Name: near-infrared temperature measurement technique for water surrounding an induction-heated small magnetic sphere
Uploaded: 2018-04-30T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Near-Infrared Temperature Measurement Technique for Water Surrounding an Induction-heated Small Magnetic Sphere at JoVE.com

The authors thank Mr. Kenta Yamada, Mr. Ryota Fujioka, and Mr. Mizuki Kyoda for their support on the experiments and data analyses. This work was supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number 25630069, the Suzuki Foundation, and the Precise Measurement Technology Promotion Foundation, Japan.

1. Experimental Setup and Procedures
Prepare an optical rail to mount a sample and optics for NIR imaging as follows.
<ol>
	<li>Sample preparation. 
	Note: When using water or aqueous liquid, do Step 1.1.1. When using an aqueous gel with high viscosity, do Step 1.1.2.
	<ol>
		<li>Steel sphere setting in water.
		<ol>
			<li>Fix a 2.0-mm-diameter steel sphere to the end of a thin plastic string using a small amount of glue.</li>
			<li>Hang the steel sphere at the center...

<ol>
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The technique presented in this paper is a novel one using the temperature dependence of NIR absorption of water and presents no significant difficulty in setting up the necessary equipment and implementation. The incident light can be easily produced by using a halogen lamp and an NBPF. However, lasers cannot be used, because coherent interference patterns would appear on the images. Common optical lenses and glass cells for visible-light use can be used, as they transmit an adequate amount of light at &#955; =...

An erratum was issued for: <a href="https://www.jove.com/video/57407/near-infrared-temperature-measurement-technique-for-water-surrounding">Near-Infrared Temperature Measurement Technique for Water Surrounding an Induction-heated Small Magnetic Sphere</a>. The Protocol section was updated.
In 2.2.7, the temperature coefficient of water, &#945;f, for &#955; = 1150 nm has been corrected from:
4.0 x 10-3 K-1 mm-1
to:
2.8&#160;x 10-4&#160;K-1&#160;mm-1

An erratum was issued for: <a href="https://www.jove.com/video/57407/near-infrared-temperature-measurement-technique-for-water-surrounding">Near-Infrared Temperature Measurement Technique for Water Surrounding an Induction-heated Small Magnetic Sphere</a>. The Protocol section was updated.

Erratum: Near-Infrared Temperature Measurement Technique for Water Surrounding an Induction-heated Small Magnetic Sphere

A technique to measure temperature near a small heat source within a medium is required in many scientific research fields and applications. For example, in the research on magnetic hyperthermia, which is a cancer therapy method using electromagnetic induction of magnetic particles, or small magnetic pieces, it is critical to accurately predict the temperature distributions generated by the magnetic particles1,2. However, although microwave3,4, ultrasound5,6,7,8, optoacoustic9, Raman10, and magnetic resonance11,12-based temperature measurement techniques have been researched and developed, such an inner temperature distribution cannot be accurately measured at present. Thus far, single-position temperatures or temperatures at a few positions have been measured via temperature sensors, which, in the case of induction heating, are non-magnetic optical fiber temperature sensors13,14. Alternatively, the surface temperatures of media have been remotely measured via infrared radiation thermometers to estimate the inner temperatures14. However, when a medium containing a small heat source is a water layer or a non-turbid aqueous medium, we have demonstrated that a near-infrared (NIR) absorption technique is useful to measure the temperatures15,16,17,18,19. This paper presents the detailed protocol of this technique and representative results.
The NIR absorption technique is based on the principle of temperature dependence of the absorption bands of water in the NIR region. As is shown in Figure 1a, the &#957;1 + &#957;2 + &#957;3 absorption band of water is observed in the 1100-nm to 1250-nm wavelength (&#955;) range and shifts to shorter wavelengths as the temperature increases19. Here, &#957;1 + &#957;2 + &#957;3 means that this band corresponds to the combination of the three fundamental O-H vibration modes: symmetric stretching (&#957;1), bending (&#957;2), and antisymmetric stretching (&#957;3)20,21. This change in the spectrum indicates that the most temperature-sensitive wavelength in the band is &#955; &#8776; 1150 nm. Other absorption bands of water also exhibit similar behavior with respect to the temperature15,16,17,18,20,21. The &#957;1 + &#957;3 band of water observed within the range &#955; = 1350&#8722;1500 nm and its temperature dependence are shown in Figure 1b. In the &#957;1 + &#957;3 band of water, 1412 nm is the most temperature-sensitive wavelength. Thus, it is possible to obtain two-dimensional (2D) temperature images by using an NIR camera to capture 2D absorbance images at &#955; = 1150 or 1412 nm. As the absorption coefficient of water at &#955; = 1150 nm is smaller than that at &#955; = 1412 nm, the former wavelength is suitable for approximately 10-mm-thick aqueous media, while the latter is suitable for approximately 1-mm-thick ones. Recently, using &#955; = 1150 nm, we obtained the temperature distributions in a 10-mm-thick water layer containing an induction-heated 1-mm-diameter steel sphere19. Moreover, the temperature distributions in a 0.5-mm-thick water layer have been measured by using &#955; = 1412 nm15,17.
An advantage to the NIR-based temperature imaging technique is that it is simple to setup and implement because it is a transmission-absorption measurement technique and needs no fluorophore, phosphor, or other thermal probe. In addition, its temperature resolution is less than 0.2 K15,17,19. Such a good temperature resolution cannot be achieved by other transmission techniques based on interferometry, which have often been used in heat and mass transfer studies22,23,24. We note, however, that the NIR-based temperature imaging technique is not suitable in cases with considerable local temperature change, because the deflection of light caused by the large temperature gradient becomes dominant19. This matter is referred in this paper in terms of practical use.
This paper describes the experimental setup and procedure for the NIR-based temperature imaging technique for a small magnetic sphere heated via induction; additionally, it presents the results of two representative 2D absorbance images. One image is of a 2.0-mm-diameter steel sphere in a 10.0-mm-thick water layer that is captured at &#955; = 1150 nm. The second image is of a 0.5-mm-diameter steel sphere in a 2.0-mm-thick maltose syrup layer that is captured at &#955; = 1412&#160;nm. This paper also presents the calculation method and results of the three-dimensional (3D) radial distribution of temperature by applying the inverse Abel transform (IAT) to the 2D absorbance images. The IAT is valid when a 3D temperature distribution is assumed to be spherically symmetric as in the case of a heated sphere (Figure 2)19. For the IAT calculation, a multi-Gaussian function fitting method is employed here, because the IATs of Gaussian functions can be obtained analytically25,26,27,28,29 and fit well to monotonically decreasing data; this includes experiments employing thermal conduction from a single heat source.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:727px;" width="727">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:233px;">Induction heating system</td>
			<td style="width:208px;">CEIA, Italy</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SPW900/56</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">780 kHz, 5.6 kW (max).</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:233px;">Coil</td>
			<td style="width:208px;">SA-Japan</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">custom</td>
			<td>Water-cooled copper tube; two-turn; outer dia. 28 mm.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:233px;">Water chiller</td>
			<td style="width:208px;">Matsumoto Kikai, Japan</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">MP-401CT</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:233px;">Halogen lamp</td>
			<td style="width:208px;">Hayashi Watch-Works, Japan</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">LA-150UE-A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:233px;">Narrow bandpass filter for &#955; = 1150 nm</td>
			<td style="width:208px;">Andover</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">115FS10-25</td>
			<td>Full width at half-maximum (FWHM): 10 nm.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:233px;">Narrow bandpass filter for &#955; = 1412 nm</td>
			<td style="width:208px;">Andover</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">semi-custom</td>
			<td>Full width at half-maximum (FWHM): 10 nm.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:233px;">Bandpass filter for &#955; = 850&#8722;1300 nm</td>
			<td style="width:208px;">Spectrogon</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SP-1300</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:233px;">Bandpass filter for &#955; = 1100&#8722;2000 nm</td>
			<td style="width:208px;">Spectrogon</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SP-2000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:233px;">NIR camera</td>
			<td style="width:208px;">FLIR Systems</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Alpha NIR</td>
			<td>InGaAs</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:233px;">Image acquisition software</td>
			<td style="width:208px;">FLIR Systems</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">IRvista</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:233px;">Image processing software</td>
			<td style="width:208px;">NIH</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">ImageJ</td>
			<td>ver. 1.51r</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:233px;">Image processing software</td>
			<td style="width:208px;">MathWorks</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Matlab</td>
			<td>ver. 2016a</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:233px;">Telecentric lens</td>
			<td style="width:208px;">Edmond Optics</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">55350-L</td>
			<td>X1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:233px;">Steel sphere (0.5 mm dia.)</td>
			<td style="width:208px;">Kobe Steel, Japan</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Fe-1.5Cr-1.0C-0.4Mn (wt %)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:233px;">Steel sphere (2.0 mm dia.)</td>
			<td style="width:208px;">Kobe Steel, Japan</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Fe-1.5Cr-1.0C-0.4Mn (wt %)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:233px;">Maltose syrup as aqueous gel</td>
			<td style="width:208px;">Sonton, Japan</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Mizuame</td>
			<td>Food product</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
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near-infrared temperature measurement technique for water surrounding an induction-heated small magnetic sphere

A technique to measure the temperature of water and non-turbid aqueous media surrounding an induction-heated small magnetic sphere is presented. This technique utilizes wavelengths of 1150 and 1412 nm, at which the absorption coefficient of water is dependent on temperature. Water or a non-turbid aqueous gel containing a 2.0-mm- or 0.5-mm-diameter magnetic sphere is irradiated with 1150 nm or 1412 nm incident light, as selected using a narrow bandpass filter; additionally, two-dimensional absorbance images, which are the transverse projections of the absorption coefficient, are acquired via a near-infrared camera. When the three-dimensional distributions of temperature can be assumed to be spherically symmetric, they are estimated by applying inverse Abel transforms to the absorbance profiles. The temperatures were observed to consistently change according to time and the induction heating power.

Images of &#916;Ai(x, z) at &#955; = 1150 nm for a 2.0-mm-diameter steel sphere in water and at &#955; = 1412 nm for a 0.5-mm-diameter steel sphere in maltose syrup are presented in Figure 5a and Figure 6a, respectively. In both cases, the sphere was located 12 mm below the bottom of the coil along its central axis. Figu...

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Near-Infrared Temperature Measurement Technique for Water Surrounding an Induction-heated Small Magnetic Sphere

A technique utilizing wavelengths of 1150 and 1412 nm to measure the temperature of water surrounding an induction-heated small magnetic sphere is presented.

A technique to measure the temperature of water and non-turbid aqueous media surrounding an induction-heated small magnetic sphere is presented. This ...

The overall goal of this experiment is to measure temperature distributions near a heated small sphere or a point heat source located inside water or non-turbid acquiesce media. This method will be very helpful for researching local heating inside media, such as hyperthermia research using magnetic particles. The main advantage of this technique is that it's easy to set up and implement.Demonstrating the procedure will be Keisuke Nishijima and Van Cuong Han, who are grad students from my laboratory. to prepare a water or aqueous liquid sample, first use the minimum necessary amount of quick-drying, water resistant glue to fix a two millimeter diameter steel sphere to the end of a thin, non-metallic string or rod. Ensure that the glue minimally affects the shape of the sphere and the heat transfer rate, then thread the string through the center hole of a PTFE cuvette cap.Tape the string in place with 22 millimeters of the string hanging below the cap. Equip a water filled syringe with a 0.22 micrometer syringe filter and a plastic dispensing needle. Carefully fill a glass cell with an optical path length of 10 millimeters, and a height of 45 millimeters with filtered water, being careful to avoid the formation of air bubbles.Air bubbles and suspended particulates should be removed as much as possible in advance to obtain correct measures and successfully estimate temperatures. Place the cap on the cell so that the sphere hangs in the center of the rectangular cell. To prepare an aqueous gel sample, first heat the aqueous gel until its viscosity is sufficiently reduced to be poured smoothly.Use a syringe to half-fill a rectangular glass cell with an optical path length of two millimeters with the heated gel. Allow the gel to cool. Then place a 0.5 millimeter diameter steel sphere at the center of the gel surface.Fill the rest of the cell with heated aqueous gel in the same way and allow it to cool. Once the aqueous liquid or gel sample has been prepared, place the cell in a plastic holder on the optical rail of the Near-IR imaging system. To begin preparing the Near-IR imaging system, equip a halogen lamp with a fiber light guide.Place a narrow bandpass filter with the transmittance peak at either 1, 150 nanometers or 1, 412 nanometers between the fiber light guide in the cell. at 1, 150 nanometers and 1, 412 nanometers, the water absorbance increases as the water temperature increases. Place a bandpass filter with the wider transmission range around the chosen wavelength between the halogen lamp fiber light guide and the narrow bandpass filter.Mount an iris diaphragm between the narrow bandpass filter and the cell holder. Then set up a Near-IR camera in line with the sample cell. Fix an object-space telecentric lens between the cell and the camera.Turn on the Near-IR camera, ensure that the camera is connected to a computer, and open the image acquisition software. Turn on the halogen lamp, check the image displayed on the monitor, and adjust the lamp output power as needed. Adjust the axis, position, and focus of the telecentric lens to obtain a finely-detailed image of the steel sphere.The optical asset adjustment is important for achieving the telecentric optical system as to be carefully made to look at the reflected images. Then prepare an induction heating system consisting of a high frequency generator, a water-cooled coil, and a water chiller. Mount the coil on an XYZ moveable stage.Position the coil over the sample cell, so that the distance between the center of the coil and the steel sphere is approximately 15 millimeters. Ensure that no other metal components are near the coil. Turn on the water chiller for the induction heater and start the water circulation.Ensure that the frame rate and the camera integration time are set to the maximum available values. Once the induction heater is ready, set the maximum number of frames to record, name the image data file, and start recording images in the image acquisition software. Run the induction heater for the desired length of time.Either allow the image acquisition to run for the set duration, or manually stop recording after the desired length of time. Save the images in a non-compressed format, such as a TIFF sequence. Open the sequence in image processing software, and convert the saved images of transmitted light intensity to the absorbance difference images.Colorize the images with the desired color range. The temperature can then be estimated from these images using additional command scripts. The increase in water temperature around an induction-heated two millimeter diameter steel sphere was observed as a circularly symmetric change in absorbance with respect to the Near-IR image prior to heating.Free convection was observed after 1.2 seconds of heating, suggesting a transition from a pure thermal conduction regime to a free convection regime. Similar effects were observed around an induction-heated 0.5 millimeter diameter steel sphere in maltose syrup at three different induction heating powers. The radius and magnitude of the change in absorbance increased with increasing power.Free convection was not observed after 1.2 seconds. In the water sample, the magnitude of the change in absorbance over time was greatest close to the sphere. A combination of two or three Gaussian functions can achieve a good fit for the relationship between absorbance and the radius of the image plane.Similar results are observed in the gel sample. The fitted functions can then be transformed into the change in temperature in the water and the gel, assuming that thermal conduction occurs in the radial direction, and the temperature profiles are spherically symmetric. The key devices for the temperature measurement are a near-infrared camera, a narrow bandpass filter.Once they are prepared, the procedure from setup to image acquisition is easily done by any researcher. This imaging technique will be applied not only to induction heating, but also to various heating method. Temperature and heat generation inside media which have never been directly measured so far can be revealed.

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The Preparation of Electrohydrodynamic Bridges from Polar Dielectric Liquids

Horizontal and vertical liquid bridges are simple and powerful tools for exploring the interaction of high intensity electric fields (8-20 kV/cm) and polar dielectric liquids. These bridges are unique from capillary bridges in that they exhibit extensibility beyond a few millimeters, have complex bi-directional mass transfer patterns, and emit non-Planck infrared radiation. A number of common solvents can form such bridges as well as low conductivity solutions and colloidal suspensions. The macroscopic behavior is governed by electrohydrodynamics and provides a means of studying fluid flow phenomena without the presence of rigid walls. Prior to the onset of a liquid bridge several important phenomena can be observed including advancing meniscus height (electrowetting), bulk fluid circulation (the Sumoto effect), and the ejection of charged droplets (electrospray). The interaction between surface, polarization, and displacement forces can be directly examined by varying applied voltage and bridge length. The electric field, assisted by gravity, stabilizes the liquid bridge against Rayleigh-Plateau instabilities. Construction of basic apparatus for both vertical and horizontal orientation along with operational examples, including thermographic images, for three liquids (e.g., water, DMSO, and glycerol) is presented.

Horizontal and vertical electrohydrodynamic liquid bridges are simple and powerful tools for exploring the interaction of high intensity electric fields and polar dielectric liquids. The construction of basic apparatus and operational examples, including thermographic images, for three liquids (e.g., water, DMSO, and glycerol) is presented.

Horizontal and vertical liquid bridges are simple and powerful tools for exploring the interaction of high intensity electric fields (8-20 kV/cm) and ...

Advanced Experimental Methods for Low-temperature Magnetotransport Measurement of Novel Materials

Novel electronic materials are often produced for the first time by synthesis processes that yield bulk crystals (in contrast to single crystal thin film synthesis) for the purpose of exploratory materials research. Certain materials pose a challenge wherein the traditional bulk Hall bar device fabrication method is insufficient to produce a measureable device for sample transport measurement, principally because the single crystal size is too small to attach wire leads to the sample in a Hall bar configuration. This can be, for example, because the first batch of a new material synthesized yields very small single crystals or because flakes of samples of one to very few monolayers are desired. In order to enable rapid characterization of materials that may be carried out in parallel with improvements to their growth methodology, a method of device fabrication for very small samples has been devised to permit the characterization of novel materials as soon as a preliminary batch has been produced. A slight variation of this methodology is applicable to producing devices using exfoliated samples of two-dimensional materials such as graphene, hexagonal boron nitride (hBN), and transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), as well as multilayer heterostructures of such materials. Here we present detailed protocols for the experimental device fabrication of fragments and flakes of novel materials with micron-sized dimensions onto substrate and subsequent measurement in a commercial superconducting magnet, dry helium close-cycle cryostat magnetotransport system at temperatures down to 0.300 K and magnetic fields up to 12 T.

We describe the methodology of mechanical exfoliation and deposition of flakes of novel materials with micron-sized dimensions onto substrate, fabrication of experimental device structures for transport experimentation, and the magnetotransport measurement in a dry helium close-cycle cryostat at temperatures down to 0.300 K and magnetic fields up to 12 T.

Novel electronic materials are often produced for the first time by synthesis processes that yield bulk crystals (in contrast to single crystal thin film ...

Optical Trap Loading of Dielectric Microparticles In Air

We demonstrate a method to trap a selected dielectric microparticle in air using radiation pressure from a single-beam gradient optical trap. Randomly scattered dielectric microparticles adhered to a glass substrate are momentarily detached using ultrasonic vibrations generated by a piezoelectric transducer (PZT). Then, the optical beam focused on a selected particle lifts it up to the optical trap while the vibrationally excited microparticles fall back to the substrate. A particle may be trapped at the nominal focus of the trapping beam or at a position above the focus (referred to here as the levitation position) where gravity provides the restoring force. After the measurement, the trapped particle can be placed at a desired position on the substrate in a controlled manner. 
In this protocol, an experimental procedure for selective optical trap loading in air is outlined. First, the experimental setup is briefly introduced. Second, the design and fabrication of a PZT holder and a sample enclosure are illustrated in detail. The optical trap loading of a selected microparticle is then demonstrated with step-by-step instructions including sample preparation, launching into the trap, and use of electrostatic force to excite particle motion in the trap and measure charge. Finally, we present recorded particle trajectories of Brownian and ballistic motions of a trapped microparticle in air. These trajectories can be used to measure stiffness or to verify optical alignment through time domain and frequency domain analysis. Selective trap loading enables optical tweezers to track a particle and its changes over repeated trap loadings in a reversible manner, thereby enabling studies of particle-surface interaction.

A protocol for launching and stably trapping selected dielectric microparticles in air is presented.

We demonstrate a method to trap a selected dielectric microparticle in air using radiation pressure from a single-beam gradient optical trap. Randomly ...

An Available Technique for Preparation of New Cast MnCuNiFeZnAl Alloy with Superior Damping Capacity and High Service Temperature

Manganese (Mn)-copper (Cu)-based alloys have been found to have&#160;damping capacity and can be used to reduce harmful vibrations and noise effectively. M2052 (Mn-20Cu-5Ni-2Fe, at%) is an important branch of Mn-Cu-based alloys, which possesses both excellent damping capacity and processability. In recent decades, lots of studies have been carried out on the performance optimization of M2052, improving the damping capacity, mechanical properties, corrosion resistance, and service temperature, etc. The major methods of performance optimization are alloying, heat treatment, pretreatment, and different ways of molding etc., among which alloying, as well as adopting a reasonable heat treatment, is the simplest and most effective method to obtain perfect and comprehensive performance. To obtain the M2052 alloy with excellent performance for casting molding, we propose to add Zn and Al to the MnCuNiFe alloy matrix and use a variety of heat treatment methods for a comparison in the microstructure, damping capacity, and service temperature. Thus, a new type of cast-aged Mn-22.68Cu-1.89Ni-1.99Fe-1.70Zn-6.16Al (at.%) alloy with&#160;superior damping capacity and high service temperature is obtained by an optimized heat treatment method. Compared with the forging technique, cast molding is simpler and more efficient, and the damping capacity of this as-cast alloy is excellent. Therefore, there is a suitable reason to think that it is a good choice for engineering applications.

Here we present a protocol to obtain a novel Mn-Cu-based alloy with excellent comprehensive performances by a high-quality smelting technology and reasonable heat treatment methods.

Manganese (Mn)-copper (Cu)-based alloys have been found to have&#160;damping capacity and can be used to reduce harmful vibrations and noise effectively. ...

Design and Fabrication of an Optical Fiber Made of Water

In this report, an optical fiber of which the core is made solely of water, while the cladding is air, is designed and manufactured. In contrast with solid-cladding devices, capillary oscillations are not restricted, allowing the fiber walls to move and vibrate. The fiber is constructed by a high direct current (DC) voltage of several thousand volts (kV) between two water reservoirs that creates a floating water thread, known as a water bridge. Through the choice of micropipettes, it is possible to control the maximal diameter and length of the fiber. Optical fiber couplers, at both sides of the bridge, activate it as an optical waveguide, allowing researchers to monitor the water fiber capillary body waves through transmission modulation and, therefore, deducing changes in surface tension.
Co-confining two important wave types, capillary and electromagnetic, opens a new path of research in the interactions between light and liquid-wall devices. Water-walled microdevices are a million times softer than their solid counterparts, accordingly improving the response to minute forces.

This protocol describes the design and manufacture of a water bridge and its activation as a water fiber. The experiment demonstrates that capillary resonances of the water fiber modulate its optical transmission.

In this report, an optical fiber of which the core is made solely of water, while the cladding is air, is designed and manufactured. In contrast with ...

A Random-displacement Measurement by Combining a Magnetic Scale and Two Fiber Bragg Gratings

Long-distance displacement measurements using optical fibers have always been a challenge in both basic research and industrial production. We developed and characterized a temperature-independent fiber Bragg grating (FBG)-based random-displacement sensor that adopts a magnetic scale as a novel transferring mechanism. By detecting shifts of two FBG center wavelengths, a full-range measurement can be obtained with a magnetic scale. For identification of the clockwise and counterclockwise rotation direction of the motor (in fact, the direction of movement of the object to be tested), there is a sinusoidal relationship between the displacement and the center wavelength shift of the FBG; as the anticlockwise rotation alternates, the center wavelength shift of the second FBG detector shows a leading phase difference of around 90&#176; (+90&#176;). As the clockwise rotation alternates, the center wavelength shift of the second FBG displays a lagging phase difference of around 90&#176; (-90&#176;). At the same time, the two FBG-based sensors are temperature independent. If there is some need for a remote monitor without any electromagnetic interference, this striking approach makes them a useful tool for determining the random displacement. This methodology is appropriate for industrial production. As the structure of the whole system is relatively simple, this displacement sensor can be used in commercial production. In addition to it being a displacement sensor, it can be used to measure other parameters, such as velocity and acceleration.

A protocol to create a full-range linear displacement sensor, combining two packaged fiber Bragg grating detectors with a magnetic scale, is presented.

Long-distance displacement measurements using optical fibers have always been a challenge in both basic research and industrial production. We developed ...

Measurement of Dynamic Force Acted on Water Strider Leg Jumping Upward by the PVDF Film Sensor

This study aimed to make an explanation for the phenomenon in nature that water strider usually jumps or glides on the water surface easily but quickly, with its peak locomotion speed reaching 150 cm/s. First of all, we observed the microstructure and hierarchy of water strider legs using the scanning electron microscope. On the basis of the observed morphology of the legs, a theoretical model of the detachment from water surface was established, which explained water striders' capability to slide on water surface effortlessly in terms of energy reduction. Secondly, a dynamic force measurement system was devised using the PVDF film sensor with excellent sensitivity, which could detect the whole interaction process. Subsequently, a single leg in contact with water was pulled upward at different speeds, and the adhesion force was measured at the same time. The results of the departing experiment suggested a deep understanding of the fast jumping of water striders.

The protocol here is dedicated to investigating the free and quick maneuvering of water strider on water surface. The protocol includes observing the microstructure of legs and measuring the adhesion force when departing from water surface at different speeds.

This study aimed to make an explanation for the phenomenon in nature that water strider usually jumps or glides on the water surface easily but quickly, ...

O-cresol Concentration Online Measurement Based On Near Infrared Spectroscopy Via Partial Least Square Regression

Unlike macroscopic process variables, near-infrared spectroscopy provides process information at the molecular level and can significantly improve the prediction of the components in industrial processes. The ability to record spectra for solid and liquid samples without any pretreatment is advantageous and the method is widely used. However, the disadvantages of analyzing high-dimensional near-infrared spectral data include information redundancy and multicollinearity of the spectral data. Thus, we propose to use partial least squares regression method, which has traditionally been used to reduce the data dimensionality and eliminate the collinearity between the original features. We implement the method for predicting the o-cresol concentration during the production of polyphenylene ether. The proposed approach offers the following advantages over component regression prediction methods: 1) partial least squares regression solves the multicollinearity problem of the independent variables and effectively avoids overfitting, which occurs in a regression analysis due to the high correlation between the independent variables; 2) the use of the near-infrared spectra results in high accuracy because it is a non-destructive and non-polluting method to obtain information at microscopic and molecular scales.

The protocol describes a method of predicting o-cresol concentration during the production of polyphenylene ether using near-infrared spectroscopy and partial least squares regression. To describe the process more clearly and completely, an example of predicting the o-cresol concentration during the production of polyphenylene is used to clarify the steps.

Unlike macroscopic process variables, near-infrared spectroscopy provides process information at the molecular level and can significantly improve the ...

Method Development for Contactless Resonant Cavity Dielectric Spectroscopic Studies of Cellulosic Paper

The current analytical techniques for characterizing printing and graphic arts substrates are largely ex situ and destructive. This limits the amount of data that can be obtained from an individual sample and renders it difficult to produce statistically relevant data for unique and rare materials. Resonant cavity dielectric spectroscopy is a non-destructive, contactless technique which can simultaneously interrogate both sides of a sheeted material and provide measurements which are suitable for statistical interpretations. This offers analysts the ability to quickly discriminate between sheeted materials based on composition and storage history. In this methodology article, we demonstrate how contactless resonant cavity dielectric spectroscopy may be used to differentiate between paper analytes of varying fiber species compositions, to determine the relative age of the paper, and to detect and quantify the amount of post-consumer waste (PCW) recycled fiber content in manufactured office paper.

A protocol for the non-destructive analysis of the fiber content and relative age of paper.

The current analytical techniques for characterizing printing and graphic arts substrates are largely ex situ and destructive. This limits the amount of ...

In Situ Surface Temperature Measurement in a Conveyor Belt Furnace via Inline Infrared Thermography

Measuring the surface temperature of objects that are processed in conveyor belt furnaces is an important tool in process control and quality assurance. Currently, the surface temperature of objects processed in conveyor belt furnaces is typically measured via thermocouples. However, infrared (IR) thermography presents multiple advantages compared to thermocouple measurements, as it is a contactless, real-time, and spatially resolved method. Here, as a representative proof-of-concept example, an inline thermography system is successfully installed into an IR lamp powered solar firing furnace, which is used for the contact firing process of industrial Si solar cells. This protocol describes how to install an IR camera into a conveyor belt furnace, conduct a customer correction of a factory calibrated IR camera, and perform the evaluation of spatial surface temperature distribution on a target object.

This protocol describes how to install an infrared camera into a conveyor belt furnace, conduct a customer correction of a factory calibrated IR camera, and evaluate the spatial surface temperature distribution of an object of interest. The example objects are industrial silicon solar cells.

Measuring the surface temperature of objects that are processed in conveyor belt furnaces is an important tool in process control and quality assurance. ...