作者感谢马可波罗和利奥诺拉弗朗西丝卡 Miniotti 和 Ente 国家队 Risi 研究中心的工作人员, 他们主持了制作视频的实验性试验。我们也要感谢 Alluvione 的第一个科学闪光导致协议的实现和琼伦纳德为她的宝贵工作的英文编辑手稿。

1. 室内设计
<ol><li>每室装配三个主要元素: 一个锚, 一个盖子, 至少四个扩展。</li>
	<li>建立一个75厘米 x 36 厘米 x 25 厘米 (L x W x H) 矩形盒不锈钢制成的锚。将水填充通道10-13 毫米 (w) x 13-20 毫米 (h) 焊接到锚杆的上矩形周长。钻两个孔 (直径1厘米), 在四边的锚5厘米从上水道。 注: 锚杆将土柱隔离在腔体下方, 防止侧向扩散。该通道是必要的, 以实现一个有效的印章之间的锚和盖子。在野外排水活动中, 孔保证了积水水的快速排出。</li>
	<li>在一个长方形的盒子形状的不锈钢和大小为75厘米 x 36 厘米 x 20 厘米 (L x W x H) 和内部体积为 54 l 确保它适合水填充通道完美的盖子。</li>
	<li>盖上盖子与一个4厘米厚的封闭细胞泡沫, 反过来, 覆盖了光反射 (铝样) 涂层。 注: 有必要将室装入温度控制系统, 以不人为地促进微生物活动, 从而导致室内封闭过程中意外的温度升高。</li>
	<li>装备每个盖子与一个排气阀, 由弯曲的塑料管材 (1.5 cm x 24 cm, D x L) 大小为房间容量和风情况25。通过在盖子的两个36厘米侧面面的中心钻孔一个1.5 厘米孔, 将排气阀与盖子连接起来。然后用螺钉连接器来保护塑料管。 注: 建议使用排气阀将气压变化传送到随附的风量, 并补偿在舱壳和空气取样撤回过程中发生的体积变化, 以及/或与未控制的封闭空气相关联。温度变化。排气口应该是管子, 而不是简单的孔, 这样在外部压力下降时从外壳中耗尽的空气会在管子内被捕获, 然后回到机箱中, 以防压力再次增大。由于风流对其外部开口,即文丘里效应26, 弯曲形状最小化室减压电位。</li>
	<li>提供用于提取气体样品的取样口。在一个7厘米 x 7 厘米的小孔中, 把盖子顶部的中心的一个1厘米的洞挖进细胞泡沫。用符合聚四氟乙烯管 (3 毫米内径, 20 厘米长) 的橡胶塞子关闭孔。确保聚四氟乙烯管挤出3厘米, 并侵入17厘米时, 塞子放在其利基。将管的外部连接到单向旋塞阀, 以管理取样端口的开启/关闭。</li>
	<li>配备一个由 12 v-7 ah 充电和便携式电池驱动的 12V PC 风扇的每个盖子, 以确保空气混合。将 PC 风扇置于盖子的内部上侧, 用两个钢紧固件螺栓连接到腔室的内部侧。 注: 空气混合是必要的, 以防止在舱内空气中的任何气体分层, 在封闭期间, 特别是当大量的植被存在。</li>
	<li>建立一些扩展, 包括在房间内的植物, 当他们完全长大。例如, 如果这些植物的最终尺寸不会超过80厘米高, 则为每个房间建造4个扩展。确保每一个矩形框的不锈钢和 75 x 36 x 25 厘米 (L x W x H) 的大小, 并与上水填充通道, 如描述的锚。根据作物的阶段, 在舱壳内的锚和盖子之间添加这些扩展。</li>
</ol>2. 防土干扰系统的锚固部署与布置
<ol><li>在田间准备后 (即所有耕作作业后) 和水稻播种前, 将锚插入土壤中。如有可能, 除非严格必要, 否则不得在测量期内移除锚杆, 例如在随后的两个种植季节之间进行耕作作业。在通量测量开始前, 插入锚数天 (最少2天), 使土壤在安装过程中扰动后重新 equilibrates。</li>
	<li>在裸土上分配任何锚前, 将30厘米 x 3 米 (W x L) 木板 (在田间, 并在下列操作中完全行走, 以避免土壤压实。将木板从每个锚处放置至少0.5 米。</li>
	<li>在40厘米深处插入锚杆, 以确保锚杆的安全, 避免现场注水后发生意外的侧向弯曲, 特别是在使用扩展时。锚杆定位在所指定领域的土壤上后, 在锚杆上放置一个定制组装的钢框架, 同时保持两个部件的正确对准。将锚锤钉入土中, 并注意击中车架而不是锚杆, 以防损坏锚杆。插入后, 使用气泡级别确保锚杆完全平坦。</li>
	<li>为每个被监测的治疗 (即复制) 插入至少三个锚。尊重1米相邻腔之间的最小距离, 以防同一实验单元内有多个腔室需要使用。</li>
	<li>一旦所有的锚都插入, 暂时删除木制的步行木板, 然后重新安排该领域的走廊系统的来源, 从外地银行。详细地, 安置在领域混凝土块至少 0.5 m 离锚, 在数字足够容纳一个木木板系统。 注: 走廊是必要的, 以防止土壤干扰在随后的温室气体测量事件。混凝土砌块的数量将取决于锚杆与场外侧岸的距离。每3米长的木板将需要两个混凝土块, 以稳定。</li>
</ol>3. 室关闭和温室气体测量
<ol><li>每天在同一时间运行测量事件, 以尽量减少日变化。 注: 平均每日通量的最佳时刻是气温接近每日平均值,即10点。这是从27天的唯一测量中估计每日累计价值的最佳方法。</li>
	<li>到达现场时, 在混凝土砌块上放置木板以到达锚。之后, 用清水填满锚杆上周长的通道。仔细添加扩展, 必要时, 把所有的植物在房间的顶空。 注意: 此操作应由两个操作员执行, 以避免任何农作物损坏。用清水填满每个使用过的延伸通道。</li>
	<li>关闭每个房间, 把盖子放在上面延伸的充水通道上。在结转期间 (通常为15-20 分钟, 但可修改为满足实验需要), 在同等时间间隔内提取至少三个气体样本 (例如, 关闭后, 10 分钟后, 20 分钟后)。在抽样, 连接一个装有单向旋塞阀的50毫升注射器到取样端口, 然后打开两个 stopcocks (一个在注射器和一个在取样端口), "冲洗" 注射器通过移动活塞上下三次, 然后撤回35毫升的室顶空, 然后最后关闭两个 stopcocks。从取样口拔下注射器, 并将其分开存放。 注: 在野外注水时, 在硐室附近操作时, 应避免积水水的扰动或湍流, 因为它能产生非典型气体气泡并改变温室气体流量估计。</li>
	<li>添加一些适合容纳水稻植株的引伸。在锚和盖子之间的干预延伸, 填装所有水填充渠道。使用一个引伸, 当米是 20-40 cm 在土壤表面之上 (用折弯标尺测量);用两个引伸当米是40-60 厘米, 等等。</li>
	<li>在腔室闭合过程中, 用温度数据存储器测量每3-5 分钟的顶空温度。</li>
	<li>在关闭期结束后考虑取样事件完成。卸下盖子并随后使用所有的扩展。 注: 为了缩短监测几个房间所需的时间, 避免日变化偏差, 可以测量作保多个腔室。例如, 有两个操作员组成的团队, 可以在30分钟内管理多达10个相邻分庭的取样。</li>
	<li>每次取样事件后, 测量每个腔室的顶空高度 (当场被排水) 或从积水水 (当场被淹没时) 使用折叠的标尺。</li>
</ol>4. 样品处理和分析
<ol><li>在每次稻田访问之前, 在实验室内疏散三 (或更多) 12 毫升玻璃玻璃瓶, 每场室内都有丁基橡胶隔膜。 注: 瓶子可以重新使用。在每次重复使用之前, 必须更换橡胶隔膜并恢复真空。</li>
	<li>在从燃烧室顶空的气体撤出后, 迅速将注射器提交的样品转移到疏散瓶中, 因为塑料注射器即使用封闭式旋塞阀也不能保证28的渗漏。用25口径的皮下注射针进行转移。首先, 把针装入旋塞阀, 然后打开它, 用5毫升的样品冲洗针头。接下来, 将针插入隔膜, 将剩余的30毫升样品推入预疏散的瓶子, 然后取出针头。 注: 瓶子内的样品是 > 2 atm 增压, 以提供气体的多种分析, 并避免任何质量流量从外部环境向样品, 这将改变其温室气体浓度。5毫升样品冲洗针允许它被重用其他样品。</li>
	<li>在每次取样事件结束时, 将瓶子转移到实验室进行分析。 注: 虽然样品的保存保证在20°c 超过四月28, 但最好尽快执行分析程序。</li>
	<li>使用装有2O 测定的电子俘获探测器的自动气相色谱仪确定所收集样品中的气体浓度, 并测定 CH4确定29的火焰电离探测器。除样品外, 还测量了一些已知的 N2O 和 CH4样品 (标准) 的浓度, 以便进行精确的标定。 注: 标准浓度应涵盖样品的预期浓度范围。</li>
</ol>5. 流量估计
<ol><li>所选择的通量估计模型应预测室部署时刻的通量,即真实汇率不受腔内存在影响的理想时刻。</li>
	<li>在通过气相色谱分析和随后的校准确定了基容积的气体浓度后, 根据空气摩尔体积计算出在顶空中存在的物质 (N2O 或 CH4) 的绝对量。源自理想气体定律。 注意: 要产生与每个取样事件相关的校准曲线是非常可取的, 因为气相色谱仪可能会受到轻微的信号变化, 作为温度的函数, 这会导致错误。</li>
	<li>根据发射模式选择线性或非线性模型。在可用的非线性模型中, 选择25模型, 最终依赖于 HMR 包9。如果您有三个时间点 (时间0、时间1和时间 2) 根据两个段的斜率进行选择: 在时间0和时间1之间的斜率大于时间1和时间2之间的斜率和斜率是一致的情况下;, 使用 HM 模型;在所有其他情况下, 使用线性模型。如果你有三多个时间点, 适合两个模型使用 HMR, 但事后选择自己基于视觉评价的模型最佳拟合的趋势。</li>
	<li>设置为零通量下的最小可探测流量, 根据检测极限的气相色谱仪和操作条件 (温度, 压力, 顶空容积) 计算。</li>
	<li>为了准确地描述通量的季节性变化, 全年至少提供40个抽样事件 (监测周期和间作周期), 强化作物周期附近关键事件的取样频率, 如耕作,施肥、排水、水淹条件的建立、积水水下水稻幼苗的堆焊等。从每日最大频率 (例如, 在排水期、施肥等) 过渡到至少两周 (如冬季)。</li>
</ol>

<ol>
	<li>Tubiello, F. N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use Emissions by Sources and Removals by Sinks. , 4-89 (2014).</li><li>Oertel, C., Matschullat, J., Zurba, K., Zimmermann, F., Erasmi, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Greenhouse+gas+emissions+from+soils-A+review.">Greenhouse gas emissions from soils-A review.</a> Chemie der Erde. 76, 327-352 (2016).</li><li>Hutchinson, G. L., Livingston, G. P., Dane, J. H., Topp, G. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Soil-atmosphere+gas+exchange.">Soil-atmosphere gas exchange.</a> Methods of soil analysis. , 1159-1182 (2002).</li><li>Nakano, T., Sawamoto, T., Morishita, T., Inoue, G., Hatano, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+comparison+of+regression+methods+for+estimating+soil-atmosphere+diffusion+gas+fluxes+by+a+closed-chamber+technique.">A comparison of regression methods for estimating soil-atmosphere diffusion gas fluxes by a closed-chamber technique.</a> Soil Biol. Biochem. 36, 107-113 (2004).</li><li>Rochette, P., Eriksen-Hamel, N. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chamber+Measurements+of+Soil+Nitrous+Oxide+Flux:+Are+Absolute+Values+Reliable?.">Chamber Measurements of Soil Nitrous Oxide Flux: Are Absolute Values Reliable?.</a> Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 72 (2), 331-342 (2008).</li><li>Lundegardh, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Carbon+dioxide+evolution+of+soil+and+crop+growth.">Carbon dioxide evolution of soil and crop growth.</a> Soil Sci. 23 (6), 417-450 (1926).</li><li>Buendia, L. V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+efficient+sampling+strategy+for+estimating+methane+emission+from+rice+field.">An efficient sampling strategy for estimating methane emission from rice field.</a> Chemosphere. 36, 395-407 (1998).</li><li>Khalil, M. A. K., Butenhoff, C. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Spatial+variability+of+methane+emissions+from+rice+fields+and+implications+for+experimental+design.">Spatial variability of methane emissions from rice fields and implications for experimental design.</a> J Geophys. Res. 113, 1-11 (2008).</li><li>Pedersen, A. R., Petersen, S. O., Schelde, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+comprehensive+approach+to+soil-atmosphere+trace-gas+flux+estimation+with+static+chambers.">A comprehensive approach to soil-atmosphere trace-gas flux estimation with static chambers.</a> Eur. J. Soil Sci. 61, 888-902 (2010).</li><li>Christiansen, J. R., Korhonen, J. F. J., Juszczak, R., Giebels, M., Pihlatie, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Assessing+the+effects+of+chamber+placement,+manual+sampling+and+headspace+mixing+on+CH4+fluxes+in+a+laboratory+experiment.">Assessing the effects of chamber placement, manual sampling and headspace mixing on CH4 fluxes in a laboratory experiment.</a> Plant Soil. 343, 171-185 (2011).</li><li>Minamikawa, K., Tokida, T., Sudo, S., Padre, A., Yagi, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Guidelines for measuring CH4 and N2O emissions from rice paddies by a manually operated closed chamber method. , (2015).</li><li>Parkin, T. B., Venterea, R. T., Hargreaves, S. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Calculating+the+detection+limits+of+chamber-based+soil+greenhouse+gas+flux+measurements.">Calculating the detection limits of chamber-based soil greenhouse gas flux measurements.</a> J. Environ. Qual. 41, 705-715 (2012).</li><li>Pihlatie, M. K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparison+of+static+chambers+to+measure+CH4+emissions+from+soils.">Comparison of static chambers to measure CH4 emissions from soils.</a> Agr. Forest. Meteorol. 171-172, 124-136 (2013).</li><li>Sander, B. O., Wassmann, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Common+practices+for+manual+greenhouse+gas+sampling+in+rice+production:+a+literature+study+on+sampling+modalities+of+the+closed+chamber+method.">Common practices for manual greenhouse gas sampling in rice production: a literature study on sampling modalities of the closed chamber method.</a> Greenhouse Gas Meas. Manage. 4, 1-13 (2014).</li><li>IAEA. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Manual on measurement of methane and nitrous oxide emissions from agriculture. , (1992).</li><li>IGAC. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Global Measurement Standardization of Methane Emissions from Irrigated Rice Cultivation: A Report of the Rice Cultivation and Trace Gas Exchange Activity (RICE) of the International Global Atmospheric Chemistry (IGAC) Project. , (1994).</li><li>Parkin, T. B., Venterea, R. T., Follett, R. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chapter+3.+Chamber-Based+Trace+Gas+Flux+Measurements.">Chapter 3. Chamber-Based Trace Gas Flux Measurements.</a> Sampling Protocols. , 3.1-3.39 (2010).</li><li>Minamikawa, K., Tokida, T., Sudo, S., Padre, A., Yagi, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Guidelines for measuring CH4 and N2O emissions from rice paddies by a manually operated closed chamber method. , (2015).</li><li>Firbank, L. G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Towards+the+co-ordination+of+terrestrial+ecosystem+protocols+across+European+research+infrastructures.">Towards the co-ordination of terrestrial ecosystem protocols across European research infrastructures.</a> Ecol Evol. 7 (11), 3967-3975 (2017).</li><li>FAO, , IFA, <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Global estimates of gaseous emissions of NH3, NO and N2O from agricultural land. , (2001).</li><li>Denmead, O. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Approaches+to+measuring+fluxes+of+methane+and+nitrous+oxide+between+landscapes+and+the+atmosphere.">Approaches to measuring fluxes of methane and nitrous oxide between landscapes and the atmosphere.</a> Plant Soil. 309, 5-24 (2008).</li><li>Cleemput, O. V., Boeckx, P., Lal, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Greenhouse+gas+fluxes:+measurement.">Greenhouse gas fluxes: measurement.</a> Encyclopedia of Soil Science. , (2005).</li><li>Cicerone, R. J., Shetter, J. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sources+of+atmospheric+methane:+Measurements+in+rice+paddies+and+a+discussion.">Sources of atmospheric methane: Measurements in rice paddies and a discussion.</a> J Geophys. Res. 86, 7203-7209 (1981).</li><li>Le Mer, R., Roger, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Production,+oxidation,+emission+and+consumption+of+methane+by+soils:+A+review.">Production, oxidation, emission and consumption of methane by soils: A review.</a> Eur. J. Soil Biol. 37, 25-50 (2001).</li><li>Hutchinson, G. L., Mosier, A. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Improved+soil+cover+method+for+field+measurement+of+nitrous+oxide+fluxes.">Improved soil cover method for field measurement of nitrous oxide fluxes.</a> Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 45, 311-316 (1981).</li><li>Conen, F., Smith, K. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+re-examination+of+closed+flux+chamber+methods+for+the+measurement+of+trace+gas+emissions+from+soils+to+the+atmosphere.">A re-examination of closed flux chamber methods for the measurement of trace gas emissions from soils to the atmosphere.</a> Eur. J. Soil Sci. 49, 701-707 (1998).</li><li>Minamikawa, K., Yagi, K., Tokida, T., Sander, B. O., Wassmann, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Appropriate+frequency+and+time+of+day+to+measure+methane+emissions+from+an+irrigated+rice+paddy+in+Japan+using+the+manual+closed+chamber+method.">Appropriate frequency and time of day to measure methane emissions from an irrigated rice paddy in Japan using the manual closed chamber method.</a> Greenhouse Gas Meas. Manage. 2, 118-128 (2012).</li><li>Rochette, P., Bertrand, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Soil+air+sample+storage+and+handling+using+polypropylene+syringes+and+glass+vials.">Soil air sample storage and handling using polypropylene syringes and glass vials.</a> Can. J. Soil Sci. 83, 631-637 (2003).</li><li>Peyron, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Greenhouse+gas+emissions+as+affected+by+different+water+management+practices+in+temperate+rice+paddies.">Greenhouse gas emissions as affected by different water management practices in temperate rice paddies.</a> Agr. Ecosyst. Environ. 232, 17-28 (2016).</li><li>Ussiri, D., Lal, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Soil Emission of Nitrous Oxide and its Mitigation. , (2012).</li></ol>

作者没有什么可透露的。

静态密闭室技术在水稻上的应用包括五个基本阶段, 对应于该议定书所描述的主要部分。每个阶段都包含要了解的关键点, 以及检查阶段实现成功的指标, 如图 4所述。
图 4中描述的大多数关键点已经在《议定书》中得到了解决, 可以通过遵循包括的建议来轻松解决。本议定书最棘手的关键点是在箱壳内根据温室气体浓度变化计算通量。另外, 在使用包 HMR 进行计算时, 最好选择适用的最佳模型, 独立于 HMR 建议, 基于可视化评估。当时间浓度偏离预期的持续增减行为时, 这一点更重要。
描述的技术的几个变化在主要原则的结构之内是可能的, 特别是与房间几何有关 (房间也可以是圆筒), 室材料 (任何不透水, 无反应, 非源/下沉气体分子正在考虑, 易于使用的材料, 如聚四氟乙烯, 这是适当的, 但更昂贵的) 和类型的温室气体分析仪 (便携式系统是可利用的, 不需要气体转移注射器和瓶子)。然而, 测量土壤中的温室气体通量是监测气候变化来源、了解导致排放的过程、研究可能的减灾战略的有效性的关键步骤, 并为预测未来的模型提供信息场景。比以往任何时候都更重要的是通过共同议定书, 建立一个统一的知识机构, 监测全球温室气体预算的农田。
采用理想气体法计算实际气体的摩尔体积。该应用在文献的特定主体中得到了广泛的使用和接受, 理想气体逼近可以合理准确地应用30。
最后, 根据在温室气体测量范围内要处理的实验问题, 考虑测量4和 N2O 的排放量的主要驱动因素, 如土壤温度、氧化还原电位、土壤孔隙溶解有机碳浓度, 土壤孔隙硝酸盐和铵浓度。

农业是一个生产性部门, 它连同林业和其他土地使用, 产生约21% 的全球温室气体排放量1。准确测量农业土壤的温室气体排放量, 不仅是确定农田作为气候变化的来源和下沉的适当作用的关键,而且还要确定适当和有效的缓解战略在《巴黎协定》的目标框架。
农业土壤产生的两种最重要的温室气体 (即N2O 和 CH4) 的排放通量可以通过气象方法或封闭腔技术3来衡量。在过去三年中, 绝大多数关于土壤温室气体排放量的研究报告采用了4、5 1926年第一次提到的封闭室技术.已经作出了几项努力, 以微调技术, 并克服所有来源的实验工件和偏见7,8,9,10,11,12 ,13,14。在不同时间编译的特定协议旨在规范方法15、16、17、18、19和科学尝试, 但仍正在着手建立最佳做法, 以使用该技术和尽量减少偏差的流量估计。
本文描述了静态密闭室技术在稻田土壤中的应用, 它依赖于扩散理论, 并在一个精确的周期内提供了已知的部分土壤表面的空气体积。在封箱期间, ch4和 N2O 分子通过扩散沿自然浓度梯度迁移从土壤孔隙空气, 他们由特定微生物生产 (甲烷的情况下4; 硝化和反硝化菌为 N2O), 到空气中封闭的室顶, 最终通过水淹或植物通气组织。房间内两种气体的浓度随着时间的推移而增加, 而这些增加的发生则提供了通量估计。
关于气象方法, 当研究地块尺度上的温室气体通量时, 通常更倾向于使用不同的土地利用类型和生态系统, 因为它们不受大的同质场2或高的束缚。后勤和投资要求20。此外, 它们允许对操作性实验进行同时分析, 如不同的农艺做法或其他现场处理12、21。最后, 该技术允许识别生态系统属性、过程和通量之间的关系。另外, 该技术的两个主要缺点包括对空间和时间异质性的相对效率低下的探索, 以及由于硐室部署22引起的土壤扰动的影响。然而, 这些危害至少可以部分地克服: 适当的房间设计 (减少土壤干扰), 通过足够数量的复制 (探索空间可变性) 和自动化系统使用, 允许强化每日测量的频率 (用于计算日变化) 或定期 (同一时间) 测量 (忽略温度在残余变异性中的影响)。
该方法的第一个应用在稻田的时间追溯到80代初的23, 其在陆地上使用的主要特点是在土壤中存在水淹, 需要将植物包括在室内的顶空中。外壳。正如本文所仔细描述的, 第一个特征意味着需要特定的系统来防止在测量事件中的水扰动, 以避免由于湍流引起的通量高估通过水淹扩散引起的流量。第二个基本特征是通过大米通气组织的气体输送, 代表多达90% 的排放 CH424, 这需要适当的设备, 包括植物在测量事件。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="591">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Anchor/Chamber</td>
			<td style="width:89px;">-</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">-</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Self-produced</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">5 cm thick closed cell foam&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:89px;">-</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">-</td>
			<td>It is an insulating material, to be found in a store of building materials.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Light reflective (aluminum-like) coating</td>
			<td style="width:89px;">-</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">-</td>
			<td>We use a shiny blanket, but it is possible to use aluminium foil for food.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Curved piece of plastic tubing (1.5 cm and 24 cm, DxL)</td>
			<td style="width:89px;">-</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">-</td>
			<td>We use an electrical duct, to be found in a hardware store.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Screw connector</td>
			<td style="width:89px;">-</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">-</td>
			<td>We use a connector for electrical ducts, to be found in a hardware store.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Rubber stopper (1 cm D)</td>
			<td style="width:89px;">-</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">-</td>
			<td>To be found in a store for laboratory equipments.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Teflon tube (3 mm internal D)</td>
			<td style="width:89px;">-</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">-</td>
			<td>To be found in a store for laboratory equipments.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">One-way stopcock&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:89px;">-</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">-</td>
			<td>We use stopcock for drip, to be found in a store for medical equipments.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">12V PC fan&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:89px;">-</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">-</td>
			<td>To be found in a PC store.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">12V-7Ah rechargeable and portable battery</td>
			<td style="width:89px;">-</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">-</td>
			<td>To be found in a store for electrical material.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Steel fasteners&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:89px;">-</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">-</td>
			<td>To be found in a hardware store.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">30 cm X 3 m (WxL) wood planks&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:89px;">-</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">-</td>
			<td>To be found in a store of building materials.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Steel frame&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:89px;">-</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">-</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Self-produced</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Bubble level</td>
			<td style="width:89px;">-</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">-</td>
			<td>To be found in a hardware store.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Concrete blocks&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:89px;">-</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">-</td>
			<td>To be found in a store of building materials.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">50 ml syringe&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:89px;">-</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">-</td>
			<td>To be found ina store for medical/veterinary equipments.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Folding Ruler</td>
			<td style="width:89px;">-</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">-</td>
			<td>To be found in a hardware store.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="84">
			<td height="84" style="height:84px;width:216px;">Temperature datalogger</td>
			<td style="width:89px;">Onset</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">HOBO U23 Pro v2 External Temperature Data Logger</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Exetainer 12ml Vial - Flat Bottom</td>
			<td style="width:89px;">Labco UK</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">736 W</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Butil rubber septa for vials</td>
			<td style="width:89px;">Labco UK</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">VW101</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">25-gauge hypodermic needle</td>
			<td style="width:89px;">-</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">-</td>
			<td>To be found in a store for medical equipments.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="27">
			<td height="27" style="height:27px;width:216px;">CH4 and N2O standards</td>
			<td style="width:89px;">-</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">-</td>
			<td>To be found at a supplier of gas bottles.</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

assessment of methane and nitrous oxide fluxes from paddy field by means of static closed chambers maintaining plants within headspace

本议定书描述了利用静闭室技术测量稻田土壤中温室气体排放量的方法。这种方法是基于扩散理论的。一个已知的空气覆盖一个定义的土壤区域被封闭在一个平行六面体盖 (命名为 "房间"), 在规定的时间内。在这个封闭期内, 气体 (甲烷 (CH4) 和一氧化二氮 (N2O)) 从其微生物源附近的土壤孔隙空气 (即甲烷、硝化、反硝化菌) 移动到燃烧室顶空, 遵循自然浓度梯度。然后用气相色谱法分析在整个外壳内定期取样的室顶空浓度变化的通量。在可用于温室气体测量的技术中, 静闭室法适用于地块试验, 因为它不需要大的 homogenously 处理的土壤区域。此外, 它是可管理的资源有限, 可以确定生态系统的性质, 过程和通量之间的关系, 特别是当与温室气体驱动力测量结合。然而, 就气象方法而言, 它造成了极小但仍然不可避免的土壤扰动, 并允许轻微的时间分辨率。几个阶段是方法实现的关键: i) 室设计和部署, 二) 样品处理和分析, 和 iii) 通量估计。稻田技术实施的成功要求在种植周期的大部分时期对田间注水进行调整, 并在测量期间, 在室内顶空区进行水稻植株维护。因此, 在通常适用非淹水的农业土壤方面, 需要考虑的其他因素包括: i) 避免任何可能高估通量的无意的水干扰, 和 ii) 包括在该会议厅的顶空充分考虑排放的气体通过通气组织运输。

每一次测量活动都会为每个被监测的分庭产生一系列的温室气体浓度, 这是估计温室气体通量的基础。基本上, 没有特别需要丢弃数据, 但在单调函数的理论模型之外 (严格增加或减少) 的情况下, 很高的发生率必须注意协议应用的准确性和可能意想不到的错误 (例如, 瓶子泄漏)。
图 1报告了整整一年的正确例子 CH4通量。如误差线所示, 这种结果可能会有很大的差异, 主要是由于负责温室气体生产的微生物过程的空间异质性所致。对于那些经历高变异性的用户来说, 这样的结果不一定预示着坏的结果。为了解决使治疗差异无法检测的高变异性, 只需增加复制次数。

在图 2中, 有一个关于季节性变异性的拙劣探索的例子: 测量事件的数量不足导致每年的通量低估。
每日通量可以被结合在一起计算在一个太阳年, 在耕种季节, 或在特定的种植阶段的累计排放。通常, 累积通量的计算依赖于随后两次测量事件之间通量的线性变化。一个累积通量的例子如图 3所示, 为 CH4。
<img alt="Figure 1" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/56754/56754fig1.jpg">
图 1。一整年被淹的稻田的4天通量的季节性变化的例子, 包括种植周期 (从可能到 9月) 和跨季期间。错误条表示标准错误。<a href="https://cloudflare.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/56754/56754fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">请单击此处查看此图的较大版本.</a>
<img alt="Figure 2" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/56754/56754fig2.jpg"> 图 2。一整年被淹的稻田的4天通量的季节性变化例子, 没有足够数量的测量事件不能很好地覆盖温室气体排放的所有关键时刻。错误条表示标准错误。<a href="https://cloudflare.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/56754/56754fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">请单击此处查看此图的较大版本.</a>
<img alt="Figure 3" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/56754/56754fig3.jpg"> 图 3。一个种植季节累计 CH4排放量的例子。<a href="https://cloudflare.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/56754/56754fig3large.jpg" target="_blank">请单击此处查看此图的较大版本.</a>
<img alt="Figure 4" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/56754/56754fig4.jpg"> 图 4。方法应用的主要阶段有相应的关键点和成功指标。<a href="https://cloudflare.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/56754/56754fig4large.jpg" target="_blank">请单击此处查看此图的较大版本.</a>

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Assessment of Methane and Nitrous Oxide Fluxes from Paddy Field by Means of Static Closed Chambers Maintaining Plants Within Headspace at JoVE.com

Assessment of Methane and Nitrous Oxide Fluxes from Paddy Field by Means of Static Closed Chambers Maintaining Plants Within Headspace

本议定书的总目标是利用静闭室技术测量稻田温室气体排放量。测量系统需要进行具体的调整, 因为在现场和室内的厂房内都有永久性的水层存在。

用静止封闭室维持顶空装置对稻田甲烷和一氧化二氮通量的评价

This protocol describes the measurement of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from paddy soils using the static closed chamber technique. This method is based ...

assessment-methane-nitrous-oxide-fluxes-from-paddy-field-means-static

Research

Education

JoVE Core

JoVE Journal

Physics

Environment

Unit 1

The Kinetic Theory of Gases

SCIENTISTS IN ACTION

12.1K 次观看.  University of Turin. 本议定书的总目标是利用静闭室技术测量稻田温室气体排放量。测量系统需要进行具体的调整, 因为在现场和室内的厂房内都有永久性的水层存在。

视频: Assessment of Methane and Nitrous Oxide Fluxes from Paddy Field by Means of Static Closed Chambers Maintaining Plants Within Headspace

Expression of Recombinant Cellulase Cel5A from Trichoderma reesei in Tobacco Plants

Cellulose degrading enzymes, cellulases, are targets of both research and industrial interests. The preponderance of these enzymes in difficult-to-culture organisms, such as hyphae-building fungi and anaerobic bacteria, has hastened the use of recombinant technologies in this field. Plant expression methods are a desirable system for large-scale production of enzymes and other industrially useful proteins. Herein, methods for the transient expression of a fungal endoglucanase, Trichoderma reesei Cel5A, in Nicotiana tabacum are demonstrated. Successful protein expression is shown, monitored by fluorescence using an mCherry-enzyme fusion protein. Additionally, a set of basic tests are used to examine the activity of transiently expressed T. reesei Cel5A, including SDS-PAGE, Western blotting, zymography, as well as&#160;fluorescence and dye-based substrate degradation assays. The system described here can be used to produce an active cellulase in a short time period, so as to assess the potential for further production in plants through constitutive or inducible expression systems.

Expression of Recombinant Cellulase Cel5A from Trichoderma reesei in Tobacco Plants

Tobacco plants were used to produce a fungal cellulase, TrCel5A, via a transient expression system. The expression could be monitored using a fluorescent fusion protein, and the protein activity was characterized post-expression.

重组纤维素酶Cel5A从表达<em&gt;里氏木霉</em&gt;在烟草

Cellulose degrading enzymes, cellulases, are targets of both research and industrial interests. The preponderance of these enzymes in difficult-to-culture ...

科研

环境科学

Measuring Fluxes of Mineral Nutrients and Toxicants in Plants with Radioactive Tracers

Unidirectional influx and efflux of nutrients and toxicants, and their resultant net fluxes, are central to the nutrition and toxicology of plants. Radioisotope tracing is a major technique used to measure such fluxes, both within plants, and between plants and their environments. Flux data obtained with radiotracer protocols can help elucidate the capacity, mechanism, regulation, and energetics of transport systems for specific mineral nutrients or toxicants, and can provide insight into compartmentation and turnover rates of subcellular mineral and metabolite pools. Here, we describe two major radioisotope protocols used in plant biology: direct influx (DI) and compartmental analysis by tracer efflux (CATE). We focus on flux measurement of potassium (K+) as a nutrient, and ammonia/ammonium (NH3/NH4+) as a toxicant, in intact seedlings of the model species barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). These protocols can be readily adapted to other experimental systems (e.g., different species, excised plant material, and other nutrients/toxicants). Advantages and limitations of these protocols are discussed.

In planta measurement of nutrient and toxicant fluxes is essential to the study of plant nutrition and toxicity. Here, we cover radiotracer protocols for influx and efflux determination in intact plant roots, using potassium (K+) and ammonia/ammonium (NH3/NH4+) fluxes as examples. Advantages and limitations of such techniques are discussed.

植物与放射性示踪剂测量矿质营养和毒物的通量

Unidirectional influx and efflux of nutrients and toxicants, and their resultant net fluxes, are central to the nutrition and toxicology of plants. ...

Measurement of Greenhouse Gas Flux from Agricultural Soils Using Static Chambers

Measurement of greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes between the soil and the atmosphere, in both managed and unmanaged ecosystems, is critical to understanding the biogeochemical drivers of climate change and to the development and evaluation of GHG mitigation strategies based on modulation of landscape management practices. The static chamber-based method described here is based on trapping gases emitted from the soil surface within a chamber and collecting samples from the chamber headspace at regular intervals for analysis by gas chromatography. Change in gas concentration over time is used to calculate flux. This method can be utilized to measure landscape-based flux of carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, and methane, and to estimate differences between treatments or explore system dynamics over seasons or years. Infrastructure requirements are modest, but a comprehensive experimental design is essential. This method is easily deployed in the field, conforms to established guidelines, and produces data suitable to large-scale GHG emissions studies.

This article showcases the static chamber-based method for measurement of greenhouse gas flux from soil systems. With relatively modest infrastructure investments, measurements may be obtained from multiple treatments/locations and over timeframes ranging from hours to years.

从农业土壤使用静态钱伯斯温室气体流量测量

Measurement of greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes between the soil and the atmosphere, in both managed and unmanaged ecosystems, is critical to understanding the ...

Removal of Trace Elements by Cupric Oxide Nanoparticles from Uranium In Situ Recovery Bleed Water and Its Effect on Cell Viability

In situ recovery (ISR) is the predominant method of uranium extraction in the United States. During ISR, uranium is leached from an ore body and extracted through ion exchange. The resultant production bleed water (PBW) contains contaminants such as arsenic and other heavy metals. Samples of PBW from an active ISR uranium facility were treated with cupric oxide nanoparticles (CuO-NPs). CuO-NP treatment of PBW reduced priority contaminants, including arsenic, selenium, uranium, and vanadium. Untreated and CuO-NP treated PBW was used as the liquid component of the cell growth media and changes in viability were determined by the MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay in human embryonic kidney (HEK 293) and human hepatocellular carcinoma (Hep G2) cells. CuO-NP treatment was associated with improved HEK and HEP cell viability. Limitations of this method include dilution of the PBW by growth media components and during osmolality adjustment as well as necessary pH adjustment. This method is limited in its wider context due to dilution effects and changes in the pH of the PBW which is traditionally slightly acidic&#160;however; this method could have a broader use assessing CuO-NP treatment in more neutral waters.

Removal of Trace Elements by Cupric Oxide Nanoparticles from Uranium In Situ Recovery Bleed Water and Its Effect on Cell Viability

Production bleed water (PBW) was treated with cupric oxide nanoparticles (CuO-NPs) and cellular toxicity was assessed in cultured human cells. The goal of this protocol was to integrate the native environmental sample into a cell culture format assessing the changes in toxicity due to CuO-NP treatment.

去除微量元素的氧化铜纳米粉体制备铀<em&gt;原位</em&gt;恢复泌水及其对细胞活力的影响

In situ recovery (ISR) is the predominant method of uranium extraction in the United States. During ISR, uranium is leached from an ore body and extracted ...

The Use of an Automated System (GreenFeed) to Monitor Enteric Methane and Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Ruminant Animals

Ruminant animals (domesticated or wild) emit methane (CH4) through enteric fermentation in their digestive tract and from decomposition of manure during storage. These processes are the major sources of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from animal production systems. Techniques for measuring enteric CH4 vary from direct measurements (respiration chambers, which are highly accurate, but with limited applicability) to various indirect methods (sniffers, laser technology, which are practical, but with variable accuracy). The sulfur hexafluoride (SF6)&#160;tracer gas method is commonly used to measure enteric CH4 production by animal scientists and more recently, application of an Automated Head-Chamber System (AHCS) (GreenFeed, C-Lock, Inc., Rapid City, SD), which is the focus of this experiment, has been growing. AHCS is an automated system to monitor CH4 and carbon dioxide (CO2) mass fluxes from the breath of ruminant animals. In a typical AHCS operation, small quantities of baiting feed are dispensed to individual animals to lure them to AHCS multiple times daily. As the animal visits AHCS, a fan system pulls air past the animal&#8217;s muzzle into an intake manifold, and through an air collection pipe where continuous airflow rates are measured. A sub-sample of air is pumped out of the pipe into non-dispersive infra-red sensors for continuous measurement of CH4 and CO2 concentrations. Field comparisons of AHCS to respiration chambers or SF6 have demonstrated that AHCS produces repeatable and accurate CH4 emission results, provided that animal visits to AHCS are sufficient so emission estimates are representative of the diurnal rhythm of rumen gas production. Here, we demonstrate the use of AHCS to measure CO2 and CH4 fluxes from dairy cows given a control diet or a diet supplemented with technical-grade cashew nut shell liquid.

The Use of an Automated System GreenFeed to Monitor Enteric Methane and Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Ruminant Animals

Accuracy and precision of the techniques used to measure methane emissions from ruminant animals are critically important for the success of greenhouse gas mitigation efforts. This manuscript describes the principles and operation of an automated system to monitor methane and carbon dioxide mass fluxes from the breath of ruminant animals.

自动系统（绿色饲料）的用于监视肠道的甲烷和二氧化碳从反刍动物排放

Ruminant animals (domesticated or wild) emit methane (CH4) through enteric fermentation in their digestive tract and from decomposition of manure during ...

Enhancement of the Initial Growth Rate of Agricultural Plants by Using Static Magnetic Fields

Electronic devices and high-voltage wires induce magnetic fields. A magnetic field of 1,300-2,500 Gauss (0.2 Tesla) was applied to Petri dishes containing seeds of Garden Balsam (Impatiens balsamina), Mizuna (Brassica rapa var. japonica), Komatsuna (Brassica rapa var. perviridis), and Mescluns (Lepidium sativum). We applied magnets under the culture dish. During the 4 days of application, we observed that the stem and root length increased. The group subjected to magnetic field treatment (n = 10) showed a 1.4 times faster rate of growth compared with the control group (n = 11) in a total of 8 days (p &#60;0.0005). This rate is 20% higher than that reported in previous studies. The tubulin complex lines did not have connecting points, but connecting points occur upon the application of magnets. This shows complete difference from the control, which means abnormal arrangements. However, the exact cause remains unclear. These results of growth enhancement of applying magnets suggest that it is possible to enhance the growth rate, increase productivity, or control the speed of germination of plants by applying static magnetic fields. Also, magnetic fields can cause physiological changes in plant cells and can induce growth. Therefore, stimulation with a magnetic field can have possible effects that are similar to those of chemical fertilizers, which means that the use of fertilizers can be avoided.

The goal of this protocol is to demonstrate the acceleration of the initial growth rate of plants by applying static magnetic fields with no external energy.

采用静态磁场农业植物初始增长率提高

Electronic devices and high-voltage wires induce magnetic fields. A magnetic field of 1,300-2,500 Gauss (0.2 Tesla) was applied to Petri dishes containing ...

Characterization and Application of Passive Samplers for Monitoring of Pesticides in Water

Five different water passive samplers were calibrated under laboratory conditions for measurement of 124 legacy and current used pesticides. This study provides a protocol for the passive sampler preparation, calibration, extraction method and instrumental analysis. Sampling rates (RS) and passive sampler-water partition coefficients (KPW) were calculated for silicone rubber, polar organic chemical integrative sampler POCIS-A, POCIS-B, SDB-RPS and C18 disk. The uptake of the selected compounds depended on their physicochemical properties, i.e., silicone rubber showed a better uptake for more hydrophobic compounds (log octanol-water partition coefficient (KOW) &#62; 5.3), whereas POCIS-A, POCIS-B and SDB-RPS disk were more suitable for hydrophilic compounds (log KOW &#60; 0.70).

A protocol about the characterization and application of five different passive sampling devices is presented.

表征和被动采样的应用在农药水监测

Five different water passive samplers were calibrated under laboratory conditions for measurement of 124 legacy and current used pesticides. This study ...

Development of Metarhizium anisopliae as a Mycoinsecticide: From Isolation to Field Performance

A major concern when developing commercial mycoinsecticides is the kill speed compared to that of chemical insecticides. Therefore, isolation and screening for the selection of a fast-acting, highly virulent entomopathogenic fungus are important steps. Entomopathogenic fungi, such as Metarhizium, Beauveria, and Nomurea, which act by contact, are better suited than Bacillus thuringiensis or nucleopolyhedrosis virus (NPV), which must be ingested by the insect pest. In the present work, we isolated 68 Metarhizium strains from infected insects using a soil dilution and bait method. The isolates were identified by the amplification and sequencing of the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 and 26S rDNA region. The most virulent strain of Metarhizium anisopliae was selected based on the median lethal concentration (LC50) and time (LT50) obtained in insect bioassays against III-instar larvae of Helicoverpa armigera. The mass production of spores by the selected strain was carried out with solid-state fermentation (SSF) using rice as a substrate for 14 days. Spores were extracted from the sporulated biomass using 0.1% tween-80, and different formulations of the spores were prepared. Field trials of the formulations for the control of an H. armigera infestation in pigeon peas were carried out by randomized block design. The infestation control levels obtained with oil and aqueous formulations (78.0% and 70.9%, respectively) were better than the 63.4% obtained with chemical pesticide.

Development of Metarhizium anisopliae as a Mycoinsecticide: From Isolation to Field Performance

Here, we report the different stages involved in the knowledge-based development of an effective mycoinsecticide, including the isolation, identification, screening, and selection of the "best-fit" entomopathogenic fungus, Metarhizium anisopliae, for the control of insect pests in agriculture.

的发展<em&gt; Metarhizium anisopliae</em&gt;作为防腐剂:从隔离到现场表现

A major concern when developing commercial mycoinsecticides is the kill speed compared to that of chemical insecticides. Therefore, isolation and ...

Preparation of Authigenic Pyrite from Methane-bearing Sediments for In Situ Sulfur Isotope Analysis Using SIMS

Different sulfur isotope compositions of authigenic pyrite typically result from the sulfate-driven anaerobic oxidation of methane (SO4-AOM) and organiclastic sulfate reduction (OSR) in marine sediments. However, unravelling the complex pyritization sequence is a challenge because of the coexistence of different sequentially formed pyrite phases. This manuscript describes a sample preparation procedure that enables the use of secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS) to obtain in situ &#948;34S values of various pyrite generations. This allows researchers to constrain how SO4-AOM affects pyritization in methane-bearing sediments. SIMS analysis revealed an extreme range in &#948;34S values, spanning from -41.6 to +114.8&#8240;, which is much wider than the range of &#948;34S values obtained by the traditional bulk sulfur isotope analysis of the same samples. Pyrite in the shallow sediment mainly consists of 34S-depleted framboids, suggesting early diagenetic formation by OSR. Deeper in the sediment, more pyrite occurs as overgrowths and euhedral crystals, which display much higher SIMS &#948;34S values than the framboids. Such 34S-enriched pyrite is related to enhanced SO4-AOM at the sulfate-methane transition zone, postdating OSR. High-resolution in situ SIMS sulfur isotope analyses allow for the reconstruction of the pyritization processes, which cannot be resolved by bulk sulfur isotope analysis.

Preparation of Authigenic Pyrite from Methane-bearing Sediments for In Situ Sulfur Isotope Analysis Using SIMS

Analyses of the sulfur isotopic composition (&#948;34S) of pyrite from methane-bearing sediments have typically focused on bulk samples. Here, we applied secondary ion mass spectroscopy to analyze the &#948;34S values of various pyrite generations to understand the diagenetic history of pyritization.

原位含甲烷沉积物中自黄铁矿的制备及应用模拟器硫同位素分析

Different sulfur isotope compositions of authigenic pyrite typically result from the sulfate-driven anaerobic oxidation of methane (SO4-AOM) and ...

Experimental Study of the Relationship Between Particle Size and Methane Sorption Capacity in Shale

The amount of adsorbed shale gas is a key parameter used in shale gas resource evaluation and target area selection, and it is also an important standard for evaluating the mining value of shale gas. Currently, studies on the correlation between particle size and methane adsorption are controversial. In this study, an isothermal adsorption apparatus, the gravimetric sorption analyzer, is used to test the adsorption capacity of different particle sizes in shale to determine the relationship between the particle size and the adsorption capacity of shale. Thegravimetric method requires fewer parameters and produces better results in terms of accuracy and consistency than methods like the volumetric method. Gravimetric measurements are performed in four steps: a blank measurement, preprocessing, a buoyancy measurement, and adsorption and desorption measurements. Gravimetric measurement is presently considered to be a more scientific and accurate method of measuring the amount of adsorption; however, it is time-consuming and requires a strict measuring technique. A Magnetic Suspension Balance (MSB) is the key to verify the accuracy and consistency of this method. Our results show that adsorption capacity and particle size are correlated, but not a linear correlation, and the adsorptions in particles sieved into 40 - 60 and 60 - 80 meshes tend to be larger. We propose that the maximum adsorption corresponding to the particle size is approximately 250 &#181;m (60 mesh) in the shale gas fracturing.

We use an isothermal adsorption apparatus, the gravimetric sorption analyzer, to test the adsorption capacity of different particle sizes of shale, in order to find out the relationship between particle size and the adsorption capacity of shale.

页岩中粒径与甲烷吸附能力关系的实验研究

The amount of adsorbed shale gas is a key parameter used in shale gas resource evaluation and target area selection, and it is also an important standard ...