Name: a novel single animal motor function tracking system using simple, readily available software
Uploaded: 2018-08-31T13:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Novel Single Animal Motor Function Tracking System Using Simple, Readily Available Software at JoVE.com

This study was supported by the Merit Review Award # B1495-R (to Jeffrey R. Capadona) and the Presidential Early Career Award for Scientist and Engineers (PECASE) (to Jeffrey R. Capadona) from the United States Department of Veterans Affairs Rehabilitation Research and Development Service. Additionally, this work was supported in part by the Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense for Health Affairs through the Peer Reviewed Medical Research Program under Award No. W81XWH-15-1-0608. The authors acknowledge SOURCE for its summer research funding support. The contents do not represent the views of the United States Department of Veterans Affairs or the United States Government. The authors would like to thank Hiroyuki Arakawa in the CWRU Rodent Behavior Core for his guidance in designing and testing rodent behavioral protocols. The authors would also like to thank James Drake and Kevin Talbot from the CWRU Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering for their help in designing and manufacturing the rodent ladder test.

All procedures and animal care practices were approved by and performed in accordance with the Louis Stokes Cleveland Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee. The behavioral testing protocol closely follows previously published work12,13.
1. Behavioral Testing: Filming the Tasks
NOTE: Here, the animals were tested for 8 weeks to detect any chronic behavioral ch...

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The most critical portion of the protocol to ensure a strong analysis is the consistent filming. If the videos are well lit and filmed at the correct position as discussed in the first section of the protocol, the system will be able to do a precise analysis. As with any image-processing problem, the work done in preprocessing will make the post-processing more accurate and simple. As such, making sure that the apparatus and animals are well-lit during the testing and any shadows or other motion in the frame is kept to a...

There are many established methods to assess both functional and behavioral motor and cognitive impairments1,2,3. Some of the more commonly employed methods include testing fine motor function via paw placement, stepping, and limb coordination on a ladder test4, testing gross motor function and stress behavior via the open field grid test5,6, and testing for fear, depression, and despair via the forced swim test7,8 or rotor rod9. However, many of these methods rely on human researchers to &#34;score&#34; the animal or to judge its performance subjectively. The need for a subjective human assessment can slow the generation and analysis of the data, as well as present the opportunity for an intentional or unintentional influence of research bias in the study10. Further, subjective assessment of the data also presents the risk of inaccurate data representation, be it through forgetfulness, poor motivation, improper training, or negligence11.
We have recently reported the use of both an open field grid test and a ladder test in rats implanted with intracortical microelectrodes12,13. Due to the novelty of the findings in those studies, we immediately began employing those and additional functional testing in many ongoing studies in the laboratory. In anticipation of unintentional human-generated variability resulting from an increase in the number of subjective evaluators, and to improve the analysis throughput, we set out to create an automated, computer-assisted program to score behavioral testing, and greatly limit the potential for error.
Here, we report on the development of the BVAS. The BVAS uses computer analysis to score an open field grid test and a ladder test as metrics of gross and fine motor function, respectively. The results can be used to elucidate possible motor function deficits caused by injury or disease, regardless of the injury or disease model. The analysis codes can be adapted to account for changes in behavioral testing equipment or to score various metrics of motor function. Therefore, the BVAS can be implemented in many applications, beyond our intended use or the intended use of those currently employed by other laboratories.
Note that the open field grid and ladder tests require video recording. Therefore, each test will require a video camera [1080 p, minimum 15 frames per second (fps)], a laptop, and a room to store the video data. For both tests, place the camera in a centered position, allowing for the whole apparatus to be seen on the frame. Anchor the camera on a tripod or scaffolding so that it does not move during the testing. Keep the edges of the video frame as close to parallel with the edges of the testing apparatus as possible. Be sure the same personnel complete all testing and the room is well-lit with a temperature-controlled system. Use the same room for all animals throughout the course of the testing, with minimal changes to the room. Cereals or banana chips make good rewards to encourage the animals to complete the behavior tests.

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	<tbody>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:216px;">Sprague Dawley rats, male, 201-225g</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">Charles River</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">CD</td>
			<td style="width:267px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:216px;">Webcam HD Pro c920</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">Logitec</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">960-000764</td>
			<td style="width:267px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:216px;">Excel</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">Microsoft</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:267px;"></td>
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			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:216px;">Matalb 2017a, Computer Vision System Toolbox</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">Mathworks</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:267px;"></td>
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			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:216px;">Open field grid test</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">Made in-house at Case Western Reserve University</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:267px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:216px;">Ladder test</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">Made in-house at Case Western Reserve University</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">N/A</td>
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a novel single animal motor function tracking system using simple, readily available software

We have recently demonstrated that implanting intracortical microelectrodes in the motor corteces of rats&#160;results in immediate and lasting motor deficits. Motor impairments were manually quantified through an open field grid test to measure the gross motor function and through a ladder test to measure the fine motor function. Here, we discuss a technique for the automated quantification of the video-recorded tests using our custom Capadona Behavioral Video Analysis System: Grid and Ladder Test, or BVAS. Leveraging simple and readily available coding software (see the Table of Materials), this program allows for the tracking of a single animal on both the open field grid and the ladder tests. In open field grid tracking, the code thresholds the video for intensity, tracks the position of the rat over the 3 min duration of the grid test, and analyzes the path. It then computes and returns measurements for the total distance traveled, the maximum velocity achieved, the number of left- and right-handed turns, and the total number of grid lines crossed by the rat. In ladder tracking, the code again thresholds the video for intensity, tracks the movement of the rat across the ladder, and returns calculated measurements including the time it took the rat to cross the ladder, the number of paw slips occurring below the plane of the ladder rungs, and the incidence of failures due to stagnation or reversals. We envision that the BVAS developed here can be employed for the analysis of motor function in a variety of applications, including many injury or disease models.

Following the methods presented here, rats completed the open field grid and ladder tests 2x per week. The data were analyzed both by using BVAS and manually with a stop-watch by trained and novice reviewers. The results presented are an average of the raw weekly scores from a single non-implanted control animal over an 8 week study, where week &#34;0&#34; corresponds to the baseline testing. Note there was no testing during week 1 as this was a rest week for the surgery animals. Because ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Novel Single Animal Motor Function Tracking System Using Simple, Readily Available Software at JoVE.com

A Novel Single Animal Motor Function Tracking System Using Simple, Readily Available Software

The current study aimed to automate the quantification of motor deficits in rats. The initial evaluation model assesses motor loss resulting from an intracortical microelectrode implantation in the motor cortex. We report on the development and use of a tracking algorithm using easily adaptable, simple, and readily available coding software.

We have recently demonstrated that implanting intracortical microelectrodes in the motor corteces of rats&#160;results in immediate and lasting motor ...

This method can help improve consistency in small animal Behavioral Testing by creating objective Motor Function Metrics. The advantage of this technique is that unlike conventional methods, the results are quantified by a computer system which cuts down on human error, effort, and time. Demonstrating this procedure will be Marina Yu and Sydney Lindner, Undergraduate Researchers from the Capadona Lab.Begin filming and place the animal in the center of the grid, facing away from the researcher to begin the Grid Test. Allow the animal to run freely for three minutes while being video recorded from above. Stop filming when the three-minute time period has ended and return the animal to its home cage.Clean the grid with a Chlorine Dioxide-based Sterilant, taking care to fully dry the surfaces before testing. Next, for the Ladder Test, place the animal in a clean temporary cage. Set the Ladder Apparatus up to span two cages, where the Start Cage is a clean cage and the End Cage is the animal's living cage, an incentive to complete the run.Place the camera on a tripod, centered on the length of the ladder. Extend to the tripod so the lens of the camera is at the height of the ladder rung. Position the camera so that the rungs are exactly aligned with the lens, as this is important for the Slip Detection Algorithm in the BVAS Code.Start the video recording and allow the animal to begin the run by holding their front paws over the first rung of the ladder. Allow the animal to move onto the ladder unassisted. Allow the animal to move from the start line to the finish line at their own pace while filming.Finally, end the video recording and remove the animal from the ladder once the animal has completed the run. Begin by naming each video with the animal's designation for all Grid Testing videos. Take the videos now named after each animal and place the files in their own storage folder.Then, create a new empty spreadsheet file to store the data for each study and testing mode. Next, install the latest BVAS version by double-clicking on the Installer icon. After installation is complete, double-click on the BVAS Program icon to bring up the BVAS Main Menu, which allows the following options:Grid Analysis, Ladder Analysis, Ladder Review, or Quit.Within the BVAS Program, begin by selecting Grid Analysis from the top menu screen. Then, use the Ellipses button next to the upper input box to browse the file system to find the file of videos to analyze. Select the Ellipses button next to the lower input box to browse the file system to select the spreadsheet file in which to store the data.Click go to start the Analysis Process. Examine the images of each video on the Reviewer screen. Select the Edit button if there are no green lines or the green line does not appear to be in the correct square around the testing area.To edit the corners, select the Edit Corners button. Follow the instructions to the right of the representative image to select the Testing Area and hit Enter to complete the selection process. Lastly, select Done to save the selection and return to the Reviewer screen.Then select the center Done button to start the Complete Analysis process, once the Grid Area for each video is selected correctly. Allow the program to run and upon completion, a Success prompt will appear. Next, select a Ladder Analysis from the top menu to open the Ladder Analysis Menu.Select the upper input Ellipses button to select the folder with Ladder Videos named after each animal. Then, select the lower Ellipses button to select a Directory to save a folder with data from the Ladder Videos to review later. Select Go to begin the Analysis Process, and repeat the same steps for the Open Field Test Analysis.Allow the program to run and upon competition, a Success prompt will appear. Within the BVAS Program, select a Ladder Image Review from the top menu to pull up the Ladder Review file select screen. Select the top Ellipses button to select the folder of data files, and select the bottom Ellipses button to select the spreadsheet file created for the study.Then, press Go to start the Manual Review Process. Next, view the automatically opened Ladder Data Reviewer menu. If a Slip is detected, use the next frame and last frame buttons to check any consecutively recorded frames, if available.Use the Slip Toggle to denote what foot of the rat has slipped. Leave the toggle on No Slip if the detection is a false positive. Click Save and Continue to move on to the next detection.In the case of failure, use the toggle to denote whether the failure is due to Reversal or Stagnation. Finally, click Save and Continue to move on to the next detection. On the last detection, click Save and Continue to complete the analysis and save the data to the spreadsheet file chosen earlier.Dismiss the Completion notice. In this study, the results for the Open Field Grid Test showed that Expert Reviewers were more consistent than Novice Reviewers were, but when using the BVAS, there was zero variance for both Expert and Novice Users. Similarly, the results for the Ladder Test showed that Expert Reviewers were more consistent than Novice Reviewers were, but when using the BVAS, there was, again, zero variance for both Expert and Novice Users.For the Open Field Grid Test, trends were seen over the course of the study of increased Maximum Velocity achieved, increased Total Distance Traveled, and increased number of Gridlines crossed. The percentage of Right Turns largely hovered between 40 and 50%Lastly, for the Ladder Test, there was a decreasing trend in the time to cross the ladder, followed by an increase in time, starting around Week four. The software automatically detects and tabulates the number of Paw Slips during a Ladder Crossing.And in Video Review Process, the user can sort the detected Slips into Left versus Right Paw Slips as shown in the bar graph. Once mastered, this technique can be completed in 30 to 40 minutes per animal per testing session. While attempting this procedure, it's important to film in a well-lit environment on the correct plane and with a high-contrast between the animal and the background.Following this procedure, additional Behavior Tasks can be performed in order to answer specific questions in Disease or Injury Models. While we use this method to provide insight into Motor Deficit caused by Device Implantation in the brain, this analysis technique could be used in many other Disease or Injury Models. After watching this video, you should have a good understanding of how to film and analyze Behavioral videos using the Capadona Lab's BVAS Software, which provides a repeatable Behavior Quantification Technique.

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Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

Mouse Short- and Long-term Locomotor Activity Analyzed by Video Tracking Software

Locomotor activity (LMA) is a simple and easily performed measurement of behavior in mice and other rodents. Improvements in video tracking software (VTS) have allowed it to be coupled to LMA testing, dramatically improving specificity and sensitivity when compared to the line crossings method with manual scoring. In addition, VTS enables high-throughput experimentation. While similar to automated video tracking used for the open field test (OFT), LMA testing is unique in that it allows mice to remain in their home cage and does not utilize the anxiogenic stimulus of bright lighting during the active phase of the light-dark cycle. Traditionally, LMA has been used for short periods of time (mins), while longer movement studies (hrs-days) have often used implanted transmitters and biotelemetry. With the option of real-time tracking, long-, like short-term LMA testing, can now be conducted using videography. Long-term LMA testing requires a specialized, but easily constructed, cage so that food and water (which is usually positioned on the cage top) does not obstruct videography. Importantly, videography and VTS allows for the quantification of parameters, such as path of mouse movement, that are difficult or unfeasible to measure with line crossing and/or biotelemetry. In sum, LMA testing coupled to VTS affords a more complete description of mouse movement and the ability to examine locomotion over an extended period of time.

Locomotor activity (LMA) is a simple and easily performed measurement of behavior in mice. Coupling of video tracking software (VTS) and LMA allows for the improvement of specificity and sensitivity, especially when compared with the manual, line crossing method of LMA analysis. Additionally VTS allows long-term tracking of mouse LMA.

Locomotor  activity (LMA) is a simple and easily performed measurement of behavior in mice  and other rodents. Improvements in video tracking software ...

Inchworming: A Novel Motor Stereotypy in the BTBR T+ Itpr3tf/J Mouse Model of Autism

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a behaviorally defined neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by decreased reciprocal social interaction, abnormal communication, and repetitive behaviors with restricted interest. As diagnosis is based on clinical criteria, any potentially relevant rodent models of this heterogeneous disorder should ideally recapitulate these diverse behavioral traits. The BTBR T+ Itpr3tf/J (BTBR) mouse is an established animal model of ASD, displaying repetitive behaviors such as increased grooming, as well as cognitive inflexibility. With respect to social interaction and interest, the juvenile play test has been employed in multiple rodent models of ASD. Here, we show that when BTBR mice are tested in a juvenile social interaction enclosure containing sawdust bedding, they display a repetitive synchronous digging motion. This repetitive motor behavior, referred to as &#34;inchworming,&#34; was named because of the stereotypic nature of the movements exhibited by the mice while moving horizontally across the floor. Inchworming mice must use their fore- and hind-limbs in synchrony to displace the bedding, performing a minimum of one inward and one outward motion. Although both BTBR and C56BL/6J (B6) mice exhibit this behavior, BTBR mice demonstrate a significantly higher duration and frequency of inchworming and a decreased latency to initiate inchworming when placed in a bedded enclosure. We conclude that this newly described behavior provides a measure of a repetitive motor stereotypy that can be easily measured in animal models of ASD.

Inchworming: A Novel Motor Stereotypy in the BTBR T+ Itpr3tf/J Mouse Model of Autism

Inchworming is a highly repetitive synchronous digging motion displayed by BTBR T+ Itpr3tf/J (BTBR) mice when placed in a testing cage with sufficient sawdust bedding. The procedure is a modification of the juvenile social interaction protocol and is used here to assess repetitive motor stereotypies relevant to Autism Spectrum Disorder.

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a behaviorally defined neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by decreased reciprocal social interaction, abnormal ...

Assessing Forelimb Function after Unilateral Cervical SCI using Novel Tasks: Limb Step-alternation, Postural Instability and Pasta Handling

Cervical spinal cord injury (cSCI) can cause devastating neurological deficits, including impairment or loss of upper limb and hand function. A majority of the spinal cord injuries in humans occur at the cervical levels. Therefore, developing cervical injury models and developing relevant and sensitive behavioral tests is of great importance. Here we describe the use of a newly developed forelimb step-alternation test after cervical spinal cord injury in rats. In addition, we describe two behavioral tests that have not been used after spinal cord injury: a postural instability test (PIT), and a pasta-handling test. All three behavioral tests are highly sensitive to injury and are easy to use. Therefore, we feel that these behavioral tests can be instrumental in investigating therapeutic strategies after cSCI.

Three new behavioral tests (forelimb step-alternation, postural instability test, pasta handling test) for evaluating forelimb function after cervical spinal cord injury in rodents are described.

Cervical spinal cord injury (cSCI) can cause devastating neurological deficits, including impairment or loss of upper limb and hand function. A majority ...

Non-Invasive Electrical Brain Stimulation Montages for Modulation of Human Motor Function

Non-invasive electrical brain stimulation (NEBS) is used to modulate brain function and behavior, both for research and clinical purposes. In particular, NEBS can be applied transcranially either as direct current stimulation (tDCS) or alternating current stimulation (tACS). These stimulation types exert time-, dose- and in the case of tDCS polarity-specific effects on motor function and skill learning in healthy subjects. Lately, tDCS has been used to augment the therapy of motor disabilities in patients with stroke or movement disorders. This article provides a step-by-step protocol for targeting the primary motor cortex with tDCS and transcranial random noise stimulation (tRNS), a specific form of tACS using an electrical current applied randomly within a pre-defined frequency range. The setup of two different stimulation montages is explained. In both montages the emitting electrode (the anode for tDCS) is placed on the primary motor cortex of interest. For unilateral motor cortex stimulation the receiving electrode is placed on the contralateral forehead while for bilateral motor cortex stimulation the receiving electrode is placed on the opposite primary motor cortex. The advantages and disadvantages of each montage for the modulation of cortical excitability and motor function including learning are discussed, as well as safety, tolerability and blinding aspects.

Non-invasive electrical brain stimulation can modulate cortical function and behavior, both for research and clinical purposes. This protocol describes different brain stimulation approaches for modulation of the human motor system.

Non-invasive electrical brain stimulation (NEBS) is used to modulate brain function and behavior, both for research and clinical purposes. In particular, ...

Using a Split-belt Treadmill to Evaluate Generalization of Human Locomotor Adaptation

Understanding the mechanisms underlying locomotor learning helps researchers and clinicians optimize gait retraining as part of motor rehabilitation. However, studying human locomotor learning can be challenging. During infancy and childhood, the neuromuscular system is quite immature, and it is unlikely that locomotor learning during early stages of development is governed by the same mechanisms as in adulthood. By the time humans reach maturity, they are so proficient at walking that it is difficult to come up with a sufficiently novel task to study de novo locomotor learning. The split-belt treadmill, which has two belts that can drive each leg at a different speed, enables the study of both short- (i.e., immediate) and long-term (i.e., over minutes-days; a form of motor learning) gait modifications in response to a novel change in the walking environment. Individuals can easily be screened for previous exposure to the split-belt treadmill, thus ensuring that all experimental participants have no (or equivalent) prior experience. This paper describes a typical split-belt treadmill adaptation protocol that incorporates testing methods to quantify locomotor learning and generalization of this learning to other walking contexts. A discussion of important considerations for designing split-belt treadmill experiments follows, including factors like treadmill belt speeds, rest breaks, and distractors. Additionally, potential but understudied confounding variables (e.g., arm movements, prior experience) are considered in the discussion.

We describe a protocol for investigating human locomotor adaptation using the split-belt treadmill, which has two belts that can drive each leg at a different speed. We specifically focus on a paradigm designed to test the generalization of adapted locomotor patterns to different walking contexts (e.g., gait speeds, walking environments).

Understanding the mechanisms underlying locomotor learning helps researchers and clinicians optimize gait retraining as part of motor rehabilitation. ...

Control of Eating Behavior Using a Novel Feedback System

Subjects eat food from a plate that sits on a scale connected to a computer that records the weight loss of the plate during the meal and makes up a curve of food intake, meal duration and rate of eating modeled by a quadratic equation. The purpose of the method is to change eating behavior by providing visual feedback on the computer screen that the subject can adapt to because her/his own rate of eating appears on the screen during the meal. The data generated by the method is automatically analyzed and fitted to the quadratic equation using a custom made algorithm. The method has the advantage of recording eating behavior objectively and offers the possibility of changing eating behavior both in experiments and in clinical practice. A limitation may be that experimental subjects are affected by the method. The same limitation may be an advantage in clinical practice, as eating behavior is more easily stabilized by the method. A treatment that uses this method has normalized body weight and restored the health of several hundred patients with anorexia nervosa and other eating disorders and has reduced the weight and improved the health of severely overweight patients.

Subjects eat food from a plate placed on a scale connected to a computer that records the weight loss of the plate during the meal. Feedback on the computer screen allows the subject to adapt her/his eating behavior to reference curves thus normalizing body weight.

Subjects eat food from a plate that sits on a scale connected to a computer that records the weight loss of the plate during the meal and makes up a curve ...

Elevated Plus Maze Test Combined with Video Tracking Software to Investigate the Anxiolytic Effect of Exogenous Ketogenic Supplements

The overall goal of this study is to describe the methodology of the elevated plus maze (EPM) test in combination with a video tracking software. The purpose of the method is to document the effect of various potential anxiolytic treatments on laboratory rodent models. The EPM test is based on the rodents&#39; proclivity toward protected, enclosed dark spaces and unconditioned fear of open spaces and heights, and their innate intense motivation to explore novel environments. The EPM test is a widely used behavioral test for investigating the anxiolytic or anxiogenic responses of rodents given drugs that are known to affect behavior. Observation demonstrating a decreased proportion of time spent on closed arms, an increased proportion of time spent on open arms, a reduced number of entries to closed arms, and an elevated number of entries to open arms measured by the EPM test may reflect reduced anxiety levels. Using this method, the effect of exogenous ketone supplements on anxiety-related behavior is tested in Sprague Dawley (SPD) rats. Exogenous ketone supplements are chronically fed to the rats for 83 days or subchronically and acutely orally gavaged, daily for 7 days, before conducting the EPM test. Behavioral data collection is performed using the SMART video tracking system by a blinded observer at the end of the treatments. The main findings indicate that the EPM test is an effective method to detect the ketone supplement-induced anxiolytic effect and can be considered a sensitive measure to assess changes in anxiety behavior associated with drug- or metabolic-based therapies.

Here, we present a protocol to investigate changes in the anxiety level of rodent animal models. The elevated plus maze (EPM) test, used together with a video tracking software, provides a reliable method to document the effect of various potential anxiolytic treatments in preclinical laboratory scenarios.

The overall goal of this study is to describe the methodology of the elevated plus maze (EPM) test in combination with a video tracking software. The ...

Dynamic Digital Biomarkers of Motor and Cognitive Function in Parkinson's Disease

As Parkinson&#8217;s disease (PD) is a heterogeneous disorder, personalized medicine is truly required to optimize care. In their current form, standard scores from paper and pencil symptom- measures traditionally used to track disease progression are too coarse (discrete) to capture the granularity of the clinical phenomena under consideration, in the face of tremendous symptom diversity. For this reason, sensors, wearables, and mobile devices are increasingly incorporated into PD research and routine care. These digital measures, while more precise, yield data that are less standardized and interpretable than traditional measures, and consequently, the two types of data remain largely siloed. Both of these issues present barriers to the broad clinical application of the field&#8217;s most precise assessment tools. This protocol addresses both problems. Using traditional tasks to measure cognition and motor control, we test the participant, while co-registering biophysical signals unobtrusively using wearables. We then integrate the scores from traditional paper-and-pencil methods with the digital data that we continuously register. We offer a new standardized data type and unifying statistical platform that enables the dynamic tracking of change in the person&#8217;s stochastic signatures under different conditions that probe different functional levels of neuromotor control, ranging from voluntary to autonomic. The protocol and standardized statistical framework offer dynamic digital biomarkers of physical and cognitive function in PD that correspond to validated clinical scales, while significantly improving their precision.&#160;

Dynamic Digital Biomarkers of Motor and Cognitive Function in Parkinson&#039;s Disease

This protocol offers a digitization of portions of traditional clinical tasks commonly used to measure cognition and motor control in Parkinson&#8217;s disease. Clinical tasks are digitized while biophysical rhythms are co-registered from different functional levels of the nervous systems, ranging from voluntary, spontaneous, automatic to autonomic.

As Parkinson&#8217;s disease (PD) is a heterogeneous disorder, personalized medicine is truly required to optimize care. In their current form, standard ...

A System for Tracking the Dynamics of Social Preference Behavior in Small Rodents

Exploring the neurobiological mechanisms of social behavior requires behavioral tests that can be applied to animal models in an unbiased and observer-independent manner. Since the beginning of the millennium, the three-chamber test has been widely used as a standard paradigm to evaluate sociability (social preference) and social novelty preference in small rodents. However, this test suffers from multiple limitations, including its dependence on spatial navigation and negligence of behavioral dynamics. Presented and validated here is a novel experimental system that offers an alternative to the three-chamber test, while also solving some of its caveats. The system requires a simple and affordable experimental apparatus and publicly available open-source analysis system, which automatically measures and analyzes multiple behavioral parameters at individual and population levels. It allows detailed analysis of the behavioral dynamics of small rodents during any social discrimination test. We demonstrate the efficiency of the system in analyzing the dynamics of social behavior during the social preference and social novelty preference tests as performed by adult male mice and rats. Moreover, we validate the ability of the system to reveal modified dynamics of social behavior in rodents following manipulations such as whisker trimming. Thus, the system allows for rigorous investigation of social behavior and dynamics in small rodent models and supports more accurate comparisons between strains, conditions, and treatments.

Described here is a novel automated experimental system that offers an alternative to the three-chamber test and also solves several caveats. This system supplies multiple behavioral parameters that enable rigorous analysis of small rodent behavioral dynamics during the social preference and social novelty preference tests.

Exploring the neurobiological mechanisms of social behavior requires behavioral tests that can be applied to animal models in an unbiased and ...

Real-Time Proxy-Control of Re-Parameterized Peripheral Signals using a Close-Loop Interface

The fields that develop methods for sensory substitution and sensory augmentation have aimed to control external goals using signals from the central nervous systems (CNS). Less frequent however, are protocols that update external signals self-generated by interactive bodies in motion. There is a paucity of methods that combine the body-heart-brain biorhythms of one moving agent to steer those of another moving agent during dyadic exchange. Part of the challenge to accomplish such a feat has been the complexity of the setup using multimodal bio-signals with different physical units, disparate time scales and variable sampling frequencies.
In recent years, the advent of wearable bio-sensors that can non-invasively harness multiple signals in tandem, has opened the possibility to re-parameterize and update the peripheral signals of interacting dyads, in addition to improving brain- and/or body-machine interfaces. Here we present a co-adaptive interface that updates efferent somatic-motor output (including kinematics and heart rate) using biosensors; parameterizes the stochastic bio-signals, sonifies this output, and feeds it back in re-parameterized form as visuo/audio-kinesthetic reafferent input. We illustrate the methods using two types of interactions, one involving two humans and another involving a human and its avatar interacting in near real time. We discuss the new methods in the context of possible new ways to measure the influences of external input on internal somatic-sensory-motor control.

We present protocols and methods of analyses to build co-adaptive interfaces that stream, parameterize, analyze, and modify human body and heart signals in close-loop. This setup interfaces signals derived from the peripheral and central nervous systems of the person with external sensory inputs to help track biophysical change.

The fields that develop methods for sensory substitution and sensory augmentation have aimed to control external goals using signals from the central ...