这项研究得到了 B1495-R (杰弗里 r. Capadona) 和美国退伍军人事务部的科学家和工程师 (美国青年) (杰弗里 r Capadona) 总统早期职业奖的支持。研究开发服务。此外, 这项工作还部分由主管卫生事务的助理国防部长办公室通过经同侪审查的医学研究计划获得支持。W81XWH-15-1-0608。作者承认其暑期研究资助的资金来源。这些内容不代表美国退伍军人事务部或美国政府的意见。作者感谢博行荒川在 CWRU 啮齿动物行为核心为他的指导设计和测试啮齿动物行为协议。作者还要感谢 CWRU 机械和航空工程系的詹姆斯. 德雷克和凯文. 他在设计和制造啮齿动物阶梯试验方面的帮助。

所有程序和动物护理的做法都是根据路易斯. 克利夫兰退伍军人事务部医疗中心机构动物护理和使用委员会批准和执行的。行为测试协议紧跟以前发布的工作12,13。
1. 行为测试: 拍摄任务
注意: 在这里, 动物被测试了8周, 以检测任何慢性行为变化。研究持续时间取决于用于研究的应用/损伤/疾病模型。
<ol><li>
开放域网格测试 注: 网格测试有一个1米2区域与 40 cm 墙壁并且被修造了内部。底部被分成九个正方形通过明亮的彩色磁带 (图 1A)。对于自动 BVAS 的使用来说, 线条和网格的颜色与大鼠形成鲜明的对比是很重要的。这里使用白大鼠;因此, 网格背景被画成黑色, 线条是用明亮的粉红色胶带创建的。<ol>
<li>测试动物每星期2x 的所有测试, 包括在开始研究前的一周, 以便创建基线评分, 以便在以后的计算中使用。</li>
		<li>在每次测试会议开始和每种动物之间, 用二氧化氯基消毒剂清洁所有测试设备。</li>
		<li>将动物带到房间进行测试, 并允许他们在开始试验前20分钟调整到房间。</li>
		<li>开始拍摄并将动物放在网格的中心, 面对研究员, 开始进行网格测试。</li>
		<li>允许动物自由运行3分钟, 而视频记录从上面。</li>
		<li>停止拍摄时, 3 分钟的时间已经结束, 并返回该动物的家庭笼。使用以二氧化氯为基础的消毒剂清洁网格, 在测试前要注意充分干燥表面。每节测试每种动物1x。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
梯子测试 注: 梯子测试是内置的, 并由两个丙烯酸侧壁, 每1米长度, 连接3毫米直径的梯级间隔在2厘米间隔 (图 2)。这些动物需要一周的阶梯训练才能开始正式的测试。培训和测试协议之间没有区别。请注意, 培训不需要拍摄。<ol>
<li>用于与 BVAS, 用黑色海报板覆盖在梯子后面的墙, 并描绘了水平的阶梯, 开始, 并完成线与明亮的磁带, 以创建与白鼠的对比。</li>
		<li>测试动物每星期2x 的所有测试, 包括在开始研究前的一周, 以创建基线评分, 以便在以后的计算中使用。</li>
		<li>在每次测试会议开始和每种动物之间, 用二氧化氯基消毒剂清洁所有测试设备。</li>
		<li>将动物带到房间进行测试, 并允许他们在开始试验前20分钟调整到房间。</li>
		<li>在梯子测试之前把动物放在一个干净的临时笼子里。 注意: 临时笼子是一个短期笼子容纳动物, 而动物的家庭笼子是使用在梯子的尽头。没有年龄偏见, 因为所有的动物使用的研究是相同的年龄和完整的测试在同一时间段。这里使用的控制是一个天真的动物从来没有接受过手术。</li>
		<li>将梯子装置设置为跨越两个笼子;开始笼子是一个干净的笼子, 并且末端笼子是动物的生存笼子, 刺激完成奔跑。</li>
		<li>把相机放在三脚架上, 以梯子的长度为中心。延长三脚架, 使相机的镜头是在梯子的高度。定位摄像头, 使横档与透镜完全对准, 因为这对于 BVAS 代码中的滑动检测算法很重要。</li>
		<li>开始视频录音, 让老鼠开始运行时, 把他们的前爪在梯子的第一个梯级。允许动物移动到梯子上。</li>
		<li>允许动物在拍摄时以自己的速度从起始线移动到终点线。一旦动物完成了跑步, 结束录像并从梯子上移走动物。</li>
		<li>考虑运行失败的运行, 如果动物转过身或保持停滞, 二十年代. 如果动物跑不动, 结束录像, 从梯子上取下动物。为失败的运行分配一个点球评分, 这相当于在手术前基线测试中记录的最慢的时间。</li>
		<li>确保每一个动物每测试一天完成5个运行, 并在每次试验之间给他们1分钟的休息时间。 注意: 在这项研究中, 动物每星期测试 2x 8 周。然而, 时间是由研究者自行决定的。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>2. 文件存储和命名
注意: BVAS 代码使用专门指定的视频文件和文件夹命名约定, 以便能够可靠地分析和分析视频。当前不支持不同的命名约定。测试会话完成后, 视频文件将以默认名称保存在默认位置。
<ol><li>
单个视频命名
	<ol>
<li>命名每个视频与动物的指定所有的网格测试视频。</li>
		<li>为每个动物每测试一次收集5个梯子视频。选择所有五视频并重命名第一个视频, 使用动物的指定。例如, 如果动物的名字是 "C1NS", 这些文件被命名为 "C1NS (1)", "C1NS (2)", "C1NS (3)"等。
</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
存储文件夹命名
	<ol>
<li>拍摄现在以每种动物命名的视频, 并将文件放在自己的存储文件夹中。使用以下约定命名此文件夹: "TestingWeek_TestMode_MM_DD_YY"。 注: 例如, 如果此文件夹持有网格视频的第一周, 并在 1月1日st2018 拍摄, 则保存这些视频的文件夹被命名为 "Week1_GridTest_01_01_18"。</li>
		<li>将这个专门命名的文件夹放在另一个文件夹中, 这将表示这组实验所属于的更大的研究。 注意: 文件夹树系统没有命名要求来保持学习和测试模式的组织。系统选择的唯一文件夹是保存在步骤2.2.1 中命名的视频的文件夹。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
电子表格文件创建
	<ol>
<li>使用外部电子表格程序 (请参阅材料表), 创建一个新的空电子表格文件, 以存储每个研究和测试模式的数据。 注意: 此文件没有命名或存储位置要求。每项研究都需要两个电子表格文件供系统使用, 一个用于网格测试, 一个用于梯形测试。现在保留这些文件为空。</li>
		<li>检查以确保在 BVAS 运行时, 这些电子表格文件不会在任何计算机上打开。 注意: 如果 BVAS 尝试打开已打开的电子表格文件, 则会导致错误。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>3. 系统安装
注意: BVAS 是在 PC 操作系统上建立和测试的, 并利用运行时组件从简单且易于使用的编码软件。当前不支持其他系统配置。
<ol><li>
安装最新的 BVAS 版本
	<ol>
<li>通过双击标记为 "BVASX" 的安装程序图标运行安装程序。XXinstaller。"x XX" 是当前版本号, 目前是 "BVAS3.30installer"。 注: 这是开源软件。请与相应的作者联系以得到最新版本。</li>
		<li>按照屏幕上的说明安装 BVAS。 注: 安装程序将检查系统中是否有正确版本的软件 (例如, MATLAB 运行时), 如果找不到, 它将从 internet 安装软件。</li>
		<li>安装后, 单击 "BVAS.exe"文件启动程序。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>4. 系统使用
<ol><li>打开程序
	<ol>
<li>双击 BVAS 程序图标以弹出 BVAS 主菜单, 允许以下选项: "网格分析"、"梯形分析"、"梯子审阅" 或 "退出"。 注意: 还有一个下拉菜单位于左上角, 标签为 "电子邮件设置" (图 3a)。</li>
	</ol></li>
	<li>电子邮件设置
	<ol>
<li>单击 "电子邮件设置" 下拉菜单, 然后首先选择 "更改电子邮件目的地"。</li>
		<li>输入首选电子邮件地址以接收分析的更新并选择 "确定"。选择 "取消" 不更改当前保存的电子邮件。</li>
		<li>单击 "发送测试电子邮件" 按钮, 将测试电子邮件发送到当前保存在系统中的电子邮件。关闭 "电子邮件发送!" 窗口弹出式表示测试完成。</li>
	</ol></li>
	<li>野外网格测试分析
	<ol>
<li>从顶部菜单屏幕中选择 "网格分析"。</li>
		<li>确保 "单个视频/整个会话/绘图数据" 的切换按钮显示整个会话, 以完成对整套测试会话视频的分析。</li>
		<li>利用上输入框旁边的 "..." 按钮浏览文件系统以查找要分析的视频文件。选择在步骤2.2.1 中讨论的样式中标记的文件夹。</li>
		<li>利用下一输入框旁边的按钮来浏览文件系统以选择存储数据的电子表格文件。 注意: 请注意, 除了将数据输出到电子表格文件之外, 每个视频的完整路径数据都存储在包含步骤4.3.3 中选择的视频的同一目录中的数据文件 (. 席子) 中。</li>
		<li>确保步骤4.3.2 中提到的切换按钮设置为 "单个视频" 以完成对单个视频的分析。</li>
		<li>利用上面输入框旁边的按钮来浏览文件系统以查找要分析的视频文件。</li>
		<li>利用下一个输入框旁边的按钮来浏览文件系统, 以选择一个目录来保存数据文件 (. 垫), 这是由单一的视频分析结果。 注: 数据文件将以该视频命名, 以动物命名。</li>
		<li>从步骤4.3.2 中提到的切换中选择 "输出数据"。从以前分析过的网格视频中输出数据。图 1B和1C显示了这些绘制的数据的示例。</li>
		<li>利用上面输入框旁边的按钮来浏览文件系统以选择以前创建的网格视频数据文件。选择 "转到" 以创建绘图和数据图。 注意: 此函数还创建一个文本文件, 名称相同, 并与数据文件位于同一个目录中, 其中有动物的运行数据。</li>
		<li>一旦找到了所需的文件, 请选择 "转到" 开始视频分析。请注意, "返回" 按钮将重新打开顶部菜单, "退出" 按钮将完全关闭该程序。选择 "调试显示" 切换以显示跟踪算法的可视表示形式 (图 3C和3D)。</li>
		<li>选择 "转到" 开始分析过程。检查审阅者屏幕上每个视频的图像。如果有超过五个视频, 请使用 "下一页" 和 "上一个" 页面按钮。</li>
		<li>若要显示手动选择菜单, 请选择 "编辑" 按钮 (如果没有绿线), 或者绿线看起来不在测试区域周围的正确正方形中。要编辑角, 请选择 "编辑角" 按钮。 注: "下一帧" 按钮将代表图像更改为所讨论视频的下一帧。如果自动给出的帧受阻或不集中, 则选择 "下一帧" 按钮。</li>
		<li>按照代表图像右侧的说明选择测试区域并按 "Enter" 完成选择过程。 注意: 选定的绿线现在将显示在代表图像上。</li>
		<li>选择 "完成" 以保存所选内容并返回审阅者屏幕。</li>
		<li>选择 "完成" 按钮以在每个视频的网格区域正确选择后启动完整的分析过程。允许程序运行, 并在完成后将出现成功提示。 注: 对视频会话的完整分析可能需要一段时间, 每只动物大约10分钟。</li>
	</ol></li>
	<li>梯子测试分析 注意: 初始梯形测试分析的协议与步骤4.3 中概述的协议非常相似. 10–4.3. 15。这些步骤之前的显著差异如下:<ol>
<li>从顶部菜单中选择 "梯子分析" 以打开 "梯子分析" 菜单。</li>
		<li>查看切换中的两个选项, 即 "单个视频" 和 "整个会话" (图 3B)。</li>
		<li>使用 "整个会话", 选择上一输入... 按钮以选择在步骤2.2.1.Select 中命名的梯形视频的文件夹下... 按钮, 选择一个目录, 以保存一个文件夹的数据从梯子视频, 以便以后审阅。</li>
		<li>如果选择了 "单个视频", 请选择带有上.. 按钮和位置的单个视频文件, 与在步骤4.4.3 中相同。</li>
		<li>选择 "转到" 开始分析过程, 并提出梯子测试区域审阅者屏幕。</li>
		<li>按照步骤 4.3. 10–4.3. 15 相同的方式为梯子为网格。允许程序运行, 并在完成后将出现成功提示。 注意: 如果在分析过程中出现问题, 电子邮件将发送到步骤4.2.2 中输入的电子邮件地址。完成任何类型的分析后, 将完成电子邮件发送到相同的电子邮件地址。</li>
	</ol></li>
	<li>阶梯图像审阅 注意: 下面的协议是回顾以前分析过的梯子视频, 以确认任何故障和爪子滑。注意, 在 "梯形图像审阅" (步骤 4.5. 1–4.5 5) 完成之前, 不会生成用于查看梯子交叉点的电子表格文件。<ol>
<li>从顶部菜单中, 选择 "梯子图像审阅"。这就带来了梯子审查文件选择屏幕。</li>
		<li>选择 "顶部..." 按钮以选择数据文件的文件夹。 注意: 这些文件保存在步骤4.4.2 中选择的位置, 并以以下格式命名: "M1_D1_Y1 梯视频会话 HH_MM M2_D2_YYYY"。M1、D1 和 Y1 是分析会话的日期。"阶梯视频会话" 将阅读 "单视频分析", 如果只有一个视频分析。HH_MM 和 M2_D2_YYYY 是开始审阅会话的时间和日期。</li>
		<li>选择底部... 以选择为研究创建的电子表格文件。</li>
		<li>选择 "转到" 开始手动审阅过程。</li>
		<li>查看自动打开的 "梯子数据审阅者" 菜单。如果检测到滑动, 请使用 "下一帧" 和 "最后一帧" 按钮检查任何连续录制的帧 (如果可用)。</li>
		<li>利用滑动开关表示老鼠的脚滑倒了。如果检测是假阳性, 请将开关放在 "请勿滑动" 上。单击 "保存/继续" 以移动到下一个检测 (图 2A)。</li>
		<li>在失败的情况下, 使用切换指示故障是由于逆转 (在运行过程中鼠转过来) 还是停滞 (老鼠未能及时完成运行)。</li>
		<li>单击 "保存/继续" 以移动到下一个检测。在上次检测时, 单击 "保存/继续" 以完成分析, 并将数据保存到前面选择的电子表格文件中。驳回完成通知。 注意: 审阅完成后, 被审阅的文件夹被重命名为 "审阅 M1_D1_Y1 梯形视频会话 HH_MM M2_D2_YYYY"。</li>
	</ol></li>
</ol>5. 输出数据分析
<ol><li>
网格电子表格文件
	<ol>
<li>从每个网格视频中找到在电子表格文件中创建的数据。 注: 列的左向右如下: 动物名称, 测试日期, 学习次数, 总行程, 总时间停止, 最大速度达到, 右转弯, 左转弯, 网格线交叉 (图 1D)。</li>
		<li>使用这些指标量化的总马达性能和创建比较地块之间的动物和时间点。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
梯子电子表格文件
	<ol>
<li>在失败和爪子滑动检查之后, 从每个梯子视频中找到所创建的电子表格文件中的数据。 注: 列从左向右, 如下所示: 动物名称、运行编号1–5、学习数周、测试日期、运行类型 (成功或失败)、成功运行的时间、完成百分比、每个爪子上的爪子滑和故障模式。对于失败, 时间列为空, 失败模式列将读取反转或停滞 (图 2B)。</li>
		<li>使用这些指标来量化优良的马达性能, 并创建动物和时间点之间的比较地块。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>

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	<li>Beery, A. K., Kaufer, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stress,+social+behavior,+and+resilience:+insights+from+rodents.">Stress, social behavior, and resilience: insights from rodents.</a> Neurobiology of Stress. 1, 116-127 (2015).</li><li>Crawley, J. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Behavioral+phenotyping+of+rodents.">Behavioral phenotyping of rodents.</a> Comparative Medicine. 53, 140-146 (2003).</li><li>Wolf, A., Bauer, B., Abner, E. L., Ashkenazy-Frolinger, T., Hartz, A. 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D., Bertin, A., Jalfre, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Behavioral+despair+in+mice:+a+primary+screening+test+for+antidepressants.">Behavioral despair in mice: a primary screening test for antidepressants.</a> Archives Internationales de Pharmacodynamie et de Th&#233;rapie. 229, 327-336 (1977).</li><li>Porsolt, R. D., Brossard, G., Hautbois, C., Roux, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rodent+models+of+depression:+forced+swimming+and+tail+suspension+behavioral+despair+tests+in+rats+and+mice.">Rodent models of depression: forced swimming and tail suspension behavioral despair tests in rats and mice.</a> Current Protocols in Neuroscience. , 10 (2001).</li><li>Dunham, N. W., Miya, T. 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H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Detecting+and+avoiding+likely+false-positive+findings+-+a+practical+guide.">Detecting and avoiding likely false-positive findings - a practical guide.</a> Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society. 92, 1941-1968 (2017).</li><li>Reason, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Human+error:+models+and+management.">Human error: models and management.</a> The Western Journal of Medicine. 172, 393-396 (2000).</li><li>Goss-Varley, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rodent+Behavioral+Testing+to+Assess+Functional+Deficits+Caused+by+Microelectrode+Implantation+in+the+Rat+Motor+Cortex.">Rodent Behavioral Testing to Assess Functional Deficits Caused by Microelectrode Implantation in the Rat Motor Cortex.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. , (2018).</li><li>Goss-Varley, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microelectrode+implantation+in+motor+cortex+causes+fine+motor+deficit:+Implications+on+potential+considerations+to+Brain+Computer+Interfacing+and+Human+Augmentation.">Microelectrode implantation in motor cortex causes fine motor deficit: Implications on potential considerations to Brain Computer Interfacing and Human Augmentation.</a> Scientific Reports. 7, 15254 (2017).</li><li>Metz, G. A., Whishaw, I. Q. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+ladder+rung+walking+task:+a+scoring+system+and+its+practical+application.">The ladder rung walking task: a scoring system and its practical application.</a> Journal of Visual Experiments. (28), e1204 (2009).</li><li>Chesler, E. J., Wilson, S. G., Lariviere, W. R., Rodriguez-Zas, S. L., Mogil, J. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Influences+of+laboratory+environment+on+behavior.">Influences of laboratory environment on behavior.</a> Nature Neuroscience. 5, 1101-1102 (2002).</li><li>Crabbe, J. C., Wahlsten, D., Dudek, B. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genetics+of+mouse+behavior:+interactions+with+laboratory+environment.">Genetics of mouse behavior: interactions with laboratory environment.</a> Science. 284, 1670-1672 (1999).</li><li>Richter, S. H., Garner, J. P., Auer, C., Kunert, J., Wurbel, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Systematic+variation+improves+reproducibility+of+animal+experiments.">Systematic variation improves reproducibility of animal experiments.</a> Nature Methods. 7, 167-168 (2010).</li></ol>

作者没有什么可透露的。

该协议最关键的部分, 以确保强大的分析是一致的拍摄。如果视频是很好的灯光和拍摄在正确的位置, 正如在第一部分讨论的协议, 系统将能够做一个精确的分析。与任何图像处理问题一样, 在预处理过程中完成的工作将使后处理更加准确和简单。因此, 确保仪器和动物在测试过程中有良好的光照, 并且在框架中的任何阴影或其他运动保持在最低限度, 这意味着 BVAS 可以在更高的精度水平上运行。
...

有许多建立的方法来评估功能和行为马达和认知障碍1,2,3。一些比较常用的方法包括通过爪子放置、步进和在梯子试验4上的肢体协调来测试精细的马达功能,通过野外网格测试测试总马达功能和应力行为5 ,6, 并通过强制游泳测试7,8或转子杆9测试恐惧, 抑郁症和绝望。然而, 许多这些方法依赖于人类研究人员 "评分" 动物或判断其表现主观。对主观的人的评估的需要可能减慢数据的世代和分析, 并且当前机会为研究偏见的故意或无意的影响在研究10。此外, 对数据的主观评估也带来了不准确的数据表示的风险, 无论是通过健忘、不良动机、不当训练, 还是过失11。
我们最近报告了在植入 intracortical 电极12,13的大鼠的开放田间网格试验和阶梯试验的使用。由于这些研究发现的新颖性, 我们立即开始在实验室进行的许多研究中使用这些和额外的功能测试。由于主观评价者数量的增加而导致的无意的人为产生的变异性, 并为了提高分析吞吐量, 我们着手创建一个自动化的、计算机辅助的程序来评分行为测试,并极大地限制了误差的可能性。
在这里, 我们报告 BVAS 的发展。BVAS 采用计算机分析法, 分别将野外网格测试和梯形测试作为总的和精细的运动函数的度量。这些结果可以用来阐明可能的运动功能缺陷造成的伤害或疾病, 无论是伤害或疾病模型。分析代码可以调整, 以解释行为测试设备的变化或得分的各种指标的运动功能。因此, BVAS 可以在许多应用中实现, 超出了我们的预期用途, 也可用于其他实验室目前使用的那些。
请注意, 打开的字段网格和梯形测试需要视频录制。因此, 每个测试都需要一个摄像机 [1080 p, 最少15帧每秒 (fps)], 一台笔记本电脑, 和一个存储视频数据的房间。对于这两种测试, 把相机放在一个中心位置, 使整个设备可以在框架上看到。将相机固定在三脚架或脚手架上, 以便在测试期间不移动。尽量保持视频帧的边缘与测试设备的边缘平行。确保相同的人员完成所有测试, 房间是良好的照明与温度控制系统。在整个测试过程中, 对所有动物使用相同的房间, 对房间进行最小的更改。谷物或香蕉薯片可以奖励动物完成行为测试。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:843px;" width="842">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:216px;">Sprague Dawley rats, male, 201-225g</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">Charles River</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">CD</td>
			<td style="width:267px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:216px;">Webcam HD Pro c920</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">Logitec</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">960-000764</td>
			<td style="width:267px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:216px;">Excel</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">Microsoft</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:267px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:216px;">Matalb 2017a, Computer Vision System Toolbox</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">Mathworks</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:267px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:216px;">Open field grid test</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">Made in-house at Case Western Reserve University</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:267px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:216px;">Ladder test</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">Made in-house at Case Western Reserve University</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:267px;"></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a novel single animal motor function tracking system using simple, readily available software

我们最近证明, 植入 intracortical 电极在大鼠的运动 corteces 导致立即和持久的运动缺陷。通过露天场网格测试, 通过一个测量总马达功能的运动损伤, 通过阶梯测试测量电机的精细功能。在这里, 我们讨论了一个技术, 自动量化的视频记录测试使用我们的定制 Capadona 行为视频分析系统: 网格和梯子测试, 或 BVAS。利用简单和易于使用的编码软件 (见材料表), 这个程序允许跟踪一个单一的动物在开放的领域网格和梯子测试。在开放域网格跟踪中, 代码阈值视频的强度, 跟踪大鼠的位置在3分钟的网格测试期间, 并分析路径。它然后计算和返回测量的总距离, 达到的最大速度, 左和右转数, 和网格线的总数量的大鼠。在梯子跟踪, 代码再次阈值视频的强度, 跟踪移动的大鼠在梯子上, 并返回计算的测量, 包括时间花了大鼠穿过梯子, 在飞机下发生的爪子滑的数量阶梯梯级, 以及由于停滞或逆转而导致的失败的发生率。我们设想在这里开发的 BVAS 可以用于分析各种应用中的运动功能, 包括许多损伤或疾病模型。

根据这里提出的方法, 老鼠完成了开放领域网格和梯子测试每星期2x。对数据进行了分析, 通过使用 BVAS 和手动与停止手表的培训和新手审评员。所给出的结果是一个单一的非植入性控制动物在8周的研究中平均每周得分, 其中周 "0" 对应基线测试。注意1周没有测试, 因为这是手术动物的休息周。由于打开的字段网格每天测试 1x, 因此梯子每天测试 5x, 每周有两个测试天, 有一?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Novel Single Animal Motor Function Tracking System Using Simple, Readily Available Software at JoVE.com

A Novel Single Animal Motor Function Tracking System Using Simple, Readily Available Software

目前的研究旨在自动化对大鼠运动缺陷的量化。最初的评估模型评估电机皮质 intracortical 微电极植入引起的马达损耗。我们报告的开发和使用的跟踪算法使用易于适应, 简单, 易于使用的编码软件。

一种新的单动物运动功能跟踪系统, 使用简单、易于使用的软件

We have recently demonstrated that implanting intracortical microelectrodes in the motor corteces of rats&#160;results in immediate and lasting motor ...

a-novel-single-animal-motor-function-tracking-system-using-simple

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

6.5K 次观看.  Louis Stokes Cleveland Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center. 目前的研究旨在自动化对大鼠运动缺陷的量化。最初的评估模型评估电机皮质 intracortical 微电极植入引起的马达损耗。我们报告的开发和使用的跟踪算法使用易于适应, 简单, 易于使用的编码软件。

视频: A Novel Single Animal Motor Function Tracking System Using Simple, Readily Available Software

Mouse Short- and Long-term Locomotor Activity Analyzed by Video Tracking Software

Locomotor activity (LMA) is a simple and easily performed measurement of behavior in mice and other rodents. Improvements in video tracking software (VTS) have allowed it to be coupled to LMA testing, dramatically improving specificity and sensitivity when compared to the line crossings method with manual scoring. In addition, VTS enables high-throughput experimentation. While similar to automated video tracking used for the open field test (OFT), LMA testing is unique in that it allows mice to remain in their home cage and does not utilize the anxiogenic stimulus of bright lighting during the active phase of the light-dark cycle. Traditionally, LMA has been used for short periods of time (mins), while longer movement studies (hrs-days) have often used implanted transmitters and biotelemetry. With the option of real-time tracking, long-, like short-term LMA testing, can now be conducted using videography. Long-term LMA testing requires a specialized, but easily constructed, cage so that food and water (which is usually positioned on the cage top) does not obstruct videography. Importantly, videography and VTS allows for the quantification of parameters, such as path of mouse movement, that are difficult or unfeasible to measure with line crossing and/or biotelemetry. In sum, LMA testing coupled to VTS affords a more complete description of mouse movement and the ability to examine locomotion over an extended period of time.

Locomotor activity (LMA) is a simple and easily performed measurement of behavior in mice. Coupling of video tracking software (VTS) and LMA allows for the improvement of specificity and sensitivity, especially when compared with the manual, line crossing method of LMA analysis. Additionally VTS allows long-term tracking of mouse LMA.

鼠标短期和长期活动性分析视频跟踪软件

Locomotor  activity (LMA) is a simple and easily performed measurement of behavior in mice  and other rodents. Improvements in video tracking software ...

科研

行为学

Inchworming: A Novel Motor Stereotypy in the BTBR T+ Itpr3tf/J Mouse Model of Autism

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a behaviorally defined neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by decreased reciprocal social interaction, abnormal communication, and repetitive behaviors with restricted interest. As diagnosis is based on clinical criteria, any potentially relevant rodent models of this heterogeneous disorder should ideally recapitulate these diverse behavioral traits. The BTBR T+ Itpr3tf/J (BTBR) mouse is an established animal model of ASD, displaying repetitive behaviors such as increased grooming, as well as cognitive inflexibility. With respect to social interaction and interest, the juvenile play test has been employed in multiple rodent models of ASD. Here, we show that when BTBR mice are tested in a juvenile social interaction enclosure containing sawdust bedding, they display a repetitive synchronous digging motion. This repetitive motor behavior, referred to as &#34;inchworming,&#34; was named because of the stereotypic nature of the movements exhibited by the mice while moving horizontally across the floor. Inchworming mice must use their fore- and hind-limbs in synchrony to displace the bedding, performing a minimum of one inward and one outward motion. Although both BTBR and C56BL/6J (B6) mice exhibit this behavior, BTBR mice demonstrate a significantly higher duration and frequency of inchworming and a decreased latency to initiate inchworming when placed in a bedded enclosure. We conclude that this newly described behavior provides a measure of a repetitive motor stereotypy that can be easily measured in animal models of ASD.

Inchworming: A Novel Motor Stereotypy in the BTBR T+ Itpr3tf/J Mouse Model of Autism

Inchworming is a highly repetitive synchronous digging motion displayed by BTBR T+ Itpr3tf/J (BTBR) mice when placed in a testing cage with sufficient sawdust bedding. The procedure is a modification of the juvenile social interaction protocol and is used here to assess repetitive motor stereotypies relevant to Autism Spectrum Disorder.

Inchworming:一种新型电机刻板的BTBR<em&gt; T<sup&gt; +</sup&gt; Itpr3<sup&gt; TF</sup</em自闭症&gt; /系小鼠模型

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a behaviorally defined neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by decreased reciprocal social interaction, abnormal ...

Assessing Forelimb Function after Unilateral Cervical SCI using Novel Tasks: Limb Step-alternation, Postural Instability and Pasta Handling

Cervical spinal cord injury (cSCI) can cause devastating neurological deficits, including impairment or loss of upper limb and hand function. A majority of the spinal cord injuries in humans occur at the cervical levels. Therefore, developing cervical injury models and developing relevant and sensitive behavioral tests is of great importance. Here we describe the use of a newly developed forelimb step-alternation test after cervical spinal cord injury in rats. In addition, we describe two behavioral tests that have not been used after spinal cord injury: a postural instability test (PIT), and a pasta-handling test. All three behavioral tests are highly sensitive to injury and are easy to use. Therefore, we feel that these behavioral tests can be instrumental in investigating therapeutic strategies after cSCI.

Three new behavioral tests (forelimb step-alternation, postural instability test, pasta handling test) for evaluating forelimb function after cervical spinal cord injury in rodents are described.

采用新型任务评估前肢功能单侧颈脊髓损伤后:肢体步交替，姿势不稳和面食处理

Cervical spinal cord injury (cSCI) can cause devastating neurological deficits, including impairment or loss of upper limb and hand function. A majority ...

Study Motor Skill Learning by Single-pellet Reaching Tasks in Mice

Reaching for and retrieving objects require precise and coordinated motor movements in the forelimb. When mice are repeatedly trained to grasp and retrieve food rewards positioned at a specific location, their motor performance (defined as accuracy and speed) improves progressively over time, and plateaus after persistent training. Once such reaching skill is mastered, its further maintenance does not require constant practice. Here we introduce a single-pellet reaching task to study the acquisition and maintenance of skilled forelimb movements in mice. In this video, we first describe the behaviors of mice that are commonly encountered in this learning and memory paradigm, and then discuss how to categorize these behaviors and quantify the observed results. Combined with mouse genetics, this paradigm can be utilized as a behavioral platform to explore the anatomical underpinnings, physiological properties, and molecular mechanisms of learning and memory.

Persistent practice improves the precision of coordinated movements.&#160;Here we introduce a single-pellet reaching task, which is designed to assess the learning and memory of forelimb skill in mice.&#160;

学习运动技能通过单颗粒到达任务小鼠学习

Reaching for and retrieving objects require precise and coordinated motor movements in the forelimb. When mice are repeatedly trained to grasp and ...

Non-Invasive Electrical Brain Stimulation Montages for Modulation of Human Motor Function

Non-invasive electrical brain stimulation (NEBS) is used to modulate brain function and behavior, both for research and clinical purposes. In particular, NEBS can be applied transcranially either as direct current stimulation (tDCS) or alternating current stimulation (tACS). These stimulation types exert time-, dose- and in the case of tDCS polarity-specific effects on motor function and skill learning in healthy subjects. Lately, tDCS has been used to augment the therapy of motor disabilities in patients with stroke or movement disorders. This article provides a step-by-step protocol for targeting the primary motor cortex with tDCS and transcranial random noise stimulation (tRNS), a specific form of tACS using an electrical current applied randomly within a pre-defined frequency range. The setup of two different stimulation montages is explained. In both montages the emitting electrode (the anode for tDCS) is placed on the primary motor cortex of interest. For unilateral motor cortex stimulation the receiving electrode is placed on the contralateral forehead while for bilateral motor cortex stimulation the receiving electrode is placed on the opposite primary motor cortex. The advantages and disadvantages of each montage for the modulation of cortical excitability and motor function including learning are discussed, as well as safety, tolerability and blinding aspects.

Non-invasive electrical brain stimulation can modulate cortical function and behavior, both for research and clinical purposes. This protocol describes different brain stimulation approaches for modulation of the human motor system.

非侵入电脑刺激蒙太奇的人体运动功能的调节

Non-invasive electrical brain stimulation (NEBS) is used to modulate brain function and behavior, both for research and clinical purposes. In particular, ...

A Method to Quantify Visual Information Processing in Children Using Eye Tracking

Visual problems that occur early in life can have major impact on a child's development. Without verbal communication and only based on observational methods, it is difficult to make a quantitative assessment of a child's visual problems. This limits accurate diagnostics in children under the age of 4 years and in children with intellectual disabilities. Here we describe a quantitative method that overcomes these problems. The method uses a remote eye tracker and a four choice preferential looking paradigm to measure eye movement responses to different visual stimuli. The child sits without head support in front of a monitor with integrated infrared cameras. In one of four monitor quadrants a visual stimulus is presented. Each stimulus has a specific visual modality with respect to the background, e.g., form, motion, contrast or color. From the reflexive eye movement responses to these specific visual modalities, output parameters such as reaction times, fixation accuracy and fixation duration are calculated to quantify a child's viewing behavior. With this approach, the quality of visual information processing can be assessed without the use of communication. By comparing results with reference values obtained in typically developing children from 0-12 years, the method provides a characterization of visual information processing in visually impaired children. The quantitative information provided by this method can be advantageous for the field of clinical visual assessment and rehabilitation in multiple ways. The parameter values provide a good basis to: (i) characterize early visual capacities and consequently to enable early interventions; (ii) compare risk groups and follow visual development over time; and (iii), construct an individual visual profile for each child.

A method is described to quantify the quality of visual information processing based on reflexive eye movements in response to specific visual modalities. Reaction times and fixation output parameters are used to characterize visual performance in children with and without visual impairments from 6 months of age.

一种方法来量化视觉信息加工儿童使用眼动追踪

Visual problems that occur early in life can have major impact on a child's development. Without verbal communication and only based on observational ...

Using a Split-belt Treadmill to Evaluate Generalization of Human Locomotor Adaptation

Understanding the mechanisms underlying locomotor learning helps researchers and clinicians optimize gait retraining as part of motor rehabilitation. However, studying human locomotor learning can be challenging. During infancy and childhood, the neuromuscular system is quite immature, and it is unlikely that locomotor learning during early stages of development is governed by the same mechanisms as in adulthood. By the time humans reach maturity, they are so proficient at walking that it is difficult to come up with a sufficiently novel task to study de novo locomotor learning. The split-belt treadmill, which has two belts that can drive each leg at a different speed, enables the study of both short- (i.e., immediate) and long-term (i.e., over minutes-days; a form of motor learning) gait modifications in response to a novel change in the walking environment. Individuals can easily be screened for previous exposure to the split-belt treadmill, thus ensuring that all experimental participants have no (or equivalent) prior experience. This paper describes a typical split-belt treadmill adaptation protocol that incorporates testing methods to quantify locomotor learning and generalization of this learning to other walking contexts. A discussion of important considerations for designing split-belt treadmill experiments follows, including factors like treadmill belt speeds, rest breaks, and distractors. Additionally, potential but understudied confounding variables (e.g., arm movements, prior experience) are considered in the discussion.

We describe a protocol for investigating human locomotor adaptation using the split-belt treadmill, which has two belts that can drive each leg at a different speed. We specifically focus on a paradigm designed to test the generalization of adapted locomotor patterns to different walking contexts (e.g., gait speeds, walking environments).

用分体式跑步机评价人类运动适应的泛化

Understanding the mechanisms underlying locomotor learning helps researchers and clinicians optimize gait retraining as part of motor rehabilitation. ...

Control of Eating Behavior Using a Novel Feedback System

Subjects eat food from a plate that sits on a scale connected to a computer that records the weight loss of the plate during the meal and makes up a curve of food intake, meal duration and rate of eating modeled by a quadratic equation. The purpose of the method is to change eating behavior by providing visual feedback on the computer screen that the subject can adapt to because her/his own rate of eating appears on the screen during the meal. The data generated by the method is automatically analyzed and fitted to the quadratic equation using a custom made algorithm. The method has the advantage of recording eating behavior objectively and offers the possibility of changing eating behavior both in experiments and in clinical practice. A limitation may be that experimental subjects are affected by the method. The same limitation may be an advantage in clinical practice, as eating behavior is more easily stabilized by the method. A treatment that uses this method has normalized body weight and restored the health of several hundred patients with anorexia nervosa and other eating disorders and has reduced the weight and improved the health of severely overweight patients.

Subjects eat food from a plate placed on a scale connected to a computer that records the weight loss of the plate during the meal. Feedback on the computer screen allows the subject to adapt her/his eating behavior to reference curves thus normalizing body weight.

用一种新的反馈系统控制进食行为

Subjects eat food from a plate that sits on a scale connected to a computer that records the weight loss of the plate during the meal and makes up a curve ...

Elevated Plus Maze Test Combined with Video Tracking Software to Investigate the Anxiolytic Effect of Exogenous Ketogenic Supplements

The overall goal of this study is to describe the methodology of the elevated plus maze (EPM) test in combination with a video tracking software. The purpose of the method is to document the effect of various potential anxiolytic treatments on laboratory rodent models. The EPM test is based on the rodents&#39; proclivity toward protected, enclosed dark spaces and unconditioned fear of open spaces and heights, and their innate intense motivation to explore novel environments. The EPM test is a widely used behavioral test for investigating the anxiolytic or anxiogenic responses of rodents given drugs that are known to affect behavior. Observation demonstrating a decreased proportion of time spent on closed arms, an increased proportion of time spent on open arms, a reduced number of entries to closed arms, and an elevated number of entries to open arms measured by the EPM test may reflect reduced anxiety levels. Using this method, the effect of exogenous ketone supplements on anxiety-related behavior is tested in Sprague Dawley (SPD) rats. Exogenous ketone supplements are chronically fed to the rats for 83 days or subchronically and acutely orally gavaged, daily for 7 days, before conducting the EPM test. Behavioral data collection is performed using the SMART video tracking system by a blinded observer at the end of the treatments. The main findings indicate that the EPM test is an effective method to detect the ketone supplement-induced anxiolytic effect and can be considered a sensitive measure to assess changes in anxiety behavior associated with drug- or metabolic-based therapies.

Here, we present a protocol to investigate changes in the anxiety level of rodent animal models. The elevated plus maze (EPM) test, used together with a video tracking software, provides a reliable method to document the effect of various potential anxiolytic treatments in preclinical laboratory scenarios.

高架加迷宫试验结合视频跟踪软件研究外源性生酮类补充剂的毒性作用

The overall goal of this study is to describe the methodology of the elevated plus maze (EPM) test in combination with a video tracking software. The ...

Simultaneous Eye Tracking and Single-Neuron Recordings in Human Epilepsy Patients

Intracranial recordings from patients with intractable epilepsy provide a unique opportunity to study the activity of individual human neurons during active behavior. An important tool for quantifying behavior is eye tracking, which is an indispensable tool for studying visual attention. However, eye tracking is challenging to use concurrently with invasive electrophysiology and this approach has consequently been little used. Here, we present a proven experimental protocol to conduct single-neuron recordings with simultaneous eye tracking in humans. We describe how the systems are connected and the optimal settings to record neurons and eye movements. To illustrate the utility of this method, we summarize results that were made possible by this setup. This data shows how using eye tracking in a memory-guided visual search task allowed us to describe a new class of neurons called target neurons, whose response was reflective of top-down attention to the current search target. Lastly, we discuss the significance and solutions to potential problems of this setup. Together, our protocol and results suggest that single-neuron recordings with simultaneous eye tracking in humans are an effective method to study human brain function. It provides a key missing link between animal neurophysiology and human cognitive neuroscience.

We describe a method to conduct single-neuron recordings with simultaneous eye tracking in humans. We demonstrate the utility of this method and illustrate how we used this approach to obtain neurons in the human medial temporal lobe that encode targets of a visual search.

人类癫痫患者同步眼动追踪和单神经记录

Intracranial recordings from patients with intractable epilepsy provide a unique opportunity to study the activity of individual human neurons during ...