作者想感谢宾夕法尼亚州立大学物理工厂的资金支持这项研究。此外, 我们要感谢 Drs. 伊丽莎白 w ·博耶, 大卫. 米勒和 Langkilde 在宾夕法尼亚州立大学的合作支持这个项目。

1. 进行春季池塘形态学调查 <ol> <li> 选择指定为基准的位置, 并将其标记为小型调查或标记标志. 
	注意: 位置应该是一个更高的海拔比池塘和有视线从所有地点横跨池塘. </li>
	<li> 将基准值指定为参照仰角; 确切的数字并不重要, 它只是提供了一个参照, 可以对所有其他高程进行比较. </li>
	<li> 使用卷尺和标记标志, 使样位于池塘区域的3米间隔处, 导致 3 m x 3 m 网格 (请参见 图 1 中的示例). </li>
	用自动电平测量水平标尺上的高度, <li> 确定池塘底部 (即 , 地面) 沿每条横断面的海拔3米。确保型材延伸至池塘两侧的最高海拔. </li>
	<li> 在每个样条的末尾, 对基准进行后, 并记录海拔. </li>
	<li> 确定测量误差为基准和 #39 的分配高程之间的差异 ( 即 , 在步骤1.2 中分配的参考值) 和从剖面线上最远位置测量的高程. </li>
	<li> 计算配置文件的关闭允许的错误 (ae) 为 ae = K (2 * M ) 0.5 , 其中 K 是介于0.001 和1之间的常量, 而 M 是基准和最遥远位置之间的距离 (以英里为间隔)配置文件. 
	注意: K 的值取决于调查所需的准确性, 在这种情况下, 可以采用 0.1 10 . </li>
	<li> 将步骤1.6 中计算的测量误差与步骤1.7 中计算的 AE 进行比较。如果测量误差大于 AE, 则对该样条重做配置文件调配 (步骤1.3 和 1.4)。如果测量误差小于 AE, 那么该断面的剖面调配就完成了, 对下一条横断面进行剖面调配. </li>
	<li> 重复步骤1.4 到 1.8, 以在另一个方向的池塘中的3米间隔进行轮廓调配, 以创建已知海拔的网格 (请参见图 1 ) 中的配置文件样的示例. </li>
	<li> 为池塘开发一个阶段存储曲线一旦海拔 (关于基准) 是已知的横跨 3 m x 3 m 网格勘测横跨池塘. 
	注: 可以使用较大的间隔时间, 但在确定水位与池塘容积之间的关系时, 可能会增加误差. </li>
</ol> 2。确定春季池塘和 #39; s 阶段存储曲线 注意: 每个春季池塘将有一个独特的关系, 水位和水量在池塘。这种关系称为阶段存储曲线. 
<ol> <li> 使用1节中收集的高程数据, 确定池塘中最高和最低的海拔. </li>
	<li> 确定最高和最低海拔之间的差异, 并选择要绘制等高线的间隔; 建议使用0.1 到 0.2 m 的等高线间隔 11 . </li>
	<li> 计算每个轮廓的曲面区域 ( i )。这可以通过手工使用 planimeter 或电子使用地理信息软件 (GIS) 来完成. </li>
	<li> 使用平均端区域方法计算每个轮廓间隔之间的音量 ( V i ): 
	<img alt="Equation 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/56466/56466eq1.jpg"/> 其中 E 是等高线高程 . </li>
	<li> 计算春季池塘的总卷 ( V P ), 将其作为每个等高线间隔之间的体积总和: 
	<img alt="Equation 2" src="/files/ftp_upload/56466/56466eq2.jpg"/> 注意: 这里的 H 是池的最大深度。 表 1 中给出了一个示例. </li>
	<li> 通过将池塘的累计容积绘制为深度函数来确定池塘的阶段存储关系。
	<ol> <li> 在安装水位传感器后, 使用水位作为 #34; 阶段和 #34; 估计池塘里的水量或储存量. 
		注意: 阶段存储曲线的示例如 图 2 所示。如果水位传感器安装在春季池塘的最低点以上, 则需要一个偏移量将测量水位转换为阶段存储曲线 (将步骤3.3 中的偏移量添加到水位传感器记录的水位中, 以确定 st年龄). </li>
	</ol> </li> </ol> 3。安装监视站 注意: 这项研究的感兴趣参数传感器包括压力传感器 (测量水位和温度)、溶解氧浓度、oxidation-reduction电位、电导率、pH 值和翻斗雨量计。pH 探头、溶解氧传感器和 oxidation-reduction 探头必须在实验室中根据传感器和 #39 的用户手册进行校准。在这里, 一个中央记录 (编程以15分钟的间隔记录数据) 被选中, 所有的传感器都在部署过程中连接在一起。一个可行的替代方案是, 每个传感器都是自主的, 不需要一个中央记录, 因为每个传感器都将记录自己的数据. 
<ol> <li> 将每个传感器 (除雨量计) 附加到煤渣块或木桩上 ( 图 3 )。使用软管夹或拉链连接, 以确保传感器保持接近底部的春季池塘 (或深度的兴趣)。
	<ol> <li> 附加溶解氧传感器, 使其处于一个角度 (按制造商的指示), 以允许氧气漫过膜。安装压力传感器直立, 因为它将测量的压力是它上面的水柱, 并且水位应该以垂直的方式记录. </li>
	</ol> </li> <li> 将装入的传感器安装在位于池塘中心的位置, 在研究期间不太可能变干. </li>
	<li> 使用标尺或测量设备确定传感器和池中最低点之间的垂直距离。记录此距离用于开发步骤2.6 中所述的阶段存储曲线 ( 即 , 在将压力传感器测量的深度与池中的总水深进行关联时, 可能需要偏移量). </li>
	<li> 当它们可以被淹没在水中时, 传感器导线易受老鼠或其他动物的影响, 当水位较低时, 它们可能会咀嚼它们, 以防这种使用 apolyvinyl 氯管保护传感器电线 (可选, 但建议)。通过 PVC 管道 (3 米长, 6.35 厘米直径) 运行传感器导线到春季池塘的边缘, 如 图 4 所示. 
	注意: 对于临时安装 (例如 , 几个星期到几个月), PVC 管道可能被认为是不必要的. </li>
	<li> 设置三脚架并将其插入到每个行程中, 将其安装到地面上腿部. 
	注: 一些高大的三脚架可能有避雷针, 也需要安装。
	<ol> <li> 将三脚架放在靠近春季池塘边缘的位置, 以确保即使池塘里充满了水, 它也可以访问. </li>
	</ol> </li> <li> 将记录和电池 (12 V) 的机箱盒连接到三脚架上, 将太阳能电池板上方的空间放在三脚架上方, 使其安装在机箱上方 ( 图 4 ) 上. </li>
	<li> 将 10 W 太阳能电池板连接到三脚架的顶部, 并将其朝向太阳。如果需要, 可以使用太阳能角度计算器 12 来确定安装面板的最佳角度. </li>
	<li> 如果有空间, 请将雨量计附加到三脚架上。否则, 将其附加到靠近池塘边缘和三脚架的木桩或金属杆 ( 图 4 )。确保 (如果可能的话) 雨量计有树木覆盖, 大约代表池塘的树盖 (如果有的话). </li>
	<li> 将所有传感器和太阳能电池板线通过盒子底部的孔带入机箱中. </li>
	<li> 将所有传感器连接到记录和 #39 的接线板, 按照传感器和 #39; 指示或记录和 #39 的接线图。请参见 图 5A 中的示例. </li>
	<li> 将太阳能电池板线连接至12V 电池以充电电池 ( 图 5B ). 
	注: 选择一个也有电压调节器 (推荐) 的电池, 以确保电池不会收到太多的太阳能电池板的电力. </li>
	<li> 将电池连接到记录上的电源输入面板 ( 图 5B ), 以便为记录和传感器提供电源. </li>
	<li> 将干燥剂包放入机箱中, 以减少记录的湿气损坏的可能性. </li>
	<li> 推荐的但可选: 使用串行电缆 ( 图 5B ) 将现场便携式计算机与记录通信软件连接到记录, 以确保传感器网络工作正常. </li>
	<li> 关闭机箱框, 并将粘土放置在机箱底部的孔周围, 在该框中, 电线进入, 使昆虫和水远离盒子。如果设备有安全问题, 请用挂锁将机箱盒固定. </li>
</ol>

<ol>
	<li>Korfel, C. A., Mitsch, W. J., Hetherington, T. E., Mack, J. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hydrology+physiochemistry,+and+amphibians+in+natural+and+created+vernal+pool+wetlands.">Hydrology physiochemistry, and amphibians in natural and created vernal pool wetlands.</a> Restor. Ecol. 18 (6), 843-854 (2010).</li><li>Colburn, E. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Vernal Pools: Natural History and Conservation. , (2004).</li><li>Collins, J. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Amphibian+decline+and+extinction:+What+we+know+and+what+we+need+to+learn.">Amphibian decline and extinction: What we know and what we need to learn.</a> Dis Aquat Org. 92, 93-99 (2013).</li><li>Wake, D. B., Vredenburg, V. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Are+we+in+the+midst+of+the+sixth+mass+extinction?+A+view+from+the+world+of+amphibians.">Are we in the midst of the sixth mass extinction? A view from the world of amphibians.</a> Proc Nat Acad Sci USA. 105, 11466-11473 (2008).</li><li>IUCN. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Conservation International and Nature Conservancy. , (2004).</li><li>Smits, A. P., Skelly, D. K., Bolden, S. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Amphibian+intersex+in+suburban+landscapes.">Amphibian intersex in suburban landscapes.</a> Ecosphere. 5 (1), 11 (2014).</li><li>Brooks, R. T., Miller, S. D., Newsted, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+impact+of+urbanization+on+water+and+sediment+chemistry+of+ephemeral+forest+pools.">The impact of urbanization on water and sediment chemistry of ephemeral forest pools.</a> J. Freshwater Ecol. 17 (3), (2002).</li><li>Czajka, C. P., Londry, K. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Anaerobic+transformation+of+estrogens.">Anaerobic transformation of estrogens.</a> Environ. Sci. Technol. 367, 932-941 (2006).</li><li>Dytczak, M. A., Londry, K. L., Oleszkiewicz, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Biotransformation+of+estrogens+in+nitrifying+activated+sludge+under+aerobic+and+alternating+anoxic/aerobic+conditions.">Biotransformation of estrogens in nitrifying activated sludge under aerobic and alternating anoxic/aerobic conditions.</a> Water Environ. Res. 80 (1), 47-52 (2008).</li><li>Field, H. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Landscape Surveying. , (2012).</li><li>. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Solar+Angle+Calculator.">Solar Angle Calculator.</a> Solar Electricity Handbook. , (2017).</li><li>Brooks, R. T., Hayashi, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Depth-area-volume+and+hydroperiod+relationships+of+ephemeral+(vernal)+forest+pools+in+southern+New+England.">Depth-area-volume and hydroperiod relationships of ephemeral (vernal) forest pools in southern New England.</a> Wetlands. 22 (2), 247-255 (2002).</li><li>Laposata, M. M., Dunson, W. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+spray-irrigated+wastewater+effluent+on+temporary+pond-breeding+amphibians.">Effects of spray-irrigated wastewater effluent on temporary pond-breeding amphibians.</a> Ecotox. Environ. Safe. 46 (2), 192-201 (2000).</li><li>Qian, Y. L., Mecham, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Long-term+effects+of+recycled+wastewater+irrigation+on+soil+chemical+properties+on+golf+course+fairways.">Long-term effects of recycled wastewater irrigation on soil chemical properties on golf course fairways.</a> Agron. J. 97 (3), 717-721 (2005).</li><li>Karraker, N. E., Gibbs, J. P., Vonesh, J. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Impacts+of+road+deicing+salt+on+the+demography+of+vernal+pool-breeding+amphibians.">Impacts of road deicing salt on the demography of vernal pool-breeding amphibians.</a> Ecol. Appl. 18 (3), (2008).</li><li>Gall, H. E., Jafvert, C. T., Jenkinson, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Integrating+hydrograph+modeling+with+real-time+monitoring+to+generate+hydrograph-specific+sampling+schemes.">Integrating hydrograph modeling with real-time monitoring to generate hydrograph-specific sampling schemes.</a> J. Hydrol. 393, 331-340 (2010).</li><li>Gall, H. E., Sassman, S. A., Lee, L. S., Jafvert, C. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hormone+discharges+from+a+Midwest+tile-drained+agroecosystem+receiving+animal+wastes.">Hormone discharges from a Midwest tile-drained agroecosystem receiving animal wastes.</a> Environ. Sci. Technol. 45, 8755-8764 (2011).</li><li>Pittman, S. E., Jendrek, A. L., Price, S. J., Dorcas, M. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Habitat+selection+and+site+fidelity+of+Cope's+Gray+Treefrog+(Hyla+chrysoscelis)+at+the+aquatic-terrestrial+ecotone.">Habitat selection and site fidelity of Cope's Gray Treefrog (Hyla chrysoscelis) at the aquatic-terrestrial ecotone.</a> J. Hepatol. 42 (2), 378-385 (2008).</li><li>Vandewege, M. W., Swannack, T. M., Greuter, K. L., Brown, D. J., Forstner, M. R. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Breeding+site+fidelity+and+terrestrial+movement+of+an+endangered+amphibian,+the+Houston+Toad+(Bufo+Houstonensis).">Breeding site fidelity and terrestrial movement of an endangered amphibian, the Houston Toad (Bufo Houstonensis).</a> Herpet. Conserv. Bio. 8 (2), 435-446 (2013).</li><li>Homan, R. N., Atwood, M. A., Dunkle, A. J., Karr, S. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Movement+orientation+by+adult+and+juvenile+wood+frogs+(Rana+Sylvatica)+and+american+toads+(Bufo+Americanus)+over+Multiple+Years.">Movement orientation by adult and juvenile wood frogs (Rana Sylvatica) and american toads (Bufo Americanus) over Multiple Years.</a> Herpet. Conserv. Bio. 5 (1), 64-72 (2010).</li></ol>

作者没有什么可透露的。

关于现有方法的意义
虽然对溪流的监测具有美国地质调查局制定的行之有效的方法, 但没有这样广泛的监测程序来了解春季池塘的动态。本议定书旨在为如何开始在春季池塘站进行水文和水质监测研究提供指导, 目的是了解在某一特定地点随着时间的推移, 物理和化学因素可能发生的变化。
技术的局限
如所述...

春季池塘是暂时的, 浅的湿地, 通常包含从秋季到春季的水, 并经常在夏季干燥。春季池塘的淹没期, 一般称为 hydroperiod, 主要受降水和蒸散的控制1。
春季池塘也可称为春季池, 短暂池塘, 临时池塘, 季节性池塘, 和地理位置偏僻的湿地2。在美国东北部, 春季池塘最常见的特点是它们为两栖动物提供的关键栖息地, 在早期生命阶段 (即、蝌蚪) 和蜕变过程中作为繁殖的依据和提供支持。在加利福尼亚州, 春季池塘的特点是独特的植被和濒危植物物种, 它们支持2。
由于土地利用和气候变化, 这些栖息地受到越来越大的威胁, 而两栖动物种群在全球范围的下降主要是由于人类活动3,4。由于污染引起的水质问题也被认为是最近两栖动物在全球范围内下降的原因5。此外, 最近的研究表明, 栖息在人类废水中的春季池塘中的青蛙的性特性增加了6。因此, 有必要对自然和受影响的春季池塘进行更深入的监测, 以便更好地了解全球两栖动物下降的贡献者。
需要测量和监测的春季池塘的物理参数包括池塘形态和水位。形态学是池塘的几何形状, 是通过进行调查来确定池塘海拔的变化而开发的。然后利用测量数据建立一个阶段存储曲线, 使池塘的体积能够根据水位测量来估计。由于春季池塘的水位受到降水的严重影响, 应在高时间分辨率下进行测量, 以便最好地理解短 (即, 按分钟到小时的顺序) 和长期波动 (即,按数月至数年的顺序) 在水位。
已知影响春季池塘功能的水质参数包括温度、pH 值、电导率、溶解氧水平和 oxidation-reduction 电位。这些参数都可以通过相对便宜的技术和传感器网络原位进行测量。一些水质量参数的利益, 如一些营养物种 (即, 总凯氏氮) 和其他污染物 (即, 新出现的污染物) 需要收集样品, 并带到实验室进行处理和分析.
影响春季池塘的能力的关键参数, 作为适当的栖息地繁殖两栖动物和早期发育阶段的蝌蚪包括水位, pH 值和溶解氧浓度。与位于相对原始景观中的春季池塘相比, 由于人为的影响, 在春季池塘中记录了电导率高、pH 值、溶解氧浓度降低和高营养浓度。活动2,7。减少或厌氧条件可能发生在这些生境, 特别是那些受到人为活动的影响。这可能导致微生物群落的转变, 改变池塘内的养分循环, 并可能减少内分泌干扰物和其他污染物的降解8,9。
本文的目的是为如何建立一个监测站, 以监测一个春季池塘水量和质量的信息。这种方法可以应用到任何一个春季池塘, 但需要访问的网站 (即, 该网站必须在公共财产或拥有土地所有者许可安装设备)。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="893">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">CR1000</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Campbell Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">16130-23</td>
			<td style="width:415px;">Measurement and Control Datalogger</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">ENC12/14-SC-MM</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Campbell Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">30707-88</td>
			<td>Weatherproof Enclosure Box (12&#34; x 14&#34;)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">CS451-L</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Campbell Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">28790-82</td>
			<td>Pressure Transducer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">CM305-PS</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Campbell Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">20570-3</td>
			<td>47&#34; Mounting Pole (Tripod)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">TE525-L</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Texas Electronics</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">7085-111</td>
			<td>Tipping Bucket Rain Gauage (0.01 inch)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">CS511-L</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Campbell Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">26995-41</td>
			<td>Dissolved Oxygen Sensor</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">SP10</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Campbell Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">5278</td>
			<td>10 W Solar Panel</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">PS150-SW</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Campbell Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">29293-1</td>
			<td>12 V Power Supply with Voltage Regulator &#38; 7 Ah Rechargeable Battery</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">CSIM11-ORP</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Wedgewood Analytical</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">22120-72</td>
			<td>Oxidation-reduction potential probe</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">CSIM11-L</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Wedgewood Analytical</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">22119-151</td>
			<td>pH probe</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">CS547A-L</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Campbell Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">16725-229</td>
			<td>Water conductivity probe</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">A547</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Campbell Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">12323</td>
			<td>CS547(A) Conductivity Interface</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">CST/berger SAL &#39;N&#39; Series Automatic Level Package</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">CST/berger</td>
			<td>55-SLVP32D</td>
			<td>Automatic Survey Level, Tripod, and 8&#39; survey rod</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

continuous hydrologic and water quality monitoring of vernal ponds

春季池塘, 也称为春季池, 提供关键的生态系统服务和栖息地的各种威胁和濒危物种。然而, 他们是容易被了解和理解的风景的易受伤害的部分。土地使用和管理的做法, 以及气候变化被认为是对全球两栖动物下降的贡献。然而, 需要更多的研究来了解这些影响的程度。在这里, 我们提出的方法来描述一个春季池塘的形态学和详细的监测站, 可用于收集水的数量和质量数据在一个春季池塘的 hydroperiod。我们提供的方法, 如何进行野外调查, 以表征的形态学和发展阶段存储曲线的春季池塘。此外, 我们提供的方法, 以监测的水位, 温度, pH 值, oxidation-reduction 电位, 溶解氧, 和电导率的水在一个春季池塘, 以及监测降雨数据。这些信息可用于更好地量化春季池塘提供的生态系统服务以及人类活动对它们提供这些服务的能力的影响。

春季池塘可以表现出广泛的形态, 从凸到直坡到凹的轮廓范围。在宾夕法尼亚州中部的一个春季池塘的形态学示例显示在图 1中, 以及该池的阶段存储曲线的结果 (图 2,表 1)。最大池塘深度不是表面积的一个强的指示, 因为 hydroperiod 有仅一个微弱的相关与池塘形态学12。因此, 了解降水、蒸散和地下?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Continuous Hydrologic and Water Quality Monitoring of Vernal Ponds at JoVE.com

Continuous Hydrologic and Water Quality Monitoring of Vernal Ponds

春季池塘连续水文水质监测

了解春季池塘提供的生态系统服务和过程以及人为活动对它们提供这些服务的能力的影响, 需要进行密集的水文监测。该抽样协议使用了原位监测设备, 目的是了解人为活动对水位和质量的影响。

Vernal ponds, also referred to as vernal pools, provide critical ecosystem services and habitat for a variety of threatened and endangered species. ...

continuous-hydrologic-and-water-quality-monitoring-of-vernal-ponds

Research

JoVE Journal

Environment

9.2K 次观看.  Pennsylvania State University. 了解春季池塘提供的生态系统服务和过程以及人为活动对它们提供这些服务的能力的影响, 需要进行密集的水文监测。该抽样协议使用了原位监测设备, 目的是了解人为活动对水位和质量的影响。

视频: Continuous Hydrologic and Water Quality Monitoring of Vernal Ponds

Laboratory-determined Phosphorus Flux from Lake Sediments as a Measure of Internal Phosphorus Loading

Eutrophication is a water quality issue in lakes worldwide, and there is a critical need to identify and control nutrient sources. Internal phosphorus (P) loading from lake sediments can account for a substantial portion of the total P load in eutrophic, and some mesotrophic, lakes. Laboratory determination of P release rates from sediment cores is one approach for determining the role of internal P loading and guiding management decisions. Two principal alternatives to experimental determination of sediment P release exist for estimating internal load: in situ measurements of changes in hypolimnetic P over time and P mass balance. The experimental approach using laboratory-based sediment incubations to quantify internal P load is a direct method, making it a valuable tool for lake management and restoration.
Laboratory incubations of sediment cores can help determine the relative importance of internal vs. external P loads, as well as be used to answer a variety of lake management and research questions. We illustrate the use of sediment core incubations to assess the effectiveness of an aluminum sulfate (alum) treatment for reducing sediment P release. Other research questions that can be investigated using this approach include the effects of sediment resuspension and bioturbation on P release.
The approach also has limitations. Assumptions must be made with respect to: extrapolating results from sediment cores to the entire lake; deciding over what time periods to measure nutrient release; and addressing possible core tube artifacts. A comprehensive dissolved oxygen monitoring strategy to assess temporal and spatial redox status in the lake provides greater confidence in annual P loads estimated from sediment core incubations.

Lake eutrophication is a water quality issue worldwide, making the need to identify and control nutrient sources critical. Laboratory determination of phosphorus release rates from sediment cores is a valuable approach for determining the role of internal phosphorus loading and guiding management decisions.

实验室确定的磷通量湖泊沉积物作为内部磷载入一个测量

Eutrophication is a water quality issue in lakes worldwide, and there is a critical need to identify and control nutrient sources. Internal phosphorus (P) ...

科研

环境科学

EPA Method 1615. Measurement of Enterovirus and Norovirus Occurrence in Water by Culture and RT-qPCR. I. Collection of Virus Samples

EPA Method 1615 was developed with a goal of providing a standard method for measuring enteroviruses and noroviruses in environmental and drinking waters. The standardized sampling component of the method concentrates viruses that may be present in water by passage of a minimum specified volume of water through an electropositive cartridge filter. The minimum specified volumes for surface and finished/ground water are 300 L and 1,500 L, respectively. A major method limitation is the tendency for the filters to clog before meeting the sample volume requirement. Studies using two different, but equivalent, cartridge filter options showed that filter clogging was a problem with 10% of the samples with one of the filter types compared to 6% with the other filter type. Clogging tends to increase with turbidity, but cannot be predicted based on turbidity measurements only. From a cost standpoint one of the filter options is preferable over the other, but the water quality and experience with the water system to be sampled should be taken into consideration in making filter selections.

EPA Method 1615 uses an electropositive filter to concentrate enteroviruses and noroviruses in environmental and drinking waters. This manuscript describes the procedure for collecting samples for Method 1615 analyses.

EPA方法1615测量肠道病毒和诺瓦克病毒发生水由文化和RT-qPCR的了。病毒样本的收集I.

EPA Method 1615 was developed with a goal of providing a standard method for measuring enteroviruses and noroviruses in environmental and drinking waters. ...

EPA Method 1615. Measurement of Enterovirus and Norovirus Occurrence in Water by Culture and RT-qPCR. Part III. Virus Detection by RT-qPCR

EPA Method 1615 measures enteroviruses and noroviruses present in environmental and drinking waters. This method was developed with the goal of having a standardized method for use in multiple analytical laboratories during monitoring period 3 of the Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule. Herein we present the protocol for extraction of viral ribonucleic acid (RNA) from water sample concentrates and for quantitatively measuring enterovirus and norovirus concentrations using reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). Virus concentrations for the molecular assay are calculated in terms of genomic copies of viral RNA per liter based upon a standard curve. The method uses a number of quality controls to increase data quality and to reduce interlaboratory and intralaboratory variation. The method has been evaluated by examining virus recovery from ground and reagent grade waters seeded with poliovirus type 3 and murine norovirus as a surrogate for human noroviruses. Mean poliovirus recoveries were 20% in groundwaters and 44% in reagent grade water. Mean murine norovirus recoveries with the RT-qPCR assay were 30% in groundwaters and 4% in reagent grade water.

Here we present a procedure to quantify enterovirus and norovirus in environmental and drinking waters using reverse transcription-quantitative PCR. Mean virus recovery from groundwater with this standardized procedure from EPA Method 1615 was 20% for poliovirus and 30% for murine norovirus.

EPA方法1615测量肠道病毒和诺瓦克病毒发生水由文化和RT-qPCR的了。第三部分。病毒检测用RT-qPCR的

EPA Method 1615 measures enteroviruses and noroviruses present in environmental and drinking waters. This method was developed with the goal of having a ...

Automated Gel Size Selection to Improve the Quality of Next-generation Sequencing Libraries Prepared from Environmental Water Samples

Next-generation sequencing of environmental samples can be challenging because of the variable DNA quantity and quality in these samples. High quality DNA libraries are needed for optimal results from next-generation sequencing. Environmental samples such as water may have low quality and quantities of DNA as well as contaminants that co-precipitate with DNA. The mechanical and enzymatic processes involved in extraction and library preparation may further damage the DNA. Gel size selection enables purification and recovery of DNA fragments of a defined size for sequencing applications. Nevertheless, this task is one of the most time-consuming steps in the DNA library preparation workflow. The protocol described here enables complete automation of agarose gel loading, electrophoretic analysis, and recovery of targeted DNA fragments. 
In this study, we describe a high-throughput approach to prepare high quality DNA libraries from freshwater samples that can be applied also to other environmental samples. We used an indirect approach to concentrate bacterial cells from environmental freshwater samples; DNA was extracted using a commercially available DNA extraction kit, and DNA libraries were prepared using a commercial transposon-based protocol. DNA fragments of 500 to 800 bp were gel size selected using Ranger Technology, an automated electrophoresis workstation. Sequencing of the size-selected DNA libraries demonstrated significant improvements to read length and quality of the sequencing reads.

This manuscript describes an automated gel size selection approach for purifying DNA fragments for next-generation sequencing. The Ranger Technology provides complete automation of the entire process of agarose gel loading, electrophoretic analysis, and recovery of targeted DNA fragments allowing for high-throughput and high quality next-generation sequencing libraries.

自动凝胶尺寸选择，以提高下一代测序文库的质量，从环境水样准备

Next-generation sequencing of environmental samples can be challenging because of the variable DNA quantity and quality in these samples. High quality DNA ...

A CO2 Concentration Gradient Facility for Testing CO2 Enrichment and Soil Effects on Grassland Ecosystem Function

Continuing increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations (CA) mandate techniques for examining impacts on terrestrial ecosystems. Most experiments examine only two or a few levels of CA concentration and a single soil type, but if CA can be varied as a gradient from subambient to superambient concentrations on multiple soils, we can discern whether past ecosystem responses may continue linearly in the future and whether responses may vary across the landscape. The Lysimeter Carbon Dioxide Gradient Facility applies a 250 to 500 &#181;l L-1 CA gradient to Blackland prairie plant communities established on lysimeters containing clay, silty clay, and sandy soils. The gradient is created as photosynthesis by vegetation enclosed in in temperature-controlled chambers progressively depletes carbon dioxide from air flowing directionally through the chambers. Maintaining proper air flow rate, adequate photosynthetic capacity, and temperature control are critical to overcome the main limitations of the system, which are declining photosynthetic rates and increased water stress during summer. The facility is an economical alternative to other techniques of CA enrichment, successfully discerns the shape of ecosystem responses to subambient to superambient CA enrichment, and can be adapted to test for interactions of carbon dioxide with other greenhouse gases such as methane or ozone.

A CO2 Concentration Gradient Facility for Testing CO2 Enrichment and Soil Effects on Grassland Ecosystem Function

The Lysimeter Carbon Dioxide Gradient Facility creates a 250 to 500 &#181;l L-1 linear carbon dioxide gradient in temperature-controlled chambers housing grassland plant communities on clay, silty clay, and sandy soil monoliths. The facility is used to determine how past and future carbon dioxide levels affect grassland carbon cycling.

一个外线<sub&gt; 2</sub&gt;浓度梯度用于测试CO<sub&gt; 2</sub&gt;浓度与土壤对草地生态系统功能的影响

Continuing increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations (CA) mandate techniques for examining impacts on terrestrial ecosystems. Most ...

Characterization and Application of Passive Samplers for Monitoring of Pesticides in Water

Five different water passive samplers were calibrated under laboratory conditions for measurement of 124 legacy and current used pesticides. This study provides a protocol for the passive sampler preparation, calibration, extraction method and instrumental analysis. Sampling rates (RS) and passive sampler-water partition coefficients (KPW) were calculated for silicone rubber, polar organic chemical integrative sampler POCIS-A, POCIS-B, SDB-RPS and C18 disk. The uptake of the selected compounds depended on their physicochemical properties, i.e., silicone rubber showed a better uptake for more hydrophobic compounds (log octanol-water partition coefficient (KOW) &#62; 5.3), whereas POCIS-A, POCIS-B and SDB-RPS disk were more suitable for hydrophilic compounds (log KOW &#60; 0.70).

A protocol about the characterization and application of five different passive sampling devices is presented.

表征和被动采样的应用在农药水监测

Five different water passive samplers were calibrated under laboratory conditions for measurement of 124 legacy and current used pesticides. This study ...

Soil Lysimeter Excavation for Coupled Hydrological, Geochemical, and Microbiological Investigations

Studying co-evolution of hydrological and biogeochemical processes in the subsurface of natural landscapes can enhance the understanding of coupled Earth-system processes. Such knowledge is imperative in improving predictions of hydro-biogeochemical cycles, especially under climate change scenarios. We present an experimental method, designed to capture sub-surface heterogeneity of an initially homogeneous soil system. This method is based on destructive sampling of a soil lysimeter designed to simulate a small-scale hillslope. A weighing lysimeter of one cubic meter capacity was divided into sections (voxels) and was excavated layer-by-layer, with sub samples being collected from each voxel. The excavation procedure was aimed at detecting the incipient heterogeneity of the system by focusing on the spatial assessment of hydrological, geochemical, and microbiological properties of the soil. Representative results of a few physicochemical variables tested show the development of heterogeneity. Additional work to test interactions between hydrological, geochemical, and microbiological signatures is planned to interpret the observed patterns. Our study also demonstrates the possibility of carrying out similar excavations in order to observe and quantify different aspects of soil-development under varying environmental conditions and scale.

This study presents an excavation method for investigating subsurface hydrological, geochemical, and microbiological heterogeneity of a soil lysimeter. The lysimeter simulates an artificial hillslope which was initially under homogeneous condition and had been subjected to approximately 5,000 mm of water over eight cycles of irrigation in an 18-month period.

土壤蒸渗仪开挖加之水文，地球化学和微生物调查

Studying co-evolution of hydrological and biogeochemical processes in the subsurface of natural landscapes can enhance the understanding of coupled ...

Continuous Instream Monitoring of Nutrients and Sediment in Agricultural Watersheds

Pollutant concentrations and loads in watersheds vary considerably with time and space. Accurate and timely information on the magnitude of pollutants in water resources is a prerequisite for understanding the drivers of the pollutant loads and for making informed water resource management decisions. The commonly used &#34;grab sampling&#34; method provides the concentrations of pollutants at the time of sampling (i.e., a snapshot concentration) and may under- or overpredict the pollutant concentrations and loads. Continuous monitoring of nutrients and sediment has recently received more attention due to advances in computing, sensing technology, and storage devices. This protocol demonstrates the use of sensors, sondes, and instrumentation to continuously monitor in situ nitrate, ammonium, turbidity, pH, conductivity, temperature, and dissolved oxygen (DO) and to calculate the loads from two streams (ditches) in two agricultural watersheds. With the proper calibration, maintenance, and operation of sensors and sondes, good water quality data can be obtained by overcoming challenging conditions such as fouling and debris buildup. The method can also be used in watersheds of various sizes and characterized by agricultural, forested, and/or urban land.

With the advancement of technology and the rise in end-user expectations, the need and use of higher temporal resolution data for pollutant load estimation has increased. This protocol describes a method for continuous in situ water quality monitoring to obtain higher temporal resolution data for informed water resource management decisions.

农业流域营养盐和泥沙的连续河道监测

Pollutant concentrations and loads in watersheds vary considerably with time and space. Accurate and timely information on the magnitude of pollutants in ...

Experimental Column Setup for Studying Anaerobic Biogeochemical Interactions Between Iron (Oxy)Hydroxides, Trace Elements, and Bacteria

Fate and speciation of trace elements (TEs), such as arsenic (As) and mercury (Hg), in aquifers are closely related to physio-chemical conditions, such as redox potential (Eh) and pH, but also to microbial activities that can play a direct or indirect role on speciation and/or mobility. Indeed, some bacteria can directly oxidize As(III) to As(V) or reduce As(V) to As(III). Likewise, bacteria are strongly involved in Hg cycling, either through its methylation, forming the neurotoxin monomethyl mercury, or through its reduction to elemental Hg&#176;. The fates of both As and Hg are also strongly linked to soil or aquifer composition; indeed, As and Hg can bind to organic compounds or (oxy)hydroxides, which will influence their mobility. In turn, bacterial activities such as iron (oxy)hydroxide reduction or organic matter mineralization can indirectly influence As and Hg sequestration. The presence of sulfate/sulfide can also strongly impact these particular elements through the formation of complexes such as thio-arsenates with As or metacinnabar with Hg.
Consequently, many important questions have been raised on the fate and speciation of As and Hg in the environment and how to limit their toxicity. However, due to their reactivity towards aquifer components, it is difficult to clearly dissociate the biogeochemical processes that occur and their different impacts on the fate of these TE.
To do so, we developed an original, experimental, column setup that mimics an aquifer with As- or Hg-iron-oxide rich areas versus iron depleted areas, enabling a better understanding of TE biogeochemistry in anoxic conditions. The following protocol gives step by step instructions for the column set-up either for As or Hg, as well as an example with As under iron and sulfate reducing conditions.

Experimental Column Setup for Studying Anaerobic Biogeochemical Interactions Between Iron OxyHydroxides, Trace Elements, and Bacteria

Fate and speciation of arsenic and mercury in aquifers are closely related to physio-chemical conditions and microbial activity. Here, we present an original experimental column setup that mimics an aquifer and enables a better understanding of trace element biogeochemistry in anoxic conditions. Two examples are presented, combining geochemical and microbiological approaches.

用于研究铁 (氧) 氢氧化物、微量元素和细菌之间厌氧生物地球化学相互作用的实验柱装置

Fate and speciation of trace elements (TEs), such as arsenic (As) and mercury (Hg), in aquifers are closely related to physio-chemical conditions, such as ...

Optimized Procedure for Determining the Adsorption of Phosphonates onto Granular Ferric Hydroxide using a Miniaturized Phosphorus Determination Method

This paper introduces a procedure to investigate the adsorption of phosphonates onto iron-containing filter materials, particularly granular ferric hydroxide (GFH), with little effort and high reliability. The phosphonate, e.g., nitrilotrimethylphosphonic acid (NTMP), is brought into contact with the GFH in a rotator in a solution buffered by an organic acid (e.g., acetic acid) or Good buffer (e.g., 2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid) [MES] and N-cyclohexyl-2-hydroxyl-3-aminopropanesulfonic acid [CAPSO]) in a concentration of 10 mM for a specific time in 50 mL centrifuge tubes. Subsequently, after membrane filtration (0.45 &#181;m pore size), the total phosphorus (total P) concentration is measured using a specifically developed determination method (ISOmini). This method is a modification and simplification of the ISO 6878 method: a 4 mL sample is mixed with H2SO4 and K2S2O8 in a screw cap vial, heated to 148-150 &#176;C for 1 h and then mixed with NaOH, ascorbic acid and acidified molybdate with antimony(III) (final volume of 10 mL) to produce a blue complex. The color intensity, which is linearly proportional to the phosphorus concentration, is measured spectrophotometrically (880 nm). It is demonstrated that the buffer concentration used has no significant effect on the adsorption of phosphonate between pH 4 and 12. The buffers, therefore, do not compete with the phosphonate for adsorption sites. Furthermore, the relatively high concentration of the buffer requires a higher dosage concentration of oxidizing agent (K2S2O8) for digestion than that specified in ISO 6878, which, together with the NaOH dosage, is matched to each buffer. Despite the simplification, the ISOmini method does not lose any of its accuracy compared to the standardized method.

This paper introduces a procedure to investigate the adsorption of phosphonates onto iron-containing filter materials, particularly granular ferric hydroxide, with little effort and high reliability. In a buffered solution, the phosphonate is brought into contact with the adsorbent using a rotator and then analyzed via a miniaturized phosphorus determination method.

用小型化磷测定法测定膦酸在粒状氢氧化铁上吸附的优化方法

This paper introduces a procedure to investigate the adsorption of phosphonates onto iron-containing filter materials, particularly granular ferric ...