陈和陶都提供了大量的帮助。这项工作得到了中国主要国家研究发展计划 (2016YFC0600202) 和中国地质调查 (格兰特号) 的财政支持。DD20160183)。我们感谢匿名审阅者提出的建设性意见, 大大改善了这篇论文。

1. 样品准备
<ol><li>
样本特征
	<ol>
<li>使用 TOC 设备 (见材料表) 测量总有机碳 (toc) 的温度为20摄氏度, 相对湿度为 65% (每标准 GB/T 19145-2003)。</li>
		<li>使用光度计显微镜对页岩抛光剖面进行镜质体反射率测量 (见材料表)。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
样品清洗和粉碎 注意: 为了避免各种内外因素的影响以及页岩的不均匀性, 本文从原水平床上用品中选取了一个大的泥岩岩样进行了试验。<ol>
<li>选择一个大的页岩岩石样品 (约20厘米长, 15 厘米宽, 2 厘米高) 从原来的水平寝具。</li>
		<li>用吸收棉、镊子和乙醛清洁样品和粉碎容器。</li>
		<li>将大型原卧页岩 beddingsample 用锤子粉碎成小块, 使其可放入残余气密磨床中。通过初步实验, 可以找到合适的粉碎时间 (约3分钟)。</li>
		<li>然后, 将样品筛入 20-40, 40-60, 60-80, 80-100, 和 100-120 标本通过第一筛分粒子通过一个 100-120 网格, 然后一个 80-100 网格, 60-80 网格, 40-60 网格, 最后 20-40 网格。</li>
		<li>丢弃任何不合格的页岩颗粒。当破碎时间为3分钟时, 将会有一些废弃的样品 (大约5克)。</li>
		<li>将每个样本标记为20-40-1、40-60-1、60-80-1、80-100-1 和 100-120-1 (这在代表结果中是 G1 的)。</li>
		<li>重复上述操作与另一个样品 (大约 20 cm 长, 15 cm 宽和 2 cm 高; 使用不同的页岩与不同的构成或 TOC), 并创建一组重复实验, 以对比。将每个示例标记为20-40-2、40-60-2、60-80-2、80-100-2 和 100-120-2 (在代表结果中 G2)。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>2. 实验方法
<ol><li>实验室设置
	<ol>
<li>将仪器放置在无电磁干扰的洁净实验室的安静无振动区域。实验室的温度应该是 10-40 °c。 注: 实验将在室温下进行, 延长时间 (多天)。</li>
		<li>使用230伏 (±10%) 和50赫兹的交流电流. 确保每个根电源线的电流大于 10 a, 并安全地处理地面引线。如果电网差, 应使用额外的电源。</li>
		<li>使用高纯度气体的气瓶 (不少于 99.999%)。牢固地固定所有钢瓶。</li>
		<li>如果实验中使用了危险气体, 确保实验室有通风和排气设施, 以及危险气体报警装置。定期使用 soap 气泡检测管道连接12中的任何泄漏。</li>
		<li>避免阳光直射。</li>
	</ol></li>
	<li>启动仪器
	<ol>
<li>在计算机上通电并启动主程序。</li>
		<li>打开气缸并调整其以适当的输出压力 (调整出气压力为 5-6 巴和气瓶压力到大约70酒吧)。</li>
		<li>打开仪器。当耦合控制器通电时, 旋钮需要保持在关闭位置。打开油浴和真空泵电源。</li>
	</ol></li>
	<li>空白测量
	<ol>
<li>拆卸样品池, 将空的清洁样品桶放入内, 并安装金属导套。检查 ZP/MP 耦合, 并将其调整到适当的状态。</li>
		<li>控制耦合控制器上的平衡, 并将其切换到 ZP/MP1/MP2 中的所有位置。观察平衡阅读的变化, 确认阅读的正常和稳定。如果读数不正确或不稳定, 则必须根据情况或支撑螺钉的高低位置调整平头4英尺的水平。</li>
		<li>装载样品池, 温控油浴夹克, 隔热盖。</li>
		<li>将耦合控制器旋钮移动到 ZP 位置。</li>
		<li>将其设置为软件中的空白测量程序。<ol>
<li>点击配置测量, 命名标题, 选择气体2和其他流体, 并选择液体浴。</li>
			<li>将试样温度设置为50摄氏度, 最大压力为70巴, 压力步骤为 7, 压力匝道为2条/分钟, 流体热至50摄氏度。 注: 对于空白测试, 使用 N2 (推荐) 或 He在适当的压力 (0-70 酒吧)。权衡空桶。当温度与吸附实验温度一致时, 启动程序运行, 通常需要 7-8 小时。最后, 在完成后可以手动获取空桶的质量和体积 (参见步骤 2.8.1)。 注意: 样品池法兰上的6套螺栓使用内部六角扳手和仪器的固定扳手拆卸。请注意, 当最后一组螺栓被移除时, 需要保持样本池以避免下落。</li>
		</ol>
</li>
	</ol></li>
	<li>仪表平衡 (如有必要) 注: 仪器的操作动作必须是软、均匀的力。<ol>
<li>不要强烈动摇平衡支持 (否则, 它可能会打乱平衡) 或移动框架的位置。当使用扳手时, 要小心不要把传感器导线管靠近法兰的位置。</li>
		<li>确认余额后, 将 ZP 移至 OFF 位置。</li>
		<li>检查示例池的法兰上的 O 形环是否已安装。如果损坏或变形严重, 请更换 O 形环。</li>
		<li>垂直设置示例池, 以便连接上、下法兰, 从而保持整体垂直状态。</li>
		<li>最后, 安装6组螺栓。<ol>
<li>使用扳手固定螺栓, 使用对称紧固方法, 以确保法兰面的连接紧密而不倾斜。6组螺栓的紧固程度应尽可能一致,13。</li>
			<li>要留心听的螺旋帽下的6组螺栓, 以保持每个边缘的法兰, 以避免困难时安装后油浴夹克。</li>
		</ol>
</li>
		<li>如果使用电加热, 安装绝缘的兵马俑, 并修复它与环形环没有外部绝缘棉包。</li>
		<li>如果使用油浴加热, 安装油浴夹克从底部到样品池, 直到顶部和上部法兰是平的。安装三螺丝在底部, 以修复油浴夹克到位。</li>
		<li>检查 ZP/MP1/MP2 位置和平衡读数是否正常, 然后将耦合控制器旋钮移动到 ZP 位置。</li>
	</ol></li>
	<li>预处理测量
	<ol>
<li>拆卸样品池, 将样品放入样品桶中。检查 ZP/MP 耦合, 并将它们调整到适当的状态。</li>
		<li>装载样品池和电热隔热盖。</li>
		<li>将耦合控制器旋钮移动到 ZP 位置。</li>
		<li>启动程序将自动运行。在软件中设置预处理程序。单击以配置测量, 命名标题, 选择真空, 选择电加热器, 将样品温度设置在150摄氏度和耦合温度20摄氏度, 并将持续时间设置为600分钟。这一步通常需要10小时。</li>
	</ol></li>
	<li>浮力测量
	<ol>
<li>拆卸电加热护套, 安装温控油浴套及隔热盖, isadhesive。</li>
		<li>在软件中启动浮力测量程序, 将油浴加热温度设在摄氏50摄氏度, 加热约4小时7的压力点, 在最大压力下将其除以70巴。启动程序将自动运行。 注: 浮力测量与空白测量相同。 注意: 在取出样品池底部的温度传感器接头前, 拔出电热电源接头。加载该示例后, 请记住检查是否插入了温度传感器。</li>
	</ol></li>
	<li>吸附测量
	<ol>
<li>在软件中设置吸附测量程序。启动程序, 它将自动运行。</li>
		<li>如果需要解吸过程, 将其设置在吸附测量程序中, 保持流体热温度在50摄氏度, 并设置19压力点 (如0, 10, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, 150, 200, 250, 200, 150, 100, 80和0巴)。然后启动程序, 它将自动运行。</li>
		<li>当气体压力不能自动达到设定值时, 使用加压泵手动设置压力。 注意: 实验结束后, 仪器将自动排气并保持一段时间的真空状态。该程序将自动结束, 所有阀门将关闭。</li>
	</ol></li>
	<li>计算
	<ol>
<li>系统可选用以下原理自动校正实验结果。重量读数、托盘读数、样品浮力和吸附浮力的关系如下10、11、12、13: m = Δm m s + (vsc + v s + vA) X p mA: 大量吸附气体;Δm: 大量的平衡读数;mSC: 样品托盘的质量 (由空白测量获得);m: 样品质量 (通过浮力测量获得);VSC: 样品托盘容积 (通过空白测量获得);VS: 样品体积 (通过浮力测量获得);V.: 样品吸附气体量 (通过吸附测量获得);ρ (p, T, y): 密度计算的状态方程或通过测量确定。</li>
	</ol></li>
	<li>完成
	<ol>
<li>退出程序并关闭计算机。关闭实验气瓶。</li>
		<li>如果只有短时间的空转发生, 不超过3天, 停止电源的仪器, 这是不需要保持电源状态的每个系统。我们建议将耦合控制器旋钮移到关闭位置。</li>
		<li>如果仪器需要长时间停止, 则可以关闭每个系统的电源。在耦合控制器电源关闭之前, 旋钮首先需要移动到关闭位置。确认熄灭灯亮起, 其他指示灯熄灭, 然后关闭控制器电源。</li>
	</ol></li>
</ol>

<ol>
	<li>Strapoc, D., Mastalerz, M., Schimmelmann, A., Drobniak, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Geochemical+constraints+on+the+origin+and+volume+of+gas+in+the+New+Albany+Shale+(Devonian-Mississippian),+eastern+Illinois+Basin.">Geochemical constraints on the origin and volume of gas in the New Albany Shale (Devonian-Mississippian), eastern Illinois Basin.</a> AAPG Bulletin. 94, 1713-1740 (2010).</li><li>Loucks, R. G., Ruppel, S. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mississippian+Barnett+Shale:+Lithofacies+and+depositional+setting+of+a+deep-water+shale-gas+succession+in+the+Fort+Worth+Basin,+Texas.">Mississippian Barnett Shale: Lithofacies and depositional setting of a deep-water shale-gas succession in the Fort Worth Basin, Texas.</a> AAPG Bulletin. 91, 579-601 (2007).</li><li>Curtis, J. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fractured+shale-gas+systems.">Fractured shale-gas systems.</a> AAPG Bulletin. 86, 1921-1938 (2002).</li><li>Montgomery, S. L., Jarvie, D. M., Bowker, K. A., Pallastro, R. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mississippian+Barnett+Shale,+Fort+Worth+basin,+north-central+Texas:+Gas-shale+play+with+multitrillion+cubic+foot+potential.">Mississippian Barnett Shale, Fort Worth basin, north-central Texas: Gas-shale play with multitrillion cubic foot potential.</a> AAPG Bulletin. 89, 155-175 (2005).</li><li>Jia, C. Z., Zheng, M., Zhang, Y. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Unconventional+hydrocarbon+resources+in+China+and+the+prospect+of+explora+exploration+and+development.">Unconventional hydrocarbon resources in China and the prospect of explora exploration and development.</a> Petroleum Exploration and Development. 39 (2), 129-136 (2012).</li><li>Hou, Y. G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+pore+structure+on+methane+sorption+potential+of+shales.">Effect of pore structure on methane sorption potential of shales.</a> Petroleum Exploration and Development. 41 (2), 272-281 (2014).</li><li>Chalmers, G. R., Bustin, R. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+organic+matter+distribution+and+methane+capacity+of+the+lower+cretaceous+strata+of+northeastern+British+Columbia,+Canada.">The organic matter distribution and methane capacity of the lower cretaceous strata of northeastern British Columbia, Canada.</a> International Journal of Coal Geology. 70 (1-3), 223-239 (2007).</li><li>Kang, Y. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+particle+size+on+methane+sorption+capacity+of+shales.">Effect of particle size on methane sorption capacity of shales.</a> Natural Gas Geoscience. 28 (2), 272-279 (2017).</li><li>Wang, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Adsorption+influence+factors+and+characteristics+of+adsorption+isotherm+for+shale+to+methane.">Adsorption influence factors and characteristics of adsorption isotherm for shale to methane.</a> Natural Gas Geoscience. 26 (3), 580-591 (2015).</li><li>Ruppel, T. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Adsorption+of+methane+on+dry+coal+at+elevated+pressure.">Adsorption of methane on dry coal at elevated pressure.</a> Fuel. 53, 152-162 (1974).</li><li>Zhang, G. D., Han, Y. K., He, Z. P., Gao, X. Y., Chen, H. Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+sample+particle+size+on+the+adsorption+capacity+of+the+experimental+study+on+the+effect+of+shale+gas.">The sample particle size on the adsorption capacity of the experimental study on the effect of shale gas.</a> Exploration and Development. 6, 110-116 (2016).</li><li>Ross, D. J., Bustin, R. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Impact+of+mass+balance+calculations+on+adsorption+capacities+in+microporous+shale+gas+reservoirs.">Impact of mass balance calculations on adsorption capacities in microporous shale gas reservoirs.</a> Fuel. 86 (17), 696-706 (2007).</li><li>Gasparik, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High-pressure+methane+sorption+isotherms+of+black+shales+from+The+Netherlands.">High-pressure methane sorption isotherms of black shales from The Netherlands.</a> Energy &amp; Fuels. 26 (8), 4995-5004 (2012).</li><li>Ji, L. M., Luo, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+sample+size+on+volumetric+determination+of+methane+adsorption+in+clay+minerals.">Effect of sample size on volumetric determination of methane adsorption in clay minerals.</a> Natural Gas Geoscience. 23 (3), 535-549 (2012).</li><li>Wang, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+methane+sorption+capacity+of+Paleozoic+shales+from+the+Sichuan+Basin,+China.">The methane sorption capacity of Paleozoic shales from the Sichuan Basin, China.</a> Marine and Petroleum Geology. 44 (3), 112-119 (2013).</li><li>Zhang, X. D., Sang, S. X., Qin, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isotherm+adsorption+of+coal+samples+with+different+grain+size.">Isotherm adsorption of coal samples with different grain size.</a> Journal of China University of Mining and Technology. 34, 427-432 (2005).</li><li>Wang, Z. X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+discussion+on+the+structural+deformation+and+oil/gas+traps+on+the+western+side+of+the+Xuefeng+Mountain.">A discussion on the structural deformation and oil/gas traps on the western side of the Xuefeng Mountain.</a> Geological Bulletin of China. 31 (11), 1812-1825 (2012).</li><li>Xu, Z. Y., Liang, X., Wang, X. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Controlling+factors+for+shale+gas+sweet+spots+distribution+in+the+Upper+Yangtze+region:+a+case+study+of+the+Upper+Ordovician+Wufeng+Fm-Lower+Silurian+Longmaxi+Fm,+Sichuan+Basin.">Controlling factors for shale gas sweet spots distribution in the Upper Yangtze region: a case study of the Upper Ordovician Wufeng Fm-Lower Silurian Longmaxi Fm, Sichuan Basin.</a> Natural Gas Industry. 36 (9), 35-43 (2016).</li><li>Chalmers, G. L., Bustin, R. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lower+cretaceous+gas+shales+in+northeastern+British+Columbia,+Part+I:+geological+controls+on+methane+sorption+capacity.">Lower cretaceous gas shales in northeastern British Columbia, Part I: geological controls on methane sorption capacity.</a> Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology. 56 (1), 1-21 (2008).</li><li>Tan, J. Q., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Shale+gas+potential+of+the+major+marine+shale+formations+in+the+Upper+Yangtze+Platform,+South+China,+Part+II:+methane+sorption+capacity.">Shale gas potential of the major marine shale formations in the Upper Yangtze Platform, South China, Part II: methane sorption capacity.</a> Fuel. 129 (4), 204-218 (2014).</li><li>Zhao, Y. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Study+of+impact+factors+on+shale+gas+adsorption+and+desorption.">Study of impact factors on shale gas adsorption and desorption.</a> Natural Gas Geoscience. 25 (6), 940-946 (2014).</li><li>Xue, H. Q., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Adsorption+capability+and+aperture+distribution+characteristics+of+shales:+taking+the+Longmaxi+Formation+shale+of+Sichuan+Basin+as+an+example.">Adsorption capability and aperture distribution characteristics of shales: taking the Longmaxi Formation shale of Sichuan Basin as an example.</a> Acta Petrolei Sinca. 34 (5), 826-832 (2013).</li><li>. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=U.S.+Shale+Gas:+An+Unconventional+Resource.+Unconventional+Challenges.">U.S. Shale Gas: An Unconventional Resource. Unconventional Challenges.</a> Halliburton Energy Services. , (2008).</li><li>Zhang, L. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Adsorption+capacity+and+controlling+factors+of+the+Lower+Silurian+Longmaxi+Shale+Play+in+southern+Sichuan+Basin.">Adsorption capacity and controlling factors of the Lower Silurian Longmaxi Shale Play in southern Sichuan Basin.</a> Natural Gas Industry. 34 (12), 63-69 (2014).</li><li>Gasparik, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Geological+controls+on+the+methane+storage+capacity+in+organic-rich+shales.">Geological controls on the methane storage capacity in organic-rich shales.</a> International Journal of Coal Geology. 123 (2), 34-51 (2014).</li><li>. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Technically+Recoverable+Shale+Oil+and+Shale+Gas+Resources:+An+Assessment+of+137+Shale+Formations+in+41+Countries+Outside+the+United+States.">Technically Recoverable Shale Oil and Shale Gas Resources: An Assessment of 137 Shale Formations in 41 Countries Outside the United States.</a> U.S. Energy Information Administration. , (2013).</li><li>Gao, H. Q., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isotherm+adsorption+characteristic+of+marine+and+continental+shale+and+its+controlling+factors.">Isotherm adsorption characteristic of marine and continental shale and its controlling factors.</a> Natural Gas Geoscience. 24 (6), 1290-1297 (2013).</li><li>Josh, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Laboratory+characterization+of+shale+properties.">Laboratory characterization of shale properties.</a> Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering. 88-89 (2), 107-124 (2012).</li><li>Li, W. G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+new+model+for+shale+adsorption+gas+amount+under+a+certain+geological+condition+of+temperature+and+pressure.">A new model for shale adsorption gas amount under a certain geological condition of temperature and pressure.</a> Natural Gas Geoscience. 23 (4), 791-796 (2012).</li><li>Robens, E., Keller, J. U., Massen, C. H., Staudt, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sources+of+error+in+sorption+and+density+measurements.">Sources of error in sorption and density measurements.</a> Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry. 55, 383-387 (1999).</li><li>Keller, J. U., Stuart, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Gas Adsorption Equilibria: Experimental Methods and Adsorptive Isotherms. , (2005).</li><li>Ji, W. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Geological+controls+and+estimation+algorithms+of+lacustrine+shale+gas+adsorption+capacity:+A+case+study+of+the+Triassic+strata+in+the+southeastern+Ordos+Basin,+China.">Geological controls and estimation algorithms of lacustrine shale gas adsorption capacity: A case study of the Triassic strata in the southeastern Ordos Basin, China.</a> International Journal of Coal Geology. 134-135 (1), 61-73 (2014).</li><li>Liang, M. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evolution+of+pore+structure+in+gas+shale+related+to+structural+deformation.">Evolution of pore structure in gas shale related to structural deformation.</a> Fuel. 197, 310-319 (2017).</li></ol>

作者没有什么可透露的。

本实验所用材料见材料表。在去除样品池之前, 必须确认样品池中的温度和压力在常压和常温下;否则, 就会有受伤的危险。如果温度过高, 等待温度下降, 然后 removethe 样品池。如果压力过高或过低, 则手动设置软件的气压, 并使用惰性气体13、14、15。在实验期间不要拆卸样品池。实验完成后, 仪器处于待机状态。耦?...

页岩是一种粘土岩, 具有薄层的床上用品结构, 可作为页岩气源岩和储层。页岩具有很强的各向异性, 由纳米和微米的孔隙组成, 笔石化石通常被公认为1、2、3。
页岩气是中国南方长江板块的商业开采。页岩气作为一种非常规气体系统, 既用作源岩, 又作为甲烷的储层, 通过生物和/或热量过程4、5, 从页岩中的有机质中获得。储层中的天然气储存有三种形式: 孔隙和裂缝中的自由气体、有机质或无机矿物表面的吸附气体、沥青和水中溶解气体6、7。以往的研究表明, 在页岩地层中, 吸附气体占总气体的 20-85%, 为6。因此, 研究页岩的吸附能力及其控制因素对页岩气资源的勘探开发具有重要意义。
页岩的甲烷吸附能力在温度、压力、湿度、成熟度、矿物组成、有机质和特定表面积1、4、5 等方面得到了广泛的认可. ,6,7;先前的研究证实了温度、压力、湿度和甲烷吸附等外部因素之间的更大和更清晰的相关性。
然而, 研究颗粒粒度和甲烷吸附等内在因素之间的相关性是有争议的。康和纪表明, 同一页岩样品的甲烷吸附量随粒径8、14的减小而增大, 而 Rupple 和张认为颗粒粒度与吸附的相关性有限。根据等温吸附曲线9,10,11。此外, 在无页岩气吸附评价协议标准的情况下, 中国的实验室通常采用煤吸附评价协议评价页岩气的吸附。为了阐明颗粒粒度与吸附的关系, 并研究了一个远景勘探区, 本文从上扬子板块的五菱凹陷厚海洋页岩矿床中获得了页岩样品。采用重量吸附分析仪进行等温吸附 experimentand 得到颗粒尺寸与吸附的关系。
容积和重量法是测定页岩等温吸附的主要方法。容积是容积法的关键参数, 易受温度和压力12、13、14的影响。由于误差分析的不确定性, 用容积法计算吸附量的直接测量中的累积传播导致测量结果中出现较大误差, 导致异常吸附等温线14 ,15。与容积法相比, 重量法要求的参数少, 误差较小: 由于质量守恒, 重力法的重量和质量不受温度和压力12的影响。它被认为是一种比较科学、准确的测量活性炭纤维吸附量的方法。
本实验采用重量吸附分析仪, 其最大试验压力为70兆帕 (700 巴), 温度为150摄氏度。旧仪器产生的温度和压力过低 toaccurately 模拟深部地下地层的温度和压力。使用吸附分析装置的关键是达到磁悬浮平衡, 精确称量样品材料, 精度为10µg。该装置采用循环油浴加热方式, 温度范围可长期控制在0.2 摄氏度以内。旧仪器的精确度很低, 因此误差将大于用较新仪器获得的精度。实验操作用该仪器提供的软件进行。操作系统将定期更新, 以确保分析接近实际的地下条件12。
在重量法中, 采用磁悬浮平衡 (MSB) 测试了在正常温度和压力下, 试样与设备之间没有直接接触的甲烷等温吸附。样品放置在测量池中, 通过非接触悬浮耦合机构12、13, 可以将试样的重量传递到平衡。在平衡, 有一个悬浮磁铁, 由特别设计的控制器控制, 允许自由悬浮在下面的永久磁铁。永磁体将位置传感器和样品容器与联轴器架连接起来。耦合框架的作用是将样品容器耦合或解耦至永磁悬浮杆14、15、16。
我们测量的样品是在贵州省道真仡佬族苗族自治县的长的最大形成的海洋相沉积的黑色富有有机质的页岩, 下志留纪。研究区位于五菱凹陷, 上扬子板块, 毗邻四川盆地西北和雪峰山构造带, 西南17。五菱凹陷是四川盆地与雪峰山构造带之间的构造转移和过渡带, 受浅层深海陆架沉积, 在早期志留系中, 海洋黑页岩被广泛开发;当时的凹陷是由印支运动、燕山运动和喜马拉雅运动等构造事件强烈叠加而成, 形成了多级褶皱、断层和不整合面18。五菱凹陷海相黑色页岩受复杂地质条件的影响, 形成页岩气储量。作为构造传递带, 凹陷是页岩气勘探的一个亮点, 其特点是变形较弱, 页岩气的生成和保存条件较好, 而19圈闭的自然裂缝匹配较好。
高压吸附测量是在一个标准化的程序的基础上进行的, 在等温吸附设备协议的指导下, 已在若干出版物10、11中全面阐述。,12,13,14,15,16. 等温吸附实验完成于中国地质科学院页岩油气研究与评价重点实验室。用磁悬浮平衡 (MSB) 进行的重量测量是在四步骤中进行的: 空白测量、预处理、浮力测量和吸附和解吸测量 (图 1,图 2)。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:1587px;" width="1586">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:412px;">XRF D8 DISCOVER X-Ray diffractometer</td>
			<td style="width:427px;">Brook,Germany</td>
			<td style="width:140px;">204458</td>
			<td style="width:608px;">For mineralogy X-ray diffraction</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">EBSD three element integration system with spectrum&#160;</td>
			<td>EDAX,USA</td>
			<td>Trident XM4</td>
			<td>For nanoscale imaging (SEM)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Mercury injection capillary pressure (MICP)</td>
			<td>USA micromeritics Instrument company</td>
			<td>AutoPore IV 9520</td>
			<td>For the immersion method to measure macropores(Porosity)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Nitrogen gas adsorption at low temperature</td>
			<td>USA micromeritics Instrument company</td>
			<td>ASAP2460/2020</td>
			<td>For the low pressure nitrogen gas adsorption to measure mesopores and micropores(BET)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Finnigan MAT-252 mass spectrometer</td>
			<td>ThermoFinnigan,USA</td>
			<td>TRQ/Y2008-004</td>
			<td>For C isotope</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">LECO CS-230 analyzer&#160;</td>
			<td>Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development</td>
			<td>617-100-800</td>
			<td>TOC apparatus</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">3Y-Leica MPV-SP photometer microphotometric system&#160;</td>
			<td>Leica,Germany</td>
			<td>M090063016</td>
			<td>Ro apparatus</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Magnetic Suspension Balance Isothermal adsorption analyzer</td>
			<td>Rubotherm,Germany</td>
			<td>2015-1974CHN</td>
			<td>For methane adsorption tests</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Sieve(20/40/60/80/100/120mesh)</td>
			<td>Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Beijing Co.Ltd</td>
			<td>200*50GB6003.102012</td>
			<td>Used to screen samples</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Absorbent cotton, hammer, tweezers and acetaldehyde</td>
			<td>Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Beijing Co.Ltd</td>
			<td>standard</td>
			<td>Used to clean materials</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Residual gas tight grinder</td>
			<td>Nantong Huaxing Petroleum Instrument Co., Ltd</td>
			<td>TY2013000237</td>
			<td>Sample smasher</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

experimental study of the relationship between particle size and methane sorption capacity in shale

页岩气的吸附量是页岩油气资源评价和靶区选择的关键参数, 也是评价页岩气开采价值的重要标准。目前, 关于颗粒粒度与甲烷吸附的相关性研究具有争议性。本研究采用等温吸附仪 (重量吸附分析仪) 对页岩中不同粒径的吸附能力进行测定, 以确定页岩的粒度与吸附能力之间的关系。Thegravimetric 方法需要较少的参数, 并且在精度和一致性方面比体积法等方法产生更好的结果。重量测量执行四步: 空白测量, 预处理, 浮力测量, 吸附和解吸测量。重力测量被认为是一种比较科学、准确的测定吸附量的方法;然而, 这是耗时的, 需要一个严格的测量技术。磁悬浮平衡 (MSB) 是验证该方法的准确性和一致性的关键。结果表明, 吸附能力和粒度是相关的, 但不是线性相关的, 而被筛入 40-60 和 60-80 网格的粒子中的吸附往往较大。我们建议, 在页岩气压裂中, 与颗粒尺寸相对应的最大吸附量约为250µm (60 目)。

<img alt="Figure 1" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/57705/57705fig1.jpg"> 图 1: 在高温和高压下对重力气体的吸附实验设置.该图显示了等温吸附实验的设置: (a) 液浴用油浴加热装置;(b) 电加热的电热装置;(c) 磁悬浮平衡-重量吸附分析仪 (图 2);(d) 操作系统 (主机和显示器);和 (<...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Experimental Study of the Relationship Between Particle Size and Methane Sorption Capacity in Shale at JoVE.com

Experimental Study of the Relationship Between Particle Size and Methane Sorption Capacity in Shale

页岩中粒径与甲烷吸附能力关系的实验研究

采用等温吸附装置, 重量吸附分析仪, 对不同粒径的页岩的吸附能力进行了测试, 找出了泥页岩的粒度与吸附能力之间的关系。

The amount of adsorbed shale gas is a key parameter used in shale gas resource evaluation and target area selection, and it is also an important standard ...

experimental-study-relationship-between-particle-size-methane

Research

JoVE Journal

Environment

7.5K 次观看.  Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences. 采用等温吸附装置, 重量吸附分析仪, 对不同粒径的页岩的吸附能力进行了测试, 找出了泥页岩的粒度与吸附能力之间的关系。

视频: Experimental Study of the Relationship Between Particle Size and Methane Sorption Capacity in Shale

The Use of an Automated System (GreenFeed) to Monitor Enteric Methane and Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Ruminant Animals

Ruminant animals (domesticated or wild) emit methane (CH4) through enteric fermentation in their digestive tract and from decomposition of manure during storage. These processes are the major sources of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from animal production systems. Techniques for measuring enteric CH4 vary from direct measurements (respiration chambers, which are highly accurate, but with limited applicability) to various indirect methods (sniffers, laser technology, which are practical, but with variable accuracy). The sulfur hexafluoride (SF6)&#160;tracer gas method is commonly used to measure enteric CH4 production by animal scientists and more recently, application of an Automated Head-Chamber System (AHCS) (GreenFeed, C-Lock, Inc., Rapid City, SD), which is the focus of this experiment, has been growing. AHCS is an automated system to monitor CH4 and carbon dioxide (CO2) mass fluxes from the breath of ruminant animals. In a typical AHCS operation, small quantities of baiting feed are dispensed to individual animals to lure them to AHCS multiple times daily. As the animal visits AHCS, a fan system pulls air past the animal&#8217;s muzzle into an intake manifold, and through an air collection pipe where continuous airflow rates are measured. A sub-sample of air is pumped out of the pipe into non-dispersive infra-red sensors for continuous measurement of CH4 and CO2 concentrations. Field comparisons of AHCS to respiration chambers or SF6 have demonstrated that AHCS produces repeatable and accurate CH4 emission results, provided that animal visits to AHCS are sufficient so emission estimates are representative of the diurnal rhythm of rumen gas production. Here, we demonstrate the use of AHCS to measure CO2 and CH4 fluxes from dairy cows given a control diet or a diet supplemented with technical-grade cashew nut shell liquid.

The Use of an Automated System GreenFeed to Monitor Enteric Methane and Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Ruminant Animals

Accuracy and precision of the techniques used to measure methane emissions from ruminant animals are critically important for the success of greenhouse gas mitigation efforts. This manuscript describes the principles and operation of an automated system to monitor methane and carbon dioxide mass fluxes from the breath of ruminant animals.

自动系统（绿色饲料）的用于监视肠道的甲烷和二氧化碳从反刍动物排放

Ruminant animals (domesticated or wild) emit methane (CH4) through enteric fermentation in their digestive tract and from decomposition of manure during ...

科研

环境科学

Protocol for Measuring the Thermal Properties of a Supercooled Synthetic Sand-water-gas-methane Hydrate Sample

Methane hydrates (MHs) are present in large amounts in the ocean floor and permafrost regions. Methane and hydrogen hydrates are being studied as future energy resources and energy storage media. To develop a method for gas production from natural MH-bearing sediments and hydrate-based technologies, it is imperative to understand the thermal properties of gas hydrates.
The thermal properties' measurements of samples comprising sand, water, methane, and MH are difficult because the melting heat of MH may affect the measurements. To solve this problem, we performed thermal properties' measurements at supercooled conditions during MH formation. The measurement protocol, calculation method of the saturation change, and tips for thermal constants' analysis of the sample using transient plane source techniques are described here.
The effect of the formation heat of MH on measurement is very small because the gas hydrate formation rate is very slow. This measurement method can be applied to the thermal properties of the gas hydrate-water-guest gas system, which contains hydrogen, CO2, and ozone hydrates, because the characteristic low formation rate of gas hydrate is not unique to MH. The key point of this method is the low rate of phase transition of the target material. Hence, this method may be applied to other materials having low phase-transition rates.

We present a protocol for measuring the thermal properties of synthetic hydrate-bearing sediment samples comprising sand, water, methane, and methane hydrate.

协议测量过冷的合成砂水 - 气 - 甲烷水合物样品的热性能

Methane hydrates (MHs) are present in large amounts in the ocean floor and permafrost regions. Methane and hydrogen hydrates are being studied as future ...

Image-based Lagrangian Particle Tracking in Bed-load Experiments

Image analysis has been increasingly used for the measurement of river flows due to its capabilities to furnish detailed quantitative depictions at a relatively low cost. This manuscript describes an application of particle tracking velocimetry (PTV) to a bed-load experiment with lightweight sediment. The key characteristics of the investigated sediment transport conditions were the presence of a covered flow and of a fixed rough bed above which particles were released in limited number at the flume inlet. Under the applied flow conditions, the motion of the individual bed-load particles was intermittent, with alternating movement and stillness terms. The flow pattern was preliminarily characterized by acoustic measurements of vertical profiles of the stream-wise velocity. During process visualization, a large field of view was obtained using two action-cameras placed at different locations along the flume. The experimental protocol is described in terms of channel calibration, experiment realization, image pre-processing, automatic particle tracking, and post-processing of particle track data from the two cameras. The presented proof-of-concept results include probability distributions of the particle hop length and duration. The achievements of this work are compared to those of existing literature to demonstrate the validity of the protocol.

The manuscript presents a protocol for the conduction of bed-load sediment transport experiments where the moving particles are tracked by image analysis. The experimental facility, the procedures for run realization and data processing, and finally some proof-of-concept results are presented here.

基于图像的拉格朗日粒子跟踪在床载荷实验

Image analysis has been increasingly used for the measurement of river flows due to its capabilities to furnish detailed quantitative depictions at a ...

Preparation of Authigenic Pyrite from Methane-bearing Sediments for In Situ Sulfur Isotope Analysis Using SIMS

Different sulfur isotope compositions of authigenic pyrite typically result from the sulfate-driven anaerobic oxidation of methane (SO4-AOM) and organiclastic sulfate reduction (OSR) in marine sediments. However, unravelling the complex pyritization sequence is a challenge because of the coexistence of different sequentially formed pyrite phases. This manuscript describes a sample preparation procedure that enables the use of secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS) to obtain in situ &#948;34S values of various pyrite generations. This allows researchers to constrain how SO4-AOM affects pyritization in methane-bearing sediments. SIMS analysis revealed an extreme range in &#948;34S values, spanning from -41.6 to +114.8&#8240;, which is much wider than the range of &#948;34S values obtained by the traditional bulk sulfur isotope analysis of the same samples. Pyrite in the shallow sediment mainly consists of 34S-depleted framboids, suggesting early diagenetic formation by OSR. Deeper in the sediment, more pyrite occurs as overgrowths and euhedral crystals, which display much higher SIMS &#948;34S values than the framboids. Such 34S-enriched pyrite is related to enhanced SO4-AOM at the sulfate-methane transition zone, postdating OSR. High-resolution in situ SIMS sulfur isotope analyses allow for the reconstruction of the pyritization processes, which cannot be resolved by bulk sulfur isotope analysis.

Preparation of Authigenic Pyrite from Methane-bearing Sediments for In Situ Sulfur Isotope Analysis Using SIMS

Analyses of the sulfur isotopic composition (&#948;34S) of pyrite from methane-bearing sediments have typically focused on bulk samples. Here, we applied secondary ion mass spectroscopy to analyze the &#948;34S values of various pyrite generations to understand the diagenetic history of pyritization.

原位含甲烷沉积物中自黄铁矿的制备及应用模拟器硫同位素分析

Different sulfur isotope compositions of authigenic pyrite typically result from the sulfate-driven anaerobic oxidation of methane (SO4-AOM) and ...

Experimental Column Setup for Studying Anaerobic Biogeochemical Interactions Between Iron (Oxy)Hydroxides, Trace Elements, and Bacteria

Fate and speciation of trace elements (TEs), such as arsenic (As) and mercury (Hg), in aquifers are closely related to physio-chemical conditions, such as redox potential (Eh) and pH, but also to microbial activities that can play a direct or indirect role on speciation and/or mobility. Indeed, some bacteria can directly oxidize As(III) to As(V) or reduce As(V) to As(III). Likewise, bacteria are strongly involved in Hg cycling, either through its methylation, forming the neurotoxin monomethyl mercury, or through its reduction to elemental Hg&#176;. The fates of both As and Hg are also strongly linked to soil or aquifer composition; indeed, As and Hg can bind to organic compounds or (oxy)hydroxides, which will influence their mobility. In turn, bacterial activities such as iron (oxy)hydroxide reduction or organic matter mineralization can indirectly influence As and Hg sequestration. The presence of sulfate/sulfide can also strongly impact these particular elements through the formation of complexes such as thio-arsenates with As or metacinnabar with Hg.
Consequently, many important questions have been raised on the fate and speciation of As and Hg in the environment and how to limit their toxicity. However, due to their reactivity towards aquifer components, it is difficult to clearly dissociate the biogeochemical processes that occur and their different impacts on the fate of these TE.
To do so, we developed an original, experimental, column setup that mimics an aquifer with As- or Hg-iron-oxide rich areas versus iron depleted areas, enabling a better understanding of TE biogeochemistry in anoxic conditions. The following protocol gives step by step instructions for the column set-up either for As or Hg, as well as an example with As under iron and sulfate reducing conditions.

Experimental Column Setup for Studying Anaerobic Biogeochemical Interactions Between Iron OxyHydroxides, Trace Elements, and Bacteria

Fate and speciation of arsenic and mercury in aquifers are closely related to physio-chemical conditions and microbial activity. Here, we present an original experimental column setup that mimics an aquifer and enables a better understanding of trace element biogeochemistry in anoxic conditions. Two examples are presented, combining geochemical and microbiological approaches.

用于研究铁 (氧) 氢氧化物、微量元素和细菌之间厌氧生物地球化学相互作用的实验柱装置

Fate and speciation of trace elements (TEs), such as arsenic (As) and mercury (Hg), in aquifers are closely related to physio-chemical conditions, such as ...

The Plant Infection Test: Spray and Wound-Mediated Inoculation with the Plant Pathogen Magnaporthe Grisea

Plants possess a powerful system to defend themselves against potential threats by pathogenic fungi. For agriculturally important plants, however, current measures to combat such pathogens have proved too conservative and, thus, not sufficiently effective, and they can potentially pose environmental risks. Therefore, it is extremely necessary to identify host-resistance factors to assist in controlling plant diseases naturally through the identification of resistant germplasm, the isolation and characterization of resistance genes, and the molecular breeding of resistant cultivars. In this regard, there is need to establish an accurate, rapid, and large-scale inoculation method to breed and develop plant resistance genes. The rice blast fungal pathogen Magnaporthe grisea causes severe disease symptoms and yield losses. Recently, M. grisea has emerged as a model organism for studying the mechanisms of plant-fungal pathogen interactions. Hence, we report the development of a plant virulence test method that is specific for M. grisea. This method provides for both spray inoculation with a conidial suspension and wounding inoculation with mycelium cubes or droplets of conidial suspension. The key step of the wounding inoculation method for detached rice leaves is to make wounds on plant leaves, which avoids any interference caused by host penetration resistance. This spray/wounding protocol contributes to the rapid, accurate, and large-scale screening of the pathotypes of M. grisea isolates. This integrated and systematic plant infection method will serve as an excellent starting point for gaining a broad perspective of issues in plant pathology.

The Plant Infection Test: Spray and Wound-Mediated Inoculation with the Plant Pathogen Magnaporthe Grisea

Here, we present a protocol to test plant virulence with the plant pathogen Magnaporthe grisea. This report will contribute to the large-scale screening of the pathotypes of fungi isolates and serve as an excellent starting point for understanding the resistant mechanisms of plants during molecular breeding.

植物感染试验: 以植物病原菌为载体的喷雾和伤口介导接种

Plants possess a powerful system to defend themselves against potential threats by pathogenic fungi. For agriculturally important plants, however, current ...

Generating Homo- and Heterografts Between Watermelon and Bottle Gourd for the Study of Cold-responsive MicroRNAs

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous small non-coding RNAs of about 20 - 24 nt, known to play important roles in plant development and adaptation. There is an accumulating evidence showing that the expressions of certain miRNAs are altered when grafting, an agricultural practice commonly used by farmers to improve crop tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses. Bottle gourd is an inherently climate-resilient crop compared to many other major cucurbits, including watermelon, rendering it one of the most widely used rootstocks for the latter. The recent advancement of high-throughput sequencing technologies has provided great opportunities to investigate cold-responsive miRNAs and their contributions to heterograft advantages; yet, adequate experimental procedures are a prerequisite for this purpose. Here, we present a detailed protocol for efficiently generating homo- and heterografts between the cold-susceptible watermelon and the cold-tolerant bottle gourd, in addition to methods of tissue sampling, data generation, and data analysis. The presented methods are also useful for other plant-grafting systems, to interrogate miRNA regulations under various environmental stresses, such as heat, drought, and salinity.

Here we present a detailed protocol for efficiently making homo- and heterografts between watermelon and bottle gourd, in addition to methods of tissue sampling, data generation, and data analysis, for the investigation of cold-responsive microRNAs.

西瓜与瓶装葫芦之间的同源和异种移植在冷反应微 rna 研究中的应用

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous small non-coding RNAs of about 20 - 24 nt, known to play important roles in plant development and adaptation. There is ...

Composition and Distribution Analysis of Bioaerosols Under Different Environmental Conditions

Variable microorganisms in particulate matter (PM) under different environmental conditions may have significant impacts on human health. In this study, we described a protocol for multiple analyses of the biological compositions in environmental PM. Five experiments are presented: (1) PM number monitoring by using a laser particle counter; (2) PM collection by using a cyclonic aerosol sampler; (3) PM collection by using a high-volume air sampler with filters; (4) culturable microbes collection by the Andersen six-stage sampler; and (5) detection of biological composition of environmental PM by bacterial 16SrDNA and fungal ITS region sequencing. We selected hazy days and a livestock farm as two typical examples of the application in this protocol. In this study, these two sampling methods, cyclonic aerosol sampler and filter sampler, showed different sampling efficiency. The cyclonic aerosol sampler performed much better in terms of collecting bacteria, while these two methods showed the same efficiency in collecting fungi. Filter samplers can work under low temperature conditions while cyclonic aerosol samplers have a sampling limitation for temperature. A solid impacting sampler, such as an Andersen six-stage sampler, can be used to sample bioaerosols directly into the culture medium, which increases the survival rate of culturable microorganisms. However, this method mainly relies on culture while more than 99% of microbes cannot be cultured. DNA extracted from the culturable bacteria collected by the Andersen six-stage sampler and samples collected by cyclonic aerosol sampler and filter sampler were detected by bacterial 16S rDNA and fungal ITS region sequencing.All the methods above may have wide application in many fields of study, such as environmental monitoring and airborne pathogen detection. From these results, we can conclude that these methods can be used under different conditions and may help other researchers further explore the health impacts of environmental bioaerosols.

Understanding the biological composition of environmental particulate matter is important for the study of its significant impacts on human health and disease spread. Here, we used three types of bioaerosol sampling methods and a biological analysis of airborne microbes to better explore airborne microbial communities under different environmental conditions.

不同环境条件下生物气溶胶的组成及分布分析

Variable microorganisms in particulate matter (PM) under different environmental conditions may have significant impacts on human health. In this study, ...

Measuring the Shape and Size of Activated Sludge Particles Immobilized in Agar with an Open Source Software Pipeline

Experimental bioreactors, such as those treating wastewater, contain particles whose size and shape are important parameters. For example, the size and shape of activated sludge flocs can indicate the conditions at the microscale, and also directly affect how well the sludge settles in a clarifier.
Particle size and shape are both misleadingly &#39;simple&#39; measurements. Many subtle issues, often unaddressed in informal protocols, can arise when sampling, imaging, and analyzing particles. Sampling methods may be biased or not provide enough statistical power. The samples themselves may be poorly preserved or undergo alteration during immobilization. Images may not be of sufficient quality; overlapping particles, depth of field, magnification level, and various noise can all produce poor results. Poorly specified analysis can introduce bias, such as that produced by manual image thresholding and segmentation.
Affordability and throughput are desirable alongside reproducibility. An affordable, high throughput method can enable more frequent particle measurement, producing many images containing thousands of particles. A method that uses inexpensive reagents, a common dissecting microscope, and freely-available open source analysis software allows repeatable, accessible, reproducible, and partially-automated experimental results. Further, the product of such a method can be well-formatted, well-defined, and easily understood by data analysis software, easing both within-lab analyses and data sharing between labs.
We present a protocol that details the steps needed to produce such a product, including: sampling, sample preparation and immobilization in agar, digital image acquisition, digital image analysis, and examples of experiment-specific figure generation from the analysis results. We have also included an open-source data analysis pipeline to support this protocol.

The size and shape of particles in activated sludge are important parameters that are measured using varying methods. Inaccuracies arise from non-representative sampling, suboptimal images, and subjective analysis parameters. To minimize these errors and ease measurement, we present a protocol specifying every step, including an open source software pipeline.

利用开源软件管道测量琼脂中固定活性污泥颗粒的形状和大小

Experimental bioreactors, such as those treating wastewater, contain particles whose size and shape are important parameters. For example, the size and ...

Modeling the Size Spectrum for Macroinvertebrates and Fishes in Stream Ecosystems

The size spectrum is an inverse, allometric scaling relationship between average body mass (M) and the density (D) of individuals within an ecological community or food web. Importantly, the size spectrum assumes that individual size, rather than species&#8217; behavioral or life history characteristics, is the primary determinant of abundance within an ecosystem. Thus, unlike traditional allometric relationships that focus on species-level data (e.g., mean species&#8217; body size vs. population density), size spectra analyses are &#8216;ataxic&#8217; &#8211; individual specimens are identified only by their size, without consideration of taxonomic identity. Size spectra models are efficient representations of traditional, complex food webs and can be used in descriptive as well as predictive contexts (e.g., predicting responses of large consumers to changes in basal resources). Empirical studies from diverse aquatic ecosystems have also reported moderate to high levels of similarity in size spectra slopes, suggesting that common processes may regulate the abundances of small and large organisms in very different settings. This is a protocol to model the community-level size spectrum in wadable streams. The protocol consists of three main steps. First, collect quantitative benthic fish and invertebrate samples that can be used to estimate local densities. Second, standardize the fish and invertebrate data by converting all individuals to ataxic units (i.e., individuals identified by size, irrespective of taxonomic identity), and summing individuals within log2 size bins. Third, use linear regression to model the relationship between ataxic M and D estimates. Detailed instructions are provided herein to complete each of these steps, including custom software to facilitate D estimation and size spectra modeling.

This is a protocol to model the size spectrum (scaling relationship between individual mass and population density) for combined fish and invertebrate data from wadable streams and rivers. Methods include: field techniques to collect quantitative fish and invertebrate samples; lab methods to standardize the field data; and statistical data analysis.

对河流生态系统中巨脊椎动物和鱼类的大小谱进行建模

The size spectrum is an inverse, allometric scaling relationship between average body mass (M) and the density (D) of individuals within an ecological ...