanoparticles supported by titania (P25) were used without any pre-treatment in order to elucidate a possible influence of the ligand in liquid phase hydrogenation reactions. The catalytic activity of amine-stabilized Pt nanoparticles of two different sizes was investigated in a double-walled stirring tank reactor at 69 &#176;C to 130 &#176;C and 1 atm hydrogen pressure. The conversion of cyclohexene to cyclohexane was determined by gas chromatography (GC) and was compared to ligand-free Pt particles. All catalysts were checked before and after reaction by transmission electron spectroscopy (TEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) for possible changes in size, shape, and ligand shell. The hydrogenation of cyclohexene in liquid phase revealed a higher conversion for amine-stabilized Pt nanoparticles on titania than the ligand-free particles. The hydrogenation of 5-methylfurfural (5-MF) was chosen for a further test reaction, since the hydrogenation of &#945;, &#946;-unsaturated aldehydes is more complex and exhibits various reaction paths. However, XPS and infrared spectroscopy (IR) proved that 5-MF acts as catalyst poison at the given reaction conditions.

This protocol shows a convenient method for comparing the catalytic properties of supported platinum catalysts, synthesized by deposition of nanosized colloids or by impregnation. The hydrogenation of cyclohexene serves as a model reaction to determine the catalytic activity of the catalysts.

烯烃和醛加氢过程中负载在二氧化钛上的胺稳定和无配体铂纳米颗粒的催化反应

Ligands like amines are used in the colloidal synthesis approach to protect platinum nanoparticles (Pt NP&#39;s) from agglomeration. Normally, ligands ...

用于丙烷脱氢的负载型Pt-Cu固溶体纳米粒子催化剂的合成与测试

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