这项工作得到了韩国基础科学研究所（KBSI）资助的资助，即催眠诱导欺骗的神经成像研究。

下列实验性协议由加州大学洛杉矶分校机构审查委员会审查和批准。在开始实验之前，受试者进行了手机预筛选，排除了可能怀孕、未满18岁或曾在机器展上工作或有金属植入物的受试者。左撇子科目或有精神病史的受试者也被排除在学科库之外。包括参与者，然后被指示在实验当天戒除咖啡因、药物和酒精。在实验当天，每个参与者都获得了书面知情同意和理解同意。
1. EEG 传感器网络应用
EEG 数据使用 256 通道 MRI 兼容测地测量传感器网进行记录。在整个实验中，应每隔大约 20 分钟监测电极的阻抗水平（步骤 1.5），以确保电极没有干涸，阻抗仍然低于阈值。
<ol><li>通过测量从冰川眉脊到约2.5厘米以上的头围，确定适当的净大小。</li>
	<li>盐水盐钾电解质溶液是根据EGI指令制造的。EEG电极256传感器网随后浸泡在电解质溶液中10分钟。</li>
	<li>头部的顶点（Cz）通过测量鼻腔和离子之间的中点，并将此与解剖前额点的中点对齐来确定。然后放置 EEG 网，使 Cz 参考电极与顶点对齐。</li>
	<li>我们使用 EGI 测地测量系统 （GPS） 收集了头部和电极的摄影图像，以便校准用于 EEG 源分析的传感器空间。</li>
	<li>然后测量电极阻抗。与头皮的接触被检查为那些阻抗水平高于阈值的电极。调整电极位置，并在必要时在电极中添加额外的电解质溶液，以减少阻抗。</li>
</ol>2. 催眠前的并发性 EEG/fMRI 和温度记录协议
适当应用 EEG 网络后，受试者将进入 MR 扫描室。所有金属物体都被移除。结构 MRI 和功能 MRI 扫描收集在西门子 Allegra 3T 扫描仪上。同步 EEG/fMRI 数据是在催眠感应之前收集的，以便为每个主体建立一个功能基线。
<ol><li>MPRAGE 结构扫描</li>
	<li>T2 匹配带宽 - 一个专门的扫描序列，旨在为图像注册提供良好的对比度，同时与随后的功能扫描共享相同的公制失真。</li>
	<li>功能扫描 - T2*加权回声平面脉冲序列，带 TR=2.5 秒、TE=40 msec、视场=200 mm x 200 mm、翻转角度+90°，以分辨率收集整个大脑图像=64 x 64 x 28，voxel 大小=3 mm3。数据共收集五分钟。</li>
	<li>EEG 数据在 5 分钟功能 MRI 记录期间使用 MR 兼容电气测地测量 （EGI） 256 通道系统同时记录，以便在催眠感应之前建立基线 EEG。我们的实验室已经率先采用软件和硬件，实时消除 MR 神器和巴利心电图噪声（有关其他详细信息，请参阅参考25） 同步 fMRI/EEG 收集的方法。</li>
	<li>休息状态扫描后，受试者听一盘磁带，指示他们想象他们的左手浸入一桶冰水中。使用下面描述的微分热计设备对每只手之间的温差进行量化。</li>
</ol>3. 催眠感应
然后，受试者舒适地坐在一个光线昏暗、安静的房间里。在整个催眠感应和渐进式放松深化技术期间，都记录了 EEG 数据。
<ol><li>催眠诱导开始于催眠治疗师的简短采访，以确定导致放松的主题特定空间线索。然后，对受试者提出了若干问题，以确定它们是否能够可视化。</li>
	<li>催眠治疗师然后开始感应使用一个称为手臂提升技术的构音师建议。在此期间，催眠治疗师不断给主题的建议，他们的手臂感觉好像越来越轻，并在某些时候，他们的手臂会自动上升在空气中，没有意志的努力。在受试者的手臂抬起后，他们被指示弯曲手臂，用指尖触摸额头。受试者一听完，催眠师就要求受试者闭上眼睛，放松，就像在深度睡眠中一样。</li>
	<li>然后通过12点斯坦福催眠易感性量表（形成C测试）评估催眠易感性水平。</li>
	<li>然后，以渐进式放松的形式，将主题引入更高水平的催眠深度。</li>
	<li>在催眠感应期间，在光线昏暗的铜屏蔽室中，在整个催眠感应过程中记录 EEG 数据。</li>
</ol>4. EEG/fMRI 数据收集和微分热计后催眠感应
<ol><li>继催眠感应和渐进式放松之后，受试者再次进入 MRI 扫描室，MR 兼容 EEG 传感器网络不断到位。此时，温度传感器被贴在两个手腕的中间部分。然后将腕带放置在带子温度传感器上，以帮助稳定位置。</li>
	<li>温度传感器应根据 图 2中的示意图进行配置。校准是在实验之前进行的，通过将传感器提示浸入两种不同温度的解决方案（37 °C± 5）中完成。传感器输出与温度计读数进行了对比。</li>
	<li>然后，主题会收听催眠师通过 MR 兼容耳机制作的预先录制的渐进式放松磁带。在此期间，fMRI 数据根据步骤 1.1 中描述的脉冲序列收集，并同时进行 EEG 记录。</li>
	<li>催眠感应后收集休息状态 EEG/fMRI 数据，按照步骤 2.2-2.4 进行。</li>
	<li>然后，催眠治疗师为随后的 EEG/fMRI 数据收集管理"冷手套"建议，该建议再次按照步骤 2.2-2.5 进行。在建议期间，催眠治疗师反复要求受试者想象他们的手被浸泡在冷水浴中，并想象他们的左手从指尖逐渐变冷到手腕。在整个块中记录微分热度测量。</li>
</ol>

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电气测地学公司在其接受和出版后，为本文承保了开放访问费

用于诱导受试者进入催眠状态的建议方法似乎有很大变异性。我们在此证明，关于非声电运动的建议，以及SHSS（C形）的建议，可以用来改变EEG功率谱。我们注意到，虽然本研究中使用的课题过去曾被催眠过，但并没有试图通过哈佛集团建议量表或其他机制找到一个高度易感的学科。我们假设，EEG频率子波带的变化幅度可能因受试者易感程度而异，正如已经报告的4。
我们还演示了一个设置，以测量同时在 EEG/fMRI 会话期间可能发生的手部温度波动。虽然受试者最终可以学会完成手温变化，而无需使用生物回馈提示催眠，这通常需要许多培训课程26。弗里施霍尔茨和Tryon26 无法复制手温变化和催眠深度之间的关联使用冷手套建议范式，相反，其他人27日报道。解决这一争议还需要做更多的工作。尽管如此，测量功能神经成像过程中手部温度变化的方法可能证明在催眠感应后评估催眠"冷手套"建议的神经相关性方面很有用。

自成立以来，关于催眠是什么，以及易感个体的生理变化究竟是如何产生的，一直存在相当大的争议。旨在理解催眠的神经相关性和对催眠建议的反应的研究通常产生了不同的结果1，这至少部分是由于催眠诱导和建议技术2的差异，从而为详细的方法和协议描述提供了动力。
虽然催眠被传统地定义为一种内集中和集中注意力的状态1，3，一个更完整的操作定义还包括：外源性刺激4意识的降低，吸收增加5，或毫不费力地注意实验者的话和减少自发思维6。催眠诱导通常定义为一组促进催眠和吸收的口头指令6。个体之间的催眠性差异很大，但随着时间的推移，个体内部普遍稳定。暗示性通常以对建议的行为反应来衡量，最常用的指标是斯坦福催眠易感量表（SHSS）形式C9-12。
研究催眠神经相关性的研究通常分为两类。要么他们检查在"休息状态"催眠期间内在激活的活动网络，要么研究神经活动的变化，这些变化是针对催眠建议6而发生的。在最近的一项EEG研究中，与低暗示受试者4相比，在催眠期间，在α-2波段中，高度暗示个体表现出更高的事件相关同位素网络。最近，功能磁共振成像（fMRI）也揭示了在"休息状态"催眠期间前默认模式网络的变化，而其他大脑区域的活动没有相应增加2。汇合证据表明，催眠与分离前注意力控制13有关。
最近也报告了fMRI血液氧合水平依赖（BOLD）信号的变化，以回应各种催眠建议最近也报告14-23。大多数建议响应研究将大脑信号变化与改变感知的主观评分联系起来。然而，催眠建议也被用来改变生理参数，如血压，心率，和受试手温的反应24。
在这里，我们通过开发一种实验范式来扩展这些早期的发现，这里称为"冷手套"范式，根据该模式，受试者在没有任何外部物理温度操纵的情况下，能够感知到他们的一只手在温度上比另一只手冷。这些口头说明在数据录制期间通过 MR 兼容耳机传递。
在当前工作中，我们首先演示了同步 EEG/fMRI 数据记录的方法。然后，我们演示冷手套模式，其中包括收集 EEG/fMRI 数据以及催眠感应前后的手部温度测量。我们的催眠感应方法包括1描述的 ideomotor 建议，然后使用 SSHS 进行深度评估，表为 C。我们检测催眠感应后发生的 EEG 功率光谱的可靠变化。我们还证明，我们的 MRI 兼容微分温度计设备能够同时测量 EEG/fMRI 数据收集过程中的手部温度变化。此程序可能提供重要的定量 EEG/fMRI 测量，用于评估在内在"休息状态"催眠期间发生的脑信号变化，以及测量信号变化，以响应催眠建议改变热感知。

<table border="1">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Equipment Name</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalogue Number</td>
			<td>Comment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Precision Monolithic Temperature Sensor</td>
			<td>National Semiconductor Corporation</td>
			<td>LM34/LM35</td>
			<td>100 mV/&#176;C; accurate to within &#177;0.4&#160;&#176;C at room temperature</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Precision Instrumentation Amplifier</td>
			<td>National Semiconductor Corporation</td>
			<td>INA114</td>
			<td>Part of Magnet Room I/O interface</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HydroCel Saline</td>
			<td>Electrical Geodescis Inc.</td>
			<td>N-PRT-KCL-1000-000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HydroCel Geodesic Sensor Net with a 256-channel High Density Electrode Array</td>
			<td>Electrical Geodescis Inc.</td>
			<td>256-channel HCGSN</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Geodesics Photogrammetry System</td>
			<td>Electrical Geodescis Inc.</td>
			<td>EGI GPS</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pipettes</td>
			<td>Electrical Geodescis Inc.</td>
			<td>N-ACC-PIP-1000-000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

method for simultaneous fmri/eeg data collection during a focused attention suggestion for differential thermal sensation

在当前工作中，我们演示了同时收集 EEG/fMRI 数据的方法。在我们的设置中，EEG 数据使用高密度 256 通道传感器网络进行收集。EEG 放大器本身包含在现场隔离密封系统 （FICS） 中，MRI 时钟信号与 EEG 数据收集同步，用于后续 MR 文物特征识别和去除。我们首先演示此方法用于休息状态数据收集。 此后，我们演示了 EEG/fMRI 数据记录协议，而受试者则收听磁带，要求他们可视化左手是否浸入冷水浴中，并在此称为冷手套范式。在整个 EEG/fMRI 数据收集过程中，我们使用我们为此开发的 MR 兼容温度传感器测量每只手之间的热差。我们收集冷手套 EEG/fMRI 数据以及催眠感应前后同时进行微分手温测量。在会前和会后之间，在催眠感应和深度评估过程中收集单一模式 EEG 数据。我们的代表性结果表明，在催眠感应期间可以测量 EEG 功率光谱的重大变化，并且使用 MR 兼容的微分温度计设备可以快速检测冷手套范式期间的手部温度变化。

图1 显示具有代表性的通道（图1a）中的EEG功率谱在催眠感应之前的警报唤醒期（图1b）中，单个受试者的平均功率谱超过1，000毫秒。应当指出，此处的模式遵循功率和频率 （f） 之间的特征反向关系，掉落在 1/f. 图 1c 显示了催眠感应和深化技术之后从同一主题中获取的功率光谱。在 EEG theta 和 β 子带中可以看到功率的衰减，总体图不再遵循 1/f. 图 2 显示了 MRI 兼容温度传感器的示意图，该传感器使用 LM34/LM35 精密温度传感器与 Arduino 设备耦合。
<img alt="Figure 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/3298/3298fig1.jpg"> 图1。电脑图 （EEG） 功率谱在单个主题中代表电极通道。（a） 255 通道 EEG 电极阵列，具有通道选择的空间位置，用于催眠感应前以蓝色（b）EEG 功率光谱标记的功率分析，以及（c）催眠感应和深化技术后在同一电极通道中的功率光谱。图 1c顶部右角的条形表示每个 EEG 子波带的图例，频率为：增量 （0.1-4 Hz）、theta （4-8Hz）、alpha （8-12 Hz）、测试版 （12-20 Hz） 和伽马（频率超过 20 Hz）。
<img alt="Figure 2" src="/files/ftp_upload/3298/3298fig2.jpg"> 图2。MRI 兼容的微分温度传感器配置的示意图。 （以上）微分热计电路，（下图）热测量过程概述。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Method for Simultaneous fMRI/EEG Data Collection during a Focused Attention Suggestion for Differential Thermal Sensation at JoVE.com

Method for Simultaneous fMRI/EEG Data Collection during a Focused Attention Suggestion for Differential Thermal Sensation

我们提出同时收集 EEG/fMRI 数据的协议，并同步 MR 时钟信号记录。我们使用一种独特的范式来证明这种方法，即受试者在扫描过程中收到"冷手套"指令，EEG/fMRI 数据与催眠感应前后的手部温度测量一起记录下来。

微分热感集中注意建议期间同步 fMRI/EEG 数据收集方法

In the present work, we demonstrate a method for concurrent collection of EEG/fMRI data. In our setup, EEG data are collected using a high-density ...

method-for-simultaneous-fmrieeg-data-collection-during-focused

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

11.6K 次观看.  University of California, Los Angeles. 我们提出同时收集 EEG/fMRI 数据的协议，并同步 MR 时钟信号记录。我们使用一种独特的范式来证明这种方法，即受试者在扫描过程中收到"冷手套"指令，EEG/fMRI 数据与催眠感应前后的手部温度测量一起记录下来。

视频: Method for Simultaneous fMRI/EEG Data Collection during a Focused Attention Suggestion for Differential Thermal Sensation

Best Current Practice for Obtaining High Quality EEG Data During Simultaneous fMRI

Simultaneous EEG-fMRI allows the excellent temporal resolution of EEG to be combined with the high spatial accuracy of fMRI. The data from these two modalities can be combined in a number of ways, but all rely on the acquisition of high quality EEG and fMRI data. EEG data acquired during simultaneous fMRI are affected by several artifacts, including the gradient artefact (due to the changing magnetic field gradients required for fMRI), the pulse artefact (linked to the cardiac cycle) and movement artifacts (resulting from movements in the strong magnetic field of the scanner, and muscle activity). Post-processing methods for successfully correcting the gradient and pulse artifacts require a number of criteria to be satisfied during data acquisition. Minimizing head motion during EEG-fMRI is also imperative for limiting the generation of artifacts.
Interactions between the radio frequency (RF) pulses required for MRI and the EEG hardware may occur and can cause heating. This is only a significant risk if safety guidelines are not satisfied. Hardware design and set-up, as well as careful selection of which MR sequences are run with the EEG hardware present must therefore be considered.
The above issues highlight the importance of the choice of the experimental protocol employed when performing a simultaneous EEG-fMRI experiment. Based on previous research we describe an optimal experimental set-up. This provides high quality EEG data during simultaneous fMRI when using commercial EEG and fMRI systems, with safety risks to the subject minimized. We demonstrate this set-up in an EEG-fMRI experiment using a simple visual stimulus. However, much more complex stimuli can be used. Here we show the EEG-fMRI set-up using a Brain Products GmbH (Gilching, Germany) MRplus, 32 channel EEG system in conjunction with a Philips Achieva (Best, Netherlands) 3T MR scanner, although many of the techniques are transferable to other systems.

Simultaneous electroencephalography (EEG) and functional Magnetic Resonance imaging (fMRI) is a powerful neuroimaging tool. However, the inside of an MRI scanner forms a difficult environment for EEG data recording and safety must be considered whenever operating EEG equipment inside a scanner. Here, we present an optimised EEG-fMRI data acquisition protocol.

获得高质量的脑电数据在同步功能磁共振成像的当前最佳实践

Simultaneous  EEG-fMRI allows the excellent temporal resolution of EEG to be combined with the  high spatial accuracy of fMRI. The data  from these two ...

科研

行为学

Simultaneous EEG Monitoring During Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a technique that delivers weak electric currents through the scalp. This constant electric current induces shifts in neuronal membrane excitability, resulting in secondary changes in cortical activity. Although tDCS has most of its neuromodulatory effects on the underlying cortex, tDCS effects can also be observed in distant neural networks. Therefore, concomitant EEG monitoring of the effects of tDCS can provide valuable information on the mechanisms of tDCS. In addition, EEG findings can be an important surrogate marker for the effects of tDCS and thus can be used to optimize its parameters. This combined EEG-tDCS system can also be used for preventive treatment of neurological conditions characterized by abnormal peaks of cortical excitability, such as seizures. Such a system would be the basis of a non-invasive closed-loop device. In this article, we present a novel device that is capable of utilizing tDCS and EEG simultaneously. For that, we describe in a step-by-step fashion the main procedures of the application of this device using schematic figures, tables and video demonstrations. Additionally, we provide a literature review on clinical uses of tDCS and its cortical effects measured by EEG techniques.

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a non-invasive brain stimulation technique that has shown initial therapeutic effects in several neurological conditions. The main mechanism underlying these therapeutic effects is the modulation of cortical excitability. Therefore, online monitoring of cortical excitability would help guide stimulation parameters and optimize its therapeutic effects. In the present article we review the use of a novel device that combines simultaneous tDCS and EEG monitoring in real time.

同时脑电图监测在经颅直流电刺激

Transcranial  direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a technique that delivers weak electric  currents through the scalp. This constant electric current ...

The 5-Choice Serial Reaction Time Task: A Task of Attention and Impulse Control for Rodents

This protocol describes the 5-choice serial reaction time task, which is an operant based task used to study attention and impulse control in rodents. Test day challenges, modifications to the standard task, can be used to systematically tax the neural systems controlling either attention or impulse control. Importantly, these challenges have consistent effects on behavior across laboratories in intact animals and can reveal either enhancements or deficits in cognitive function that are not apparent when rats are only tested on the standard task. The variety of behavioral measures that are collected can be used to determine if other factors (i.e., sedation, motivation deficits, locomotor impairments) are contributing to changes in performance. The versatility of the 5CSRTT is further enhanced because it is amenable to combination with pharmacological, molecular, and genetic techniques.

This protocol describes the 5-choice serial reaction time task, which is an operant based task used to study attention and impulse control in rodents. Test day challenges, which are modifications of the standard task, increase flexibility of the task and can be combined with other manipulations to more fully characterize behavior.

5选择序列反应时任务：注意的任务和脉冲控制鼠害

This protocol describes the 5-choice serial reaction time task, which is an operant based task used to study attention and impulse control in rodents. ...

Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation and Simultaneous  Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a noninvasive brain stimulation technique that uses weak electrical currents administered to the scalp to manipulate cortical excitability and, consequently, behavior and brain function. In the last decade, numerous studies have addressed short-term and long-term effects of tDCS on different measures of behavioral performance during motor and cognitive tasks, both in healthy individuals and in a number of different patient populations. So far, however, little is known about the neural underpinnings of tDCS-action in humans with regard to large-scale brain networks. This issue can be addressed by combining tDCS with functional brain imaging techniques like functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) or electroencephalography (EEG).
In particular, fMRI is the most widely used brain imaging technique to investigate the neural mechanisms underlying cognition and motor functions. Application of tDCS during fMRI allows analysis of the neural mechanisms underlying behavioral tDCS effects with high spatial resolution across the entire brain. Recent studies using this technique identified stimulation induced changes in task-related functional brain activity at the stimulation site&#160;and also in more distant brain regions, which were associated with behavioral improvement. In addition, tDCS administered during resting-state fMRI allowed identification of widespread changes in whole brain functional connectivity.
Future studies using this combined protocol should yield new insights into the mechanisms of tDCS action in health and disease and new options for more targeted application of tDCS in research and clinical settings. The present manuscript describes this novel technique in a step-by-step fashion, with a focus on technical aspects of tDCS administered during fMRI.

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a noninvasive brain stimulation technique. It has successfully been used in basic research and clinical settings to modulate brain function in humans. This article describes the implementation of tDCS and simultaneous functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), to investigate the neural basis of tDCS effects.

经颅直流电刺激和同步功能磁共振成像

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a noninvasive brain stimulation technique that uses weak electrical currents administered to the scalp ...

Methods to Test Visual Attention Online

Online data collection methods have particular appeal to behavioral scientists because they offer the promise of much larger and much more representative data samples than can typically be collected on college campuses. However, before such methods can be widely adopted, a number of technological challenges must be overcome &#8211; in particular in experiments where tight control over stimulus properties is necessary. Here we present methods for collecting performance data on two tests of visual attention. Both tests require control over the visual angle of the stimuli (which in turn requires knowledge of the viewing distance, monitor size, screen resolution, etc.) and the timing of the stimuli (as the tests involve either briefly flashed stimuli or stimuli that move at specific rates). Data collected on these tests from over 1,700 online participants were consistent with data collected in laboratory-based versions of the exact same tests. These results suggest that with proper care, timing/stimulus size dependent tasks can be deployed in web-based settings.

To replicate laboratory settings, online data collection methods for visual tasks require tight control over stimulus presentation. We outline methods for the use of a web application to collect performance data on two tests of visual attention.

方法在线测试视觉注意

Online data collection methods have particular appeal to behavioral scientists because they offer the promise of much larger and much more representative ...

A Method for Remotely Silencing Neural Activity in Rodents During Discrete Phases of Learning

This protocol describes how to temporarily and remotely silence neuronal activity in discrete brain regions while animals are engaged in learning and memory tasks. The approach combines pharmacogenetics (Designer-Receptors-Exclusively-Activated-by-Designer-Drugs) with a behavioral paradigm (sensory preconditioning) that is designed to distinguish between different forms of learning. Specifically, viral-mediated delivery is used to express a genetically modified inhibitory G-protein coupled receptor (the Designer Receptor) into a discrete brain region in the rodent. Three weeks later, when designer receptor expression levels are high, a pharmacological agent (the Designer Drug) is administered systemically 30 min prior to a specific behavioral session. The drug has affinity for the designer receptor and thus results in inhibition of neurons that express the designer receptor, but is otherwise biologically inert. The brain region remains silenced for 2-5 hr (depending on the dose and route of administration). Upon completion of the behavioral paradigm, brain tissue is assessed for correct placement and receptor expression. This approach is particularly useful for determining the contribution of individual brain regions to specific components of behavior and can be used across any number of behavioral paradigms.

This protocol describes how to temporarily and remotely silence neuronal activity in discrete brain regions while rats are engaged in learning and memory tasks. The approach combines pharmacogenetics (Designer-Receptors-Exclusively-Activated-by-Designer-Drugs) with a behavioral paradigm (sensory preconditioning) that is designed to distinguish between different components of learning.

为远程沉默的神经活动在鼠害的方法在学习独立的阶段

This protocol describes how to temporarily and remotely silence neuronal activity in discrete brain regions while animals are engaged in learning and ...

Measurement of Vibration Detection Threshold and Tactile Spatial Acuity in Human Subjects

Tests that allow the precise determination of psychophysical thresholds for vibration and grating orientation provide valuable information about mechanosensory function that are relevant for clinical diagnosis as well as for basic research. Here, we describe two psychophysical tests designed to determine the vibration detection threshold (automated system) and tactile spatial acuity (handheld device). Both procedures implement a two-interval forced-choice and a transformed-rule up and down experimental paradigm. These tests have been used to obtain mechanosensory profiles for individuals from distinct human cohorts such as twins or people with sensorineural deafness.

Here, we present protocols to determine vibration detection thresholds and tactile acuity using psychophysical methods in man.

振动检测阈值和触觉敏锐的空间在人类受试者的测量

Tests that allow the precise determination of psychophysical thresholds for vibration and grating orientation provide valuable information about ...

Protocol for Data Collection and Analysis Applied to Automated Facial Expression Analysis Technology and Temporal Analysis for Sensory Evaluation

We demonstrate a method for capturing emotional response to beverages and liquefied foods in a sensory evaluation laboratory using automated facial expression analysis (AFEA) software. Additionally, we demonstrate a method for extracting relevant emotional data output and plotting the emotional response of a population over a specified time frame. By time pairing each participant's treatment response to a control stimulus (baseline), the overall emotional response over time and across multiple participants can be quantified. AFEA is a prospective analytical tool for assessing unbiased response to food and beverages. At present, most research has mainly focused on beverages. Methodologies and analyses have not yet been standardized for the application of AFEA to beverages and foods; however, a consistent standard methodology is needed. Optimizing video capture procedures and resulting video quality aids in a successful collection of emotional response to foods. Furthermore, the methodology of data analysis is novel for extracting the pertinent data relevant to the emotional response. The combinations of video capture optimization and data analysis will aid in standardizing the protocol for automated facial expression analysis and interpretation of emotional response data.

A protocol for capturing and statistically analyzing emotional response of a population to beverages and liquefied foods in a sensory evaluation laboratory using automated facial expression analysis software is described.

协议进行数据采集和分析应用到自动人脸表情分析技术和时序分析感官评价

We demonstrate a method for capturing emotional response to beverages and liquefied foods in a sensory evaluation laboratory using automated facial ...

A Protocol of Manual Tests to Measure Sensation and Pain in Humans

Numerous qualitative and quantitative techniques can be used to test sensory nerves and pain in both research and clinical settings. The current study demonstrates a quantitative sensory testing protocol using techniques to measure tactile sensation and pain threshold for pressure and heat using portable and easily accessed equipment. These techniques and equipment are ideal for new laboratories and clinics where cost is a concern or a limiting factor. We demonstrate measurement techniques for the following: cutaneous mechanical sensitivity on the arms and legs (von-Frey filaments), radiant and contact heat sensitivity (with both threshold and qualitative assessments using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS)), and mechanical pressure sensitivity (algometer, with both threshold and the VAS). The techniques and equipment described and demonstrated here can be easily purchased, stored, and transported by most clinics and research laboratories around the world. A limitation of this approach is a lack of automation or computer control. Thus, these processes can be more labor intensive in terms of personnel training and data recording than the more sophisticated equipment. We provide a set of reliability data for the demonstrated techniques. From our description, a new laboratory should be able to set up and run these tests and to develop their own internal reliability data.

The goal of this procedure is to demonstrate a battery of quantitative techniques for sensory and pain measurement in humans. The equipment and techniques described are commonly found in pain clinics or are easy to obtain.

手动测试的协议来衡量感觉和疼痛人类

Numerous qualitative and quantitative techniques can be used to test sensory nerves and pain in both research and clinical settings. The current study ...

Simultaneous Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation and Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) is a promising tool for noninvasive investigation of brain oscillations. TACS employs frequency-specific stimulation of the human brain through current applied to the scalp with surface electrodes. Most current knowledge of the technique is based on behavioral studies; thus, combining the method with brain imaging holds potential to better understand the mechanisms of tACS. Because of electrical and susceptibility artifacts, combining tACS with brain imaging can be challenging, however, one brain imaging technique that is well suited to be applied simultaneously with tACS is functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). In our lab, we have successfully combined tACS with simultaneous fMRI measurements to show that tACS effects are state, current, and frequency dependent, and that modulation of brain activity is not limited to the area directly below the electrodes. This article describes a safe and reliable setup for applying tACS simultaneously with visual task fMRI studies, which can lend to understanding oscillatory brain function as well as the effects of tACS on the brain.

Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) is a promising tool for noninvasive investigation of brain oscillations, though its effects are not completely understood. This article describes a safe and reliable setup for applying tACS simultaneously with functional magnetic resonance imaging, which can increase understanding oscillatory brain function and effects of tACS.