作者感谢丽莎 Pichl 出色的技术援助。

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作者没有什么可透露的。

从猪动物模型中产生的生物库样本收集需要强健的技术和协议, 以确定器官/组织体积, 可再现的代表性, 多余的组织样本, 适合广泛的不同的分析方法, 并对抽样剖面的随机化进行定量视学分析。本条所述方法适用于猪器官和组织的大小, 并已开发出有效满足这些要求的2,7。它们基于公认的方法论原则, 并在不同的发布研究中证明了它们的实用性<sup class="xr...

在翻译医学中, 猪越来越普遍地使用作为大动物模型1,2,3,4,5, 由于猪的几个有利相似性和人体解剖和生理学, 以及现有的分子生物学方法, 允许为多种疾病条件生成量身定做的基因改良猪模型1,4。
然而, 与啮齿动物模型相比, 可以随时为实验提供的不同猪模型的动物数量是有限的。这是由于猪的世代间隔大约一年, 并且为猪模型和畜牧业的世代需要的财政和时间密集的努力。因此, 猪模型的个体动物, 以及可以从这些猪身上生成的样本, 都非常有价值, 特别是如果转基因猪模型和/或长期实验性问题 (例如, 晚期并发症的慢性病) 在老年个体检查2,6,7。
在任何研究过程中, 在研究的初步实验设计中尚未排定的额外分析的表现可能后来变成相关的,例如, 以解决由于先前发现的不同问题意想不到的发现。如果没有合适的样品进行这种额外的试验, 不成比例可能需要花费高昂的成本和耗费大量时间的开支来产生更多的猪和组织样本。为应对这种可能性, 生物库收集不同器官、组织或生物液体的保守备份样本, 在数量上和质量上都适合广泛的后续分析, 被认为是重要的方法2,6,7。从猪的动物模型中获得最佳的好处, 充分的生物库样本的可用性也提供了独特的可能性, 在同一样本材料上执行广泛的不同分析方法在一个多器官水平上, 在同一单个动物,例如, 通过在研究网络2、6、7中组织的不同工作组的科学家分发样本。此外, biobanking 的 "前瞻性" 抽样策略也有助于减少研究中需要的动物数量。猪模型 biobanking 的优势最近已在多器官, multiomics 研究, 检查器官交叉谈话的基因改良猪模型长期糖尿病, 使用标本从慕尼黑米迪猪生物库2。
有一些强制性要求生物库样品必须普遍遵守, 以建立可靠性和解读的结果, 随后进行分析。必须重现性生成样本, 并且它们必须具有代表性, 即, 充分反映了从7中抽取样本的组织/器官感兴趣的形态学和分子特征. 为了适合广泛的下游分析类型, 样品必须采取足够的数量和处理, 根据要求 (包括时间和温度条件) 的不同分析方法, 包括描述性病理学分析, 如 cryohistology, 石蜡和整形组织学, 免疫组化,原位杂交, 超微结构的电子显微分析, 临床实验室诊断分析, 以及分子分析 DNA, RNA, 蛋白质和代谢物。
通过定量视学分析, 允许对多种不同的定量形态学参数 (如数字、体积、长度或不同组织结构的表面积) 进行评估, 随机断面平面各器官/组织的组织学样本需要准备7,8,9,10,11。在定量形态学研究中, 对组织、器官或器官室总容积的精确测定, 样本取自 (即, 参考空间) 至关重要7,9,12计算相应器官、组织或有机体中相关参数的绝对数量。最终, 在组织学切片的制备过程中, 嵌入相关组织收缩的影响必须确定并考虑到13。因此, 以往研究中的定量视学分析, 特别是存档样本 (固定组织样本、嵌入组织块、组织学切片、等等) 有时会受到严重限制, 甚至是不可能的12,特别是如果没有执行有关的器官/组织的容量, 如果没有充分的抽样设计适用于保证代表性样品, 如果数量和数量的可利用的单独样品是不足的, 或者, 如果处理样本与感兴趣的定量形态学参数的估计不相容。由于各种可能的影响因素, 档案样本材料对不同数量形态参数分析的适用性不能明确地得到回答, 而是取决于对个别案件的仔细评估。
因此, 由于样品的位置、大小、数量、加工、修剪方向和方向等因素对后续分析的结果有潜在影响, 因此这些因子具有重要意义, 必须在任何研究的实验设计中加以考虑。关于这些方面和猪解剖学的特点, 最近建立了适合猪动物模型的全面、详细、大规模的抽样准则, 为标准化、可重现性提供了有力的参考。, 并高效生成冗余、经过充分处理的高质量样品, 来自50多个不同的猪器官和组织6,7。
本文所示的方法学描述和视频教程提供了详细的、说明性的、可理解的、循序渐进的指导, 以实现各种容量技术的实际性能、猪组织取样和器官, 并处理组织样品的不同下游分析方法。精选的技术包括根据阿基米德和卡瓦列里的原理确定器官/组织体积和密度的方法9, 包括确定与所涉组织的三维收缩的尺寸嵌入到不同的嵌入媒体14在组织学检查过程中, 应用实际体积加权系统随机抽样方法, 对不同后续的取样组织标本进行处理。分析7,8,9,15, 并为潜在的定量视学分析生成适当的面向和处理的样本7,8, 9,10,11。除了在猪生物库项目中的应用, 所展示的方法一般适用于检查器官/组织的定量历史形态特性的所有研究。此外, 系统随机抽样设计特别有利于在实验中产生代表性样品, 方法是利用分子分析法检测在各种器官和组织。
下段简要介绍了这些方法, 而它们的实际性能则在 "协议" 部分中进行了说明。
器官/组织体积的测定 在几个实验环境中, 器官重量和体积的测定是很重要的, 因为这些因素可能表明变化, 可能与实验性研究的兴趣因素有关。一个器官/组织的总体积也通常需要计算绝对数量参数, (例如, 总细胞数), 从 stereologically 估计的数字体积密度 (即, 每个体积单位的细胞数组织)7,12。除了使用复杂的技术设备 (如计算机断层扫描) 技术外, 基本上还有三种常用的方法来确定器官或组织的绝对体积。一个器官的容量可以由 "直接容积测量" 决定根据阿基米德的原则,即, 测量水的容量或盐水由结构完全地淹没时偏移。然而, 对于比较大的猪器官, 这些方法是不切实际的, 容易不精确, 因为它们需要非常大的容积/测量烧瓶。更方便的是, 一个器官/组织的体积可以计算从它的重量和密度7,12,16, 可以有效地确定使用 "淹没方法"7,12 ,16 (协议步骤 1.1)。器官/组织体积也可以根据 "卡瓦列里原则" (1598–1647) 使用容量方法估计。简单地说, 卡瓦列里原则规定, 如果两个物体在平行于地面平面的平面上切片, 而在与地面平面相对应的距离上切割两个物体的剖面轮廓有相同的区域, 则两个物体有相同的音量。因此, 任意形状物体的体积可以被估计为其截面剖面区域的乘积, 平行, 同样遥远的剖面平面和截面平面之间的距离。这是可理解的与以下类比: 考虑两个栈组成相同数量的相同的硬币是并排放置, 一个栈与硬币有序堆放在一起产生圆柱形的硬币栈, 和其他用离中心位置的硬币堆叠的硬币 (图 3A)。虽然两个硬币栈的形状是不同的, 它们的体积是相同的, 因为硬币的面积在两个栈的相应级别 (即, 平行截面轮廓的区域通过两个硬币栈在相同的距离切割地面) 是相同的。使用卡瓦列里原理估计猪器官和组织的体积7,12,15在步骤1.2 中描述。
组织学埋植相关组织收缩程度的测定 在对组织学组织切片测量的几种定量形态学参数进行分析时, 必须确定并考虑组织处理过程中嵌入相关组织收缩对组织学的影响。嵌入相关组织收缩的程度可能是可变的, 并且取决于组织、处理和嵌入介质8,13,17,18,19。通常, 组织样本体积的嵌入相关变化 (即, 主要是收缩) 发生在所有三维空间中, 因此影响由定量视学分析估计的所有维度参数8.基本上, 嵌入相关组织收缩的程度, 表示为线性组织收缩因子 (fS), 可以估计如步骤1.3 所示。用于校正 (收缩敏感) 定量形态学参数14。
器官/组织体积加权系统随机抽样 为建立生物库收集猪器官/组织样本, 体积加权系统随机抽样方法, 如步骤2所述, 证明是切实可行的, 节省时间, 和有效的技术, 以产生代表,多用途组织样本7,8,9,15。
定量视学分析的各向同性均匀随机剖面和垂直均匀随机剖面的生成 生物库组织样本需要适用于多种不同的定量视学分析方法, 用于估计在没有充分制备标本的情况下无法确定的最大参数。几乎所有定量视学参数都可以用 "各向同性 (独立) 均匀随机 (产学研)" 部分 "8,9" 来确定。在产学研切片中, 组织样品断面平面的三维方向是随机的。这可以通过随机化组织样本的位置相对于截面平面的位置, 如应用于 "Isector" 方法11 (协议步骤 3.1), 或通过随机化截面平面相对于组织样本, 如 "定位装置" 方法 10 (协议步骤 3.2).在组织样本中, 如皮肤或黏膜标本显示自然存在, 或定义和正确地可识别的垂直轴, 准备 "垂直均匀随机 (VUR) 部分" (协议步骤 3.3.) 严格地切片在他们的飞机垂直轴有利8,20。为了全面论述产学研/VUR 抽样的理论基础, 并对潜在的下游定量视学分析进行了综合讨论, 读者可以参考生活中定量视学教科书。科学8,9。

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Agar</td>
			<td>Carl Roth GmbH, Germany</td>
			<td>Agar (powder), Cat.: 5210.3</td>
			<td>Dissolve approximately 1 g of agar in 10 ml cold water in a glass or plastic beaker, heat in microwave-oven at 700 W, boil the solution twice with rigorous stirring. Cast into mold while still warm and let solidify. Caution: While handling with hot liquid agar, wear protective goggles and gloves.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Caliper</td>
			<td>Hornbach Baumarkt GmbH, Bornheim, Germany</td>
			<td>Schieblehre Chrom/Vernickelt 120 mm Cat.: 3664902</td>
			<td>Any kind of caliper (mechanical or electronic) will do as well.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Casting molds (metal)</td>
			<td>Engelbrecht Medizin &#38; Labortechnik, Ederm&#252;nde, Germany</td>
			<td>Einbettsch&#228;lchen aus Edelstahl, 14 x 24 x 5 mm, Cat.: 14302b</td>
			<td>Any other kind of metal casting mold used for paraffin-embedding will do as well.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Copy templates of cross grids (5mm - 6 cm)</td>
			<td>n.a.</td>
			<td>n.a.</td>
			<td>Copy templates of cross grids (5mm - 6 cm) are provided in the supplemental data file of Albl et al.&#160; Toxicol Pathol. 44, 414-420, doi: 10.1177/0192623316631023 (2016)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Copy templates of equiangular and cosine-weighted circles</td>
			<td>n.a.</td>
			<td>n.a.</td>
			<td>Copy templates of equiangular and cosine-weighted circles are provided in Nyengaard &#38; Gundersen. Eur Respir Rev. 15, 107-114, doi: 10.1183/09059180.00010101 (2006) and in Gundersen et al. Stereological Principles and Sampling Procedures for Toxicologic Pathologists. In: Haschek and Rousseaux&#180;s Handbook of Toxicologic Pathology. 3rd ed, 215-286, ISBN: 9780124157590 (2013).</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Foldback clamps (YIHAI binder clips, 15 mm and 19 mm)</td>
			<td>Ningbo Tianhong Stationery Co ltd., China</td>
			<td>Y10006 and Y10005</td>
			<td>Any other type of standard office foldback clamps will do as well.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Forceps (anatomical)</td>
			<td>NeoLab Migge GmbH, Heidelberg, Germany</td>
			<td>neoLab Standard -Pinzette 130 mm, anatomisch, rund, Cat.: 1-1811</td>
			<td>Any type of anatomical forceps will do.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Formaldehyde-solution 4%</td>
			<td>SAV-Liquid Produktion GmbH, Flintsbach, Germany</td>
			<td>Formaldehyd 37/40 %, Cat.: 1000411525005</td>
			<td>Dilute to 4% from concentrated solution. Buffer to neutral pH. Wear appropriate eye-, hand- and respiratory protection. Process tissue samples fixed in formaldehyde solution under an exhaust hood and wear protective goggles and laboratory gloves.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Graph paper (for calibration)</td>
			<td>B&#252;romarkt B&#246;ttcher AG, Jena, Germany. www.bueromarkt-ag.de</td>
			<td>Penig Millimeterpapier A4, Cat.: 2514</td>
			<td>Any type of graph paper (scaled in millimeter) will do.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Laboratory beakers (5ml, 10 ml, 50 ml, 100 ml)</td>
			<td>NeoLab Migge GmbH, Heidelberg, Germany</td>
			<td>Becherglas SIMAX&#174; , niedrige Form, Borosilikatglas 3.3 Cat.: E-1031, E-1032, E-1035, E-1036</td>
			<td>Any kind of glass- or plastic beakers of 5 &#8211; 100 ml volume will do.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Laboratory scale(s)</td>
			<td>Mettler Toledo GmbH, Gie&#223;en, Germany</td>
			<td>PM6000</td>
			<td rowspan="2">Any standard laboratory scales with measuring ranges between 0.1 mg to approximately 20 g, respectively between 100 mg to approximately 500 g will do</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td>Sartorius AG, G&#246;ttingen, Germany</td>
			<td>BP61S</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microtome blades</td>
			<td>Engelbrecht Medizin &#38; Labortechnik, Ederm&#252;nde, Germany</td>
			<td>FEATHER Microtome blasdes S35, Cat.:14700</td>
			<td>Any kind of single-use microtome blades will do.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td rowspan="2">Morphometry/planimetry software/system</td>
			<td>National Institute of Health (NIH)</td>
			<td>ImageJ</td>
			<td>Download from https://www. imagej.nih.gov/ij/ (1997).</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Zeiss-Kontron, Eching, Germany</td>
			<td>VideoplanTM image analysis system</td>
			<td>Out of stock</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Photo camera</td>
			<td>Nikon</td>
			<td>D40</td>
			<td>Any kind of digital photocamera that can be mounted to a tripod&#160; will do.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Plastic transparencies</td>
			<td>Avery Zweckform GmbH, Oberlaindern, Germany</td>
			<td>Laser Overhead-Folie DINA4 Cat.:&#160; 3562</td>
			<td>Any (laser)-printable plastic transparency will do.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Random number tables</td>
			<td>n.a.</td>
			<td>n.a.</td>
			<td>Random number tables can conveniently be generated (with defined numbers of random numbers and within defined intervals), using random number generators, such as: https://www.random.org/</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Razor blades</td>
			<td>Plano GmbH, Wetzlar, Germany</td>
			<td>T5016</td>
			<td>Any kind of razor blades will do.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ruler</td>
			<td>B&#252;romarkt B&#246;ttcher AG, Jena, Germany. www.bueromarkt-ag.de</td>
			<td>Office-Point Lineal 30 cm, Kunststoff, transparent, Cat.: ln30</td>
			<td>Any kind of cm-mm-scaled ruler will do as well.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Saline (0.9%)</td>
			<td>Carl Roth GmbH, Germany</td>
			<td>Natriumchlorid, &#62;99% Cat.: 0601.1</td>
			<td>To prepare 0.9% saline, dissolve 9 g NaCl in 1000 ml of distilled water at 20&#176;C.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Scalpel blades</td>
			<td>Aesculap AG &#38; Co KG, Tuttlingen, Germany</td>
			<td>BRAUN Surgical blades N&#176;22</td>
			<td>Any kind of scalpel blades will do.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Scanner</td>
			<td>Hewlett-Packard</td>
			<td>hp scanjet 7400c</td>
			<td>Any type of standard office scanner capable of scanning with resolutions from 150-600 dpi will do.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Slicing devices</td>
			<td>n.a.</td>
			<td>n.a.</td>
			<td>Examples forself constructed slicing devices can be found in Knust, et al. Anatomical record. 292, 113-122, doi: 10.1002/ar.20747 (2009) and in the supplemental data file of Albl et al.&#160; Toxicol Pathol. 44, 414-420, doi: 10.1177/0192623316631023 (2016).</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Spherical casting molds (e.g., in 25.5 mm diameter)</td>
			<td>Pralinen-Zutaten.de, Windach, Germany</td>
			<td>Pralinen-Hohlkugeln Vollmilch, 25.5 mm</td>
			<td>Spherical casting molds can as well be be self-constructed, or obtained from other confectioner suppliers (for for pralines). The casting molds indicated here are actually the package/wrapping of hollow pralines bodies (first eat the pralines and then use the package for generation of i-sector sections)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Thin wire</td>
			<td>Basteln &#38; Hobby Schobes, Stra&#223;furth, Germany. www,bastel-welt.de</td>
			<td>Messingdraht (0.3 mm) Cat.: 216464742</td>
			<td>Any other kind of thin wire will also do.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tissue paper</td>
			<td>NeoLab Migge GmbH, Heidelberg, Germany</td>
			<td>Declcate Task Wipes-White, Cat.: 1-5305</td>
			<td>Any other kind of laboratory tissue paper will do as well.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Waterproof pen</td>
			<td>Staedler Mars GmbH &#38; Co KG, N&#252;rnberg, Grmany</td>
			<td>Lumocolor permanent 313, 0.4 mm, S, black, Cat.: 313-2</td>
			<td>Any other kind of waterproof pen will do as well.</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

sampling strategies and processing of biobank tissue samples from porcine biomedical models

在翻译医学研究中, 猪模型逐渐变得越来越受欢迎。考虑到个别动物的高价值, 特别是基因改良猪模型, 以及这些模型的可用动物数量有限, 建立了适当加工的组织样本 (生物库), 适合于广泛的后续分析方法, 包括没有在取样时间点指定的分析, 代表了充分利用模型的平移值的有意义的方法。关于猪解剖学的特殊性, 最近建立了综合指导方针, 以标准化生成代表性的, 高质量的样品从不同的猪器官和组织。这些指导原则是结果重现性的必要条件, 也是不同研究和调查人员之间的可比。基本数据的记录, 例如器官重量和体积、取样位置的确定和要生成的组织样本数量, 以及它们的方向、大小、加工和修剪方向, 都是相关因素。确定标本的概化和可用性的分子, 定性, 定量形态学分析。本文介绍了猪组织中具有代表性的、多用途的生物库标本最重要的生产技术。这里描述的方法包括测定器官/组织体积和密度, 用点计数法对实质器官进行容积加权系统随机抽样程序的应用, 确定组织收缩程度与样本的组织学嵌入有关, 并生成随机定向样本进行定量视学分析, 如由 "定位装置" 和 "Isector" 方法产生的各向同性均匀随机 (产学研) 剖面, 以及垂直均匀随机 (VUR) 部分。

浸没法测定组织/器官密度
图 12A-b显示使用步骤 1.1 (图 1,图 2) 中描述的淹没技术来确定猪肾脏密度和体积的代表性。其他猪器官和组织的密度测量的更有代表性的结果载于表 2。"猪生物医学模型的组织取样指南"7显示了...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Sampling Strategies and Processing of Biobank Tissue Samples from Porcine Biomedical Models at JoVE.com

Sampling Strategies and Processing of Biobank Tissue Samples from Porcine Biomedical Models

猪生物医学模型生物库组织样品的取样策略与处理

在生物库项目的下游分析中, 展示了猪动物模型代表性组织样本生成方法的实际应用和性能, 包括容量、系统随机抽样、组织样品的鉴别处理, 用于定性和定量的形态学和分子分析类型。

In translational medical research, porcine models have steadily become more popular. Considering the high value of individual animals, particularly of ...

sampling-strategies-processing-biobank-tissue-samples-from-porcine

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

15.5K 次观看.  LMU Munich. 在生物库项目的下游分析中, 展示了猪动物模型代表性组织样本生成方法的实际应用和性能, 包括容量、系统随机抽样、组织样品的鉴别处理, 用于定性和定量的形态学和分子分析类型。

视频: Sampling Strategies and Processing of Biobank Tissue Samples from Porcine Biomedical Models

Generation of Alginate Microspheres for Biomedical Applications

Alginate-based materials have received considerable attention for biomedical applications because of their hydrophilic nature, biocompatibility, and physical architecture. Applications include cell encapsulation, drug delivery, stem cell culture, and tissue engineering scaffolds. In fact, clinical trials are currently being performed in which islets are encapsulated in PLO coated alginate microbeads as a treatment of type I diabetes. However, large numbers of islets are required for efficacy due to poor survival following transplantation. The ability to locally stimulate microvascular network formation around the encapsulated cells may increase their viability through improved transport of oxygen, glucose and other vital nutrients. Fibroblast growth factor-1 (FGF-1) is a naturally occurring growth factor that is able to stimulate blood vessel formation and improve oxygen levels in ischemic tissues. The efficacy of FGF-1 is enhanced when it is delivered in a sustained fashion rather than a single large-bolus administration. The local long-term release of growth factors from islet encapsulation systems could stimulate the growth of blood vessels directly towards the transplanted cells, potentially improving functional graft outcomes. In this article, we outline procedures for the preparation of alginate microspheres for use in biomedical applications. In addition, we describe a method we developed for generating multilayered alginate microbeads. Cells can be encapsulated in the inner alginate core, and angiogenic proteins in the outer alginate layer. The release of proteins from this outer layer would stimulate the formation of local microvascular networks directly towards the transplanted islets.

In the following sections, we outline procedures for the preparation of alginate microspheres for use in biomedical applications. We specifically illustrate a technique for creating multilayered alginate microspheres for the dual purpose of cell and protein encapsulation as a potential treatment for type 1 diabetes.

生物医学应用海藻酸钠微球的一代

Alginate-based materials have received considerable attention for biomedical applications because of their hydrophilic nature, biocompatibility, and ...

科研

医学

How to Measure Cortical Folding from MR Images: a Step-by-Step Tutorial to Compute Local Gyrification Index

Cortical folding (gyrification) is determined during the first months of life, so that adverse events occurring during this period leave traces that will be identifiable at any age. As recently reviewed by Mangin and colleagues2, several methods exist to quantify different characteristics of gyrification. For instance, sulcal morphometry can be used to measure shape descriptors such as the depth, length or indices of inter-hemispheric asymmetry3. These geometrical properties have the advantage of being easy to interpret. However, sulcal morphometry tightly relies on the accurate identification of a given set of sulci and hence provides a fragmented description of gyrification. A more fine-grained quantification of gyrification can be achieved with curvature-based measurements, where smoothed absolute mean curvature is typically computed at thousands of points over the cortical surface4. The curvature is however not straightforward to comprehend, as it remains unclear if there is any direct relationship between the curvedness and a biologically meaningful correlate such as cortical volume or surface. To address the diverse issues raised by the measurement of cortical folding, we previously developed an algorithm to quantify local gyrification with an exquisite spatial resolution and of simple interpretation. Our method is inspired of the Gyrification Index5, a method originally used in comparative neuroanatomy to evaluate the cortical folding differences across species. In our implementation, which we name local Gyrification Index (lGI1), we measure the amount of cortex buried within the sulcal folds as compared with the amount of visible cortex in circular regions of interest. Given that the cortex grows primarily through radial expansion6, our method was specifically designed to identify early defects of cortical development.
In this article, we detail the computation of local Gyrification Index, which is now freely distributed as a part of the FreeSurfer Software (<a href="http://surfer.nmr.mgh.harvard.edu/">http://surfer.nmr.mgh.harvard.edu/</a>, Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital). FreeSurfer provides a set of automated reconstruction tools of the brain's cortical surface from structural MRI data. The cortical surface extracted in the native space of the images with sub-millimeter accuracy is then further used for the creation of an outer surface, which will serve as a basis for the lGI calculation. A circular region of interest is then delineated on the outer surface, and its corresponding region of interest on the cortical surface is identified using a matching algorithm as described in our validation study1. This process is repeatedly iterated with largely overlapping regions of interest, resulting in cortical maps of gyrification for subsequent statistical comparisons (Fig. 1). Of note, another measurement of local gyrification with a similar inspiration was proposed by Toro and colleagues7, where the folding index at each point is computed as the ratio of the cortical area contained in a sphere divided by the area of a disc with the same radius. The two implementations differ in that the one by Toro et al. is based on Euclidian distances and thus considers discontinuous patches of cortical area, whereas ours uses a strict geodesic algorithm and include only the continuous patch of cortical area opening at the brain surface in a circular region of interest.

Measuring gyrification (cortical folding) at any age represents a window into early brain development. Hence, we previously developed an algorithm to measure local gyrification at thousands of points over the hemisphere1. In this paper, we detail the computation of this local gyrification index.

如何从MR图像测量皮质折叠:一个循序渐进的教程，以计算本地Gyrification指数

Cortical folding (gyrification) is determined during the first months of life, so that adverse events occurring during this period leave traces that will ...

Processing of Primary Brain Tumor Tissue for Stem Cell Assays and Flow Sorting

Brain tumors are typically comprised of morphologically diverse cells that express a variety of neural lineage markers. Only a relatively small fraction of cells in the tumor with stem cell properties, termed brain tumor initiating cells (BTICs), possess an ability to differentiate along multiple lineages, self-renew, and initiate tumors in vivo. We applied culture conditions originally used for normal neural stem cells (NSCs) to a variety of human brain tumors and found that this culture method specifically selects for stem-like populations. Serum-free medium (NSC) allows for the maintenance of an undifferentiated stem cell state, and the addition of bFGF and EGF allows for the proliferation of multi-potent, self-renewing, and expandable tumorspheres.
To further characterize each tumor's BTIC population, we evaluate cell surface markers by flow cytometry. We may also sort populations of interest for more specific characterization. Self-renewal assays are performed on single BTICs sorted into 96 well plates; the formation of tumorspheres following incubation at 37 &deg;C indicates the presence of a stem or progenitor cell. Multiple cell numbers of a particular population can also be sorted in different wells for limiting dilution analysis, to analyze self-renewal capacity. We can also study differential gene expression within a particular cell population by using single cell RT-PCR.
The following protocols describe our procedures for the dissociation and culturing of primary human samples to enrich for BTIC populations, as well as the dissociation of tumorspheres. Also included are protocols for staining for flow cytometry analysis or sorting, self-renewal assays, and single cell RT-PCR.

The identification of brain tumor initiating cells (BTICs), the rare cells within a heterogeneous tumor possessing stem cell properties, provides new insights into human brain tumor pathogenesis. We have refined specific culture conditions to enrich for BTICs, and we routinely use flow cytometry to further enrich these populations. Self-renewal assays and transcript analysis by single cell RT-PCR can subsequently be performed on these isolated cells.

加工的主要脑肿瘤组织的干细胞检测和流量排序

Brain tumors are typically comprised of morphologically diverse cells that express a variety of neural lineage markers. Only a relatively small fraction ...

Isolation and Functional Characterization of Human Ventricular Cardiomyocytes from Fresh Surgical Samples

Cardiomyocytes from diseased hearts are subjected to complex remodeling processes involving changes in cell structure, excitation contraction coupling and membrane ion currents. Those changes are likely&#160;to be responsible for the increased arrhythmogenic risk and the contractile alterations leading to systolic and diastolic dysfunction in cardiac patients. However, most information on the alterations of myocyte function in cardiac diseases has come from animal models.
Here we describe and validate a protocol to isolate viable myocytes from small surgical samples of ventricular myocardium from patients undergoing cardiac surgery operations. The protocol is described in detail. Electrophysiological and intracellular calcium measurements are reported to demonstrate the feasibility of a number of single cell measurements in human ventricular cardiomyocytes obtained with this method.
The protocol reported here can be useful for future investigations of the cellular and molecular basis of functional alterations of the human heart in the presence of different cardiac diseases. Further, this method can be used to identify novel therapeutic targets at cellular level and to test the effectiveness of new compounds on human cardiomyocytes, with direct translational value.

Current knowledge on the cellular basis of cardiac diseases mostly relies on studies on animal models. Here we describe and validate a novel method to obtain single viable cardiomyocytes from small surgical samples of human ventricular myocardium. Human ventricular myocytes can be used for electrophysiological studies and drug testing.

隔离与人类心室肌细胞的功能研究从新鲜手术样品

Cardiomyocytes from diseased hearts are subjected to complex remodeling processes involving changes in cell structure, excitation contraction coupling and ...

The Bovine Lung in Biomedical Research: Visually Guided Bronchoscopy, Intrabronchial Inoculation and In Vivo Sampling Techniques

There is an ongoing search for alternative animal models in research of respiratory medicine. Depending on the goal of the research, large animals as models of pulmonary disease often resemble the situation of the human lung much better than mice do. Working with large animals also offers the opportunity to sample the same animal repeatedly over a certain course of time, which allows long-term studies without sacrificing the animals.
The aim was to establish in vivo sampling methods for the use in a bovine model of a respiratory Chlamydia psittaci infection. Sampling should be performed at various time points in each animal during the study, and the samples should be suitable to study the host response, as well as the pathogen under experimental conditions.
Bronchoscopy is a valuable diagnostic tool in human and veterinary medicine. It is a safe and minimally invasive procedure. This article describes the intrabronchial inoculation of calves as well as sampling methods for the lower respiratory tract. Videoendoscopic, intrabronchial inoculation leads to very consistent clinical and pathological findings in all inoculated animals and is, therefore, well-suited for use in models of infectious lung disease. The sampling methods described are bronchoalveolar lavage, bronchial brushing and transbronchial lung biopsy. All of these are valuable diagnostic tools in human medicine and could be adapted for experimental purposes to calves aged 6-8 weeks. The samples obtained were suitable for both pathogen detection and characterization of the severity of lung inflammation in the host.

The Bovine Lung in Biomedical Research: Visually Guided Bronchoscopy, Intrabronchial Inoculation and In Vivo Sampling Techniques

This article describes bronchoscopic techniques in the bovine lung under experimental conditions, i.e. bronchoscopically guided inoculation, bronchoalveolar lavage, bronchial brushing, and transbronchial lung biopsy.

牛龙在生物医学研究:视觉引导支气管镜，支气管内接种和<em&gt;在体内</em&gt;抽样技术

There is an ongoing search for alternative animal models in research of respiratory medicine. Depending on the goal of the research, large animals as ...

Unbiased Deep Sequencing of RNA Viruses from Clinical Samples

Here we outline a next-generation RNA sequencing protocol that enables de novo assemblies and intra-host variant calls of viral genomes collected from clinical and biological sources. The method is unbiased and universal; it uses random primers for cDNA synthesis and requires no prior knowledge of the viral sequence content. Before library construction, selective RNase H-based digestion is used to deplete unwanted RNA &#8212; including poly(rA) carrier and ribosomal RNA &#8212; from the viral RNA sample. Selective depletion improves both the data quality and the number of unique reads in viral RNA sequencing libraries. Moreover, a transposase-based &#39;tagmentation&#39; step is used in the protocol as it reduces overall library construction time. The protocol has enabled rapid deep sequencing of over 600 Lassa and Ebola virus samples-including collections from both blood and tissue isolates-and is broadly applicable to other microbial genomics studies.

This protocol describes a rapid and broadly applicable method for unbiased RNA-sequencing of viral samples from human clinical isolates.

临床样品RNA病毒的无偏深度测序

Here we outline a next-generation RNA sequencing protocol that enables de novo assemblies and intra-host variant calls of viral genomes collected from ...

Absorption of Nasal and Bronchial Fluids: Precision Sampling of the Human Respiratory Mucosa and Laboratory Processing of Samples

The methods of nasal absorption (NA) and bronchial absorption (BA) use synthetic absorptive matrices (SAM) to absorb the mucosal lining fluid (MLF) of the human respiratory tract. NA is a non-invasive technique which absorbs fluid from the inferior turbinate, and causes minimal discomfort. NA has yielded reproducible results with the ability to frequently repeat sampling of the upper airway. 
By comparison, alternative methods of sampling the respiratory mucosa, such as nasopharyngeal aspiration (NPA) and conventional swabbing, are more invasive and may result in greater data variability. Other methods have limitations, for instance, biopsies and bronchial procedures are invasive, sputum contains many dead and dying cells and requires liquefaction, exhaled breath condensate (EBC) contains water and saliva, and lavage samples are dilute and variable.
BA can be performed through the working channel of a bronchoscope in clinic. Sampling is well tolerated and can be conducted at multiple sites in the airway. BA results in MLF samples being less dilute than bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) samples.
This article demonstrates the techniques of NA and BA, as well as the laboratory processing of the resulting samples, which can be tailored to the desired downstream biomarker being measured. These absorption techniques are useful alternatives to the conventional sampling techniques used in clinical respiratory research.

This manuscript describes the use of nasal and bronchial absorption techniques, specifically using synthetic absorptive matrices (SAM) to sample the mucosal lining fluid (MLF) of the upper and lower airway. These methods provide better standardization and tolerability than existing respiratory sampling techniques.

鼻腔和支气管液的吸收: 人体呼吸道黏膜的精确取样和样品的实验室处理

The methods of nasal absorption (NA) and bronchial absorption (BA) use synthetic absorptive matrices (SAM) to absorb the mucosal lining fluid (MLF) of the ...

Improvement of a Closed Chest Porcine Myocardial Infarction Model by Standardization of Tissue and Blood Sampling Procedures

Myocardial ischemia reperfusion (I/R) injury contributes to almost half of the necrotic area after myocardial infarction. To date there is no approved drug to prevent or reduce myocardial I/R injury. The study and understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms of myocardial I/R injury is essential to develop successful treatments. Large animal experiments are an important step in translational methods. The porcine model of acute myocardial infarction has been established and described by ourselves and others. We aimed to further improve the value of the model by focusing in detail on the sampling techniques for use in future experiments. Furthermore, we emphasize small but important steps that can affect the quality of the final results. To mimic the clinical situation of myocardial I/R injury, a percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) catheter was inserted into the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) of an anesthetized pig. &#176;&#176;&#176;This model mimics acute myocardial infarction and PCI treatment in humans with the possibility of accurately determining the area at risk as well as the necrotic- and viable ischemic tissue. Here the model was used to investigate the effect of a bicyclic peptide inhibitor of FXIIa. The model can also be modified to allow longer reperfusion times to study later effects of myocardial infarction.

Here we demonstrate a protocol to standardize sampling procedures of an established porcine model of acute myocardial infarction in order to increase its translational value in the understanding of the pathophysiology of myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury and to test novel drug candidates.

组织和采血程序标准化改善闭合性胸猪心肌梗死模型的研究

Myocardial ischemia reperfusion (I/R) injury contributes to almost half of the necrotic area after myocardial infarction. To date there is no approved ...

Human Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue Sampling Using a Mini-Liposuction Technique

Studies on adipose tissue are useful in understanding metabolic and other conditions. Human subcutaneous adipose tissue is accessible. With appropriate training and strict adherence to aseptic technique, subcutaneous adipose samples can be safely and efficiently obtained in a non-clinical setting by researchers. Following the administration of local anesthetic lateral to the umbilicus, a 14 G needle attached to a 5 or 10 mL syringe is inserted through the skin into the subcutaneous tissue. Under suction, the syringe is moved in a reciprocating, slicing motion to isolate fragments of adipose tissue. Withdrawing the plunger is enough to ensure that adipose tissue fragments are aspirated through the needle into the syringe. A single biopsy can collect about 200 mg of tissue. This biopsy technique is very safe for both participants and research staff. Following the biopsy, participants can resume most everyday activities, although they should avoid swimming and overly strenuous activities for 48 h to avoid excessive bleeding. Participants can safely undergo 2 biopsies within a single day, meaning that the technique can be applied in before-after acute intervention studies.

The manuscript and associated video demonstrate a percutaneous biopsy technique to obtain samples of subcutaneous adipose tissue from areas surrounding the umbilicus. This method is a low-risk and efficient way to investigate a range of parameters (e.g., gene or protein expression, enzyme activity, lipid content) within adipose tissue.

使用微型吸脂技术进行人体皮下脂肪组织取样

Studies on adipose tissue are useful in understanding metabolic and other conditions. Human subcutaneous adipose tissue is accessible. With appropriate ...

Repetitive Blood Sampling from the Subclavian Vein of Conscious Rat

Rats are widely used in pharmacokinetics (PK) and toxicokinetic (TK) studies that need to collect a certain amount of blood at specific time points to detect drug exposure. The rat blood sampling method determines the quality of the plasma and further affects the precision of the test results. The subclavian vein blood collection method described in this protocol collects blood samples repeatedly in the conscious state of animals to meet the needs of PK and TK tests. The skills of restraint handling and appropriate procedure of needle incision ensure the success rate of blood collection. It is easy to operate while ensuring the quality of plasma and at the same time catering to animal welfare. However, this method requires skilled operation, and an improper one may cause animal weakness, pain, lameness, and even mortality. The current method has been used in the testing facility for a 4-week oral toxicity study in Sprague Dawley (SD) rats with TK. The maximum amount of blood collected within 24 h did not exceed 20% of the animal's total blood. The animals' body weight was more than 200 g for males and females. The data showed that the animals' bodyweight increased steadily every week, and the clinical observation was normal after repetitive sample collection.

The present protocol describes a simple and efficient method for collecting blood from the subclavian vein in rats. It enables rapid, timely, and easily identifiable sampling without anesthesia and obtains high-quality blood through repetitive sample collection.

意识大鼠锁骨下静脉的重复血液采样

Rats are widely used in pharmacokinetics (PK) and toxicokinetic (TK) studies that need to collect a certain amount of blood at specific time points to ...