Name: development of a human preclinical model of osteoclastogenesis from peripheral blood monocytes co-cultured with breast cancer cell lines
Uploaded: 2017-09-13T15:00:00.000+00:00
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Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Development of a Human Preclinical Model of Osteoclastogenesis from Peripheral Blood Monocytes Co-cultured with Breast Cancer Cell Lines at JoVE.com

我们要感谢宜宾康提供 SCP2 细胞系和罗纳尔多佛娜的编辑协助。

人破骨细胞与 PBMCs 的健康献血者有区别, 他们书面知情同意参与研究。根据1964《赫尔辛基宣言》中规定的道德标准, 该研究方案得到地方道德委员会的批准. 
 1. 破骨细胞分化 注意: 在 EDTA 中收集健康的人类捐献者的外周血或棕黄色大衣。不要使用少于20毫升的外周血。巴比大衣更可取, 因为它们有更丰富的单核细胞。在无菌组织培养罩中执行以下步骤. 
<ol> <li> 稀释 EDTA 全血1:1 与1x 磷酸缓冲盐水 (PBS)。重新挂起. </li>
	<li> 淋巴细胞分离培养基上的层 (血液 PBS: 淋巴细胞分离培养基, 2:1) 在50毫升管。
	<ol> <li> 吸管30毫升血液稀释到50毫升管. </li>
		<li> 将15毫升的淋巴细胞分离培养基轻轻地放在50毫升的管子底部. </li>
	</ol> </li> <li> 757 和 #215 离心机; g 为10分钟的室温 (无刹车). </li>
	<li> 收集单个核细胞: <ol> <li> 用5毫升吸管收集单个核细胞的白色层, 无需搅拌, 并将其放入新的50毫升管中. </li>
		<li> 用20毫升 PBS 稀释收集的 PBMCs. </li>
	</ol> </li> <li> 清洗 PBMCs: <ol> <li> 在室温下以 225 x g 离心5分钟。
		<li> 通过倒置管丢弃上清。重复一次. </li>
	</ol> </li> <li> 红细胞裂解: 注意: 如果细胞颗粒是红色的, 用红细胞溶缓冲液处理细胞 (参见 材料表 )。
	<ol> <li> 将50毫升的管子放在冰上. </li>
		<li> 添加5毫升的红血球溶缓冲. </li>
		<li> 等待 3-5 分钟完成红细胞裂解。时间根据红细胞污染程度而变化. </li>
		<li> 通过添加20毫升 PBS 来停止反应. </li>
		<li> 在室温下离心 225 x g, 5 分钟。通过倒置管丢弃上清. 
		注: 可选: 如果进行红细胞裂解, 请按照下面的说明清洗 PBMCs. </li>
	</ol> </li> <li> 清洗 PBMCs: <ol> <li> 在室温下, 在 225 x g 处添加20毫升 PBS 和离心机, 5 分钟. </li>
		<li> 通过倒置管丢弃上清. </li>
	</ol> </li> <li> 在完全和 #945 中重新挂起单元格;-内存 (补充1% 谷氨酰胺 (初始浓度 100X) 和10% 胎牛血清). </li>
	<li> 用 Neubauer 室计数单元格。
	<ol> <li> 将冰乙酸中的样品1:100 稀释并使用10和 #181; 稀释的 L 以计数细胞. </li>
		<li> 计数至少两次并计算复制的平均值以获取所收集的单元格的总平均数量. </li>
	</ol> </li> <li> 板单元格: <ol> <li> 每 cm 的浓度为 75万 PBMCs 的板单元格 2 。
		<li> 在37和 #176 的恒温箱中存储镀膜细胞; C 在 5% CO 2 大气中. 
		注: 设计实验, 包括负控制, 这是处理与正常完整和 #945 的单元;-没有 MCSF 或 RANKL GFs. 记住在至少3技术复制中执行每个条件。执行至少3生物复制. </li>
	</ol> </li> <li> 更改与 GFs 一起补充的介质: <ol> <li> 在单元播种后等待约3小时, 然后移除介质 (200-1000 和 #181; L) 以丢弃碎片、未连接的细胞和红细胞. 
		注意: 更换培养基时要小心, 避免细胞脱落. </li>
		<li> 添加新的完整 #945;-MCSF (500 和 #181 的 20 ng/毫升) 补充. 
		注: 当大块与癌细胞, 种子的癌细胞 PBMC 播种后的一天. </li>
	</ol> </li> <li> 每隔 2-3 天 (& #945) 更改媒体: <ol> <li> 用 200-1000 和 #181 丢弃介质; L 吸管. </li>
		<li> 通过 200-1000 和 #181 添加新的新鲜培养基; L 吸管. </li>
	</ol> </li> <li> 在单元播种后6-7 天内, 添加 20 ng/毫升的 RANKL 以完成和 #945;-内存 + MCSF. </li>
	<li> 每2-3 天更改一次介质 (完整和 #945;-内存 + MCSF + RANKL): <ol> <li> 用 200-1000 和 #181 丢弃介质; L 吸管. </li>
		<li> 添加 200-1000 和 #181 的新介质; L 吸管。细胞播种后14天停止诱导分化. </li>
		<li> 丢弃介质并使用 PBS 清洗两次. </li>
	</ol> </li> <li> 使用甲醛修复单元格: <ol> <li> 将单元格保留为干燥. </li>
		<li> 添加4% 甲醛 (请参见 材料表 ). </li>
		<li> 室温孵育20分钟. </li>
	</ol> </li> <li> 丢弃甲醛并用500和 #181 清洗两次; PBS 的 L. 
	警告: 甲醛有毒;请戴上手套、口罩和眼镜. </li>
	<li> 允许单元格干燥. </li>
	<li> 根据制造商和 #39 的说明执行陷印着色 (请参阅 材料表 ). </li>
	<li> 在放大镜下, 在显微镜下手动计数破骨样细胞 10X;NA 0.30. 
	注: 破骨样细胞被定义为具有至少4核的陷阱 + polycarion 细胞. </li>
</ol> 2。癌细胞培养 注意: 可以使用不同类型的乳腺腺癌细胞系进行实验, 如 SCP2 17 , 这是一个 osteotropic 细胞系, 来源于三重负人乳腺癌细胞系 (MDA-MB-231) 和激素受体阳性细胞系 MCF7. 
<ol> <li> 将单元格作为单层在75厘米的 2 烧瓶中进行培养。
	<ol> <li> 种子100万的癌细胞在75厘米的 2 烧瓶中。
		<li> 将单元格存储在37和 #176; C 在完整和 #945 中, 在 5% CO 2 大气层中补充1% 谷氨酰胺和10% 胎牛血清. </li>
	</ol> </li> <li> 将单元格分离到大约 90% 70-100: <ol> <li> 丢弃介质, 用 pbs 进行洗涤, 并在 pbs 中添加 2-3 毫升的胰蛋白酶 1X. </li>
		<li> 在37和 #176 孵育细胞3-5 分钟; C. </li>
		<li> 从75厘米 2 烧瓶中收集分离的细胞由10毫升吸管, 添加8毫升的完整培养基停止酶反应. </li>
		<li> 225 x g 离心5分钟. </li>
	</ol> </li> <li> 清洗癌细胞: <ol> <li> 添加10毫升的 PBS. </li>
		<li> 600 x g 离心5分钟. </li>
	</ol> </li> <li> 用 Neubauer 室计数癌细胞。
	<ol> <li> 至少计算两次癌细胞的数量, 并算出复制的平均值, 以获取所收集的细胞总数. </li>
	</ol> </li> </ol> 3。癌细胞和单核细胞的直接共培养对破骨干细胞的分化作用 <ol> <li> 在插入物上种癌细胞 (孔径0.4 和 #181; m): <ol> <li> 种子癌细胞的浓度为4000细胞每厘米 2 。
		<li> 孵育于37和 #176; C 和 5% CO 2 . 
		注: 在0.4 和 #181 的共培养实验 PBMC 播种后的一天, 种子的癌细胞; m 插入. </li>
	</ol> </li> <li> 等待24小时以允许单元格粘附. </li>
	<li> 将种子插入区域性置于单核区域性上以开始共培养 (参见协议1.10 节) </li>
	<li> 每 2-3 天更改媒体, 并完成 #945;
	<ol> <li> 丢弃 200-1000 和 #181 的介质; L 吸管. </li>
		<li> 添加500和 #181; L 的新鲜培养基. 
		注: 共培养的主要目的是了解癌细胞的 osteoclastogenic 能力, 因此, GFs 不会添加到和 #945;在每次共培养实验中, 包括 negative 控制 (见《议定书》步骤1.10 中的说明) 和 RANKL 和 MCSF (无癌细胞) 区分的破骨细胞阳性控制。在未放置于单个核细胞的插入物中的癌细胞被用作对共培养的阴性控制. </li>
	</ol> </li> <li> 停止共培养并使用肿瘤细胞进行下游分析: <ol> <li> 在 PBMC 播种后13天和癌症细胞播种后12天, 将插入物放在新的盘子上. </li>
		<li> 停止癌症细胞培养, 并在此基础上进行下游分析 (请参阅 讨论 ). </li>
	</ol> </li> <li> 14 天, 停止破骨细胞分化并修复单元格, 如步骤1.15 所述. </li>
	<li> 立即或在 14-30 天内执行陷阱染色. 
	注: 可选染色: 为了证实陷阱 + polycarion 细胞是破骨, 研究人员可以执行额外的染色检测的中心, 一个破骨特异的标志物。F 肌动蛋白环的检测是另一种破骨细胞特异染色方法 12 , 13 , 14 。
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作者没有利益冲突透露。

临床前体外模型研究肿瘤细胞与骨细胞之间的串扰机制, 需要确定骨转移的机制, 以建立新的治疗策略。我们开发了一个完全人的体外模型的人外周血破 (图 3)。在方法优化过程中, 确定和解决了一些关键点。第一个是关于单个核细胞数量的种子。通过显微镜计数获得的细胞数量只是一个粗略的定量, 因为它很难区分淋巴细胞和单核细胞, 后者是破实验中的靶体细?...

骨是一种常见的转移为不同类型的原发性肿瘤, 如前列腺癌, 肺癌和乳腺癌, 20-25% 的病人发展骨转移在疾病过程中1,2,3。特别是, 70% 的乳腺癌患者携带骨转移的证据在死亡4。肿瘤和基质细胞的相互作用是癌症进展的主要癌症和继发性病变。在骨骼微环境中, 乳腺癌的骨骨转移依赖于肿瘤细胞、骨细胞和骨微环境之间的病理恶性循环的建立。肿瘤细胞破坏骨平衡, 增加骨吸收5,6,7。
在正常和病理条件下, 破骨细胞是负责骨质吸收的单元, 而骨细胞, 在沉积新的基质, 负责新骨形成8。破骨细胞的活性通过 RANKL 的表达来调节, 这与其受体在 pre-osteoclast 表面的排列有关, 诱导 pre-osteoclast 融合, 这是分化为成熟破骨的必要过程。诱导破增加骨吸收。大量的体内研究显著提高了我们对骨转移形成的认识9,10,11。乳腺癌细胞从原发肿瘤和骨微环境扰乱骨内稳态, 促进破和骨吸收8。在这种情况下, 所有的分子相互作用发生在癌细胞和破骨细胞之间是至关重要的。正如已经提到的, 骨转移形成的机制已在体内小鼠模型中阐明。然而, 除了需要批准的所有在体内动物实验的伦理委员会, 有几个其他缺点, 以执行在体内实验, 包括高成本和耗时的方法。一些作者将临床前的在体内和体外模型的破使用小鼠线的 pre-osteoclasts 称为 RAW246.79,10,11。这个模型的缺点是由于细胞已经致力于成为 pre-osteoclasts, 而不是人类的起源。由于这些原因, 转化研究可以大大受益于体外充分的人前临床模型研究骨肿瘤细胞的相互作用。
我们优化了破体外的方法, 从人外周血样本开始,12,13。破骨细胞来源于单核细胞, 虽然在很小程度上存在于外周血标本中。通过聚密度梯度将单个核细胞从红细胞和粒中分离出来;他们然后选择, 由于他们的能力坚持塑料基板, 不同于淋巴细胞。播种后, 细胞培养14天。MCSF 和 RANKL 是单核细胞所需的 GFs, 以先分化成巨噬, 然后再进入破骨14,15。MCSF 是需要的整个期间的化验, 而 RANKL 是用来诱导分化过程的后期阶段的破。在分化的早期阶段, MCSF 帮助单核细胞增殖并存活14,15。在破的第二部分, 细胞融合并成熟为破骨, 显示了肌动蛋白 F 在环中的特征分布, 并表达了抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶 (TRAP) 和降钙素受体等特异标记物中心)14,15. 我们的方法包括在实验的前7天将 MCSF 添加到单核细胞培养中, 并结合 MCSF 和 RANKL 从7天到14。在实验结束时, 破通过计数的分化细胞进行分析, 详见下文。
由 GFs 诱导分化的单核细胞培养是我们临床前模型的基础。我们优化了一个没有 GFs 的共培养系统, 以更好地了解乳腺癌细胞的 osteoclastogenic 能力。我们首先开发了一个间接 co-cultures 的模型, 添加了一个培养基 (80% α-最低基本培养基 (α-记忆) 和20% 条件培养基, 从培养的乳腺癌细胞, 约90% 融合到细胞进行分化12.条件培养基 (未在血清剥夺状态下收集) 在24小时后收集, 并与新鲜培养基混合, 比例为1:4。条件培养基诱导的破骨细胞分化与阴性对照有关。然而, 当使用间接 co-cultures 时, 由于癌细胞与骨细胞相互作用的信息丢失, 我们通过直接 co-cultures 来改善我们的系统。我们在0.4 µM 的插入物中植入癌细胞, 并将它们放置在单核细胞被电镀的井中。使用这种方法, 细胞共享相同的培养基和交换分泌的蛋白质。因此, 我们创造了一个完整的人类临床前模型的破诱导肿瘤细胞13。
这个系统是非常多才多艺的, 可以用于不同的研究目的,例如, 在药理研究中的作用, 调查药物在骨转移。我们的模型使得有可能研究骨靶向治疗和/或抗肿瘤药物在肿瘤细胞存在的作用和机制13。用正确的控制方法设计实验,即, 单独培养的癌细胞和破骨细胞, 使人们更容易理解共育对药物活动的影响。当研究的药物靶向癌细胞和破骨细胞时, 这种方法变得更加有趣,例如, 司16。这个模型也可以用来识别癌细胞和骨细胞之间相互作用的新途径。

<table><tbody><tr><td>&amp;alpha;MEM</td><td>Euroclone</td><td>BE12-169F</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Glutamine</td><td>Life-technologies</td><td>ECB3000D</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fetal bovine serum</td><td>Life-technologies</td><td>ECS0180DPR</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>hMCSF</td><td>Peprotech</td><td>300-25</td><td>Storage indications must be respected</td></tr><tr><td>hRANKL</td><td>Peprotech</td><td>310-01</td><td>Storage indications must be respected</td></tr><tr><td>Acid Phosphatase, Leukocyte (TRAP) Kit</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>387 A</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Lymphocyte separation media</td><td>Biowest</td><td>L0560-100</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Red Blood cell lysing buffer</td><td>SIgma</td><td>11814389001&lt;br/&gt; ROCHE</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Trypsin</td><td>EuroClone</td><td>COD.&lt;br/&gt; ECB3052D</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Paraformaldehyde 4% aqueous solution, EM grade</td><td>Electron Microscopy Sciences</td><td>157-4-100</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>MDA-MB-231 cell line</td><td>ATCC</td><td>CRM-HTB-267</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>MCF7</td><td>ATCC</td><td>HTB-22</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Transwell</td><td>Corning</td><td>3470-Clear</td><td>These inserts are for 24-well plates;&lt;br/&gt; 6.5 mm, 0.4 &amp;mu;M;&lt;br/&gt; pore size</td></tr></tbody></table>

development of a human preclinical model of osteoclastogenesis from peripheral blood monocytes co-cultured with breast cancer cell lines

骨微环境中肿瘤细胞与骨细胞之间的串扰是了解骨转移形成机制的关键。我们开发了一个体外完全人前模型的乳腺癌细胞共培养和单核化的分化为破骨病。我们优化了一个模型的破开始从一个样本的外周血从健康的捐助者收集。外周血单个核细胞 (PBMCs) 首先通过密度梯度离心分离, 在高密度下播种, 并通过增加两种生长因子诱导分化 (GFs): 核因子-nf-配体 (RANKL) 和巨噬细胞的受体激活剂集激发因子 (MCSF). 细胞被留在培养14天, 然后通过下游分析固定和分析。在骨骨转移, 肿瘤细胞到达骨的影响之一是诱导破。因此, 我们挑战我们的模型与 co-cultures 乳腺癌细胞, 以研究的分化能力的癌细胞与 GFs 有关。一个直接的方法研究癌细胞-破骨细胞相互作用是执行间接 co-cultures 的基础上, 利用条件培养基收集的乳腺癌细胞培养和混合新鲜培养基。这种混合物用于诱导破骨细胞分化。我们还优化了直接共培养的方法, 其中癌细胞和单核细胞的分化分享媒介和交换分泌的因素。这是一个显著的改进, 在原来的间接共培养方法, 因为研究人员可以观察两个细胞类型的相互作用, 并执行下游分析的癌细胞和破骨细胞。这种方法使我们能够研究药物对转移性骨微环境的影响, 以及除乳腺癌以外的种子细胞株。该模型还可用于研究其他疾病, 如骨质疏松症或其他骨骼条件。

优化了一种从人外周血单核细胞中易分化破骨的方法。单核细胞培养与癌细胞, 证实 (如文献中所描述的18), 癌细胞能够维持破骨转移。在图 1中显示了与癌细胞和 GFs 区分的破骨细胞。破骨样细胞是具有4或更多核的细胞, 对诱捕染色 (紫色细胞) 是阳性的。用于定义破骨细胞的细胞核数量的被接受的截止值是 318, 但?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Development of a Human Preclinical Model of Osteoclastogenesis from Peripheral Blood Monocytes Co-cultured with Breast Cancer Cell Lines at JoVE.com

Development of a Human Preclinical Model of Osteoclastogenesis from Peripheral Blood Monocytes Co-cultured with Breast Cancer Cell Lines

该协议描述了一个体外的发展, 从外周血单核细胞中培养的乳癌细胞系破人前模型, 模拟癌细胞-破骨细胞的相互作用。该模型可用于进一步了解骨转移形成和改善治疗方案。

乳腺癌细胞系外周血单核细胞破的人前临床模型的建立

The crosstalk between tumor cells and bone cells in the bone microenvironment is crucial to understanding the mechanism of bone metastasis formation. We ...

development-human-preclinical-model-osteoclastogenesis-from

Research

JoVE Journal

Cancer Research

7.0K 次观看.  IRCCS. 该协议描述了一个体外的发展, 从外周血单核细胞中培养的乳癌细胞系破人前模型, 模拟癌细胞-破骨细胞的相互作用。该模型可用于进一步了解骨转移形成和改善治疗方案。

视频: Development of a Human Preclinical Model of Osteoclastogenesis from Peripheral Blood Monocytes Co-cultured with Breast Cancer Cell Lines

Analyzing the Communication Between Monocytes and Primary Breast Cancer Cells in an Extracellular Matrix Extract (ECME)-based Three-dimensional System

Embedded in the extracellular matrix (ECM), normal and neoplastic epithelial cells intimately communicate with hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic cells, thus greatly influencing normal tissue homeostasis and disease outcome. In breast cancer, tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) play a critical role in disease progression, metastasis, and recurrence; therefore, understanding the mechanisms of monocyte chemoattraction to the tumor microenvironment and their interactions with tumor cells is important to control the disease. Here, we provide a detailed description of a three-dimensional (3D) co-culture system of human breast cancer (BrC) cells and human monocytes. BrC cells produced high basal levels of regulated on-activation, normal T-cell expressed and secreted (RANTES), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), while in co-culture with monocytes, pro-inflammatory cytokines Interleukin (IL)-1 beta (IL-1&#946;) and IL-8 were enriched together with matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)-1, MMP-2, and MMP-10. This tumor stroma microenvironment promoted resistance to anoikis in MCF-10A 3D acini-like structures, chemoattraction of monocytes, and invasion of aggressive BrC cells. The protocols presented here provide an affordable alternative to study intra-tumor communication and are an example of the great potential that in vitro 3D cell systems provide to interrogate specific features of tumor biology related to tumor aggression.

Analyzing the Communication Between Monocytes and Primary Breast Cancer Cells in an Extracellular Matrix Extract ECME-based Three-dimensional System

Here, we describe a three-dimensional culture method to analyze the morphology of primary breast cancer cells, as well as to study their direct/indirect interactions with monocytes and the outcomes such as collagen degradation, immune cell recruitment, cell invasion, and promotion of cancer-related inflammation.

基于细胞外基质提取物 (ECME) 的三维系统中单核细胞与原代乳癌细胞的通讯分析

Embedded in the extracellular matrix (ECM), normal and neoplastic epithelial cells intimately communicate with hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic cells, ...

科研

癌症研究

Stimulation of Notch Signaling in Mouse Osteoclast Precursors

Notch signaling is a key component of multiple physiological and pathological processes. The nature of Notch signaling, however, makes in vitro investigation of its varying and sometimes contradictory roles a challenge. As a component of direct cell-cell communication with both receptors and ligands bound to the plasma membrane, Notch signaling cannot be activated in vitro by simple addition of ligands to culture media, as is possible with many other signaling pathways. Instead, Notch ligands must be presented to cells in an immobilized state. 
Variations in methods of Notch signaling activation can lead to different outcomes in cultured cells. In osteoclast precursors, in particular, differences in methods of Notch stimulation and osteoclast precursor culture and differentiation have led to disagreement over whether Notch signaling is a positive or negative regulator of osteoclast differentiation. While closer comparisons of osteoclast differentiation under different Notch stimulation conditions in vitro and genetic models have largely resolved the controversy regarding Notch signaling and osteoclasts, standardized methods of continuous and temporary stimulation of Notch signaling in cultured cells could prevent such discrepancies in the future.
This protocol describes two methods for stimulating Notch signaling specifically in cultured mouse osteoclast precursors, though these methods should be applicable to any adherent cell type with minor adjustments. The first method produces continuous stimulation of Notch signaling and involves immobilizing Notch ligand to a tissue culture surface prior to the seeding of cells. The second, which uses Notch ligand bound to agarose beads allows for temporary stimulation of Notch signaling in cells that are already adhered to a culture surface. This protocol also includes methods for detecting Notch activation in osteoclast precursors as well as representative transcriptional markers of Notch signaling activation.

Notch signaling is a form of cellular communication that relies upon direct contact between cells. To properly induce Notch signaling in vitro, Notch ligands must be presented to cells in an immobilized state. This protocol describes methods for in vitro stimulation of Notch signaling in mouse osteoclast precursors.

在鼠标破骨细胞前体Notch信号的刺激

Notch signaling is a key component of multiple physiological and pathological processes. The nature of Notch signaling, however, makes in vitro ...

发育生物学

A Three-dimensional Tissue Culture Model to Study Primary Human Bone Marrow and its Malignancies

Tissue culture has been an invaluable tool to study many aspects of cell function, from normal development to disease. Conventional cell culture methods rely on the ability of cells either to attach to a solid substratum of a tissue culture dish or to grow in suspension in liquid medium. Multiple immortal cell lines have been created and grown using such approaches, however, these methods frequently fail when primary cells need to be grown ex vivo. Such failure has been attributed to the absence of the appropriate extracellular matrix components of the tissue microenvironment from the standard systems where tissue culture plastic is used as a surface for cell growth. Extracellular matrix is an integral component of the tissue microenvironment and its presence is crucial for the maintenance of physiological functions such as cell polarization, survival, and proliferation. Here we present a 3-dimensional tissue culture method where primary bone marrow cells are grown in extracellular matrix formulated to recapitulate the microenvironment of the human bone (rBM system). Embedded in the extracellular matrix, cells are supplied with nutrients through the medium supplemented with human plasma, thus providing a comprehensive system where cell survival and proliferation can be sustained for up to 30 days while maintaining the cellular composition of the primary tissue. Using the rBM system we have successfully grown primary bone marrow cells from normal donors and patients with amyloidosis, and various hematological malignancies. The rBM system allows for direct, in-matrix real time visualization of the cell behavior and evaluation of preclinical efficacy of novel therapeutics. Moreover, cells can be isolated from the rBM and subsequently used for in vivo transplantation, cell sorting, flow cytometry, and nucleic acid and protein analysis. Taken together, the rBM method provides a reliable system for the growth of primary bone marrow cells under physiological conditions.

In standard culture methods cells are taken out of their physiological environment and grown on the plastic surface of a dish. To study the behavior of primary human bone marrow cells we created a 3-D culture system where cells are grown under conditions recapitulating the native microenvironment of the tissue.

三维组织培养模型研究人类原发性骨髓和恶性肿瘤

Tissue culture has been an invaluable tool to study many aspects of cell function, from normal development to disease. Conventional cell culture methods ...

医学

Methods for Culturing Human Femur Tissue Explants to Study Breast Cancer Cell Colonization of the Metastatic Niche

Bone is the most common site of breast cancer metastasis. Although it is widely accepted that the microenvironment influences cancer cell behavior, little is known about breast cancer cell properties and behaviors within the native microenvironment of human bone tissue.We have developed approaches to track, quantify and modulate human breast cancer cells within the microenvironment of cultured human bone tissue fragments isolated from discarded femoral heads following total hip replacement surgeries. Using breast cancer cells engineered for luciferase and enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) expression, we are able to reproducibly quantitate migration and proliferation patterns using bioluminescence imaging (BLI), track cell interactions within the bone fragments using fluorescence microscopy, and evaluate breast cells after colonization with flow cytometry. The key advantages of this model include: 1) a native, architecturally intact tissue microenvironment that includes relevant human cell types, and 2) direct access to the microenvironment, which facilitates rapid quantitative and qualitative monitoring and perturbation of breast and bone cell properties, behaviors and interactions. A primary limitation, at present, is the finite viability of the tissue fragments, which confines the window of study to short-term culture. Applications of the model system include studying the basic biology of&#160;breast cancer and other bone-seeking malignancies within the metastatic niche, and developing therapeutic strategies to effectively target breast cancer cells in bone tissues.

Protocols are described for studying breast cancer cell migration, proliferation and colonization in a human bone tissue explant model system.

方法培养人股骨组织外植体，究其利基转移性乳腺癌细胞定居

Bone is the most common site of breast cancer metastasis. Although it is widely accepted that the microenvironment influences cancer cell behavior, little ...

Modeling Chemotherapy Resistant Leukemia In Vitro

It is well established that the bone marrow microenvironment provides a unique site of sanctuary for hematopoietic diseases that both initiate and progress in this site. The model presented in the current report utilizes human primary bone marrow stromal cells and osteoblasts as two representative cell types from the marrow niche that influence tumor cell phenotype. The in vitro co-culture conditions described for human leukemic cells with these primary niche components support the generation of a chemoresistant subpopulation of tumor cells that can be efficiently recovered from culture for analysis by diverse techniques. A strict feeding schedule to prevent nutrient fluxes followed by gel type 10 cross-linked dextran (G10) particles recovery of the population of tumor cells that have migrated beneath the adherent bone marrow stromal cells (BMSC) or osteoblasts (OB) generating a "phase dim" (PD) population of tumor cells, provides a consistent source of purified therapy resistant leukemic cells. This clinically relevant population of tumor cells can be evaluated by standard methods to investigate apoptotic, metabolic, and cell cycle regulatory pathways as well as providing a more rigorous target in which to test novel therapeutic strategies prior to pre-clinical investigations targeted at minimal residual disease.

Modeling Chemotherapy Resistant Leukemia In Vitro

The current report summarizes a protocol that can be utilized to model the influence of the bone marrow microenvironment niche on leukemic cells with emphasis placed on enrichment of the most chemoresistant subpopulation.

建模化疗耐药白血病<em&gt;体外</em

It is well established that the bone marrow microenvironment provides a unique site of sanctuary for hematopoietic diseases that both initiate and ...

Differentiation and Characterization of Osteoclasts from Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

This protocol details the propagation and passaging of human iPSCs and their differentiation into osteoclasts. First, iPSCs are dissociated into a single-cell suspension for further use in embryoid body induction. Following mesodermal induction, embryoid bodies undergo hematopoietic differentiation, producing a floating hematopoietic cell population. Subsequently, the harvested hematopoietic cells undergo a macrophage colony-stimulating factor maturation step and, finally, osteoclast differentiation. After osteoclast differentiation, osteoclasts are characterized by staining for TRAP in conjunction with a methyl green nuclear stain. Osteoclasts are observed as multinucleated, TRAP+ polykaryons. Their identification can be further supported by Cathepsin K staining. Bone and mineral resorption assays allow for functional characterization, confirming the identity of bona fide osteoclasts. This protocol demonstrates a robust and versatile method to differentiate human osteoclasts from iPSCs and allows for easy adoption in applications requiring large quantities of functional human osteoclasts. Applications in the areas of bone research, cancer research, tissue engineering, and endoprosthesis research could be envisioned.

This protocol presents the differentiation of human osteoclasts from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and describes methods for the characterization of osteoclasts and osteoclast precursors.

破骨细胞与人诱导多能干细胞的分化和表征

This protocol details the propagation and passaging of human iPSCs and their differentiation into osteoclasts. First, iPSCs are dissociated into a ...

Differentiation of Functional Osteoclasts from Human Peripheral Blood CD14+ Monocytes

Osteoclasts (OCs) are bone-resorbing cells that play a pivotal role in skeletal development and adult bone remodeling. Several bone disorders are caused by increased differentiation and activation of OCs, so the inhibition of this pathobiology is a key therapeutic principle.Two key factors drive the differentiation of OCs from myeloid precursors: macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) and receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL). Human circulating CD14+ monocytes have long been known to differentiate into OCs in vitro. However, the exposure time and the concentration of RANKL influence the differentiation efficiency. Indeed, protocols for the generation of human OCs in vitro have been described, but they often result in a poor and lengthy differentiation process. Herein, a robust and standardized protocol for generating functionally active mature human OCs in a timely manner is provided. CD14+ monocytes are enriched from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and primed with M-CSF to upregulate RANK. Subsequent exposure to RANKL generates OCs in a dose- and time-dependent manner. OCs are identified and quantified by staining with tartrate acid-resistant phosphatase (TRAP) and light microscopy analysis. Immunofluorescence staining of nuclei and F-actin is used to identify functionally active OCs. In addition, OSCAR+CD14&#8722; mature OCs are further enriched via flow cytometry cell sorting, and OC functionality quantified by mineral (or dentine/bone) resorption assays and actin ring formation. Finally, a known OC inhibitor, rotenone, is used on mature OCs, demonstrating that adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production is essential for actin ring integrity and OC function. In conclusion, a robust assay for differentiating high numbers of OCs is established in this work, which in combination with actin ring staining and an ATP assay&#160;provides a useful in vitro model to evaluate OC function and to screen for novel therapeutic compounds that can modulate the differentiation process.

Differentiation of Functional Osteoclasts from Human Peripheral Blood CD14+ Monocytes

Osteoclasts are key bone-resorbing cells in the body. This protocol describes a reliable method for the in vitro differentiation of osteoclasts from human peripheral blood monocytes. This method can be used as an important tool to further understand osteoclast biology in homeostasis and in diseases.

功能性破骨细胞与人外周血CD14+ 单核细胞的鉴别

Osteoclasts (OCs) are bone-resorbing cells that play a pivotal role in skeletal development and adult bone remodeling. Several bone disorders are caused ...

免疫与感染

Osteoclast Derivation from Mouse Bone Marrow

Osteoclasts are highly specialized cells that are derived from the monocyte/macrophage lineage of the bone marrow. Their unique ability to resorb both the organic and inorganic matrices of bone means that they play a key role in regulating skeletal remodeling. Together, osteoblasts and osteoclasts are responsible for the dynamic coupling process that involves both bone resorption and bone formation acting together to maintain the normal skeleton during health and disease.
As the principal bone-resorbing cell in the body, changes in osteoclast differentiation or function can result in profound effects in the body. Diseases associated with altered osteoclast function can range in severity from lethal neonatal disease due to failure to form a marrow space for hematopoiesis, to more commonly observed pathologies such as osteoporosis, in which excessive osteoclastic bone resorption predisposes to fracture formation.
An ability to isolate osteoclasts in high numbers in vitro has allowed for significant advances in the understanding of the bone remodeling cycle and has paved the way for the discovery of novel therapeutic strategies that combat these diseases. 
Here, we describe a protocol to isolate and cultivate osteoclasts from mouse bone marrow that will yield large numbers of osteoclasts.

Osteoclasts are the principal bone-resorbing cell in the body. An ability to isolate osteoclasts in large numbers has resulted in significant advances in the understanding of osteoclast biology. In this protocol, we describe a method for isolation, cultivating and quantifying osteoclast activity in vitro.

小鼠骨髓破骨细胞的推导

Osteoclasts are highly specialized cells that are derived from the monocyte/macrophage lineage of the bone marrow. Their unique ability to resorb both the ...

生物学

A Simple Pit Assay Protocol to Visualize and Quantify Osteoclastic Resorption In Vitro

Mature osteoclasts are multinucleated cells that can degrade bone through the secretion of acids and enzymes. They play a crucial role in various diseases (e.g., osteoporosis and bone cancer) and are therefore important objects of research. In vitro, their activity can be analyzed by the formation of resorption pits. In this protocol, we describe a simple pit assay method using calcium phosphate (CaP) coated cell culture plates, which can be easily visualized and quantified. Osteoclast precursors derived from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were cultured on the coated plates in the presence of osteoclastogenic stimuli. After 9 days of incubation, osteoclasts were fixed and stained for fluorescence imaging while the CaP coating was counterstained by calcein. To quantify the resorbed area, the CaP coating on plates was stained with 5% AgNO3 and visualized by brightfield imaging. The resorption pit area was quantified using ImageJ.

A Simple Pit Assay Protocol to Visualize and Quantify Osteoclastic Resorption In Vitro

Here, we present a simple and effective assay procedure for resorption pit assays using calcium phosphate coated cell culture plates.

一种简单的坑式检测方案，用于可视化和定量体外碎屑病再吸收

Mature osteoclasts are multinucleated cells that can degrade bone through the secretion of acids and enzymes. They play a crucial role in various diseases ...

Isolation, Purification, and Differentiation of Osteoclast Precursors from Rat Bone Marrow

Osteoclasts are large, multinucleated, and bone-resorbing cells of the monocyte-macrophage lineage that are formed by the fusion of monocytes or macrophage precursors. Excessive bone resorption is one the most significant cellular mechanisms leading to osteolytic diseases, including osteoporosis, periodontitis, and periprosthetic osteolysis. The main physiological function of osteoclasts is to absorb both the hydroxyapatite mineral component and the organic matrix of bone, generating the characteristic resorption appearance on the surface of bones. There are relatively few osteoclasts compared to other cells in the body, especially in adult bones. Recent studies have focused on how to obtain more mature osteoclasts in less time, which has always been a problem. Several improvements in the isolation and culture techniques have developed in laboratories in order to obtain more mature osteoclasts. Here, we introduce a method that isolates bone marrow in less time and with less effort compared to the traditional procedure, using a special and simple device. With the use of density gradient centrifugation, we obtain large amounts of fully differentiated osteoclasts from rat bone marrow, which are identified by classical methods.

Osteoclasts are tissue-specific macrophage polykaryons derived from the monocyte-macrophage lineage of hematopoietic stem cells. This protocol describes how to isolate bone marrow cells so that large quantities of osteoclasts are obtained while reducing the risk of accidents found in traditional methods.

乳腺癌细胞系外周血单核细胞破的人前临床模型的建立

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