这项研究得到了来自健康研究委员会、肌张力障碍爱尔兰、爱尔兰科学基金会和爱尔兰临床神经科学研究所的资助。

St. 文森特大学医院的医学研究伦理委员会批准了对宫颈肌张力障碍患者的招募, 他们的兄弟姐妹 (不受肌张力障碍的影响), 和健康的控制, 参与所描述的协议下面.

1. 硬件 & 软件解决方案
注: 两个硬件选项已开发, 以显示视觉刺激与精确的间刺激间隔。两者都是设计和内置在三位一体的生物工程中心, 都柏林三一学院, 并曾被称为5,16。那些希望复制在这里使用的精确的硬件解决方案的人可以通过直接联系三一生物工程中心来要求相同。或者, 一组完整的说明, 包括用于耳机的3D 打印文件、随附的 Arduino 微控制器的说明、等。可以从 http://www.dystoniaresearch.ie/temporal-discrimination-threshold/下载。在桌面计算机上安装的自定义程序 (例如, 神经系统) 中, 可能会生成在表顶方法中提供的刺激, 并通过编程来通过并行端口控制发光二极管 (LED)计算机。另外, 如下所述, 表顶部的 led 可以通过 Arduino 微控制器控制。还可以从上述链接下载演示代码和 Arduino 文件。
<ol><li>TDT 硬件: 表顶方法<ol>
<li>将一个 "X" 标记为一个固定点, 在参与者面前的桌子上放置一个黑色的垫子或被单上。</li>
		<li>让参与者自己定位, 让他们直接坐在固定点的前面。</li>
		<li>将黄色发光二极管 (LED) 对 (5 mm 直径、90 cd/m2亮度) 放置在一个框中, 在参与者前面的表中。</li>
		<li>定向该框, 使 led 垂直对齐, 并根据需要在左侧和右侧的主体中心点位置放置7°。</li>
		<li>在黑暗的房间里进行这个实验。可能需要少量的背景亮度才能使操作员看到足够的时间来运行实验。</li>
		<li>指示参与者始终关注固定点, 而不是直视闪烁的 led。</li>
		<li>将微控制器连接到 LED 盒, 并按照液晶显示屏上显示的屏幕指示操作,例如, 选择演示方法: "随机" 或 "楼梯", 并选择模式: "左上第一",等.</li>
		<li>要求参与者在每一个刺激对的呈现中做出 "相同" 或 "不同" 的反应, 这取决于他们是否认为刺激是同步的或异步的。</li>
		<li>当每项试验即将开始时, 通过发声 5-0 秒的屏幕倒计时来通知参与者。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol><img alt="Figure 1" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/56310/56310fig1.jpg"> 图 1: (a) 耳机设计示意图。一对黄色 led (5 毫米直径) 和红色固定 led (3 毫米直径), 被放置在参与者的左侧和右侧通过一个头部安装的单位, 并使可见的方式在镜子中的用户面前的反射。(b) 耳机的示意图3D 模型。该耳机是由激光烧结尼龙塑料, 重量0.70 公斤, 有一个低透明度指数和黑色的颜色, 以减少光显。(a 和 b) 由巴特勒et al复制, 稍加修改。16 , 具有眼压发布的权限。(c) 用于桌面演示的 LED 刺激箱。
<ol start="2"><li>TDT 硬件: 便携式 TDT 耳机<ol>
<li>在任何合适的地点进行实验。</li>
		<li>将微控制器连接到耳机上, 并按照微控制器盒液晶显示屏上显示的屏幕指示操作,例如, 选择演示方法: "随机" 或 "楼梯", 和模式: "左上第一", etc。</li>
		<li>引导参与者在他们面前的桌子上放置自己的肘部。然后, 手持设备在他们的手中, 引导他们轻轻地按他们的脸到橡胶密封圈周围的目镜, 从而密封了周围的光。</li>
		<li>指示参与者在任何时候都要专注于红色固定, 而不是直视闪烁的 led。</li>
		<li>要求参与者在每一个刺激对的呈现中做出 "相同" 或 "不同" 的反应, 这取决于他们是否认为刺激是同步的或异步的。</li>
		<li>当每项试验即将开始时, 通过发声 5-0 秒的屏幕倒计时来通知参与者。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>2. 刺激表现
注: 两种刺激方案的方法已经被采用。
<ol><li>楼梯方式<ol>
<li>选择 "楼梯" 介绍;刺激是每5秒提出的相互刺激间隔从0开始, 并逐步变得更加异步 (增加5毫秒) 每次。</li>
		<li>选择四种演示方式中的任何一种: (i) 左顶部 led 第一 (ii) 左下角 led 第一 (iii) 右顶部为首, 或 (iv) 右下头为首。</li>
		<li>重复步骤 2.1.2, 使每个模式运行两次, 总共运行八。</li>
		<li>当参与者对三连续对刺激反应 "不同" 时终止试验。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>随机表示法<ol>
<li>选择 "随机" 表示;刺激对每5秒呈现。不同的刺激间隔, 以随机的方式, 从0-100 毫秒。</li>
		<li>选择四种演示方式中的任何一种: (i) 左顶部 led 第一 (ii) 左下角 led 第一 (iii) 右顶部为首, 或 (iv) 右下头为首。</li>
		<li>重复步骤 2.2.2, 使每个模式运行两次, 总共运行八。 注意: 每次运行都是相同的长度, 并将自动完成。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>3. 数据分析
<ol><li>单 TDT 值<ol>
<li>使用楼梯方法中的数据, 在八次运行的每一个中, 突出显示最后三 "不同" 响应的第一个。这些是每个运行的阈值。</li>
		<li>计算每个参与者的时间分辨阈值 (TDT), 方法是将阈值的中值从其八运行中的每一个中取到;导致单个 TDT 值 (以毫秒为单位)。</li>
		<li>计算每个参与者的 Z评分。将 Z评分定义为参与者的 TDT 和与年龄匹配的控件总体 () 之间的平均值 TDT, 除以该控件填充的 TDT 值的标准偏差.<img alt="Equaiton 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/56310/56310eq1.jpg"> <img alt="Equaiton 2" src="/files/ftp_upload/56310/56310eq2.jpg"> </img> <img alt="Equaiton 3" src="/files/ftp_upload/56310/56310eq3.jpg">
</li>
		<li>确定个人是否有正常或异常的 TDT。Z评分≥2.5 被视为反映异常 TDT。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>分布分析<ol>
<li>使用楼梯方法中的数据, 对响应数据进行编码, 使 "0" 对应于 "相同" 和 "1" 对应于 "不同",表 1。</li>
		<li>下载一个免费的 MATLAB.exe, 以执行下面描述的分布分析从 http://www.dystoniaresearch.ie/temporal-discrimination-threshold/。见巴特勒et al.16以得到此方法的完整说明。或者, 按照下面的说明进行操作。</li>
		<li>将数据移出以确保所有运行与最长运行的长度相同。这样做的前提是, 在运行结束后, 所有后续响应都是 "不同的",表 1 (b)。</li>
		<li>每个参与者在试验中的平均响应,表 1 (c)。这可以被绘制为刺激异步的函数。</li>
		<li>将此平均值或具有代表性的数据与累积的高斯函数相匹配。这一分布的平均值代表了参与者同样可能回应 "相同" 或 "不同" 的观点。这一点被称为 "主观平等点" (PSE)。高斯分布的标准偏差, 也被称为 "只是明显的差异" (JND), 表示敏感的参与者是如何在其平均值周围的时间异步变化的。</li>
		<li>通过将数据提交到非参数引导程序来扩展分析, 以便估计 TDT 的95% 置信区间, 以及心理和累积高斯函数的 PSE 和 JND。为此, 可通过随机抽样生成新的具有代表性的数据集, 并从原始响应中进行替换,表 1 (b), 用于每个时间步长。计算 TDT, 并为每个代表性的数据集16设置新的心理测评功能。</li>
		<li>使用对数似然比,16,17为每个参与者计算适合度的优点或偏差 (D) <img alt="Equaiton 4" src="/files/ftp_upload/56310/56310eq4.jpg"> 其中K是时间点的个数, ni是该时间点的重复次数, 通常为八次重复 (四右和四左), yi是所观察到的异步响应比例,pi是由拟合曲线预测的异步响应的比例。偏差值为0表示完全匹配。</li>
		<li>绘制结果。 注: 从随机表示法的数据可以分析, 以确定单一或分布式 TDT, 如上文3节所述的数据产生的楼梯演示方法。然而, 由于随机呈现顺序的相互刺激的间隔, 这些数据必须首先下令 (从最小到最大的之间的刺激间隔), 之前开始的分析前面所述,表 2。此外, 不需要在随机演示后对数据进行填充, 因为默认情况下, 所有运行的长度都是相等的。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>

<ol>
	<li>Bradley, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Temporal+discrimination+thresholds+in+adult-onset+primary+torsion+dystonia:+an+analysis+by+task+type+and+by+dystonia+phenotype.">Temporal discrimination thresholds in adult-onset primary torsion dystonia: an analysis by task type and by dystonia phenotype.</a> J Neurol. 259 (1), 77-82 (2012).</li><li>Hutchinson, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+endophenotype+and+the+phenotype:+temporal+discrimination+and+adult-onset+dystonia.">The endophenotype and the phenotype: temporal discrimination and adult-onset dystonia.</a> Mov Disord. 28 (13), 1766-1774 (2013).</li><li>Kimmich, O., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sporadic+adult+onset+primary+torsion+dystonia+is+a+genetic+disorder+by+the+temporal+discrimination+test.">Sporadic adult onset primary torsion dystonia is a genetic disorder by the temporal discrimination test.</a> Brain. 134 (Pt 9), 2656-2663 (2011).</li><li>Kimmich, O., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Temporal+discrimination,+a+cervical+dystonia+endophenotype:+penetrance+and+functional+correlates.">Temporal discrimination, a cervical dystonia endophenotype: penetrance and functional correlates.</a> Mov Disord. 29 (6), 804-811 (2014).</li><li>Molloy, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+headset+method+for+measuring+the+visual+temporal+discrimination+threshold+in+cervical+dystonia.">A headset method for measuring the visual temporal discrimination threshold in cervical dystonia.</a> Tremor Other Hyperkinet Mov (N Y). 4, 249 (2014).</li><li>Termsarasab, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neural+correlates+of+abnormal+sensory+discrimination+in+laryngeal+dystonia.">Neural correlates of abnormal sensory discrimination in laryngeal dystonia.</a> Neuroimage Clin. 10, 18-26 (2016).</li><li>Fiorio, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Defective+temporal+processing+of+sensory+stimuli+in+DYT1+mutation+carriers:+a+new+endophenotype+of+dystonia?.">Defective temporal processing of sensory stimuli in DYT1 mutation carriers: a new endophenotype of dystonia?.</a> Brain. 130 (1), 134-142 (2007).</li><li>Albanese, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Phenomenology+and+classification+of+dystonia:+a+consensus+update.">Phenomenology and classification of dystonia: a consensus update.</a> Mov Disord. 28 (7), 863-873 (2013).</li><li>Nutt, J. G., Muenter, M. D., Aronson, A., Kurland, L. T., Melton, L. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Epidemiology+of+focal+and+generalized+dystonia+in+Rochester,+Minnesota.">Epidemiology of focal and generalized dystonia in Rochester, Minnesota.</a> Mov Disord. 3 (3), 188-194 (1988).</li><li>Williams, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Epidemiological,+clinical+and+genetic+aspects+of+adult+onset+isolated+focal+dystonia+in+Ireland.">Epidemiological, clinical and genetic aspects of adult onset isolated focal dystonia in Ireland.</a> Eur J Neurol. , (2016).</li><li>Bell, A. H., Munoz, D. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Activity+in+the+superior+colliculus+reflects+dynamic+interactions+between+voluntary+and+involuntary+influences+on+orienting+behaviour.">Activity in the superior colliculus reflects dynamic interactions between voluntary and involuntary influences on orienting behaviour.</a> Eur J Neurosci. 28 (8), 1654-1660 (2008).</li><li>Hutchinson, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cervical+dystonia:+a+disorder+of+the+midbrain+network+for+covert+attentional+orienting.">Cervical dystonia: a disorder of the midbrain network for covert attentional orienting.</a> Front Neurol. 5, 54 (2014).</li><li>Williams, L. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Young+Women+do+it+Better:+Sexual+Dimorphism+in+Temporal+Discrimination.">Young Women do it Better: Sexual Dimorphism in Temporal Discrimination.</a> Front Neurol. 6, 258 (2015).</li><li>Butler, J. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Age-Related+Sexual+Dimorphism+in+Temporal+Discrimination+and+in+Adult-Onset+Dystonia+Suggests+GABAergic+Mechanisms.">Age-Related Sexual Dimorphism in Temporal Discrimination and in Adult-Onset Dystonia Suggests GABAergic Mechanisms.</a> Front Neurol. 6, 258 (2015).</li><li>Bradley, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Temporal+discrimination+threshold:+VBM+evidence+for+an+endophenotype+in+adult+onset+primary+torsion+dystonia.">Temporal discrimination threshold: VBM evidence for an endophenotype in adult onset primary torsion dystonia.</a> Brain. 132 (Pt 9), 2327-2335 (2009).</li><li>Butler, J. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Non-parametric+bootstrapping+method+for+measuring+the+temporal+discrimination+threshold+for+movement+disorders.">Non-parametric bootstrapping method for measuring the temporal discrimination threshold for movement disorders.</a> J Neural Eng. 12 (4), 046026 (2015).</li><li>Wichmann, F. A., Hill, N. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+psychometric+function:+I.+Fitting,+sampling,+and+goodness+of+fit.">The psychometric function: I. Fitting, sampling, and goodness of fit.</a> Percept Psychophys. 63 (8), 1293-1313 (2001).</li><li>McGovern, E. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+comparison+of+stimulus+presentation+methods+in+temporal+discrimination+testing.">A comparison of stimulus presentation methods in temporal discrimination testing.</a> Physiol Meas. 38 (2), N57-N64 (2017).</li><li>Scontrini, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Somatosensory+temporal+discrimination+in+patients+with+primary+focal+dystonia.">Somatosensory temporal discrimination in patients with primary focal dystonia.</a> J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 80 (12), 1315-1319 (2009).</li><li>Nardella, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Inferior+parietal+lobule+encodes+visual+temporal+resolution+processes+contributing+to+the+critical+flicker+frequency+threshold+in+humans.">Inferior parietal lobule encodes visual temporal resolution processes contributing to the critical flicker frequency threshold in humans.</a> PLoS One. 9 (6), e98948 (2014).</li><li>Pastor, M. A., Macaluso, E., Day, B. L., Frackowiak, R. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Putaminal+activity+is+related+to+perceptual+certainty.">Putaminal activity is related to perceptual certainty.</a> Neuroimage. 41 (1), 123-129 (2008).</li><li>Isa, T., Hall, W. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Exploring+the+superior+colliculus+in+vitro.">Exploring the superior colliculus in vitro.</a> J Neurophysiol. 102 (5), 2581-2593 (2009).</li><li>Isa, T., Endo, T., Saito, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+visuo-motor+pathway+in+the+local+circuit+of+the+rat+superior+colliculus.">The visuo-motor pathway in the local circuit of the rat superior colliculus.</a> J Neurosci. 18 (20), 8496-8504 (1998).</li><li>Kaneda, K., Isa, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=GABAergic+mechanisms+for+shaping+transient+visual+responses+in+the+mouse+superior+colliculus.">GABAergic mechanisms for shaping transient visual responses in the mouse superior colliculus.</a> Neuroscience. 235, 129-140 (2013).</li><li>Ramos, V. F., Esquenazi, A., Villegas, M. A., Wu, T., Hallett, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Temporal+discrimination+threshold+with+healthy+aging.">Temporal discrimination threshold with healthy aging.</a> Neurobiol Aging. 43, 174-179 (2016).</li></ol>

丽贝卡 B 贝克, Eavan M Mc 管理, 约翰巴特勒, Dorina Birsanu, 布兰登 Quinlivan, Beiser, Shruti Narasimham 没有资金来源, 财务披露或利益冲突申报。迈克尔哈钦森接受研究赠款爱尔兰, 爱尔兰健康研究委员会 (CSA-2012-5), 肌张力障碍研究基金会 (比利时) 和爱尔兰临床神经科学研究所。肖恩 O"赖尔登报告从 Abbvie 接收扬声器的酬金.理查德. 赖利从爱尔兰, 企业爱尔兰和爱尔兰的健康研究委员会获得资金.

TDT 测量与分析
两种形式的设备 (表顶部和耳机), 两种方法的刺激表示 (楼梯和随机), 和两种方式的数据分析 (传统和分布), 以说明如何衡量和量化一个人的时间辨别能力。便携式耳机提供了一种方便的硬件选项, 可确保参与者和 LED 光源之间的距离和角度保持一致, 同时还允许在任何方便的位置收集数据。因此, 它解决了与桌面方法相关的一些限制, 即需要受控环境?...

时间歧视描述一个人的能力, 歧视, 或感知, 他们的环境迅速变化。时间分辨阈值 (TDT) 是一个个体能够感知到两个连续的感官刺激是异步的最短间隔。颞叶辨别在影响基底节的障碍中表现为异常延长, 包括张力障碍1、2、3、45、6,7。
肌张力障碍是第三个最常见的神经运动障碍-在帕金森 s 病和必要的震颤后.它的特点是持续或间歇性的肌肉收缩导致异常, 经常重复, 运动或姿势8。肌张力障碍可影响身体的任何部分。当它影响一个身体部分被称为局灶性肌张力障碍8。肌张力障碍影响颈部肌肉被称为颈椎肌张力障碍, 是最常见的表型成人首发特发性离体肌张力障碍。9,10颈椎张力障碍的发病机制尚不清楚;它被认为是一种遗传性疾病, 具有常染色体显性遗传, 并明显减少显。环境因素在疾病显和表达方面也被认为是重要的。
优越的丘, 一个运动结构位于背中脑, 是重要的快速检测环境刺激的过程中的隐蔽注意力定向2,11,12。视觉刺激通过醇-盖大通路迅速进入上级丘。TDT 是一个简单的, 客观的措施, 相信代表的视觉 (和其他感官刺激) 在表面层的高级丘。TDT 已研究的个人与颈部肌张力障碍, 其未受影响的亲属和健康的控制参与者。与年龄和性别匹配的控制参与者, 异常 TDT 有高灵敏度 (97%, 36 37 患者) 和特异性 (98-100%) 颈椎张力障碍1。50% 例宫颈肌张力障碍患者 (14 25, 年龄48岁或以上) 未受影响的一级女性亲属出现异常 TDT, 显示年龄和性别相关显常染色体显性遗传13, 14. 宫颈肌张力障碍患者未受影响亲属的异常 TDT (与正常 TDTs 的亲属相比) 与增加的 putaminal 体积有关 (按体素计算)15和减少 putaminal 活动 (由 fMRI)4.高级丘被认为是神经网络中的一个重要节点, 在颈椎张力障碍12中功能失调。时间歧视的评估被认为是提供了重要的线索, pathomechanisms 潜在的颈部肌张力障碍。
本文的目的是提出两种测量和分析时间歧视的方法, 并说明该方法在颈椎张力障碍的病理生理学研究中的应用。

<table><tbody><tr><td>TDT head set</td><td>Can be supplied by Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity College Dublin.&amp;nbsp; Alternatively full instructions are available for free download from http://www.dystoniaresearch.ie/temporal-discrimination-threshold/</td><td>1</td><td>A custom-built, portable device for the presentation of visual stimuli.</td></tr><tr><td>TDT table top LED box</td><td>Can be supplied by Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity College Dublin.&amp;nbsp; Alternatively full instructions are available for free download from http://www.dystoniaresearch.ie/temporal-discrimination-threshold/</td><td>2</td><td>A custom-built, table-top device for the presentation of visual stimuli.</td></tr><tr><td>Microcontroller</td><td>Can be supplied by Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity College Dublin.&amp;nbsp; Alternatively full instructions are available for free download from http://www.dystoniaresearch.ie/temporal-discrimination-threshold/</td><td>3</td><td>A custom-built microcontroller for the delivery of visual stimuli in staircase or random order, with precise inter-stimulus intervals.</td></tr></tbody></table>

measurement &amp; analysis of the temporal discrimination threshold applied to cervical dystonia

时间分辨阈值 (TDT) 是指观察者可以将两个顺序刺激区分为异步 (通常为30-50 毫秒) 的最短间隔。它已被证明是异常 (延长) 的神经紊乱, 包括颈椎肌张力障碍, 一个表型的成人特发性孤立性肌张力障碍。TDT 是一种定量的衡量能力, 感知迅速变化的环境, 并被视为指示的行为的视觉神经元的优势丘, 一个关键节点的隐蔽注意定向。本文阐述了测量 TDT 的方法 (包括两种硬件选择和两种刺激方式)。本文还探讨了两种数据分析和 TDT 计算的方法。本文还讨论了时间歧视的评估在了解颈椎张力障碍和成人特发性孤立性肌张力障碍发病机制中的应用。

在表1和 2中提供了填充的评分表的示例, 其中分别代表楼梯和随机刺激演示方法的结果。每个运行的阈值 (被认为是"不同"的第一个三刺激对的计时) 将被高亮显示。在表 1的情况下, TDT 计算为25毫秒 (即, 中值40、25、25、25、45、25、40、10毫秒)。这些数据取自一名35岁的女性, 她参与了先前的一项研究18</sup...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Measurement & Analysis of the Temporal Discrimination Threshold Applied to Cervical Dystonia at JoVE.com

Measurement & Analysis of the Temporal Discrimination Threshold Applied to Cervical Dystonia

本文介绍了时间分辨阈值的测量和分析方法, 并对其在颈椎张力障碍发病机制研究中的应用进行了探讨。

宫颈肌张力障碍的时间分辨阈值测量 &amp; 分析

The temporal discrimination threshold (TDT) is the shortest time interval at which an observer can discriminate two sequential stimuli as being ...

measurement-analysis-temporal-discrimination-threshold-applied-to

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Measurement &amp; Analysis of the Temporal Discrimination Threshold Applied to Cervical Dystonia

9.7K 次观看.  Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin. 本文介绍了时间分辨阈值的测量和分析方法, 并对其在颈椎张力障碍发病机制研究中的应用进行了探讨。

视频: Measurement & Analysis of the Temporal Discrimination Threshold Applied to Cervical Dystonia

Measurement of Vibration Detection Threshold and Tactile Spatial Acuity in Human Subjects

Tests that allow the precise determination of psychophysical thresholds for vibration and grating orientation provide valuable information about mechanosensory function that are relevant for clinical diagnosis as well as for basic research. Here, we describe two psychophysical tests designed to determine the vibration detection threshold (automated system) and tactile spatial acuity (handheld device). Both procedures implement a two-interval forced-choice and a transformed-rule up and down experimental paradigm. These tests have been used to obtain mechanosensory profiles for individuals from distinct human cohorts such as twins or people with sensorineural deafness.

Here, we present protocols to determine vibration detection thresholds and tactile acuity using psychophysical methods in man.

振动检测阈值和触觉敏锐的空间在人类受试者的测量

Tests that allow the precise determination of psychophysical thresholds for vibration and grating orientation provide valuable information about ...

科研

行为学

Psychophysically-anchored, Robust Thresholding in Studying Pain-related Lateralization of Oscillatory Prestimulus Activity

In perceptual studies, it is often important to objectively assess the equality of delivered stimulation across participants or to quantify the intra-individual sensation magnitude that is evoked by stimulation over multiple trials. This requires a robust mapping of stimulus magnitude to perceived intensity and is commonly achieved by psychophysical estimation methods such as the staircase procedure. Newer, more efficient procedures like the QUEST algorithm fit a psychophysical function to the data in real time while at the same time maximizing the efficiency of data collection. A robust estimate of the threshold intensity between painful and nonpainful perceptions can then be used to reduce the influence of variations in sensory input in subsequent analyses of oscillatory brain activity. By stimulating at a constant threshold intensity determined by an adaptive estimation procedure, the variance in the ratings can be directly attributed to perceptual processes. Oscillatory activity can then be contrasted between &#34;pain&#34; and &#34;no-pain&#34; trials directly, yielding activity that closely relates to perceptual classification processes in nociception.

Psychophysical methods such as the QUEST estimation procedure can efficiently yield robust estimates of the stimulation intensity at which nonpainful sensations transition into painful sensations. By stimulating repeatedly at the threshold intensity, the variability in rating responses can directly be attributed to perceptual classifications in subsequent analyses.

在研究疼痛相关振荡Prestimulus活动偏侧Psychophysically锚，乐百氏阈值

In perceptual studies, it is often important to objectively assess the equality of delivered stimulation across participants or to quantify the ...

A Standardized Method for Measurement of Elbow Kinesthesia

Proprioception is an important component of controlled movement. The threshold to detection of passive movement (TDPM) is a commonly used method for quantifying the proprioceptive submodality of kinesthesia in research settings. The TDPM paradigm has been found to be valid and reliable; however, the equipment and methods used for TDPM vary between studies. In particular, the research laboratory apparatuses for producing passive movement of an extremity are often custom designed by individual laboratories or inaccessible due to high cost. There is a need for a standardized, valid, and reliable method for measuring TDPM using readily available equipment. The purpose of this protocol is to provide a standardized method for measurement of TDPM at the elbow that is economical, easy to administer, and that produces quantitative results for measurement purposes in research-based settings. This method was tested on 20 healthy adults without neurological impairment, and eight adults with chronic stroke. The results obtained suggest this method is a reliable way to quantify elbow TDPM in healthy adults, and provides initial support for validity. Researchers seeking a balance between equipment affordability and measurement precision are most likely to find this protocol of benefit.

Here, we present a standardized method for measurement of elbow passive kinesthesia using the threshold to detection of passive movement (TDPM) that is appropriate for a research setting.

肘部运动麻醉的标准化测量方法

Proprioception is an important component of controlled movement. The threshold to detection of passive movement (TDPM) is a commonly used method for ...

研究视觉持续时间感知任务中的动眼神经反应

Eye Movements in Visual Duration Perception: Disentangling Stimulus from Time in Predecisional Processes

Eye-tracking methods may allow the online monitoring of cognitive processing during visual duration perception tasks, where participants are asked to estimate, discriminate, or compare time intervals defined by visual events like flashing circles. However, and to our knowledge, attempts to validate this possibility have remained inconclusive so far, and results remain focused on offline behavioral decisions made after stimulus appearance. This paper presents an eye-tracking protocol for exploring the cognitive processes preceding behavioral responses in an interval comparison task, where participants viewed two consecutive intervals and had to decide whether it speeded up (first interval longer than second) or slowed down (second interval longer). 
Our main concern was disentangling oculomotor responses to the visual stimulus itself from correlates of duration related to judgments. To achieve this, we defined three consecutive time windows based on critical events: baseline onset, the onset of the first interval, the onset of the second interval, and the end of the stimulus. We then extracted traditional oculomotor measures for each (number of fixations, pupil size) and focused on time-window-related changes to separate the responses to the visual stimulus from those related to interval comparison per se. As we show in the illustrative results, eye-tracking data showed significant differences that were consistent with behavioral results, raising hypotheses on the mechanisms engaged. This protocol is embryonic and will require many improvements, but it represents an important step forward in the current state of art.

作者聚焦：探索视觉刺激的时间感知与阅读技能之间的联系

We present a protocol that employs eye tracking to monitor eye movements during an interval comparison (duration perception) task based on visual events. The aim is to provide a preliminary guide to separate oculomotor responses to duration perception tasks (comparison or discrimination of time intervals) from responses to the stimulus itself.

视觉持续时间感知中的眼球运动：在决策前过程中将刺激与时间解开

Eye-tracking methods may allow the online monitoring of cognitive processing during visual duration perception tasks, where participants are asked to ...

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>使用 DeepLabCut 实时小鼠斜视检测偏头痛追踪

An Automated Squint Method for Time-syncing Behavior and Brain Dynamics in Mouse Pain Studies

Spontaneous pain has been challenging to track in real time and quantify in a way that prevents human bias. This is especially true for metrics of head pain, as in disorders such as migraine. Eye squint has emerged as a continuous variable metric that can be measured over time and is effective for predicting pain states in such assays. This paper provides a protocol for the use of DeepLabCut (DLC) to automate and quantify eye squint (Euclidean distance between eyelids) in restrained mice with freely rotating head motions. This protocol enables unbiased quantification of eye squint to be paired with and compared directly against mechanistic measures such as neurophysiology. We provide an assessment of AI training parameters necessary for achieving success as defined by discriminating squint and non-squint periods. We demonstrate an ability to reliably track and differentiate squint in a CGRP-induced migraine-like phenotype at a sub second resolution.

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>作者聚焦：破译复杂大脑活动和疾病背后的电网

This protocol provides a method for tracking automated eye squint in rodents over time in a manner compatible with time-locking to neurophysiological measures. This protocol is expected to be useful to researchers studying mechanisms of pain disorders such as migraine.

一种用于小鼠疼痛研究中时间同步行为和大脑动力学的自动斜视方法

Spontaneous pain has been challenging to track in real time and quantify in a way that prevents human bias. This is especially true for metrics of head ...

Implantation of Osmotic Pumps and Induction of Stress to Establish a Symptomatic, Pharmacological Mouse Model for DYT/PARK-ATP1A3 Dystonia

Genetically modified mouse models face limitations, especially when studying movement disorders, where most of the available transgenic rodent models do not present a motor phenotype resembling the clinical aspects of the human disease. Pharmacological mouse models allow for a more direct study of the pathomechanisms and their effect on the behavioral phenotype. Osmotic pumps connected to brain cannulas open up the possibility of creating pharmacological mouse models via local and chronic drug delivery. For the hereditary movement disorder of rapid-onset dystonia-parkinsonism, the loss-of-function mutation in the &#945;3-subunit of the Na+/K+-ATPase can be simulated by a highly specific blockade via the glycoside ouabain. In order to locally block the &#945;3-subunit in the basal ganglia and the cerebellum, which are the two brain structures believed to be heavily involved in the pathogenesis of rapid-onset dystonia-parkinsonism, a bilateral cannula is stereotaxically implanted into the striatum and an additional single cannula is introduced into the cerebellum. The cannulas are connected via vinyl tubing to two osmotic pumps, which are subcutaneously implanted on the back of the animals and allow for the chronic and precise delivery of ouabain. The pharmacological mouse model for rapid-onset dystonia-parkinsonism carries the additional advantage of recapitulating the clinical and pathological features of asymptomatic and symptomatic mutation carriers. Just like mutation carriers of rapid-onset dystonia parkinsonism, the ouabain-perfused mice develop dystonia-like movements only after additional exposure to stress. We demonstrate a mild stress paradigm and introduce two modified scoring systems for the assessment of a motor phenotype.

We provide a protocol to generate a pharmacological DYT/PARK-ATP1A3 dystonia mouse model via implantation of cannulas into basal ganglia and cerebellum connected to osmotic pumps. We describe the induction of dystonia-like movements via application of a motor challenge and the characterization of the phenotype via behavioral scoring systems.

渗透泵的植入和压力的诱导，以建立一个症状，药理学小鼠模型DYT/PARK-ATP1A3肌张

Genetically modified mouse models face limitations, especially when studying movement disorders, where most of the available transgenic rodent models do ...

宫颈肌张力障碍的时间分辨阈值测量 & 分析

摘要

探索更多视频

此视频中的章节

振动检测阈值和触觉敏锐的空间在人类受试者的测量

在研究疼痛相关振荡Prestimulus活动偏侧Psychophysically锚，乐百氏阈值

肘部运动麻醉的标准化测量方法

视觉持续时间感知中的眼球运动：在决策前过程中将刺激与时间解开

视觉持续时间感知中的眼球运动：在决策前过程中将刺激与时间解开

视觉持续时间感知中的眼球运动：在决策前过程中将刺激与时间解开

一种用于小鼠疼痛研究中时间同步行为和大脑动力学的自动斜视方法

一种用于小鼠疼痛研究中时间同步行为和大脑动力学的自动斜视方法

一种用于小鼠疼痛研究中时间同步行为和大脑动力学的自动斜视方法

渗透泵的植入和压力的诱导，以建立一个症状，药理学小鼠模型DYT/PARK-ATP1A3肌张