我们非常感谢 h. Mchaourab 博士提供了获得 EPR 和鹿分光仪和 t 鲍姆博士的机会, 以提供全长半胱氨酸--较少的 TRPV1 质粒。

<ol><li>Liao, M., Cao, E., Julius, D., Cheng, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Structure+of+the+TRPV1+ion+channel+determined+by+electron+cryo-microscopy%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Nature%22%5BJournal%5D)">Structure of the TRPV1 ion channel determined by electron cryo-microscopy.</a> Nature. 504, 107-112 (2013).</li>
<li>Cao, E., Liao, M., Cheng, Y., Julius, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((TRPV1+structures+in+distinct+conformations+reveal+activation+mechanisms%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Nature%22%5BJournal%5D)">TRPV1 structures in distinct conformations reveal activation mechanisms.</a> Nature. 504, 113-118 (2013).</li>
<li>Gao, Y., Cao, E., Julius, D., Cheng, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((TRPV1+structures+in+nanodiscs+reveal+mechanisms+of+ligand+and+lipid+action%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Nature%22%5BJournal%5D)">TRPV1 structures in nanodiscs reveal mechanisms of ligand and lipid action.</a> Nature. , (2016).</li>
<li>Yang, F., Xiao, X., Cheng, W., Yang, W., Yu, P., Song, Z., Yarov-Yarovoy, V., Zheng, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Structural+mechanism+underlying+capsaicin+binding+and+activation+of+the+TRPV1+ion+channel%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Nat+Chem+Biol%22%5BJournal%5D)">Structural mechanism underlying capsaicin binding and activation of the TRPV1 ion channel.</a> Nat Chem Biol. 11, 518-524 (2015).</li>
<li>Bae, C., Anselmi, C., Kalia, J., Jara-Oseguera, A., Schwieters, C. D., Krepkiy, D., Won Lee, C., Kim, E. H., Kim, J. I., Faraldo-Gomez, J. D., Swartz, K. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Structural+insights+into+the+mechanism+of+activation+of+the+TRPV1+channel+by+a+membrane-bound+tarantula+toxin%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Elife%22%5BJournal%5D)">Structural insights into the mechanism of activation of the TRPV1 channel by a membrane-bound tarantula toxin.</a> Elife. 5, (2016).</li>
<li>Cuello, L. G., Cortes, D. M., Perozo, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Molecular+architecture+of+the+KvAP+voltage-dependent+K%2B+channel+in+a+lipid+bilayer%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Science%22%5BJournal%5D)">Molecular architecture of the KvAP voltage-dependent K+ channel in a lipid bilayer.</a> Science. 306, 491-495 (2004).</li>
<li>Cordero-Morales, J. F., Jogini, V., Lewis, A., Vasquez, V., Cortes, D. M., Roux, B., Perozo, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Molecular+driving+forces+determining+potassium+channel+slow+inactivation%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Nat+Struct+Mol+Biol%22%5BJournal%5D)">Molecular driving forces determining potassium channel slow inactivation.</a> Nat Struct Mol Biol. 14, 1062-1069 (2007).</li>
<li>Cordero-Morales, J. F., Cuello, L. G., Zhao, Y., Jogini, V., Cortes, D. M., Roux, B., Perozo, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Molecular+determinants+of+gating+at+the+potassium-channel+selectivity+filter%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Nat+Struct+Mol+Biol%22%5BJournal%5D)">Molecular determinants of gating at the potassium-channel selectivity filter.</a> Nat Struct Mol Biol. 13, 311-318 (2006).</li>
<li>Basak, S., Schmandt, N., Gicheru, Y., Chakrapani, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Crystal+structure+and+dynamics+of+a+lipid-induced+potential+desensitized-state+of+a+pentameric+ligand-gated+channel%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Elife%22%5BJournal%5D)">Crystal structure and dynamics of a lipid-induced potential desensitized-state of a pentameric ligand-gated channel.</a> Elife. 6, (2017).</li>
<li>Vasquez, V., Sotomayor, M., Cordero-Morales, J., Schulten, K., Perozo, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((A+structural+mechanism+for+MscS+gating+in+lipid+bilayers%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Science%22%5BJournal%5D)">A structural mechanism for MscS gating in lipid bilayers.</a> Science. 321, 1210-1214 (2008).</li>
<li>Perozo, E., Kloda, A., Cortes, D. M., Martinac, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Physical+principles+underlying+the+transduction+of+bilayer+deformation+forces+during+mechanosensitive+channel+gating%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Nat+Struct+Biol%22%5BJournal%5D)">Physical principles underlying the transduction of bilayer deformation forces during mechanosensitive channel gating.</a> Nat Struct Biol. 9, 696-703 (2002).</li>
<li>Perozo, E., Cortes, D. M., Sompornpisut, P., Kloda, A., Martinac, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Open+channel+structure+of+MscL+and+the+gating+mechanism+of+mechanosensitive+channels%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Nature%22%5BJournal%5D)">Open channel structure of MscL and the gating mechanism of mechanosensitive channels.</a> Nature. 418, 942-948 (2002).</li>
<li>Perozo, E., Cortes, D. M., Cuello, L. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Structural+rearrangements+underlying+K%2B-channel+activation+gating%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Science%22%5BJournal%5D)">Structural rearrangements underlying K+-channel activation gating.</a> Science. 285, 73-78 (1999).</li>
<li>Goehring, A., Lee, C. H., Wang, K. H., Michel, J. C., Claxton, D. P., Baconguis, I., Althoff, T., Fischer, S., Garcia, K. C., Gouaux, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Screening+and+large-scale+expression+of+membrane+proteins+in+mammalian+cells+for+structural+studies%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Nat+Protoc%22%5BJournal%5D)">Screening and large-scale expression of membrane proteins in mammalian cells for structural studies.</a> Nat Protoc. 9, 2574-2585 (2014).</li>
<li>Hattori, M., Hibbs, R. E., Gouaux, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((A+fluorescence-detection+size-exclusion+chromatography-based+thermostability+assay+for+membrane+protein+precrystallization+screening%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Structure%22%5BJournal%5D)">A fluorescence-detection size-exclusion chromatography-based thermostability assay for membrane protein precrystallization screening.</a> Structure. 20, 1293-1299 (2012).</li>
<li>Gonzales, E. B., Kawate, T., Gouaux, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Pore+architecture+and+ion+sites+in+acid-sensing+ion+channels+and+P2X+receptors%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Nature%22%5BJournal%5D)">Pore architecture and ion sites in acid-sensing ion channels and P2X receptors.</a> Nature. 460, 599-604 (2009).</li>
<li>McHaourab, H. S., Lietzow, M. A., Hideg, K., Hubbell, W. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Motion+of+spin-labeled+side+chains+in+T4+lysozyme.+Correlation+with+protein+structure+and+dynamics%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Biochemistry%22%5BJournal%5D)">Motion of spin-labeled side chains in T4 lysozyme. Correlation with protein structure and dynamics.</a> Biochemistry. 35, 7692-7704 (1996).</li>
<li>Columbus, L., Kalai, T., Jeko, J., Hideg, K., Hubbell, W. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Molecular+motion+of+spin+labeled+side+chains+in+alpha-helices%3A+analysis+by+variation+of+side+chain+structure%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Biochemistry%22%5BJournal%5D)">Molecular motion of spin labeled side chains in alpha-helices: analysis by variation of side chain structure.</a> Biochemistry. 40, 3828-3846 (2001).</li>
<li>Zou, P., McHaourab, H. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Increased+sensitivity+and+extended+range+of+distance+measurements+in+spin-labeled+membrane+proteins%3A+Q-band+double+electron-electron+resonance+and+nanoscale+bilayers%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Biophys+J%22%5BJournal%5D)">Increased sensitivity and extended range of distance measurements in spin-labeled membrane proteins: Q-band double electron-electron resonance and nanoscale bilayers.</a> Biophys J. 98, L18-L20 (2010).</li>
<li>Vasquez, V., Sotomayor, M., Cortes, D. M., Roux, B., Schulten, K., Perozo, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Three-dimensional+architecture+of+membrane-embedded+MscS+in+the+closed+conformation%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22J+Mol+Biol%22%5BJournal%5D)">Three-dimensional architecture of membrane-embedded MscS in the closed conformation.</a> J Mol Biol. 378, 55-70 (2008).</li>
<li>Autzen, H. E., Myasnikov, A. G., Campbell, M. G., Asarnow, D., Julius, D., Cheng, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Structure+of+the+human+TRPM4+ion+channel+in+a+lipid+nanodisc%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Science%22%5BJournal%5D)">Structure of the human TRPM4 ion channel in a lipid nanodisc.</a> Science. 359, 228-232 (2018).</li>
<li>Efremov, R. G., Gatsogiannis, C., Raunser, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Lipid+Nanodiscs+as+a+Tool+for+High-Resolution+Structure+Determination+of+Membrane+Proteins+by+Single-Particle+Cryo-EM%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Methods+Enzymol%22%5BJournal%5D)">Lipid Nanodiscs as a Tool for High-Resolution Structure Determination of Membrane Proteins by Single-Particle Cryo-EM.</a> Methods Enzymol. 594, 1-30 (2017).</li>
<li>Guo, J., She, J., Zeng, W., Chen, Q., Bai, X. C., Jiang, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Structures+of+the+calcium-activated%2C+non-selective+cation+channel+TRPM4%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Nature%22%5BJournal%5D)">Structures of the calcium-activated, non-selective cation channel TRPM4.</a> Nature. 552, 205-209 (2017).</li>
<li>McGoldrick, L. L., Singh, A. K., Saotome, K., Yelshanskaya, M. V., Twomey, E. C., Grassucci, R. A., Sobolevsky, A. I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Opening+of+the+human+epithelial+calcium+channel+TRPV6%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Nature%22%5BJournal%5D)">Opening of the human epithelial calcium channel TRPV6.</a> Nature. 553, 233-237 (2018).</li>
<li>Dang, S., Feng, S., Tien, J., Peters, C. J., Bulkley, D., Lolicato, M., Zhao, J., Zuberbuhler, K., Ye, W., Qi, L., Chen, T., Craik, C. S., Nung Jan, Y., Minor, D. L. Jr, Cheng, Y., Yeh Jan, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Cryo-EM+structures+of+the+TMEM16A+calcium-activated+chloride+channel%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Nature%22%5BJournal%5D)">Cryo-EM structures of the TMEM16A calcium-activated chloride channel.</a> Nature. , (2017).</li>
<li>Velisetty, P., Stein, R. A., Sierra-Valdez, F. J., Vasquez, V., Cordero-Morales, J. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Expression+and+Purification+of+the+Pain+Receptor+TRPV1+for+Spectroscopic+Analysis%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Sci+Rep%22%5BJournal%5D)">Expression and Purification of the Pain Receptor TRPV1 for Spectroscopic Analysis.</a> Sci Rep. 7, 9861(2017).</li>
<li>Salazar, H., Llorente, I., Jara-Oseguera, A., Garcia-Villegas, R., Munari, M., Gordon, S. E., Islas, L. D., Rosenbaum, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((A+single+N-terminal+cysteine+in+TRPV1+determines+activation+by+pungent+compounds+from+onion+and+garlic%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Nat+Neurosci%22%5BJournal%5D)">A single N-terminal cysteine in TRPV1 determines activation by pungent compounds from onion and garlic.</a> Nat Neurosci. 11, 255-261 (2008).</li>
<li>Cao, E., Cordero-Morales, J. F., Liu, B., Qin, F., Julius, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((TRPV1+channels+are+intrinsically+heat+sensitive+and+negatively+regulated+by+phosphoinositide+lipids%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Neuron%22%5BJournal%5D)">TRPV1 channels are intrinsically heat sensitive and negatively regulated by phosphoinositide lipids.</a> Neuron. 77, 667-679 (2013).</li>
<li>Braman, J., Papworth, C., Greener, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Site-directed+mutagenesis+using+double-stranded+plasmid+DNA+templates%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Methods+Mol+Biol%22%5BJournal%5D)">Site-directed mutagenesis using double-stranded plasmid DNA templates.</a> Methods Mol Biol. 57, 31-44 (1996).</li>
<li>Gracheva, E. O., Cordero-Morales, J. F., Gonzalez-Carcacia, J. A., Ingolia, N. T., Manno, C., Aranguren, C. I., Weissman, J. S., Julius, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Ganglion-specific+splicing+of+TRPV1+underlies+infrared+sensation+in+vampire+bats%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Nature%22%5BJournal%5D)">Ganglion-specific splicing of TRPV1 underlies infrared sensation in vampire bats.</a> Nature. 476, 88-91 (2011).</li>
<li>Guan, B., Chen, X., Zhang, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Two-electrode+voltage+clamp%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Methods+Mol+Biol%22%5BJournal%5D)">Two-electrode voltage clamp.</a> Methods Mol Biol. 998, 79-89 (2013).</li>
<li>Jarecki, B. W., Makino, S., Beebe, E. T., Fox, B. G., Chanda, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Function+of+Shaker+potassium+channels+produced+by+cell-free+translation+upon+injection+into+Xenopus+oocytes%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Sci+Rep%22%5BJournal%5D)">Function of Shaker potassium channels produced by cell-free translation upon injection into Xenopus oocytes.</a> Sci Rep. 3, 1040(2013).</li>
<li>Jeschke, G., Polyhach, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Distance+measurements+on+spin-labelled+biomacromolecules+by+pulsed+electron+paramagnetic+resonance%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Phys+Chem+Chem+Phys%22%5BJournal%5D)">Distance measurements on spin-labelled biomacromolecules by pulsed electron paramagnetic resonance.</a> Phys Chem Chem Phys. 9, 1895-1910 (2007).</li>
<li>Pannier, M., Veit, S., Godt, A., Jeschke, G., Spiess, H. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Dead-time+free+measurement+of+dipole-dipole+interactions+between+electron+spins%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22J+Magn+Reson%22%5BJournal%5D)">Dead-time free measurement of dipole-dipole interactions between electron spins.</a> J Magn Reson. 142, 331-340 (2000).</li>
<li>Mishra, S., Verhalen, B., Stein, R. A., Wen, P. C., Tajkhorshid, E., McHaourab, H. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Conformational+dynamics+of+the+nucleotide+binding+domains+and+the+power+stroke+of+a+heterodimeric+ABC+transporter%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Elife%22%5BJournal%5D)">Conformational dynamics of the nucleotide binding domains and the power stroke of a heterodimeric ABC transporter.</a> Elife. 3, e02740(2014).</li>
<li>Farahbakhsh, Z. T., Altenbach, C., Hubbell, W. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Spin+labeled+cysteines+as+sensors+for+protein-lipid+interaction+and+conformation+in+rhodopsin%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Photochem+Photobiol%22%5BJournal%5D)">Spin labeled cysteines as sensors for protein-lipid interaction and conformation in rhodopsin.</a> Photochem Photobiol. 56, 1019-1033 (1992).</li>
<li>Caterina, M. J., Schumacher, M. A., Tominaga, M., Rosen, T. A., Levine, J. D., Julius, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((The+capsaicin+receptor%3A+a+heat-activated+ion+channel+in+the+pain+pathway%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Nature%22%5BJournal%5D)">The capsaicin receptor: a heat-activated ion channel in the pain pathway.</a> Nature. 389, 816-824 (1997).</li>
<li>McHaourab, H. S., Steed, P. R., Kazmier, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Toward+the+fourth+dimension+of+membrane+protein+structure%3A+insight+into+dynamics+from+spin-labeling+EPR+spectroscopy%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Structure%22%5BJournal%5D)">Toward the fourth dimension of membrane protein structure: insight into dynamics from spin-labeling EPR spectroscopy.</a> Structure. 19, 1549-1561 (2011).</li>
<li>Jeschke, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((DEER+distance+measurements+on+proteins%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Annu+Rev+Phys+Chem%22%5BJournal%5D)">DEER distance measurements on proteins.</a> Annu Rev Phys Chem. 63, 419-446 (2012).</li>
<li>Jeschke, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Distance+measurements+in+the+nanometer+range+by+pulse+EPR%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Chemphyschem%22%5BJournal%5D)">Distance measurements in the nanometer range by pulse EPR.</a> Chemphyschem. 3, 927-932 (2002).</li>
<li>Chiang, Y. W., Borbat, P. P., Freed, J. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((The+determination+of+pair+distance+distributions+by+pulsed+ESR+using+Tikhonov+regularization%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22J+Magn+Reson%22%5BJournal%5D)">The determination of pair distance distributions by pulsed ESR using Tikhonov regularization.</a> J Magn Reson. 172, 279-295 (2005).</li>
<li>He, Y., Wang, K., Yan, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((The+recombinant+expression+systems+for+structure+determination+of+eukaryotic+membrane+proteins%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Protein+Cell%22%5BJournal%5D)">The recombinant expression systems for structure determination of eukaryotic membrane proteins.</a> Protein Cell. 5, 658-672 (2014).</li>
<li>Ghimire, H., McCarrick, R. M., Budil, D. E., Lorigan, G. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Significantly+improved+sensitivity+of+Q-band+PELDOR%2FDEER+experiments+relative+to+X-band+is+observed+in+measuring+the+intercoil+distance+of+a+leucine+zipper+motif+peptide+%28GCN4-LZ%29%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Biochemistry%22%5BJournal%5D)">Significantly improved sensitivity of Q-band PELDOR/DEER experiments relative to X-band is observed in measuring the intercoil distance of a leucine zipper motif peptide (GCN4-LZ).</a> Biochemistry. 48, 5782-5784 (2009).</li>
</ol>

作者没有什么可透露的。

目前, 哺乳动物膜蛋白的表达和纯化技术使得获得足够数量的蛋白质用于光谱学研究14,15,16,42。在这里, 我们已经适应了这些技术来表达, 纯化, 重建, 并执行光谱分析在 TRPV1。
在《议定书》的关键步骤中, 下面是我们为 TRPV1 诊断的, 可能会对其他蛋白质进行调整。修改 DNA 序列生成?...

近年来, 在单粒子低温电子显微镜 (冷冻 EM) 的研究进展中, 哺乳动物离子通道结构得到了非常的速度。特别是, polymodal 离子通道的结构研究, 如瞬态受体电位辣椒 1 (TRPV1), 已进一步了解其活化机制1,2,3,4,5. 然而, 在膜环境中嵌入离子通道的动态信息需要了解它们的 polymodal 门和药物结合机制。
电子顺磁共振 (EPR) 和双电子-电子共振 (鹿) spectroscopies 提供了一些最明确的机械模型的离子通道6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13. 这些方法主要限于检查原核和 archeal 离子通道, 在细菌抗原时产生大量的洗涤剂纯化蛋白。随着在昆虫和哺乳动物细胞中的真核膜蛋白的发展, 用于功能和结构表征14,15,16, 现在可以获得生物化学用于光谱研究的洗涤剂纯化蛋白质的数量。
EPR 和鹿信号产生于一个 paramagneticspin 标签 (SL) (即methanethiosulfonate) 附着在一个单一的半胱氨酸残留的蛋白质。自旋标签报告三种结构信息: 运动、可访问性和距离。这一信息允许确定残留物是埋藏在蛋白质中, 还是暴露于膜或水环境中的蛋白和配体约束状态13,17,18,19。在高分辨率结构 (如果可用) 的背景下, EPR 和鹿数据提供了在其本机环境中派生动态模型的约束集合, 同时监视可逆的浇口转换 (即闭合、打开、敏化, 和麻木)。此外, 可以通过使用这些环境数据集分配二级结构以及蛋白质20中的位置来获得可能难以由 X 射线晶体学或冷冻 EM 确定的灵活区域。在脂质 nanodiscs 中获得的低温 EM 结构提供了关于离子通道3、21、22、23、24 的浇口的宝贵信息,25;然而, 光谱方法可以提供动态信息从构象状态 (例如, 热变化), 可能是难以确定使用低温 EM。
在去除所有半胱氨酸残留物 (特别是哺乳动物通道中的丰富)、蛋白质产量低、纯化过程中蛋白质不稳定、自旋标记后, 必须克服许多困难, 以实现 EPR 和鹿类, 包括缺乏蛋白质功能。, 以及在洗涤剂或脂质体中的蛋白质聚集。在这里, 我们设计了克服这些关键屏障的协议, 并获得了哺乳动物感官受体的鹿和 EPR 光谱信息。这里的目的是描述的方法, 以表达, 纯化, 标记和重组功能极小的半胱氨酸小鼠 TRPV1 (eTRPV1) 结构的光谱分析。这种方法适用于那些保留其功能的膜蛋白, 尽管除去半胱氨酸残留物或含有半胱氨酸形成二硫键。这些协议的收集可以适应其他哺乳动物离子通道的光谱分析。

<table><tbody><tr><td>QuikChange Lightning Site-Directed Mutagenesis Kit</td><td>Agilent Technologies</td><td>210519-5</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>2-Propanol (Isopropanol)</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>A416</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Albumin Bovine Serum (BSA)</td><td>GoldBio.com</td><td>A-420-10</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Amylose resin</td><td>NEB</td><td>E8021L</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Aprotinin</td><td>GoldBio.com</td><td>A-655-25</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Asolectin from Soybean</td><td>Sigma</td><td>11145</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Bac-to-Bac Baculovirus Expression System</td><td>Invitrogen Life Technologies</td><td>10359016</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Biobeads SM-2 Adsorbents&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Bio-Rad</td><td>152-3920</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Borosilicate glass pipettes (3.5&#039;&#039;) (oocyte inyection)</td><td>Drummond Scientific</td><td>3-000-203 G/X</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Borosilicate glass pipettes (oocyte recordings)</td><td>Sutter Instrument</td><td>B150-110-10HP</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>CaCl2 2H2O</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>C79</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Carbenicillin (Disodium)</td><td>GoldBio.com</td><td>C-103-5</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cellfectin Reagent</td><td>Invitrogen Life Technologies</td><td>10362-010</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>cellSens</td><td>Olympus</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Chloroform</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>C606SK</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Collagenase Type 1</td><td>Worthington-Biochem</td><td>LS004196</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Critiseal</td><td>VWR</td><td>18000-299</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>D-(+)-Glucose</td><td>Sigma&amp;nbsp;</td><td>G8270</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>D-(+)-Maltose Monohydrate</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>BP684</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>DDM (n-Docecyl-B-D-Maltopyranoside)</td><td>Anatrace</td><td>D310S</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>High glucose medium (Dulbecco&amp;rsquo;s Modified Eagle&amp;rsquo;s Medium)</td><td>Sigma</td><td>D0572&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Disposable PD-10 Desalting Columns</td><td>GE Healthcare</td><td>45-000-148</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>EGTA</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>O2783</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fetal Bovine Serum</td><td>Invitrogen Life Technologies</td><td>10082-147</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fluo-4 AM</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>F-14201</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>GenCatch Plus Plasmid DNA Mini-Prep Kit</td><td>Epoch Life Science, Inc</td><td>2160250</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>GenCatch PCR Cleanup Kit</td><td>Epoch Life Science, Inc</td><td>2360050</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Gentamicin Sulfate</td><td>Lonza</td><td>17-518Z</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Glass capillary (25 &amp;micro;l)</td><td>VWR</td><td>53432-761</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Glass Flask 2800 mL</td><td>Pyrex USA</td><td>4423-2XL</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Glycerol</td><td>Fisher BioReagents</td><td>BP229</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>HEK293S GnTl-</td><td>ATCC</td><td>CRL-3022</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>HEPES</td><td>Sigma&amp;nbsp;</td><td>H4034</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>IPTG (isopropyl-thio-B-galactoside)</td><td>GoldBio.com</td><td>I2481C25</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Kanamycin Sulfate</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>BP906-5</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>KCl</td><td>Fisher Chemical</td><td>P217</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>LB Broth, Miller</td><td>Fisher bioReagents</td><td>BP1426</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Leupeptin Hemisulfate</td><td>GoldBio.com</td><td>L-010-5</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Lipofectamine 2000</td><td>Invitrogen Life Technologies</td><td>11668-019</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>MgCl2 6H2O</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>BP214</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>MgSO4 7H2O</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>BP213</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>mMESSAGE mMACHINE T7 Kit</td><td>Ambion</td><td>AM1344</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>MOPS</td><td>Fisher bioReagents</td><td>BP2936</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>MTSL (1-Oxyl-2,2,5,5-tetramethylpyrrolidin-3-yl) Methyl Methanethiosulfonate</td><td>Toronto Research Chemicals, Inc</td><td>O873900</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>NaCl</td><td>Fisher Chemical</td><td>S271</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Opti-MEM</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>31985-062</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Pepstatin A</td><td>GoldBio.com</td><td>P-020-5</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Pluronic Acid F-127 (20%)</td><td>PromoKine&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;</td><td>CA707-59004</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>PMSF</td><td>GoldBio.com</td><td>P4170</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Poly-L-lysine Solution</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>P4707</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Rneasy Mini Kit</td><td>Qiagen</td><td>74104</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sealed capillary</td><td>VitroCom</td><td>special order</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>SF-900 II SFM (insect cell medium)</td><td>Gibco, Life Technologies</td><td>10902-088</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sf9 Cells (SFM Adapted)</td><td>Invitrogen Life Technologies</td><td>11496-015</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Soybean Polar Lipid Extract</td><td>Avanti Polar Lipids, Inc</td><td>541602C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sucrose</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>S25590</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Superose 6 Increase 10/300 GL</td><td>GE Healthcare</td><td>29091596</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>TCEP HCl</td><td>GoldBio.com</td><td>TCEP1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Tetracyclin Hydrochloride</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>BP912-100</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Tris Base</td><td>Fisher BioReagents</td><td>BP152</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Tryptone</td><td>Difco</td><td>0123-01</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>X-gal</td><td>GoldBio.com</td><td>X4281C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Xenopus oocytes</td><td>Nasco</td><td>LM00935M</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>XL1 - Blue Competent Cells</td><td>Agilent Technologies, Inc</td><td>200249</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Yeast Extract</td><td>Difco</td><td>0127-01-7</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Econo-Pack chromatography column</td><td>Bio-Rad</td><td>7321010</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Mini-PROTEAN TGX Stain-Free Precast Gels</td><td>Bio-Rad</td><td>17000436</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>pFastBac1 Expression Vector</td><td>Invitrogen Life Technologies</td><td>10360-014</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>DH10Bac Competent Cells</td><td>Invitrogen Life Technologies</td><td>10361-012</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Critiseal capillary tube sealant</td><td>Leica Microsystems</td><td>02-676-20</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>ABI Model 3130XL Genetic Analyzers</td><td>Applied Biosystems</td><td>4359571</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Transfer pipete</td><td>Fishebrand</td><td>13-711-9AM</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Nanoject II</td><td>Drummond Scientific</td><td>3-000-204</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

purification and reconstitution of trpv1 for spectroscopic analysis

Polymodal 离子通道传感器不同性质的多种刺激构变化;这些动态构象是挑战, 以确定和仍然很大的未知。近年来, 单粒子低温电子显微镜 (低温 EM) 脱落光对激动剂结合部位的结构特征和几种离子通道的活化机理进行了研究, 确定了其浇口深度动态分析的阶段。使用光谱学方法的机制。电子顺磁共振 (EPR) 和双电子-电子共振 (鹿) 等光谱技术主要局限于可大量纯化的原核离子通道的研究。对大量功能性和稳定的膜蛋白的要求, 阻碍了使用这些方法研究哺乳动物离子通道。EPR 和鹿提供了许多好处, 包括确定移动蛋白区域的结构和动态变化, 虽然在低分辨率, 可能难以获得 X 射线结晶学或低温 EM, 并监测可逆门过渡 (即闭合、开放、敏感和麻木)。在这里, 我们提供的协议, 获取毫克的功能洗涤剂-可溶性瞬态受体电位阳离子通道亚科 V 成员 1 (TRPV1), 可以标记为 EPR 和鹿光谱学。

最小半胱氨酸-少 TRPV1 构造 (eTRPV1) 和单半胱氨酸突变体的功能表征
向光谱学研究迈出的第一步是对功能化和产生生化量蛋白质的半胱氨酸蛋白质结构 (图 2A) 进行设计和表征。eTRPV1 的功能, 由 Ca2 +成像和 TEVC (图 2B-C) 确定。此外, eTRPV1 为 EPR 和鹿实验提供了足够数?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Purification and Reconstitution of TRPV1 for Spectroscopic Analysis at JoVE.com

Purification and Reconstitution of TRPV1 for Spectroscopic Analysis

光谱分析 TRPV1 的纯化与重构

本文介绍了获得洗涤剂-可溶性 TRPV1 的生化量的具体方法, 用于光谱分析。这些联合协议提供了生物化学和生物物理工具, 可用于促进膜控制环境中哺乳动物离子通道的结构和功能研究。

Polymodal ion channels transduce multiple stimuli of different natures into allosteric changes; these dynamic conformations are challenging to determine ...

purification-and-reconstitution-of-trpv1-for-spectroscopic-analysis

Research

JoVE Journal

Biochemistry

7.9K 次观看.  University of Tennessee Health Science Center. 本文介绍了获得洗涤剂-可溶性 TRPV1 的生化量的具体方法, 用于光谱分析。这些联合协议提供了生物化学和生物物理工具, 可用于促进膜控制环境中哺乳动物离子通道的结构和功能研究。

视频: Purification and Reconstitution of TRPV1 for Spectroscopic Analysis

Controllable Ion Channel Expression through Inducible Transient Transfection

Transfection, the delivery of foreign nucleic acids into a cell, is a powerful tool in protein research. Through this method, ion channels can be investigated through electrophysiological analysis, biochemical characterization, mutational studies, and their effects on cellular processes. Transient transfections offer a simple protocol in which the protein becomes available for analysis within a few hours to days. Although this method presents a relatively straightforward and time efficient protocol, one of the critical components is calibrating the expression of the gene of interest to physiological relevant levels or levels that are suitable for analysis. To this end, many different approaches that offer the ability to control the expression of the gene of interest have emerged. Several stable cell transfection protocols provide a way to permanently introduce a gene of interest into the cellular genome under the regulation of a tetracycline-controlled transcriptional activation. While this technique produces reliable expression levels, each gene of interest requires a few weeks of skilled work including calibration of a killing curve, selection of cell colonies, and overall more resources. Here we present a protocol that uses transient transfection of the Transient Receptor Potential cation channel subfamily V member 1 (TRPV1) gene in an inducible system as an efficient way to express a protein in a controlled manner which is essential in ion channel analysis. We demonstrate that using this technique, we are able to perform calcium imaging, whole cell, and single channel analysis with controlled channel levels required for each type of data collection with a single transfection. Overall, this provides a replicable technique that can be used to study ion channels structure and function.

Studying ion channels through a heterologously expressing system has become a core technique in biomedical research. In this manuscript, we present a time efficient method to achieve tightly controlled ion channel expression by performing transient transfection under the control of an inducible promoter.

通过诱导瞬时转染可控离子通道表达

Transfection, the delivery of foreign nucleic acids into a cell, is a powerful tool in protein research. Through this method, ion channels can be ...

科研

遗传学

Proton Transfer and Protein Conformation Dynamics in Photosensitive Proteins by Time-resolved Step-scan Fourier-transform Infrared Spectroscopy

Monitoring the dynamics of protonation and protein backbone conformation changes during the function of a protein is an essential step towards understanding its mechanism. Protonation and conformational changes affect the vibration pattern of amino acid side chains and of the peptide bond, respectively, both of which can be probed by infrared (IR) difference spectroscopy. For proteins whose function can be repetitively and reproducibly triggered by light, it is possible to obtain infrared difference spectra with (sub)microsecond resolution over a broad spectral range using the step-scan Fourier transform infrared technique. With ~102-103 repetitions of the photoreaction, the minimum number to complete a scan at reasonable spectral resolution and bandwidth, the noise level in the absorption difference spectra can be as low as ~10-4, sufficient to follow the kinetics of protonation changes from a single amino acid. Lower noise levels can be accomplished by more data averaging and/or mathematical processing. The amount of protein required for optimal results is between 5-100 &#181;g, depending on the sampling technique used. Regarding additional requirements, the protein needs to be first concentrated in a low ionic strength buffer and then dried to form a film. The protein film is hydrated prior to the experiment, either with little droplets of water or under controlled atmospheric humidity. The attained hydration level (g of water / g of protein) is gauged from an IR absorption spectrum. To showcase the technique, we studied the photocycle of the light-driven proton-pump bacteriorhodopsin in its native purple membrane environment, and of the light-gated ion channel channelrhodopsin-2 solubilized in detergent.

Key steps of protein function, in particular backbone conformational changes and proton transfer reactions, often take place in the microsecond to millisecond time scale. These dynamical processes can be studied by time-resolved step-scan Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, in particular for proteins whose function is triggered by light.

质子转移和蛋白质构象动力学的光敏蛋白的时间分辨步进扫描傅立叶变换红外光谱

Monitoring the dynamics of protonation and protein backbone conformation changes during the function of a protein is an essential step towards ...

工程学

Measuring Interactions of Globular and Filamentous Proteins by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (NMR) and Microscale Thermophoresis (MST)

Filamentous proteins such as vimentin provide organization within cells by providing a structural scaffold with sites that bind proteins containing plakin repeats. Here, a protocol for detecting and measuring such interactions is described using the globular plakin repeat domain of envoplakin and the helical coil of vimentin. This provides a basis for determining whether a protein binds vimentin (or similar filamentous proteins) and for measurement of the affinity of the interaction. The globular protein of interest is labeled with 15N and titrated with vimentin protein in solution. A two-dimensional NMR spectrum is acquired to detect interactions by observing changes in peak shape or chemical shifts, and to elucidate effects of solution conditions including salt levels, which influence vimentin quaternary structure. If the protein of interest binds the filamentous ligand, the binding interaction is quantified by MST using the purified proteins. The approach is a straightforward way for determining whether a protein of interest binds a filament, and for assessing how alterations, such as mutations or solution conditions, affect the interaction.

Measuring Interactions of Globular and Filamentous Proteins by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy NMR and Microscale Thermophoresis MST

Here, we present a protocol for the production and purification of proteins that are labeled with stable isotopes, and subsequent characterization of protein-protein interactions using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and MicroScale Thermophoresis (MST) experiments.

用核磁共振 (nmr) 和微尺度热能 (mst) 测量球状和丝状蛋白的相互作用

Filamentous proteins such as vimentin provide organization within cells by providing a structural scaffold with sites that bind proteins containing plakin ...

生物化学

Expression and Purification of the Human Lipid-sensitive Cation Channel TRPC3 for Structural Determination by Single-particle Cryo-electron Microscopy

Transient receptor potential channels (TRPCs) of the canonical TRP subfamily are nonselective cation channels that play an essential role in calcium homeostasis, particularly store-operated calcium entry, which is critical to maintaining proper function of synaptic vesicle release and intracellular signaling pathways. Accordingly, TRPC channels have been implicated in a variety of human diseases including cardiovascular disorders such as cardiac hypertrophy, neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson&#39;s disease, and neurologic disorders such as spinocerebellar ataxia. Therefore, TRPC channels represent a potential pharmacologic target in human diseases. However, the molecular mechanisms of gating in these channels are still unclear. The difficulty in obtaining large quantities of stable, homogeneous, and purified protein has been a limiting factor in structure determination studies, particularly for mammalian membrane proteins such as the TRPC ion channels. Here, we present a protocol for the large-scale expression of mammalian ion channel membrane proteins using a modified baculovirus gene transfer system and the purification of these proteins by affinity and size-exclusion chromatography. We further present a protocol to collect single-particle cryo-electron microscopy images from purified protein and to use these images to determine the protein structure. Structure determination is a powerful method for understanding the mechanisms of gating and function in ion channels.

This protocol describes techniques used to determine ion channel structures by cryo-electron microscopy, including a baculovirus system used to efficiently express genes in mammalian cells with minimum effort and toxicity, protein extraction, purification, and quality checking, sample grid preparation and screening, as well as data collection and processing.

单粒子冷冻电子显微镜在结构中测定脂质敏感分通道 trpc3 的表达与纯化

Transient receptor potential channels (TRPCs) of the canonical TRP subfamily are nonselective cation channels that play an essential role in calcium ...

Proteomics to Identify Proteins Interacting with P2X2 Ligand-Gated Cation Channels

Ligand-gated ion channels underlie synaptic communication in the nervous system1. In mammals there are three families of ligand-gated channels: the cys loop, the glutamate-gated and the P2X receptor channels2. In each case binding of transmitter leads to the opening of a pore through which ions flow down their electrochemical gradients. Many ligand-gated channels are also permeable to calcium ions3, 4, which have downstream signaling roles5 (e.g. gene regulation) that may exceed the duration of channel opening. Thus ligand-gated channels can signal over broad time scales ranging from a few milliseconds to days. Given these important roles it is necessary to understand how ligand-gated ion channels themselves are regulated by proteins, and how these proteins may tune signaling. Recent studies suggest that many, if not all, channels may be part of protein signaling complexes6. In this article we explain how to identify the proteins that bind to the C-terminal aspects of the P2X2 receptor cytosolic domain.
P2X receptors are ATP-gated cation channels and consist of seven subunits (P2X1-P2X7). P2X receptors are widely expressed in the brain, where they mediate excitatory synaptic transmission and presynaptic facilitation of neurotransmitter release7. P2X receptors are found in excitable and non-excitable cells and mediate key roles in neuronal signaling, inflammation and cardiovascular function8. P2X2 receptors are abundant in the nervous system9 and are the focus of this study. Each P2X subunit is thought to possess two membrane spanning segments (TM1 &amp; TM2) separated by an extracellular region7 and intracellular N and C termini (Fig 1a)7. P2X subunits10 (P2X1-P2X7) show 30-50% sequence homology at the amino acid level11. P2X receptors contain only three subunits, which is the simplest stoichiometry among ionotropic receptors. The P2X2 C-terminus consists of 120 amino acids (Fig 1b) and contains several protein docking consensus sites, supporting the hypothesis that P2X2 receptor may be part of signaling complexes. However, although several functions have been attributed to the C-terminus of P2X2 receptors9 no study has described the molecular partners that couple to the intracellular side of this protein via the full length C-terminus. In this methods paper we describe a proteomic approach to identify the proteins which interact with the full length C-terminus of P2X2 receptors.

We describe a simple protocol to identify brain proteins that bind to the full length C terminus of ATP-gated P2X2 receptors. The extension and systematic application of this approach to all P2X receptors is expected to lead to a better understanding of P2X receptor signaling.

蛋白质组学鉴定蛋白质，P2X2配体门控的阳离子通道交互

Ligand-gated ion channels underlie synaptic communication in the nervous system1. In mammals there are three families of ligand-gated channels: the cys ...

生物学

Measuring TCR-pMHC Binding In Situ using a FRET-based Microscopy Assay

T-cells are remarkably specific and effective when recognizing antigens in the form of peptides embedded in MHC molecules (pMHC) on the surface of Antigen Presenting Cells (APCs). This is despite T-cell antigen receptors (TCRs) exerting usually a moderate affinity (&#181;M range) to antigen when binding is measured in vitro1. In view of the molecular and cellular parameters contributing to T-cell antigen sensitivity, a microscopy-based methodology has been developed as a means to monitor TCR-pMHC binding in situ, as it occurs within the synapse of a live T-cell and an artificial and functionalized glass-supported planar lipid bilayer (SLB), which mimics the cell membrane of an Antigen presenting Cell (APC) 2. Measurements are based on F&#246;rster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) between a blue- and red-shifted fluorescent dye attached to the TCR and the pMHC. Because the efficiency of FRET is inversely proportional to the sixth power of the inter-dye distance, one can employ FRET signals to visualize synaptic TCR-pMHC binding. The sensitive of the microscopy approach supports detection of single molecule FRET events. This allows to determine the affinity and off-rate of synaptic TCR-pMHC interactions and in turn to interpolate the on-rate of binding. Analogous assays could be applied to measure other receptor-ligand interactions in their native environment.

Measuring TCR-pMHC Binding In Situ using a FRET-based Microscopy Assay

This manuscript describes how to conduct (single molecule) F&#246;rster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET)- based assays to measure the binding dynamics between T-cell antigen receptor (TCR) and antigenic peptide-loaded MHC molecules as they occur within the immunological synapse of a T-cell in contact with a functionalized planar supported lipid bilayer.

测量TCR-的pMHC结合<em&gt;原位</em&gt;使用基于FRET的显微镜分析

T-cells are remarkably specific and effective when recognizing antigens in the form of peptides embedded in MHC molecules (pMHC) on the surface of Antigen ...

生物工程

Purification of Endogenous Drosophila Transient Receptor Potential Channels

Drosophila phototransduction is one of the fastest known G protein-coupled signaling pathways. To ensure the specificity and efficiency of this cascade, the calcium (Ca2+)-permeable cation channel, transient receptor potential (TRP), binds tightly to the scaffold protein, inactivation-no-after-potential D (INAD), and forms a large signaling protein complex with eye-specific protein kinase C (ePKC) and phospholipase C&#946;/No receptor potential A (PLC&#946;/NORPA). However, the biochemical properties of the Drosophila TRP channel remain unclear. Based on the assembling mechanism of INAD protein complex, a modified affinity purification plus competition strategy was developed to purify the endogenous TRP channel. First, the purified histidine (His)-tagged NORPA 863-1095 fragment was bound to Ni-beads and used as bait to pull down the endogenous INAD protein complex from Drosophila head homogenates. Then, excessive purified glutathione S-transferase (GST)-tagged TRP 1261-1275 fragment was added to the Ni-beads to compete with the TRP channel. Finally, the TRP channel in the supernatant was separated from the excessive TRP 1261-1275 peptide by size-exclusion chromatography. This method makes it possible to study the gating mechanism of the Drosophila TRP channel from both biochemical and structural angles. The electrophysiology properties of purified Drosophila TRP channels can also be measured in the future.

Purification of Endogenous Drosophila Transient Receptor Potential Channels

Based on the assembling mechanism of the INAD protein complex, in this protocol, a modified affinity purification plus competition strategy was developed to purify the endogenous Drosophila TRP channel.

内源性 果蝇 瞬时受体电位通道的纯化

Drosophila phototransduction is one of the fastest known G protein-coupled signaling pathways. To ensure the specificity and efficiency of this cascade, ...

Mass-Sensitive Particle Tracking to Characterize Membrane-Associated Macromolecule Dynamics

Short-lived or transient interactions of macromolecules at and with lipid membranes, an interface where a multitude of essential biological reactions take place, are inherently difficult to assess with standard biophysical methods. The introduction of mass-sensitive particle tracking (MSPT) constitutes an important step toward a thorough quantitative characterization of such processes. Technically, this was made possible through the advent of interferometric scattering microscopy (iSCAT)-based mass photometry (MP). When the background removal strategy is optimized to reveal the two-dimensional motion of membrane-associated particles, this technique allows the real-time analysis of both diffusion and molecular mass of unlabeled macromolecules on biological membranes. Here, a detailed protocol to perform and analyze mass-sensitive particle tracking of membrane-associated systems is described. Measurements performed on a commercial mass photometer achieve time resolution in the millisecond regime and, depending on the MP system, a mass detection limit down to 50 kDa. To showcase the potential of MSPT for the in-depth analysis of membrane-catalyzed macromolecule dynamics in general, results obtained for exemplary protein systems such as the native membrane interactor annexin V are presented.

This protocol describes an iSCAT-based image processing and single-particle tracking approach that enables the simultaneous investigation of the molecular mass and the diffusive behavior of macromolecules interacting with lipid membranes. Step-by-step instructions for sample preparation, mass-to-contrast conversion, movie acquisition, and post-processing are provided alongside directions to prevent potential pitfalls.

质量敏感颗粒跟踪，用于表征膜相关的高分子动力学

Short-lived or transient interactions of macromolecules at and with lipid membranes, an interface where a multitude of essential biological reactions take ...

Reconstitution of a Kv Channel into Lipid Membranes for Structural and Functional Studies

To study the lipid-protein interaction in a reductionistic fashion, it is necessary to incorporate the membrane proteins into membranes of well-defined lipid composition. We are studying the lipid-dependent gating effects in a prototype voltage-gated potassium (Kv) channel, and have worked out detailed procedures to reconstitute the channels into different membrane systems. Our reconstitution procedures take consideration of both detergent-induced fusion of vesicles and the fusion of protein/detergent micelles with the lipid/detergent mixed micelles as well as the importance of reaching an equilibrium distribution of lipids among the protein/detergent/lipid and the detergent/lipid mixed micelles. Our data suggested that the insertion of the channels in the lipid vesicles is relatively random in orientations, and the reconstitution efficiency is so high that no detectable protein aggregates were seen in fractionation experiments. We have utilized the reconstituted channels to determine the conformational states of the channels in different lipids, record electrical activities of a small number of channels incorporated in planar lipid bilayers, screen for conformation-specific ligands from a phage-displayed peptide library, and support the growth of 2D crystals of the channels in membranes. The reconstitution procedures described here may be adapted for studying other membrane proteins in lipid bilayers, especially for the investigation of the lipid effects on the eukaryotic voltage-gated ion channels.

Procedures for complete reconstitution of a prototype voltage-gated potassium channel into lipid membranes are described. The reconstituted channels are suitable for biochemical assays, electrical recordings, ligand screening and electron crystallographic studies. These methods may have general applications to the structural and functional studies of other membrane proteins.

重组脂膜的结构和功能研究的钾离子通道

To study the lipid-protein interaction in a reductionistic fashion, it is necessary to incorporate the membrane proteins into membranes of well-defined ...

Protein Purification-free Method of Binding Affinity Determination by Microscale Thermophoresis

Quantitative characterization of protein interactions is essential in practically any field of life sciences, particularly drug discovery. Most of currently available methods of KD determination require access to purified protein of interest, generation of which can be time-consuming and expensive. We have developed a protocol that allows for determination of binding affinity by microscale thermophoresis (MST) without purification of the target protein from cell lysates. The method involves overexpression of the GFP-fused protein and cell lysis in non-denaturing conditions. Application of the method to STAT3-GFP transiently expressed in HEK293 cells allowed to determine for the first time the affinity of the well-studied transcription factor to oligonucleotides with different sequences. The protocol is straightforward and can have a variety of application for studying interactions of proteins with small molecules, peptides, DNA, RNA, and proteins.

Microscale thermophoresis (MST) can be widely used for determination of binding affinity without purification of the target protein from cell lysates. The protocol involves overexpression of the GFP-fused protein, cell lysis in non-denaturing conditions, and detection of MST signal in the presence of varying concentrations of the ligand.

蛋白质纯化方法测定结合亲和力微尺度热泳

Quantitative characterization of protein  interactions is essential in practically any field of life sciences,  particularly drug discovery. Most of ...

光谱分析 TRPV1 的纯化与重构

摘要

探索更多视频

通过诱导瞬时转染可控离子通道表达

质子转移和蛋白质构象动力学的光敏蛋白的时间分辨步进扫描傅立叶变换红外光谱

用核磁共振 (nmr) 和微尺度热能 (mst) 测量球状和丝状蛋白的相互作用

单粒子冷冻电子显微镜在结构中测定脂质敏感分通道 trpc3 的表达与纯化

蛋白质组学鉴定蛋白质，P2X2配体门控的阳离子通道交互

测量TCR-的pMHC结合

内源性果蝇瞬时受体电位通道的纯化

质量敏感颗粒跟踪，用于表征膜相关的高分子动力学

重组脂膜的结构和功能研究的钾离子通道

蛋白质纯化方法测定结合亲和力微尺度热泳

光谱分析 TRPV1 的纯化与重构

摘要

探索更多视频

通过诱导瞬时转染可控离子通道表达

质子转移和蛋白质构象动力学的光敏蛋白的时间分辨步进扫描傅立叶变换红外光谱

用核磁共振 (nmr) 和微尺度热能 (mst) 测量球状和丝状蛋白的相互作用

单粒子冷冻电子显微镜在结构中测定脂质敏感分通道 trpc3 的表达与纯化

蛋白质组学鉴定蛋白质，P2X2配体门控的阳离子通道交互

测量TCR-的pMHC结合

内源性 果蝇 瞬时受体电位通道的纯化

质量敏感颗粒跟踪，用于表征膜相关的高分子动力学

重组脂膜的结构和功能研究的钾离子通道

蛋白质纯化方法测定结合亲和力微尺度热泳

内源性果蝇瞬时受体电位通道的纯化