这项工作得到了 EU-FP7-ERC-2013-Starting 赠款 (337075 号) 的支持, 匈牙利科学院的 "动量" 计划 (LP2013-62) 和 GINOP-2.3. 2-15-2016-00018 赠款。我们感谢 Máté Kozák 记录的刺激和记录电极和 Mihály Vöröslakos 在协议设计期间卓有成效的讨论。

此处描述的所有方法均符合欧洲共同体理事会 (86/609 ECC) 的指示, 并已获得阿尔贝圣捷尔吉-Györgyi 医学和药物中心的动物研究伦理委员会批准。塞格德 (XIV/218/2016)。
1. 刺激电极的制作
<ol><li>要制作一个刺激电极, 切下六10厘米长的微型挂钩线, 在一端卸下2厘米的包覆, 另一端为1厘米。</li>
	<li>将两根电缆拧在一起, 并在较短的去皮侧焊接。</li>
	<li>获取带 SOT-353 盒的任何集成电路的三磁带封装。</li>
	<li>通过包裹的三孔缝上扭曲的电线。较长的剥线部分应在封装的腔内。放置电缆, 使绝缘端与孔的边缘一致。</li>
	<li>把牙科用的水泥放在孔上修理电线。 注意: 牙科水泥必须足够致密, 以免泄漏进包裹的腔内。</li>
	<li>一旦水泥固化 (最小10分钟), 翻转包装, 并把一层薄薄的超强力胶水进入孔, 形成一个防水密封向多孔水泥。避免胶合被剥皮的导线。</li>
	<li>将电缆拧在较短的去皮边上, 然后将其焊接 (图 1A)。</li>
	<li>用细镊子的尖端抓住电线的较长的去皮段, 滚动它们, 然后将它们封装到腔中 (图 1B)。如有必要, 请切断多余的电缆。</li>
</ol>2. 记录电极的制作
<ol><li>要制作一个记录三重电极 (图 1C-d), 请使用高速旋转锯切一厘米长的不锈钢管。用锋利的针头从管子的末端取出鳍, 确保管子是干净的碎片并且完全渗透性。 注意: 不要使用钳子, 因为它们会扭曲管子。</li>
	<li>弯曲镀金板间隔销, 最小长度为3厘米, 以形成 J 形支架。切长腿的 ' J ' 形状, 并焊接在一起, 以恢复原来的形状, 使一个可拆卸的关节之间的长直线部分, 将持有的立体定向装置, 和 ' U ' 形状, 将举行的电极, 并作为一个锚固点.将管子和 "J" 保持架的短腿粘在一起。如有必要, 再粘上1厘米长的钢筋以保持稳定性。</li>
	<li>用不锈钢、超细剪刀切割3件2.5 厘米长的电极线。确保它是一个清晰和尖锐的切割, 和绝缘在电极线的圆形表面完好无损。还要确保切割尖端没有弯曲, 因为施加的力。弯曲1或2毫米在每个导线的一端在不同的角度 (例如, 一个左直, 一个 45°, 一个直角), 使它们可区分。</li>
	<li>用导线填满管子, 为实验选择合适的电极间距 (例如, 对于皮质局部磁场电位 (LFP) 和电流源密度 (CSD) 的注册, 建议的导线尖端的凸出管的开口: 分别为4.5 毫米、4.1 毫米和3.7 毫米。注意哪根导线对应于哪个深度保持适当的通道顺序。</li>
	<li>一旦电线对齐, 并与管平行, 以修复电极线, 放置一滴液体超强力胶水在两端的管与一个尖锐的针。确保胶水是流入管由于毛细管效应, 但不是对记录点在突出的两端。</li>
	<li>准备一个与所使用的记录系统兼容的适当 microconnector 的电极接口板。</li>
	<li>将导线的非记录、弯曲端插入与所需记录通道对应的电极接口板的孔中。当所有的导线都就位时, 用镊子将金别针推入孔中。 注: 金别针可以用牙科水泥固定到位, 但在大多数情况下, 即使没有这个安全步骤, 它也足够稳定。</li>
</ol>3. 麻醉
<ol><li>将动物放置在密封麻醉感应腔内, 在2升/分的医疗空气中填充 4-5% 的异氟醚。</li>
	<li>当老鼠仰卧时, 将动物从腔室中取出, 放在一个有适当通气鼻片的立体定向的框架内。</li>
	<li>将异氟醚的水平设置为 2%, 但气流速率应保持不变。检查麻醉的水平。如果没有爪子退缩反射反应捏, 继续, 否则增加麻醉深度。</li>
	<li>用恒温监测系统监测和维持37至0.5 摄氏度的大鼠体温。在眼睛上涂抹一滴石蜡膏, 防止角膜干燥。如有必要, 在手术中重复这一过程几次。</li>
	<li>皮下注射0.3 毫克/千克阿托品, 以避免呼吸道粘液形成。每四小时重复一次, 以防手术时间延长。如果需要, 监控呼吸和调节蒸发器。</li>
</ol>4. 刺激和记录电极的植入
注: 高压釜所有必要的手术器械, 在全过程中仔细遵循无菌和防腐的一般规则。避免接触手术区外的菌区域。在植入前将电极浸泡在乙醇 (70%) 中30分钟。
<ol><li>用理发剪掉头皮上的大部分头发。将脱毛膏涂抹在头皮上, 均匀地涂抹在表面上, 等待几分钟。用刮刀轻轻地除去奶油和剩下的头发。用清水冲洗皮肤, 然后用消毒剂。</li>
	<li>注射 1-2% 利多卡因 (不超过总剂量7毫克/千克) 皮下麻木皮肤。对眼睛应用一滴兽医软膏 (例如, 石蜡切片)。</li>
	<li>用手术刀, 从前额到颈部, 在中线上做一个彻底和长 (2 厘米) 的矢状切口。解剖组织, 包括从头骨的骨膜, 然后使用凿子或牙镊子清洁的区域之间的嵴两个颞骨。用四头斗牛犬缩回解剖过的皮肤, 保持头骨外露。</li>
	<li>轻轻地将细镊子放在颞骨和肌肉的陡峭边缘之间, 并将它们分开。使跳汰运动暴露尽可能多的颞骨的大表面, 最好从枕骨的边缘到冠状缝线的平面, 而不损害肌肉。</li>
	<li>放置拉钩 bitemporally 以保持颞骨外露。</li>
	<li>用 1-2 毫升 3% H2O 2 冲洗头骨表面,然后用 1-2 毫升水清洗。</li>
	<li>将颞骨的表面干燥得很仔细, 用眼棍擦去水分。测试如果刺激电极适合于清洁的垂直头骨表面 (刺激电极的上边缘应该与颞骨嵴的边缘一致)。如有必要, 重新调整斗牛犬和拉钩或用剪刀塑造刺激电极。</li>
	<li>用导电凝胶填充刺激电极的腔体, 将一层薄薄的胶水放在电极的边缘上。</li>
	<li>将刺激电极放在颞骨的干面上, 用一个精确的动作, 并将其牢牢地固定在一分钟内, 用细镊子。请确保没有湿气与胶水接触。如果有必要, 用眼棍擦干净。 注意: 如果电极有任何不稳定情况, 请将其取出。清洗后的骨骼, 重复这一步骤与新的刺激电极。</li>
	<li>将牙科水泥放在刺激电极的边缘, 而组织的渗漏水分则用眼棒持续干燥。用水泥覆盖整个刺激电极。</li>
	<li>水泥完全硬化后, 对侧侧重复这些步骤。</li>
	<li>在头骨上钻一些孔, 用于锚固螺钉。把微型螺丝开到洞里, 把牙科水泥放在上面。与螺杆直径相比, 使用10% 直径较小的钻头。</li>
	<li>根据实验的目的, 无论是焊接连接线两端的电缆, 把它放在表面上, 并盖上水泥, 或继续植入记录电极和光纤, 或准备一个颅骨窗口在头骨上。在后一种情况下, 焊接连接器并将它们锚定到结构末端。如果需要长期的同时附加费和 LFP 录音, 植入上述的电极三胞胎而不是单一的电线。 注意: 此设置允许删除公用模式刺激文物8。有关记录电极植入的详细信息, 请参阅以前的协议14,15。</li>
	<li>用消毒剂大量冲洗暴露的组织。注射 1-2% 利多卡因 (不超过总剂量7毫克/千克) 皮下。</li>
	<li>Debride 伤口边缘和关闭他们与简单的中断缝合周围的连接器/种植体。用聚维酮碘对伤口进行消毒。</li>
	<li>注射5毫克/千克 carprofene 皮下。如有必要, 重复此操作。 注: 任何其他止痛药可与当地道德许可委员会规定的要求相匹配。</li>
	<li>暂停麻醉, 释放 earbars 和鼻甲, 并将动物放在术后恢复笼中恢复知觉。</li>
	<li>确保动物在术后的第一个小时内受到严密的监督。继续定期监测种植区。 注意: 动物不应被留在无人看管, 直到它恢复足够的意识, 以维持胸骨卧床。单独把动物放到完全恢复过程中。</li>
</ol>

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Antal Berényi 是 Amplipex 有限公司的所有者和创始人, 是一家制造大规模复用搜索放大器的公司。加博尔·布罗迪 Kozák 和陶马什·巴恩 Földi 没有什么可透露的。

该协议最关键的步骤是在骨骼表面上粘附电极包。在封堵不当的情况下, 电极与骨之间形成间隙, 二次瘢痕组织可发育成间隙, 降低刺激质量。在粘附在包裹的步骤中, 骨表面必须是完全干燥的, 在遇到电极不稳定的情况下, 必须将其移除并用新的包替换, 以获得最佳效果。
这种方法的局限性是, 由于手术后皮肤没有完全闭合, 感染的风险相对较高。术后护理在头 4-5 天的恢复期间...

经颅电刺激 (工商业污水附加费) 是一种有价值的方法, 以影响大脑活动的世俗约束方式。根据刺激电极的大小和位置, 附加费会影响大的脑容量和 entrain 神经元的数量弥漫1,2,3。经颅直接电流刺激已经医学上批准的治疗主要抑郁障碍4,5, 和许多研究的重点是显示经颅刺激的认知效果的人6,7. 此外, 据报, 有关工商业污水附加费在控制癫痫发作的潜力方面有很有希望的结果89。
尽管进行了深入的研究, 但对于详细的操作机制、潜在的副作用以及应用此方法10、11、12的长期结果, 仍然存在许多公开的问题。因此, 有一个健壮的, 可重现的协议, 以研究附加费的影响, 在动物模型是至关重要的。鉴于许多疾病 (例如、抑郁症、癫痫和精神分裂症) 只能在清醒的动物中进行广泛的调查, 这些病症的性质通常需要长期治疗, 我们为慢性大鼠经颅电极植入术。这里提出的方法可以用于行为研究, 也可以结合记录电极植入 (即, 电线, 硅胶探头, juxtacellular 电极) 或与慢性颅窗的电生理实验和影像学研究, 分别。根据实验设计, 刺激的时间可以是随机的或事件触发特定的行为线索, 或特定的大脑状态 (癫痫发作, θ振荡) 的电生理标志8,11,13。
值得一提的是, 与目前使用的人类方法相比, 这是使用电极放置在皮肤上, 在这里我们显示一种方法, 采用皮下植入在颞骨表面, 因为老鼠勉强容忍任何放置在他们的皮肤上, 这是容易接近使用他们的爪子。
根据置换、还原和细化的原则, 由于植入的慢性性质, 这种方法有助于减少动物数量, 因为每种动物可以在不同的实验条件下进行几个月的招募, 允许使用更少的动物来测试各种假说。
在本研究中, 我们提供了一个详细的, 循序渐进的协议, 经颅刺激电极制造 (图 1A-B), 并证明这些电极慢性植入六月大的颞骨雄性长埃文斯鼠。

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Cyanoacrylate liquid</td>
			<td>Henkel</td>
			<td>Loctite 401</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cyanoacrylate gel</td>
			<td>Henkel</td>
			<td>Loctite 454</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Wire for stimulation electrodes</td>
			<td>Phoenix Wire Inc.</td>
			<td>36744MHW - PTFE Microminiature Hook-Up Wire</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Board spacer</td>
			<td>E-tec Interconnect</td>
			<td>SP1-020-S378/01-55</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Connector</td>
			<td>E-tec Interconnect</td>
			<td>P2510I-02</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tape packaging for stimulation electrodes</td>
			<td>Nexperia</td>
			<td>74HC1G00GW</td>
			<td>Tape packaging of any integrated circuit with SOT-353 case can be used</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Grip Cement Industrial Grade</td>
			<td>Caulk Dentsply</td>
			<td>675571 (powder) 675572 (solvent)</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Electroconductive gel</td>
			<td>Rextra</td>
			<td>ECG Gel</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Recording electrode wire</td>
			<td>California Fine Wire Co.</td>
			<td>.002 (50 micron) Tungsten 99.95% (CFW Material #: 100-211), HMl-Natural, cut to 3.0 inch pieces, Round, Cut length piece wire</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ultrafine scissors</td>
			<td>Hammacher Instrumente</td>
			<td>Stainless HSB 544-09</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stainless steel tube</td>
			<td>Vita Needle Company</td>
			<td>29 RW, 304SS Tubing, T.I.G. Welded and Plug</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>High speed rotary saw</td>
			<td>Dremel</td>
			<td>Model # 395</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rotary saw holder</td>
			<td>Dremel</td>
			<td>Model # 220</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rotary saw cut-off wheel</td>
			<td>Dremel</td>
			<td>Model # 409</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ocular sticks</td>
			<td>Lohmann-Rauscher</td>
			<td>Pro-ophta Ocular Sticks</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Wet disinfectant</td>
			<td>Egis</td>
			<td>Betadine</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dry disinfectant</td>
			<td>Wagner Pharma</td>
			<td>Reseptyl-urea</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Drilling machine</td>
			<td>NSK-Nakanishi United Kingdom</td>
			<td>Vmax35RV Pack</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anchoring screws</td>
			<td>Antrin Miniature Specialties, Inc.</td>
			<td>000-120x1/16 SL BIND MS SS</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

chronic transcranial electrical stimulation and intracortical recording in rats

经颅电刺激 (工商业污水附加费) 是一种强有力的和相对简单的方法来弥漫影响大脑活动, 无论是随机或以闭环事件触发方式。尽管许多研究集中在健康和病理脑中的附加费可能带来的好处和副作用, 但对于刺激的作用机制仍然存在许多基本的开放性问题。因此, 显然需要一种稳健和可重复的方法来检测啮齿动物的急性和慢性附加费的影响。工商业污水附加费可以与常规的行为, 电生理和成像技术结合, 以调查神经网络在体内。经颅内刺激电极的植入不会对实验设计施加额外的限制, 同时它提供了一种多功能的、灵活的工具来操纵大脑活动。在这里, 我们提供了一个详细的, 循序渐进的协议, 以制造和植入经颅刺激电极, 以影响大脑活动在一个世俗的约束方式, 几个月。

慢性刺激电极 (图 1B) 的植入可与记录电极的附加植入 (图 1C-d) 结合使用。这种设置适合于形成按需记录和刺激系统来干扰特定的脑活动。在这里, 我们提出了一个闭环癫痫检测和干预系统的代表性结果, 适用于长埃文斯大鼠表达自发性癫痫 (图 2A)9。这种菌株是已知的短束和?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Chronic Transcranial Electrical Stimulation and Intracortical Recording in Rats at JoVE.com

Chronic Transcranial Electrical Stimulation and Intracortical Recording in Rats

本详细的协议描述经颅刺激电极在颞骨上的放置, 以研究经颅电刺激在自由运动大鼠中的短期和远期效果。

大鼠慢性经颅电刺激及 Intracortical 记录

Transcranial electrical stimulation (TES) is a powerful and relatively simple approach to diffusely influence brain activity either randomly or in a ...

chronic-transcranial-electrical-stimulation-intracortical-recording

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

8.6K 次观看.  University of Szeged. 本详细的协议描述经颅刺激电极在颞骨上的放置, 以研究经颅电刺激在自由运动大鼠中的短期和远期效果。

视频: Chronic Transcranial Electrical Stimulation and Intracortical Recording in Rats

Combining Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation and fMRI to Examine the Default Mode Network

The default mode network is a group of brain regions that are active when an individual is not focused on the outside world and the brain is at "wakeful rest."1,2,3 It is thought the default mode network corresponds to self-referential or "internal mentation".2,3
It has been hypothesized that, in humans, activity within the default mode network is correlated with certain pathologies (for instance, hyper-activation has been linked to schizophrenia 4,5,6 and autism spectrum disorders 7 whilst hypo-activation of the network has been linked to Alzheimer's and other neurodegenerative diseases 8). As such, noninvasive modulation of this network may represent a potential therapeutic intervention for a number of neurological and psychiatric pathologies linked to abnormal network activation. One possible tool to effect this modulation is Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation: a non-invasive neurostimulatory and neuromodulatory technique that can transiently or lastingly modulate cortical excitability (either increasing or decreasing it) via the application of localized magnetic field pulses.9
In order to explore the default mode network's propensity towards and tolerance of modulation, we will be combining TMS (to the left inferior parietal lobe) with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Through this article, we will examine the protocol and considerations necessary to successfully combine these two neuroscientific tools.

In this article, we examine the methodology and considerations relevant to the combination of TMS and fMRI to examine the effects of brain stimulation on the default network.

结合经颅磁刺激和功能磁共振成像检查默认模式网络

The default mode network is a group of brain regions that are active when an individual is not focused on the outside world and the brain is at "wakeful ...

科研

神经科学

Electrode Positioning and Montage in Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a technique that has been intensively investigated in the past decade as this method offers a non-invasive and safe alternative to change cortical excitability2. The effects of one session of tDCS can last for several minutes, and its effects depend on polarity of stimulation, such as that cathodal stimulation induces a decrease in cortical excitability, and anodal stimulation induces an increase in cortical excitability that may last beyond the duration of stimulation6. These effects have been explored in cognitive neuroscience and also clinically in a variety of neuropsychiatric disorders &#x2013; especially when applied over several consecutive sessions4. One area that has been attracting attention of neuroscientists and clinicians is the use of tDCS for modulation of pain-related neural networks3,5. Modulation of two main cortical areas in pain research has been explored: primary motor cortex and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex7. Due to the critical role of electrode montage, in this article, we show different alternatives for electrode placement for tDCS clinical trials on pain; discussing advantages and disadvantages of each method of stimulation.

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is an established technique to modulate cortical excitability1,2. It has been used as an investigative tool in neuroscience due to its effects on cortical plasticity, easy operation, and safe profile. One area that tDCS has been showing encouraging results is pain alleviation 3-5.

经颅直接电流刺激电极定位和蒙太奇

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a technique that has been intensively investigated in the past decade as this method offers a ...

Assessment of Neuromuscular Function Using Percutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation

Percutaneous electrical nerve stimulation is a non-invasive method commonly used to evaluate neuromuscular function from brain to muscle (supra-spinal, spinal and peripheral levels). The present protocol describes how this method can be used to stimulate the posterior tibial nerve that activates plantar flexor muscles. Percutaneous electrical nerve stimulation consists of inducing an electrical stimulus to a motor nerve to evoke a muscular response. Direct (M-wave) and/or indirect (H-reflex) electrophysiological responses can be recorded at rest using surface electromyography. Mechanical (twitch torque) responses can be quantified with a force/torque ergometer. M-wave and twitch torque reflect neuromuscular transmission and excitation-contraction coupling, whereas H-reflex provides an index of spinal excitability. EMG activity and mechanical (superimposed twitch) responses can also be recorded during maximal voluntary contractions to evaluate voluntary activation level. Percutaneous nerve stimulation provides an assessment of neuromuscular function in humans, and is highly beneficial especially for studies evaluating neuromuscular plasticity following acute (fatigue) or chronic (training/detraining) exercise.

We present a protocol to assess changes in neuromuscular function. Percutaneous electrical nerve stimulation is a non-invasive method that evokes muscular responses. Electrophysiological and mechanical properties of these responses permit the evaluation of neuromuscular function from brain to muscle (supra-spinal, spinal and peripheral levels).

神经肌肉功能的应用经皮神经电刺激评估

Percutaneous electrical nerve stimulation is a non-invasive method commonly used to evaluate neuromuscular function from brain to muscle (supra-spinal, ...

Simultaneous Recording of Electroretinography and Visual Evoked Potentials in Anesthetized Rats

The electroretinogram (ERG) and visual evoked potential (VEP) are commonly used to assess the integrity of the visual pathway. The ERG measures the electrical responses of the retina to light stimulation, while the VEP measures the corresponding functional integrity of the visual pathways from the retina to the primary visual cortex following the same light event. The ERG waveform can be broken down into components that reflect responses from different retinal neuronal and glial cell classes. The early components of the VEP waveform represent the integrity of the optic nerve and higher cortical centers. These recordings can be conducted in isolation or together, depending on the application. The methodology described in this paper allows simultaneous assessment of retinal and cortical visual evoked electrophysiology from both eyes and both hemispheres. This is a useful way to more comprehensively assess retinal function and the upstream effects that changes in retinal function can have on visual evoked cortical function.

This protocol describes simultaneous measurement of electroretinogram and visual evoked potentials in anesthetized rats.

电图同时记录和麻醉大鼠视觉诱发电位

The electroretinogram (ERG) and visual evoked potential (VEP) are commonly used to assess the integrity of the visual pathway. The ERG measures the ...

Effects of Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation on the Primary Motor Cortex by Online Combined Approach with Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) is a neuromodulatory technique able to act through sinusoidal electrical waveforms in a specific frequency and in turn modulate ongoing cortical oscillatory activity. This neurotool allows the establishment of a causal link between endogenous oscillatory activity and behavior. Most of the tACS studies have shown online effects of tACS. However, little is known about the underlying action mechanisms of this technique because of the AC-induced artifacts on Electroencephalography (EEG) signals. Here we show a unique approach to investigate online physiological frequency-specific effects of tACS of the primary motor cortex (M1) by using single pulse Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) to probe cortical excitability changes. In our setup, the TMS coil is placed over the tACS electrode while Motor Evoked Potentials (MEPs) are collected to test the effects of the ongoing M1-tACS. So far, this approach has mainly been used to study the visual and motor systems. However, the current tACS-TMS setup can pave the way for future investigations of cognitive functions. Therefore, we provide a step-by-step manual and video guidelines for the procedure.

Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) allows the modulation of cortical excitability in a frequency-specific fashion. Here we show a unique approach which combines online tACS with single pulse Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) in order to "probe" cortical excitability by means of Motor Evoked Potentials.

经颅磁刺激在线联合方法对经颅交流电刺激对原发性运动皮层的影响

Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) is a neuromodulatory technique able to act through sinusoidal electrical waveforms in a specific ...

Transcranial Electrical Brain Stimulation in Alert Rodents

Transcranial electrical brain stimulation can modulate cortical excitability and plasticity in humans and rodents. The most common form of stimulation in humans is transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). Less frequently, transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) or transcranial random noise stimulation (tRNS), a specific form of tACS using an electrical current applied randomly within a pre-defined frequency range, is used. The increase of noninvasive electrical brain stimulation research in humans, both for experimental and clinical purposes, has yielded an increased need for basic, mechanistic, safety studies in animals. This article describes a model for transcranial electrical brain stimulation (tES) through the intact skull targeting the motor system in alert rodents. The protocol provides step-by-step instructions for the surgical set-up of a permanent epicranial electrode socket combined with an implanted counter electrode on the chest. By placing a stimulation electrode into the epicranial socket, different electrical stimulation types, comparable to tDCS, tACS, and tRNS in humans, can be delivered. Moreover, the practical steps for tES in alert rodents are introduced. The applied current density, stimulation duration, and stimulation type may be chosen depending on the experimental needs. The caveats, advantages, and disadvantages of this set-up are discussed, as well as safety and tolerability aspects.

This protocol describes a surgical set-up for a permanent epicranial electrode socket and an implanted chest electrode in rodents. By placing a second electrode into the socket, different types of transcranial electrical brain stimulation can be delivered to the motor system in alert animals through the intact skull.

警惕啮齿动物的经颅电脑刺激

Transcranial electrical brain stimulation can modulate cortical excitability and plasticity in humans and rodents. The most common form of stimulation in ...

Combined Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation and Electroencephalography of the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a non-invasive method that produces neural excitation in the cortex by means of brief, time-varying magnetic field pulses. The initiation of cortical activation or its modulation depends on the background activation of the neurons of the cortical region activated, the characteristics of the coil, its position and its orientation with respect to the head. TMS combined with simultaneous electrocephalography (EEG) and neuronavigation (nTMS-EEG) allows for the assessment of cortico-cortical excitability and connectivity in almost all cortical areas in a reproducible manner. This advance makes nTMS-EEG a powerful tool that can accurately assess brain dynamics and neurophysiology in test-retest paradigms that are required for clinical trials. Limitations of this method include artifacts that cover the initial brain reactivity to stimulation. Thus, the process of removing artifacts may also extract valuable information. Moreover, the optimal parameters for dorsolateral prefrontal (DLPFC) stimulation are not fully known and current protocols utilize variations from the motor cortex (M1) stimulation paradigms. However, evolving nTMS-EEG designs hope to address these issues. The protocol presented here introduces some standard practices for assessing neurophysiological functioning from stimulation to the DLPFC that can be applied in patients with treatment resistant psychiatric disorders that receive treatment such as transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), magnetic seizure therapy (MST) or electroconvulsive therapy (ECT).

The protocol presented here is for TMS-EEG studies utilizing intracortical excitability test-retest design paradigms. The intent of the protocol is to produce reliable and reproducible cortical excitability measures for assessing neurophysiological functioning related to therapeutic interventions in the treatment of neuropsychiatric diseases such as major depression.

侧前额叶皮质联合经颅磁刺激与脑电图的研究

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a non-invasive method that produces neural excitation in the cortex by means of brief, time-varying magnetic ...

Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) in Mice

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a non-invasive neuromodulation technique proposed as an alternative or complementary treatment for several neuropsychiatric diseases. The biological effects of tDCS are not fully understood, which is in part explained due to the difficulty in obtaining human brain tissue. This protocol describes a tDCS mouse model that uses a chronically implanted electrode allowing the study of the long-lasting biological effects of tDCS. In this experimental model, tDCS changes the cortical gene expression and offers a prominent contribution to the understanding of the rationale for its therapeutic use.

Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation tDCS in Mice

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a therapeutic technique proposed to treat psychiatric diseases. An animal model is essential for understanding the specific biological alterations evoked by tDCS. This protocol describes a tDCS mouse model that uses a chronically implanted electrode.

经颅直流电刺激 (tDCS) 在小鼠中的作用

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a non-invasive neuromodulation technique proposed as an alternative or complementary treatment for ...

Establishment of Acute Pontine Infarction in Rats by Electrical Stimulation

Pontine infarction is the most common stroke subtype in the posterior circulation, while there lacks a rodent model mimicking pontine infarction. Provided here is a protocol for successfully establishing a rat model of acute pontine infarction. Rats weighing about 250 g are used, and a probe with an insulated sheath is injected into the pons using a stereotaxic apparatus. A lesion is produced by the electrical stimulation with a single pulse. The Longa score, Berderson score, and beam balance test are used to assess neurological deficits. Additionally, the adhesive-removal somatosensory test is used to determine sensorimotor function, and the limb placement test is used to evaluate proprioception. MRI scans are then used to assess the infarction in vivo, and TTC staining is used to confirm the infarction in vitro. Here, a successful infarction is identified that is located in the anterolateral basis of the rostral pons. In conclusion, a new method is described to establish an acute pontine infarction rat model.

Presented here is a protocol for establishing acute pontine infarction in a rat model via electrical stimulation with a single pulse.

电刺激在大鼠中建立急性庞廷梗死

Pontine infarction is the most common stroke subtype in the posterior circulation, while there lacks a rodent model mimicking pontine infarction. Provided ...

Preparation of Peripheral Nerve Stimulation Electrodes for Chronic Implantation in Rats

Peripheral nerve cuff electrodes have long been used in the neurosciences and related fields for stimulation of, for example, vagus or sciatic nerves. Several recent studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of chronic VNS in enhancing central nervous system plasticity to improve motor rehabilitation, extinction learning, and sensory discrimination. Construction of chronically implantable devices for use in such studies is challenging due to rats&#8217; small size, and typical protocols require extensive training of personnel and time-consuming microfabrication methods. Alternatively, commercially available implantable cuff electrodes can be purchased at a significantly higher cost. In this protocol, we present a simple, low-cost method for construction of small, chronically implantable peripheral nerve cuff electrodes for use in rats. We validate the short and long-term reliability of our cuff electrodes by demonstrating that VNS in ketamine/xylazine anesthetized rats produces decreases in breathing rate consistent with activation of the Hering-Breuer reflex, both at the time of implantation and up to 10 weeks after device implantation. We further demonstrate the suitability of the cuff electrodes for use in chronic stimulation studies by pairing VNS with skilled lever press performance to induce motor cortical map plasticity.

Existing approaches for constructing chronically implantable peripheral nerve cuff electrodes for use in small rodents often require specialized equipment and/or highly trained personnel. In this protocol we demonstrate a simple, low-cost approach for fabricating chronically implantable cuff electrodes, and demonstrate their effectiveness for vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) in rats.

大鼠慢性植入的外周神经刺激电极的制备

Peripheral nerve cuff electrodes have long been used in the neurosciences and related fields for stimulation of, for example, vagus or sciatic nerves. ...