我们衷心感谢加拿大自然科学和工程研究理事会 (发现赠款 435921)、Pashby 体育安全基金 (2016: RES0028760)、班廷研究基金会 (发现奖 31214)、NBEC Inc. (NSERC) 的资助 (加拿大), 以及阿尔伯塔大学机械工程和工程学系。

1. 头盔匹配方案的排列 <ol> <li> 定义了要在人体测量学测试设备头和颈部 (杂交 III 第五十百分位男性) 研究的适合方案, 其头部周长为 575 mm。
	注意: 表 1 中显示了与 图 1 相对应的头盔位置的四适合方案的示例。向前和向后适应情景根据正确的盔甲的定义使用从早先流行病学研究, 指定适当的盔甲位置不覆盖眉毛或暴露前额 3 . </li>
	<li> 对于每个方案, 在 headform 上标记每个头盔位置, 以确保头盔匹配方案始终重复. </li>
	<li> 使用在通用和特大大小的情况下提供的认证头盔, 适用于所有合适的方案. 
	注: 根据制造商提供的适合指南, 通用尺寸最合适的 headform 周长。
	<ol> <li> 对于每个适合方案, 保持其他匹配参数一致。具体来说, 收紧带, 以保持在下巴和手的空间大约一个手指宽度, 收紧可调节的表盘, 以维持一个安全的适合. </li>
	</ol> </li> </ol> 2。适应力测量 <ol> <li> 在 headform 的皮肤上排列五适合的传感器, 位于前、后、左、右和上 ( 图 2 ). 
	注: 传感器是在研究组内开发的布拉格光栅力传感器的修正版本 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 经过优化, 可以在0到 50 N 的范围内测量拟合力。所修改的传感器的厚度和直径分别为 2.6 mm 和 14 mm. </li>
	<li> 在无负载的 un-helmeted headform 上使用传感器进行参考测量。在每一个适合力测量之前采取这个参考测量. </li>
	<li> 将头盔放置在 headform 上, 并以2.5 赫的速率测量3秒的力数据。重复相同的匹配方案六次以重复测量. </li>
	<li> 对所有适合方案重复相同的测量过程. </li>
	<li> 将波长偏移数据转换为强制测量, 方法是将测量的波长与传感器的校准常数进行相乘, 以调整合适的力传感器. </li>
</ol> 3。撞击模拟的下落塔 <ol> <li> 通过线性引导 headform 命中撞击表面 19 、 23 来模拟对盔头部的撞击。这样做所需的设备是特定于上下文的, 详见下文. 
	<ol> <li> 装配一个放置塔, 由一个可调节的跌落框架、人体测量学测试设备头和颈部以及可变撞击面组成. 
		注: 总滴总成质量约11公斤。附加质量的万向节的帐户, 以排除整个人体作为一个有效的躯干质量, 以更好地模拟一个现实的影响 24 . </li>
		<li> 在 headform 的 3-2-2-2 配置中排列9单向轴向加速度计, 以允许在重心位置确定 headform 的线性和角加速度 25 . </li>
		<li> 在撞击塔上安排一个目的建立的速度闸门, 在撞击前立即测量撞击速度. </li>
	</ol> </li> <li> 使用数据采集系统收集磁头加速和颈部力/力矩数据。过滤模拟电压, 采样100赫为所有通道。在数据采集系统之前, 包括一个具有4赫 26 角频率的硬件抗锯齿低通滤波器. </li>
	<li> 排列影响方案. 
	<ol> <li> 对于所有影响, 请卸下头盔遮阳板, 以便在运动跟踪过程中有更好的可视性。在撞击期间, 遮阳板的作用被认为是微不足道的, 因为它的松散附着. </li>
		<li> 排列所有滴以影响前额。这是循环 27 中的一个常见影响位置, 但也可以模拟其他方案. </li>
		<li> 通过不同的撞击速度、撞击面和头部-第一或躯干-第一次撞击的影响来模拟六不同的撞击场景 表 2 . </li>
		<li> 将 headform 提高到相应的高度, 对应于指定的撞击速度。将 headform 从适当的高度 (通常为0.82 米和1.83 米) 中除去, 以分别达到4米/秒和6米/秒的速度. 
		注: 增加高度, 以克服摩擦损失。根据以前的文献和标准 28 , 可以选择两个4米/秒和6米/秒的撞击速度. </li>
		<li> 排列撞击面。
		<ol> <li> 排列平整或45和 #176; 倾斜的铁砧 ( 图 4 )。扁平砧模拟瀑布在平坦的表面, 而倾斜的铁砧模拟的影响与切向速度分量. </li>
			<li> 在研磨带上覆盖顶的两个表面, 以模拟沥青表面。根据需要调整砧位, 以确保头盔受到撞击, 只接触铁砧的平坦表面. </li>
		</ol> </li> </ol> </li> <li> 为头部第一或躯干第一影响排列放置塔。模拟头部第一和躯干第一撞击, 躯干撞击类似于史密斯 et al 中的组合载荷冲击构型。 18 <ol> <li> 以模拟头部第一次撞击, 不要调整下落塔。
		<li> 要模拟躯干在头部之前撞击地面, 在下落框架的路径上放置一个木块。把这个木块放在一个高度, 这样, 头部大约25毫米, 远离撞击铁砧在躯干的影响。头部将继续通过颈部屈曲的手段击中铁砧. </li>
		<li> 包括一层泡沫, 以最小化降塔的振动 ( 图 5 ). </li>
		<li> 与头第一冲击对比, 调整脖子的角度在躯干-首先冲击. 
		注意: 此颈部角度调整允许头部在屈曲后撞击铁砧, 因此撞击位置可与头部第一撞击情况 ( 图 6 ) 相媲美。除了前额的撞击外, 这种躯干第一的场景也肯定会对副作用产生影响。在头部和躯干的第一次撞击中, 这个框架系统允许头部和颈部在撞击后沿着轨道运动. </li>
	</ol> </li> <li> 触发数据获取系统、高速摄像机 (参见第4节) 和 headform 的同时删除。每次使用新头盔重复相同的影响和适合场景配置3次. 
	注: 高速摄影机将需要与降塔同时设置, 详见4节. </li>
	<li> 对6种不同的影响方案中的每一个进行四适合方案的主题。在每个配置的3试验后总共执行72滴. </li>
	<li> 后处理 headform 运动学和动态数据. 
	<ol> <li> 在后处理过程中, 使用 4 th 顺序对模拟信号进行加速和强制/力矩的过滤, 以满足梧桐尝试建议的练习 26 。按通道频率类 (CFC) 1000 过滤头加速度和颈部力。按 CFC 600 过滤颈部力矩. </li>
	</ol> </li> </ol> 4。使用高速双摄像机系统的运动捕捉 注意: 从两个高速摄影机中记录标记位置允许用 DLT 方法 16 确定三维标记位置处理.要确定头部头盔的位移, 在撞击时 headform 和头盔上的标记. 
<ol> <li> 在放置塔周围排列高速摄影机. 
	<ol> <li> 在放置塔周围安排两个高速摄影机, 以捕获头盔的同步图像和撞击期间的 headform 运动。
		<ol> <li> 将主照相机放置在放置塔的一侧, 并将一个从属摄像机放置在大约45和 #176; 从主控形状 ( 图 7 )。在摄像机之间设置 250 W 指示灯, 以允许足够的曝光. </li>
		</ol> </li> </ol> </li> <li> 配置高速摄像机. 
	<ol> <li> 根据所需的视场, 为每台相机配备50毫米 f/1.4 或 100 mm/2.0 微距镜头。设置光圈的镜头在 f/8.0. 
		注: 这个光圈允许足够锐利的焦点在期望的景深。所需的视图范围从30-60 厘米不等, 具体取决于影响场景. </li>
		<li> 将两个摄像机配置为以每秒1000年帧速率为 1280 x 800 像素录制或更快。因此, 每帧的最大曝光时间将是600和 #181; s. </li>
		<li> 在帧和内部时钟中同步两个摄像机。设置触发器, 使两个摄像头同时触发. </li>
	</ol> </li> <li> 通过从每个照相机中取一个校准帧的静止图像来校准空间. 
	注意: 对于直接线性变换 (DLT) 方法, 必须首先校准空间。
	<ol> <li> 将带有17已知校准点位置的校准保持架移动到两个摄像机的视图字段中, 并从每个照相机中拍摄一个图像。从两个摄像机中至少必须有11公共点可见. </li>
		<li> 查找每个标记的 two-dimensional 坐标和跟踪软件. 
		注: 坐标测量机 (CMM) 在 DLT 校准之前确定校准保持架的点位置. </li>
		<li> 使用校准标记和 #39 执行的一系列计算; 坐标 (称为 DLT) 16 , 将任何二维标记位置转换为相对于校准保持架的三维坐标后期处理中的坐标系. </li>
	</ol> </li> <li> 量化头盔位移, 使用跟踪软件跟踪 headform 前额上的点与头盔边缘之间的距离. 
	注意: 因为这些点是不可见的两个摄像头, 跟踪一组三可见标记的每个 headform 和头盔代替。前额和头盔上的点可以被间接地跟踪. </li>
	<li> 将运动跟踪标记放在 headform 上, 并从每个照相机中取 headform 的静止参考图像. 
	<ol> <li> 对于此间接标记跟踪方法, 请在每个照相机上使用 headform 参考图像。确保此参考图像由三标记和在磁头上定义的引用标记组成. </li>
		<li> 使用三参考点位置最大化标记之间的距离, 同时保留在照相机和 #39 中; 视图字段. 
		注意: 通过减少对跟踪错误的间接标记跟踪灵敏度, 可以使距离达到更高的精确度。三标记允许三维运动的重建在岗位处理, 并且估计前额位置. </li>
		<li> 将参考标记放在下前额的眼睛和其他标记在 headform 上。确保这三其他标记在整个影响中都是可见的 ( 图 8 ). </li>
	</ol> </li> <li> 将运动跟踪标记放置在头盔上, 并从每台照相机中拍摄头盔的参考图像, 如 headform 参考所述 (第4.5 节). 
	<ol> <li> 确保引用包括查看至少四运动跟踪标记。在头盔的底部按住一个标记作为参考, 并在头盔上传播其他三标记。确保这三标记在整个撞击过程中都能从两台摄像机上看到。从每个相机的头盔参考的一个单一的图像 ( 图 9 ). </li>
	如3节所述, </ol> </li> <li> 会同时触发数据获取系统、高速摄像机和 headform 的下降. 
	注: 降塔将需要与高速摄影机同时安装。在拍摄参考图像后, 可能会进行一滴。
	<ol> <li> 排列头盔适合方案。记录下下落在撞击时手动向相机发出扳机。安排录音, 以便在触发前记录3秒, 并在触发后记录8秒。手动检查并将同步相机图像括起来, 以仅包含影响. </li>
	</ol> </li> </ol> 5。头盔标记跟踪和后处理 <ol> <li> 在整个撞击过程中使用摄像头特定的软件跟踪头部和头盔标记. 
	<ol> <li> 在头盔和 headform ( 图 10 ) 上每下降六点: 三。使用该软件, 确定每个标记的瞬态 two-dimensional 像素坐标. </li>
	</ol> </li> <li> 使用 DLT 方法在放置过程中计算跟踪标记的三维坐标. 
	注: 从校准保持架上的校准数据和两个摄像机的放置数据, DLT 方法可以在放置过程中确定跟踪标记的三维坐标. </li>
	<li> 使用 SVD (奇异值分解) 方法 17 计算 headform 前额和头盔边缘的3维坐标。这两点之间的区别是头部头盔位移. 
	<ol> <li> 使用 SVD 方法估计每个 headform 前额和头盔边缘的参考点位置. </li>
		<li> 使用 SVD 方法来查找参考帧和每一个下降帧之间的三标记的变换矩阵。此转换可用于查找前额或头盔边缘位置. </li>
	</ol> </li> <li> 在头盔和 headform 上执行此间接跟踪。然后可以监视前额和头盔边缘之间的位移 ( 图 11 ). </li>
</ol>

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A., Halstead, S., Killeffer, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Angular+head+motion+with+and+without+head+contact:+implications+for+brain+injury.">Angular head motion with and without head contact: implications for brain injury.</a> Sports Eng. 18 (3), 165-175 (2015).</li><li>Butz, R., Dennison, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In-fibre+Bragg+grating+impact+force+transducer+for+studying+head-helmet+mechanical+interaction+in+head+impact.">In-fibre Bragg grating impact force transducer for studying head-helmet mechanical interaction in head impact.</a> J. Light. Technol. 33 (13), 8 (2015).</li><li>Butz, R. C., Knowles, B. M., Newman, J. A., Dennison, C. 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M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sensitivity+of+Bragg+gratings+in+birefringent+optical+fibre+to+transverse+compression+between+conforming+materials.">Sensitivity of Bragg gratings in birefringent optical fibre to transverse compression between conforming materials.</a> Appl. Opt. 49, 2250-2261 (2010).</li><li>Knowles, B. M., Yu, H., Dennison, C. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Accuracy+of+a+Wearable+Sensor+for+Measures+of+Head+Kinematics+and+Calculation+of+Brain+Tissue+Strain.">Accuracy of a Wearable Sensor for Measures of Head Kinematics and Calculation of Brain Tissue Strain.</a> J. Appl. Biomech. 33 (1), 2-11 (2017).</li><li>Nightingale, R. W., McElhaney, J. H., Richardson, W. J., Myers, B. 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Mech. 42 (3), 552-556 (1975).</li><li>SAE. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> J211 Instrumentation for Impact Test - Part 1: Electronic Instrumentation. , (2014).</li><li>Depreitere, B., Lierde, C. V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bicycle-related+head+injury:+a+study+of+86+cases.">Bicycle-related head injury: a study of 86 cases.</a> Accid. Anal. Prev. 36, 561-567 (2004).</li><li>Influence of Impact Velocity and Angle in a Detailed Reconstruction of a Bicycle Accident. Proc. 2012 Int. IRCOBI Conf. Biomech. Impacts Available from: <a target="_blank" href="https://lirias.kuleuven.be/handle/123456789/357473">https://lirias.kuleuven.be/handle/123456789/357473</a> (2012)</li><li>Newman, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Generalized+Model+for+Brain+Injury+Threshold+(GAMBIT).">A Generalized Model for Brain Injury Threshold (GAMBIT).</a> IRCOBI Conf. Proc. , (1986).</li><li>Newman, J. A., Shewchenko, N., Welbourne, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+proposed+New+Biomechanical+head+injury+assessment+function+-+the+maximum+power+index.">A proposed New Biomechanical head injury assessment function - the maximum power index.</a> Stapp Car Crash J. 44, 215-247 (2000).</li><li>NOCSAE. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Standard Test Method and Equipment used in Evaluating the Performance Characteristics of Protective Headgear/Equipment NOCSAE Doc (ND) 001- 11m12. , (2012).</li><li>Cobb, B. R., MacAlister, A., Young, T. J., Kemper, A. R., Rowson, S., Duma, S. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantitative+comparison+of+Hybrid+III+and+National+Operating+Committee+on+Standards+for+Athletic+Equipment+headform+shape+characteristics+and+implications+on+football+helmet+fit.">Quantitative comparison of Hybrid III and National Operating Committee on Standards for Athletic Equipment headform shape characteristics and implications on football helmet fit.</a> Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part P J. Sports Eng. Technol. 229 (1), 39-46 (2015).</li><li>Cobb, B. R., Zadnik, A. M., Rowson, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparative+analysis+of+helmeted+impact+response+of+Hybrid+III+and+National+Operating+Committee+on+Standards+for+Athletic+Equipment+headforms.">Comparative analysis of helmeted impact response of Hybrid III and National Operating Committee on Standards for Athletic Equipment headforms.</a> Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part P J. Sports Eng. Technol. 230 (1), 50-60 (2016).</li><li>de Jager, M., Sauren, A., Thunnissen, J., Wismans, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Global+and+a+Detailed+Mathematical+Model+for+Head-Neck+Dynamics.">Global and a Detailed Mathematical Model for Head-Neck Dynamics.</a> Proc. Stapp Car Crash Conf. 40, 269-281 (1996).</li><li>Aare, M., Halldin, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+New+Laboratory+Rig+for+Evaluating+Helmets+Subject+to+Oblique+Impacts.">A New Laboratory Rig for Evaluating Helmets Subject to Oblique Impacts.</a> Traffic Inj. Prev. 4 (3), 240-248 (2003).</li></ol>

作者没有冲突透露, 并且不站立从财政获得从这工作的出版物。

本文介绍了模拟盔头部撞击时头盔拟合的方法。头盔适合是量化的与合适的力量传感器, 影响是模拟与一个 headform 和颈部在一个引导下降塔, 和头盔运动的跟踪与高速视频。在不同的拟合方案下, 对不同的撞击场景进行了模拟, 以探讨头盔配合的生物力学措施的影响。
头盔适合传感器可以区分不同的匹配力量之间的头盔适合场景 (图 12)。适应力的趋势在?...

大多数流行病学证据表明, 自行车头盔为所有年龄的骑车者提供保护, 防止头部受伤1。生物力学文献提出了一致的主题, 盔头部承受相对较少的严重头部/脑损伤继发影响, 相对于无保护 (un-helmeted) 头2。一些研究表明, 头盔佩戴不当与头部损伤的风险增加有关3, 这意味着头盔在适当的时候是最有效的。根据所使用的标准来定义良好的头盔适合, 不正确的头盔使用被发现是高达64% 之间的盔骑自行车者3。尽管流行病学证据表明, 头盔适合是相关的严重程度或可能头部受伤的影响, 有最小的实验工作评估在一个受控实验室设置是否正确的头盔适合或头盔保留对损伤的生物力学指标有显著影响。一项相关研究探讨了摩托车头盔尺寸在盔撞击过程中的影响, 并通过有限元模型4进行模拟。另一项相关研究探讨了头盔上浆在实验性撞击时的效果5 , 同时使用压敏薄膜来量化足球头盔中的合适力。研究了保留系统对自行车和摩托车头盔撞击的影响6,7, 以及 preadolescents6的向后适应方案。
我们的工作提出的方法, 研究的影响, 自行车头盔适合的风险的头盔适合力传感器, 模拟的影响与人体测量头颈部, 和立体高速摄影机。我们所提出的方法的目标是在不同的现实影响情景中量化合适和评估损伤风险。与相关的方法不同, 我们的工作是研究自行车头盔的适合性, 适当的头盔使用是多种多样的。与以往方法相似, 确定了头部运动学;然而, 颈部负荷和头部头盔的位移也被量化。虽然自行车颈部损伤的流行病学表明, 颈部受伤是不常见的, 他们往往与更严重的头部影响和住院治疗8,9。证据是混合在是否头盔使用降低颈部损伤率8 , 并没有被引用的流行病学研究量化的方面头盔适合。考虑到自行车颈部损伤往往与更严重的事故有关, 而且颈部损伤流行病学未检查头盔适合性, 因此, 头颈部损伤的检测方法在生物力学研究中具有重要价值。这种实验方法可用于生物力学研究, 补充流行病学研究, 不能在所有情况下控制的冲击严重性或头盔适合。
在我们的工作中, 一种新的方法来监测头部和头盔之间的撞击期间的相对运动已经发展。监视头盔是否在头部移动的能力可以让你有价值的洞察力, 头盔的稳定性和未受保护的头部暴露在撞击期间的伤害。在研究头盔适合, 头盔的稳定性和头部暴露是特别宝贵的评估头盔的表现。与相关的工作相比, 不同的影响和适合的方案强调各种头盔的定位也将被测试。
目前, 正确的头盔适合是主观和 nonspecifically 的定义。一般来说, 良好的头盔适合的特点是稳定和位置。头盔应抗运动, 一旦在头部的安全, 并应定位, 使眉毛不覆盖和额头是不过分暴露。此外, 大约一指宽的空间应该适合下巴和带3。定量头盔的测量方法不普遍;除了力, 方法可以比较头盔适合的基础上比较头部和头盔的几何形状。其中一种方法是 Ellena et al.提出的头盔拟合指数10. 我们提出的量化头盔拟合的方法, 适合力传感器, 创造了一个客观的手段比较不同的头盔适合方案的形式, 平均和标准的力量在头部施加的偏差。这些契合力值代表头盔的松紧度, 以及头部的松紧度变化。这些传感器提供了一个量化的比较, 可以在不同的适合方案之间进行的力量。一个安全贴身头盔将显示更高的力量, 而松散的头盔将显示较低的力量。这种适合力测量的方法与 Jadischke5提出的平均拟合指数相似。然而, Jadischke 的方法利用压敏膜。我们提供的光学传感器允许不显眼地测量头部或头盔周围的合适力。
为盔甲的证明, 盔甲在被装备的 headform 被巩固, 然后被上升到某一高度将被放弃。在记录线性加速度的同时, 头部和头盔会受到一个自由下落落到铁砧上。虽然通常不使用头盔行业标准, 混合 III 头 (headform) 和颈部组装在这项工作中使用, 与一个引导下降塔模拟影响。与通常使用线性运动学的标准不同, headform 加速度计阵列还允许确定旋转运动学, 这是预测弥漫性脑损伤可能性的关键参数, 包括脑震荡11.通过对直线加速度和旋转加速度和速度的测量, 通过比较运动学和文献中提出的几种运动学损伤评估方法, 可以对严重的局灶性和弥漫性颅脑损伤进行估计。12,13. 尽管 headform 最初是为汽车碰撞测试开发的, 但它在头盔评估和盔撞击头部损伤风险估计中的应用是有记录的214。撞击模拟装置还包括一个上颈部负荷单元, 允许测量与颈部损伤相关的力和力矩。颈损伤风险可以通过比较颈部动力学和损伤评估数据来估计, 从汽车伤害数据12,13。
本文还提出了一种在高速视频冲击作用下, 相对于头部的头盔运动跟踪方法。目前, 没有定量的方法来评估头盔在撞击时的稳定性。消费者产品安全委员会 (cpi)15自行车头盔标准要求进行位置稳定性测试, 但不代表影响。此外, 是否头盔脱落的 headform 是唯一的结果测量测试。无论头部是否受到损伤, 只要在测试过程中保持 headform, 头盔仍然可以通过。所提出的跟踪头盔运动的方法类似于头盔位置指数 (HPI)15 , 并测量头盔和前额的边缘之间的距离。在撞击过程中, 使用高速视频片段跟踪头部头盔的位移, 以获得头盔稳定性和撞击时头部暴露的表现。使用直接线性变换 (DLT)16和单值分解 (SVD)17方法, 从两个摄像机中跟踪标记在三维空间中确定点位置, 然后在头盔和头部之间进行相对位移。
研究了几种冲击严重性和拟合参数。撞击场景包括两个撞击速度, 两个撞击铁砧表面, 和躯干第一和头部第一撞击。除了一个典型的扁平砧面外, 还模拟了一个倾斜的砧撞击, 以引起切线力分量。躯干-第一影响, 而不是头部第一影响, 是包括模拟一个场景, 其中骑手的肩膀撞击地面之前的头部, 同样执行在以前的工作18。最后, 这四头盔适合方案的调查: 定期适合, 超大的适合, 向前适合, 和向后适合。与以前的工作不同, 头盔定位在头部是一个调查参数, 以及头盔适合和头盔的大小。

<table><tbody><tr><td>Hybrid III Headform</td><td>Humanetics or Jasti-Utama</td><td>N/A</td><td>50th Percentile ATD, for impact simulation</td></tr><tr><td>Hybrid III Neck</td><td>Humanetics or Jasti-Utama</td><td>N/A</td><td>50th Percentile ATD, for impact simulation</td></tr><tr><td>Linear Accelerometers</td><td>Measurement Specialties</td><td>64C-2000-360</td><td>for head acceleration measurement</td></tr><tr><td>Upper Neck Load Cell</td><td>mg Sensor</td><td>N6ALB11A</td><td>for neck load measurement</td></tr><tr><td>High Speed Camera</td><td>Vision Research</td><td>v611</td><td>for motion capture</td></tr><tr><td>Camera Lens</td><td>Carl Zeiss</td><td>N/A</td><td>50 mm f1/.4, for motion capture</td></tr><tr><td>Camera Lens</td><td>Carl Zeiss</td><td>N/A</td><td>100 mm f/2.0, for motion capture</td></tr><tr><td>Bicycle Helmet</td><td>Bell</td><td>N/A</td><td>Traverse</td></tr><tr><td>Data Acquisition System</td><td>National Instruments</td><td>PXI 6251</td><td>for Hybrid III signal acquisition</td></tr><tr><td>Head Impact Drop Tower</td><td>University of Alberta</td><td>N/A</td><td>Custom-designed, for impact simulation</td></tr><tr><td>Optical Interrogator</td><td>Smart Fibres Ltd.</td><td>N/A</td><td>SmartScan, for optical sensor force measurement</td></tr><tr><td>Fit Force Sensor</td><td>University of Alberta</td><td>N/A</td><td>Custom-designed, for measuring helmet fit forces</td></tr></tbody></table>

a test bed to examine helmet fit and retention and biomechanical measures of head and neck injury in simulated impact

传统的智慧和国际头盔测试和认证标准中的语言表明, 在撞击中适当的头盔合适和保留是保护头盔佩戴者免受撞击伤害的重要因素。本手稿旨在通过分析模拟盔撞击与人体测量仪 (扶贫), 一组 headform 加速度传感器和颈部力量/基于布拉格光栅的光纤中的力矩传感器、双高速摄像系统和头盔拟合力传感器的研制。为了模拟撞击, 仪器 headform 和挠性颈部沿着直线导轨落在铁砧上。该试验台允许模拟头部撞击速度高达8.3 米/秒, 在平坦和角度的冲击表面上。headform 是适合与一个崩溃头盔和几个适合的方案可以模拟通过对头盔位置指数和/或头盔大小的具体调整。为了量化头盔的保留, 头盔在头部的运动是量化使用事后图像分析。为了量化头颈部的损伤潜能, 测量了基于 headform 加速度和颈力/力矩的生物力学措施。这些生物力学措施, 通过与既定的人类耐受曲线的比较, 可以估计严重威胁生命和/或轻度弥漫性脑损伤和 osteoligamentous 颈部损伤的风险。根据我们的知识, 所提出的试验台是第一个专门评估的生物力学影响头部和颈部的伤害相对头盔的适合和保留。

配合力测量 对于每个合适的方案, 都在每个传感器位置 (图 12) 执行了 "适合力" 测量, 并进行了 t 检验 (假设不相等方差) 以确定重要性 (p 和 #60; 0.05)。所有测量的平均标准偏差为± 0.14 n, 更高的拟合力表示更紧密的配合。
头部运动学和颈部动力学数据 所产生的头部直线加速?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Test Bed to Examine Helmet Fit and Retention and Biomechanical Measures of Head and Neck Injury in Simulated Impact at JoVE.com

A Test Bed to Examine Helmet Fit and Retention and Biomechanical Measures of Head and Neck Injury in Simulated Impact

测试床, 检查头盔的拟合和保留, 以及在模拟撞击时头颈部损伤的生物力学措施

使用人体测量头和颈部, 光学纤维适合力传感器, 一组头部加速度和颈部力/力矩传感器, 和双高速摄像系统, 我们提出了一个试验台研究头盔的保留和对生物力学的影响头部和颈部损伤的措施, 头部撞击。

Conventional wisdom and the language in international helmet testing and certification standards suggest that appropriate helmet fit and retention during ...

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Bioengineering

8.9K 次观看.  University of Alberta. 使用人体测量头和颈部, 光学纤维适合力传感器, 一组头部加速度和颈部力/力矩传感器, 和双高速摄像系统, 我们提出了一个试验台研究头盔的保留和对生物力学的影响头部和颈部损伤的措施, 头部撞击。

视频: A Test Bed to Examine Helmet Fit and Retention and Biomechanical Measures of Head and Neck Injury in Simulated Impact

An Investigation of the Effects of Sports-related Concussion in Youth Using Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging and the Head Impact Telemetry System

One of the most commonly reported injuries in children who participate in sports is concussion or mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI)1. Children and youth involved in organized sports such as competitive hockey are nearly six times more likely to suffer a severe concussion compared to children involved in other leisure physical activities2. While the most common cognitive sequelae of mTBI appear similar for children and adults, the recovery profile and breadth of consequences in children remains largely unknown2, as does the influence of pre-injury characteristics (e.g. gender) and injury details (e.g. magnitude and direction of impact) on long-term outcomes. Competitive sports, such as hockey, allow the rare opportunity to utilize a pre-post design to obtain pre-injury data before concussion occurs on youth characteristics and functioning and to relate this to outcome following injury. Our primary goals are to refine pediatric concussion diagnosis and management based on research evidence that is specific to children and youth. To do this we use new, multi-modal and integrative approaches that will:
 1.Evaluate the immediate effects of head trauma in youth 
2.Monitor the resolution of post-concussion symptoms (PCS) and cognitive performance during recovery 
3.Utilize new methods to verify brain injury and recovery
To achieve our goals, we have implemented the Head Impact Telemetry (HIT) System. (Simbex; Lebanon, NH, USA). This system equips commercially available Easton S9 hockey helmets (Easton-Bell Sports; Van Nuys, CA, USA) with single-axis accelerometers designed to measure real-time head accelerations during contact sport participation 3 - 5. By using telemetric technology, the magnitude of acceleration and location of all head impacts during sport participation can be objectively detected and recorded. We also use functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to localize and assess changes in neural activity specifically in the medial temporal and frontal lobes during the performance of cognitive tasks, since those are the cerebral regions most sensitive to concussive head injury 6. Finally, we are acquiring structural imaging data sensitive to damage in brain white matter.

This article provides an overview of a multi-modal approach to mild traumatic brain injury diagnosis and recovery in youth. This approach combines neuropsychological testing with functional magnetic resonance imaging and the Head Impact Telemetry System to monitor the relationship between head impacts and brain activity during cognitive testing.

在使用功能性磁共振成像和头部撞击遥测系统的青年与体育有关的震荡影响的调查

One of the most commonly reported injuries in children who participate in sports is concussion or mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI)1. Children and youth ...

科研

医学

A Coupled Experiment-finite Element Modeling Methodology for Assessing High Strain Rate Mechanical Response of Soft Biomaterials

This study offers a combined experimental and finite element (FE) simulation approach for examining the mechanical behavior of soft biomaterials (e.g. brain, liver, tendon, fat, etc.) when exposed to high strain rates. This study utilized a Split-Hopkinson Pressure Bar (SHPB) to generate strain rates of 100-1,500 sec-1. The SHPB employed a striker bar consisting of a viscoelastic material (polycarbonate). A sample of the biomaterial was obtained shortly postmortem and prepared for SHPB testing. The specimen was interposed between the incident and transmitted bars, and the pneumatic components of the SHPB were activated to drive the striker bar toward the incident bar. The resulting impact generated a compressive stress wave (i.e. incident wave) that traveled through the incident bar. When the compressive stress wave reached the end of the incident bar, a portion continued forward through the sample and transmitted bar (i.e. transmitted wave) while another portion reversed through the incident bar as a tensile wave (i.e. reflected wave). These waves were measured using strain gages mounted on the incident and transmitted bars. The true stress-strain behavior of the sample was determined from equations based on wave propagation and dynamic force equilibrium. The experimental stress-strain response was three dimensional in nature because the specimen bulged. As such, the hydrostatic stress (first invariant) was used to generate the stress-strain response. In order to extract the uniaxial (one-dimensional) mechanical response of the tissue, an iterative coupled optimization was performed using experimental results and Finite Element Analysis (FEA), which contained an Internal State Variable (ISV) material model used for the tissue. The ISV material model used in the FE simulations of the experimental setup was iteratively calibrated (i.e. optimized) to the experimental data such that the experiment and FEA strain gage values and first invariant of stresses were in good agreement.

The current study prescribes a coupled experiment-finite element simulation methodology to obtain the uniaxial dynamic mechanical response of soft biomaterials (brain, liver, tendon, fat, etc.). The multiaxial experimental results that arose because of specimen bulging obtained from Split-Hopkinson Pressure Bar testing were rendered to a uniaxial true stress-strain behavior when simulated through iterative optimization of the finite element analysis of the biomaterial.

一个耦合试验，有限元建模方法以评估生物材料软的高应变率力学响应

This study offers a combined experimental and finite element (FE) simulation approach for examining the mechanical behavior of soft biomaterials (e.g. ...

生物工程

In Vivo Protocol of Controlled Subconcussive Head Impacts for the Validation of Field Study Data

Subconcussive hits pose a threat to neuronal health as they have shown to induce neuronal structural damage and functional impairment without causing outward symptomology and appear to be a key contributor to an irreversible neurodegenerative disease, chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE). In addition, athletes can incur more than 1,000 of these hits per season. The subconcussive soccer heading model (SSHM) is a relevant, reproducible, and leading method of isolating and examining the effects of these subconcussive head impacts. By controlling variables such as ball traveling speed, the frequency of impacts, interval, ball placement to the head, as well as by measuring head impact magnitude, the SSHM provides the scientific community with a superior avenue of investigating the acute subconcussive effects on neuronal health. In this paper, we demonstrate the utility of SSHM in studying a time-course expression of neurofilament-light polypeptide (NF-L) in plasma in a repeated measures fashion. NF-L is an axonal injury marker that has previously been shown to be elevated in boxers and football players following subconcussive head trauma. Thirty-four adult aged soccer players were recruited and randomly assigned to either a soccer heading (n = 18) or kicking (n = 16) group. The heading group executed 10 headers with soccer balls projected at a velocity of 25 mph over 10 min. The kicking group followed the same protocol with 10 kicks. Plasma samples were obtained before and at 0 h, 2 h, and 24 h after heading/kicking and assessed for NF-L expressions. The heading group showed a gradual increase in plasma NF-L expression and peaked at 24 h after the heading protocol, whereas the kicking group remained consistent across the time points. These results confirmed the NF-L data from clinical field studies, encouraging the use of SSHM to validate clinical subconcussion data.

The subconcussive soccer heading model is a safe and concise methodological approach to isolate and measure the effects of subconcussive head impacts.

控制下冲击头冲击的活体协议对现场研究数据的验证

Subconcussive hits pose a threat to neuronal health as they have shown to induce neuronal structural damage and functional impairment without causing ...

行为学

Modified Drop Tower Impact Tests for American Football Helmets

A modified National Operating Committee on Standards for Athletic Equipment (NOCSAE) test method for American football helmet drop impact test standards is presented that would provide better assessment of a helmet's on-field impact performance by including a faceguard on the helmet. In this study, a merger of faceguard and helmet test standards is proposed. The need for a more robust systematic approach to football helmet testing procedures is emphasized by comparing representative results of the Head Injury Criterion (HIC), Severity Index (SI), and peak acceleration values for different helmets at different helmet locations under modified NOCSAE standard drop tower tests. Essentially, these comparative drop test results revealed that the faceguard adds a stiffening kinematic constraint to the shell that lessens total energy absorption. The current NOCSAE standard test methods can be improved to represent on-field helmet hits by attaching the faceguards to helmets and by including two new helmet impact locations (Front Top and Front Top Boss). The reported football helmet test method gives a more accurate representation of a helmet's performance and its ability to mitigate on-field impacts while promoting safer football helmets.

This article provides a novel technique to assess the performance characteristics of American football helmets by inclusion of faceguards during NOCSAE Standard drop tests. Additionally, two more impact locations are proposed to be added to the NOCSAE certification.

修改落塔冲击试验为美国橄榄球头盔

A modified National Operating Committee on Standards for Athletic Equipment (NOCSAE) test method for American football helmet drop impact test standards ...

Assessing Changes in Synaptic Plasticity Using an Awake Closed-Head Injury Model of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury

Mild traumatic brain injuries (mTBIs) are a prevalent health issue in North America. There is increasing pressure to utilize ecologically valid models of closed-head mTBI in the preclinical setting to increase translatability to the clinical population. The awake closed-headed injury (ACHI) model uses a modified controlled cortical impactor to deliver closed-headed injury, inducing clinically relevant behavioral deficits without the need for a craniotomy or the use of an anesthetic.
This technique does not normally induce fatalities, skull fractures, or brain bleeds, and is more consistent with being a mild injury. Indeed, the mild nature of the ACHI procedure makes it ideal for studies investigating repetitive mTBI (r-mTBI). Growing evidence indicates that r-mTBI can result in a cumulative injury that produces behavioral symptoms, neuropathological changes, and neurodegeneration. r-mTBI is common in youths playing sports, and these injuries occur during a period of robust synaptic reorganization and myelination, making the younger population particularly vulnerable to the long-term influences of r-mTBI.
Further, r-mTBI occurs in cases of intimate partner violence, a condition for which there are few objective screening measures. In these experiments, synaptic function was assessed in the hippocampus in juvenile rats that had experienced r-mTBI using the ACHI model. Following the injuries, a tissue slicer was utilized to make hippocampal slices to evaluate bidirectional synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus at either 1 or 7 days following the r-mTBI. Overall, the ACHI model provides researchers with an ecologically valid model to study changes in synaptic plasticity following mTBI and r-mTBI.

Here, it is demonstrated how an awake closed-head injury model can be used for examining the effects of repeated mild traumatic brain injury (r-mTBI) on synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus. The model replicates important features of r-mTBI in patients and is used in conjunction with in vitro electrophysiology.

使用轻度创伤性脑损伤的清醒闭合性头部损伤模型评估突触可塑性的变化

Mild traumatic brain injuries (mTBIs) are a prevalent health issue in North America. There is increasing pressure to utilize ecologically valid models of ...

神经科学

在 mTBI 大鼠模型中验证损伤反应和行为评估

Rat Model of Closed-Head Mild Traumatic Injury and its Validation

Animal models are crucial for advancing our understanding of mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) and guiding clinical research. To achieve meaningful insights, developing a stable and reproducible animal model is essential. In this study, we report a detailed description of a closed-head mTBI model and a representative validation method using Sprague-Dawley rats to verify the modeling effect. The model involves dropping a 550 g mass weight from a height of 100 cm directly onto the head of a rat on a destructible surface, followed by a 180-degree turn. To assess the injury, rats underwent a series of neurobehavioral assessments 10 min post-injury, including time of loss of consciousness, first seeking-behavior time, escape ability, and beam balance ability test. During the acute and subacute stages following the injury, behavioral tests were conducted to assess motor coordination ability (Beam task), anxiety (Open Field test), and learning and memory abilities (Morris Water Maze test). The closed-head mTBI model produced a consistent injury response with minimal mortality and replicated real-life situations. The validation method effectively verified the model development and ensured the stability and consistency of the model.

作者聚焦:推进创伤性脑损伤研究 - 用于准确复制和快速评估的闭头模型 

Here, we present a closed-head mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) rat model and its validation exhibiting remarkable similarity to human mTBI concerning behavioral manifestations during the acute and subacute stages.

闭合头轻度创伤大鼠模型及其验证

Animal models are crucial for advancing our understanding of mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) and guiding clinical research. To achieve meaningful ...

通过闭合头部损伤法在小鼠中诱导 rmTBI

Modified Mouse Model of Repetitive Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Incorporating Thinned-Skull Window and Fluid Percussion

Mild traumatic brain injury is a clinically highly heterogeneous neurological disorder. Highly reproducible traumatic brain injury (TBI) animal models with well-defined pathologies are urgently needed for studying the mechanisms of neuropathology after mild TBI and testing therapeutics. Replicating the entire sequelae of TBI in animal models has proven to be a challenge. Therefore, the availability of multiple animal models of TBI is necessary to account for the diverse aspects and severities seen in TBI patients. CHI is one of the most common methods for fabricating rodent models of rmTBI. However, this method is susceptible to many factors, including the impact method used, the thickness and shape of the skull bone, animal apnea, and the type of head support and immobilization utilized. The aim of this protocol is to demonstrate a combination of the thinned-skull window and fluid percussion injury (FPI) methods to produce a precise mouse model of CHI-associated rmTBI. The primary objective of this protocol is to minimize factors that could impact the accuracy and consistency of CHI and FPI modeling, including skull bone thickness, shape, and head support. By utilizing a thinned-skull window method, potential inflammation due to craniotomy and FPI is minimized, resulting in an improved mouse model that replicates the clinical features observed in patients with mild TBI. Results from behavior and histological analysis using hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining suggest that rmTBI can lead to a cumulative injury that produces changes in both behavior and gross morphology of the brain. Overall, the modified CHI-associated rmTBI presents a useful tool for researchers to explore the underlying mechanisms that contribute to focal and diffuse pathophysiological changes in rmTBI.

作者聚焦：优化啮齿动物模型以研究反复轻度创伤性脑损伤的机制和康复

This protocol presents a modified mouse model of repetitive mild traumatic brain injury (rmTBI) induced via a closed-head injury (CHI) method. The approach features a thinned-skull window and fluid percussion to reduce the inflammation commonly caused by meninges exposure, along with improved reproducibility and accuracy in modeling rmTBI in rodents.

结合颅骨窗变薄和液体叩击的重复性轻度创伤性脑损伤改良小鼠模型

Mild traumatic brain injury is a clinically highly heterogeneous neurological disorder. Highly reproducible traumatic brain injury (TBI) animal models ...

测试床, 检查头盔的拟合和保留, 以及在模拟撞击时头颈部损伤的生物力学措施

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此视频中的章节

在使用功能性磁共振成像和头部撞击遥测系统的青年与体育有关的震荡影响的调查

一个耦合试验，有限元建模方法以评估生物材料软的高应变率力学响应

控制下冲击头冲击的活体协议对现场研究数据的验证

修改落塔冲击试验为美国橄榄球头盔

使用轻度创伤性脑损伤的清醒闭合性头部损伤模型评估突触可塑性的变化

闭合头轻度创伤大鼠模型及其验证

闭合头轻度创伤大鼠模型及其验证

闭合头轻度创伤大鼠模型及其验证

结合颅骨窗变薄和液体叩击的重复性轻度创伤性脑损伤改良小鼠模型

结合颅骨窗变薄和液体叩击的重复性轻度创伤性脑损伤改良小鼠模型