本手稿中报告的所有数据都是按照帕塔克森特野生动物研究中心动物保育和使用委员会批准的议定书收集的。该项目由马里兰自然资源部提供资金, 并得到美国地质调查局生态系统任务区的支持。 视频制作由切萨皮克湾信托和帕塔克森特的朋友资助。我们要感谢美国陆军工兵, 马里兰环境服务部, 马里兰交通部马里兰州港口管理局提供一般后勤支持, 并允许现场视频拍摄。我们要感谢马里兰大学的比尔鲍尔曼博士和丹尼尔格朗纳博士对系统设计和实施的投入。我们还要感谢比尔. 舒尔茨、凯特林 Reintsma 和凯蒂德福斯在2017夏季的故障排除和现场设置方面的帮助。最后, 我们将感谢迈克尔焕发 (内部审查) 和匿名审阅者为他们的输入。在本出版物中使用贸易、产品或商号名称仅供说明用途, 并不意味着美国政府认可。

1. 视频监控系统的现场前期准备工作
注: 这包括准备太阳能电池板、电池系统、照相机和现场施工的监视系统所需的步骤。
<ol><li>开始设置太阳能电池板和电池系统, 切割和焊锡20铜绝缘10美国线材 (AWG) 电线 (10 正极, 10 负), 必要时附加环端子。<ol>
<li>切割六负 (黑色) 和六正 (红色) 导线大约2英尺长, 剥离在1/4 英寸和1/2 之间从每一端。</li>
		<li>切割四负 (黑色) 和四正 (红色) 导线大约4英尺长, 剥离在1/4 英寸和1/2 之间从每一端。</li>
		<li>将一层薄薄的焊料添加到两个负数和两个正2英尺的一端, 两端都是4英尺线。 注: 焊接有助于防止暴露的金属在电荷控制器中分裂, 使导线能够更容易地被重用, 同时确保最佳电导率。但是, 这一步骤是不必要的。</li>
		<li>将3/8 英寸环端子连接至正2英尺线的非焊接端, 5/16. 环形端子至负2英尺线的非焊接端。<ol>
<li>要连接环形端子, 请将剥离的导线通过黄色管, 直到暴露的金属到达边缘, 但不伸出。</li>
		</ol>
</li>
	</ol></li>
	<li>分别对四太阳能电池板 C1、DVR1、DVR2 和 DVR3 进行标签, 并附上相应的导线。<ol>
<li>对于面板 C1 和 DVR2, 将一组4英尺的正负线连接到太阳能电池板上的相应正负端, 使用带翅的导线连接器。用于运输的附加带翅线连接器的导线的开口端盖。</li>
		<li>对于面板 DVR1, 请将两组4英尺的正负线连接到太阳能电池板上使用有翅线连接器的正极和负极。用于运输的附加带翅线连接器的导线的开口端盖。面板 DVR3 不需要任何附加的电线附件。</li>
		<li>把所有松散的电线带到太阳能电池板的背面进行运输。</li>
	</ol></li>
	<li>要准备太阳能电池板进行监视, 将50英尺长的绳子连接到太阳能电池板背面的两侧, 方法是通过提供的孔滑动绳子, 直到绳子的中点到达孔。为了增加预防措施和减少磨损, 缠绕在与太阳能电池板接触的绳子边缘周围的胶带;应该有八条绳子总。<ol>
<li>把所有松动的绳子都带到太阳能电池板的背面进行运输。</li>
	</ol></li>
	<li>通过将电荷控制器连接到一个18加仑的塑料纸盒, 开始建立电池系统。<ol>
<li>钻四孔1/4 英寸直径, 1 in. 从顶部, 纵向居中, 并使用系统中包含的螺钉附加。对第二个塑料纸盒重复此步骤;标签第一个 bin "相机系统" 和第二个 "DVR 系统"。</li>
		<li>留下一个正面和一个负2英尺线与环形终端在 "相机系统" bin 和三正面和三负2英尺电线与环形终端在 "DVR 系统" bin。</li>
	</ol></li>
	<li>将 DVR 连接到1/4 英寸厚1英尺 x 2 英尺的胶合板板上, 使用尼龙搭扣粘背胶带, 并将胶合板放在 "DVR 系统" 纸盒中进行运输。</li>
	<li>充电六 12 V 干电池吸水玻璃垫 (年会) 汽车电池充电器通过将正剪辑连接到汽车电池的正极端子上, 将负极夹到汽车电池的负极端子上, 并将电池充电器插到出让。</li>
	<li>将导线连接到电荷控制器上, 准备电池系统进行现场使用。<ol>
<li>连接一组焊接, 一侧环端子2英尺电线 (以下简称 OSS/OSR 线) 的电荷控制器在 "相机系统" bin, 松开螺丝标记 "电池 +" 和 "电池-" 的电荷控制器和滑动每根导线的焊接端到其相应插槽的左侧。正导线附着在正 (+) 插槽上, 负极线附着在负 (-) 插槽上。</li>
		<li>拧紧螺钉, 确保两条导线都安全。对 "DVR 系统" bin 中的电荷控制器重复步骤1.7.1 和1.7.2。 注: 注意: 确保没有裸露的金属伸出的电荷控制器的底部, 因为这有可能短路和扰乱系统。如果发生这种情况, 将需要完全更换充电控制器。</li>
		<li>在 "DVR 系统" bin 中, 将 12 V 马累 dc 适配器与正负线和两个男性直流电源插头连接在充电控制器上, 松开标记为 "负载 +" 和 "负载-" 的螺钉, 并滑动相应的正、负极线插入每个插槽的左侧。应该有一个正面导线从 12 V 男性直流电源适配器和一个正面导线从每个男性直流电源插头在 "装载 +" 槽和一根负极从 12 V 男性直流电源适配器和一根负极从每个男性直流电源插头在"负载-" 插槽。<ol>
<li>胶带松动电线到塑料盒运输。拧紧螺钉后, 请确保连接是安全的, 以确保没有电线从电荷控制器中脱落。</li>
		</ol>
</li>
		<li>重复步骤1.7.3 只有两个男性直流电源插头, 而不是 12 V 男性 dc 适配器, 在 "相机系统" bin。电荷控制器的相应插槽中应有两条正负线。 注: 两个男性直流电源插头上的导线可以焊接在一起, 正面和负向负, 以减少充电控制器中的松散导线的数量。</li>
		<li>连接两个4端口直流电源分配器 (一个女性到四男性) 到两个男性 dc 电源插头在 "相机系统" bin。对 "DVR 系统" bin 中的两个男性 DC 电源插头重复此步骤。</li>
	</ol></li>
	<li>准备摄像机进行现场使用。<ol>
<li>使用所提供的螺钉将无线高清摄像机连接到1.5 英尺2x4 板 (或2x4 木木桩) 上。将主板与安装后的摄像头切割成 V 型, 以确保更容易地进行监视。重复四个摄像头。</li>
		<li>使用螺钉将一台无线高清摄像机连接到5英尺长的2x4 板 (请参阅 1.8.1)。这将作为殖民地相机。</li>
		<li>将每个无线高清摄像机与它的对应接收器标记。将五台摄像头连接到1.5 英尺的 "相机系统" 纸盒中, 用于运输, 并将所有六个摄像头接收器放在 "DVR 系统" 纸盒中进行传输。其余的相机将分别携带。</li>
		<li>捆绑六50英尺的刺刀 Neill–Concelman (BNC) 扩展电缆与管道胶带运输和地方的 "相机系统" bin。</li>
	</ol></li>
	<li>准备现场使用的监视系统。<ol>
<li>在锯木架 (孔的大小根据使用的眼睛螺栓的类型不同) 在双方的中心互相钻出一个孔。重复余下的三锯木架, 共八个。</li>
		<li>将眼睛螺栓、螺母和垫圈固定在以下图案的每个孔上: 吊环、螺母、垫圈、锯木架、垫圈、螺母, 吊环朝外。</li>
		<li>松散地连接9-22 毫米软管夹在每个眼睛螺栓。</li>
	</ol></li>
</ol>2. 现场视频监控系统的建设
注: 这包括确保系统安全、电线电池系统和太阳能电池板、连接 DVR 系统和设置摄像头所需的步骤。
<ol><li>为了保证系统的安全, 首先要确定摄像机和 DVR 系统的位置。相机系统应该足够远, 从巢, 以减少干扰, 但在范围内的 BNC 延伸电缆。</li>
	<li>使用金属钢筋铆接系统将锯木架安全地固定在地面上。<ol>
<li>在指定的相机系统位置放置一个锯木架和 "相机系统" bin。将余下的三锯木架和 "dvr 系统" bin 放在指定的 dvr 系统位置相邻。</li>
		<li>确保锯木架为最大的阳光照射。</li>
		<li>使用开机自检驱动程序将两个5英尺的钢筋1-2 英尺的驱动器放到地面。确保钢筋间距, 以匹配锯木架的眼睛螺栓之间的距离。对每个锯木架重复, 确保钢筋稳定。</li>
		<li>抬起每个锯木架在钢筋对和滑动环钳通过钢筋两侧。拧紧环夹。</li>
	</ol></li>
	<li>把太阳能电池板固定在锯木架上。<ol>
<li>将太阳能电池板 C1 放在指定摄像机系统位置上的锯木架上, 并将 dvr 1、2和3在三锯木架上指定的 dvr 系统位置上, 以最佳的角度为最大太阳照射 (角度取决于纬度和季节)。将面板 DVR 1、2和3按顺序放置。</li>
		<li>在每个太阳能电池板前, 将两个6的钉子 (或帐篷木桩, 取决于基体) 放入地面, 以防滑动。总共应该有八根钉子。</li>
		<li>驱动两个6在. 钉子 (或帐篷赌注, 取决于基体) 入地面在近似45°从太阳板的后面和安全绳索的松散的末端从太阳能电池板的后面到钉子。相邻的绳子可以连接到相同的钉子, 共四个钉子的 DVR 系统和两个相机系统。</li>
	</ol></li>
	<li>将 "相机系统" bin 放在面板 C1 附近, "DVR 系统" bin 靠近面板 DVR1。</li>
	<li>要电汇电池系统, 从两个垃圾箱中取出任何松散的物品, 并将两个 12 V 干电池年度汽车电池在 "相机系统" bin 和四 12 v 干电池年会汽车电池在 "DVR 系统" bin。放置电池时, 确保负极端子始终朝向同一方向。 注: 如果系统在操作过程中没有保持最佳充电, 则可以将第三个电池添加到 "相机系统" bin 中。<ol>
<li>将两个 12 V 干电池的电池在 "相机系统" 中并联。<ol>
<li>将3/8 英寸的环形端子从正、2英尺的导线连接到 12 V 干电池年度汽车电池的两个正极电池端子上。重复此步骤与负2英尺线与5/16 英寸环形端子和负极电池端子。</li>
			<li>将 OSS/OSR 电线从电荷控制器连接到正极电池端子。重复此步骤与消极 OSS/OSR 线和负极电池终端在对面的电池。</li>
		</ol>
</li>
		<li>将四 12 V 干电池的年度汽车电池在 "DVR 系统" bin 中并行进行连线 (图 2)。<ol>
<li>确保四 12 V 干电池年度汽车电池是以2x2 的方式为导向的。当进入垃圾箱时, 将电荷控制器连接到的纸盒一侧被视为顶部。因此, 此2x2 模式中的电池将被标记为左上角 (TL)、右上角 (TR)、左下 (BL) 和右下角 (BR)。</li>
			<li>将3/8 英寸环端子从正向2英尺的导线连接到电池 TR 上的正极电池端子上, 另有3/8 个在. 环形端子中, 从这根电线到电池的正极电池端子. 重复此步骤与 5/16 in. 环形终端从 nega2英尺导线到负极电池终端在各自电池。</li>
			<li>将3/8 英寸环形端子从正向2英尺的导线连接到电池 TL 上的正极电池端子上, 另有3/8 个在. 环形端子中, 从这根电线到电池的正极电池端子. 重复此步骤与 5/16 in. 环形终端从 nega2英尺导线到负极电池终端在各自电池。</li>
			<li>将一个3/8 英寸的环形端子从正2英尺的导线连接到电池上的正极电池端子, 另有3/8 个在. 环形端子, 从这根电线到电池的正极电池端子. 重复此步骤与 5/16 in. 环形终端从 nega2英尺导线到负极电池终端在各自电池。</li>
			<li>将 OSS/OSR 电线从电荷控制器连接到正极电池端子。重复此步骤与消极 OSS/OSR 线和负极电池终端的不同电池。</li>
		</ol>
</li>
	</ol></li>
	<li>将太阳能电池板导线连接到电荷控制器上, 将正连接和负连接连在一起。<ol>
<li>使用面板 DVR3 上的带翅线连接器, 将一条正负线从 DVR2 连接到 DVR3 上的相应正负线。使用面板 DVR2 上的带翅线连接器, 将一条正负线从 DVR1 连接到 DVR2 上的相应正负线。</li>
		<li>将剩余的正负线从 DVR1 连接到 "DVR 系统" 纸盒中的电荷控制器, 方法是松开充电控制器上标有 "太阳能 +" 和 "太阳能" 的螺钉, 并将每根导线滑动到相应插槽的左侧。拧紧螺钉, 确保两条导线都是安全的。</li>
		<li>重复步骤2.6.2 为 C1 和电荷控制器在 "相机系统" bin。 注: 注意: 请确保导线的正负两端在这一步骤中不接触, 因为这有可能短路并扰乱系统 (请参阅1.7.2 以了解更多说明)。</li>
		<li>丢弃从运输中遗留下来的任何翼线连接器, 并将所有带翅的电线连接与防风雨的导电胶带。</li>
		<li>检查以确保两个充电控制器上都有白色和绿色指示灯 (分别为太阳能和电池电源)。这确保了系统的运行, 并有一个完整的收费。 注意: 如果没有完全充电, 系统将无法正常工作。如果电池电源指示灯不是绿色 (黄色或红色), 则可以断开电池并对其进行充电, 或者允许太阳能电池板在继续操作前数小时对电池充电。</li>
	</ol></li>
	<li>将 DVR 系统连接到接收器和程序设置。<ol>
<li>将木胶合板与附加的 DVR 在四 12 V 干电池周年大会汽车电池在 "DVR 系统" bin 的顶部。</li>
		<li>将每个接收器上的母直流电源插头连接到两个4端口直流电源分配器上的每个男性直流电源插头上。</li>
		<li>将其中一个男性直流电源插头从两个4端口直流电源分配器之一连接到硬盘录像机上标记为 "DC12V" 的端口。用防水胶带保护剩余的男性直流电源插头。</li>
		<li>将每个接收器上的黄色 BNC 连接器连接到 DVR 上标记为 "视频" 的八个端口的六。</li>
		<li>用胶带将每个接收机安全地带到 "DVR 系统" 纸盒的两侧。接收机应间隔至少4在. 除了减少信号干扰。 注意: 极端温度波动可能导致磁带无效, 因此确保正确的保持是防止画面丢失的关键。</li>
		<li>要对 dvr 设置进行编程, 请将 12 V 马累 DC 适配器从充电控制器连接到显示器上的黄色 AV 端口和显示器上的 hdmi 电缆, 以及 dvr 上的 hdmi 端口。按下 DVR 和显示器显示器上的电源按钮以确保系统工作正常。</li>
		<li>将所提供的计算机鼠标连接到 DVR 上的 USB 端口;这使得显示监视器可以用适当的设置进行编程, 包括正确的日期和时间 (可以为剩余的设置选项保留出厂设置) 一旦调整了设置, 请删除鼠标。</li>
	</ol></li>
	<li>在现场设置摄像头。<ol>
<li>将所有摄像头放置在嵌套场所的标记位置上, 并用槌球将每个木桩放入地面。在驾驶赌注时, 一方面拿着相机, 以防止可能损坏的相机或松动的螺丝, 并确保每桩股权是稳定的, 然后继续进行。</li>
		<li>将一条 BNC 延长线连接到六个摄像头位置, 并将其与男性 DC 端口端在照相机和母端口端在 "相机系统" bin 中, 并确保避免用电缆撞击其他巢。</li>
		<li>将每个 BNC 扩展电缆插入相应的摄像机母端口, 并使用防风雨的电子胶带密封所有连接。</li>
		<li>用防水胶带封住 BNC 延伸电缆两侧的黄色视频端口。</li>
		<li>将六条 BNC 延长线连接到 "相机系统" 纸盒中的四个端口直流电源分配器。</li>
	</ol></li>
	<li>把盖子放在 "相机系统" 的 bin 上, 用蹦极绳固定。</li>
	<li>返回 DVR 系统, 并检查显示监视器查看现场视频。确保显示器上的视频清晰准确, 必要时对摄像机位置进行调整。</li>
	<li>把盖子放在 "DVR 系统" 的 bin 上, 用蹦极绳固定。</li>
</ol>3. 查看视频片段。
<ol><li>通过从硬盘上拔出数据和电源串行高级技术附件 (SATA), 从该字段卸下硬盘录像机。如果正在进行数据收集, 请用另一种替换硬盘驱动器。 注意: 卸下硬盘将重置 DVR 系统上的设置。要重置它们, 请重复步骤2.7.6 和2.7.7。</li>
	<li>设置视频审阅设备。<ol>
<li>用所提供的电源线将 DVR 插入电源。 注: 如果视频监视仍在进行中, 则可以使用与现场建立的不同的 DVR 进行检查。这需要购买第二个 DVR。</li>
		<li>通过将 hdmi 电缆连接到两个设备上各自的 hdmi 端口, 将 DVR 与计算机显示器相连。如果 HDMI 电缆不可用, 可使用 VGA 电缆将 DVR 连接到计算机显示器。</li>
		<li>通过插入数据和电源 SATA 电缆, 将硬盘连接到 DVR 系统。连接后, 在 DVR 盒中设置硬盘驱动器, 然后关闭盖子。</li>
		<li>将提供的计算机鼠标连接到 DVR 上的 USB 端口。这允许与监视器上的程序进行交互。</li>
		<li>打开显示器和 DVR。这将导致系统在初始化时出现 "体系徽标"。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>当出现蓝色弹出框时, 右键单击弹出框外的任意位置, 将其关闭。屏幕应该出现九个矩形, 其中八应该显示在中心的系统徽标。</li>
	<li>右键单击屏幕上的任意位置。将出现一个弹出框, 其中有以下选项: 视图1、视图4、视图8、视图9、平移/倾斜/缩放、照相机设置、信息、序列、禁用蜂鸣音、搜索、手动和主菜单。</li>
	<li>单击 "搜索"。将出现一个蓝色弹出框, 标题为 "系统登录"。</li>
	<li>由于系统将生成自动用户名 (admin) 和密码 (000000), 请使用屏幕键盘在提供的字段中输入密码, 然后单击"确定"。用户名和密码可以在设置中的任何时间更改。 注: 屏幕上将出现一个长矩形的底部和一个日历在右边;有记录的录像的日期将以明亮的蓝色突出显示;所有其他日期将显示为深蓝色。单击要审阅的视频的日期。一旦点击, 屏幕底部将会改变, 以显示在黄色的一天录制的视频。</li>
	<li>当 DVR 在六个独立的通道上记录所有六台摄像机的视频时, 请按下日历中的单个灰色矩形, 一次查看一台照相机的镜头。这会导致下拉菜单显示一个频道号列表;选择适当的通道。</li>
	<li>要查看影片, 请按 "播放" 按钮 (右三角形)。要跳到视频的特定时间, 请在屏幕底部的录制的素材矩形上单击适当的时间。</li>
	<li>要比实时速度更快地播放, 请按快进按钮 (右双三角形)。每次点击都会使画面速度加快 1x;在第五次点击将镜头返回到正常播放时间之前, 可以查看4x 的速度。</li>
	<li>要暂停影片, 请按 "暂停" 按钮 (两条平行线)。这将节省影片中的位置, 但停止播放。</li>
	<li>为了切换镜头, 按下停止按钮 (方形);这将重置画面和显示。当主显示器为黑色时, 可以单击日历和频道下拉菜单来更改画面。</li>
	<li>要关闭该程序, 请停止视频并右键单击屏幕上的任意位置。这将导致程序返回到9矩形的主屏幕。关闭显示器和 DVR 系统的电源。</li>
</ol>

<ol>
	<li>Nisbet, I. C. T., Arnold, J. M., Oswald, S. A., Pyle, P., Patten, M. A., Rodewald, P. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Common+Tern+(Sterna+hirundo.).">Common Tern (Sterna hirundo.).</a> The Birds of North America. , (2017).</li><li>Brinker, D. F., Mccann, J. M., Williams, B., Watts, B. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Colonial-nesting+seabirds+in+the+Chesapeake+Bay+region:+where+have+we+been+and+where+are+we+going?.">Colonial-nesting seabirds in the Chesapeake Bay region: where have we been and where are we going?.</a> Waterbirds. 30 (1), 93-104 (2007).</li><li>Maryland Natural Heritage Program. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> List of rare, threatened, and endangered animals of Maryland. , 21401 (2016).</li><li>Palestis, B. G., Hines, J. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Adult+survival+and+breeding+dispersal+of+common+terns+(Sterna+hirundo)+in+a+declining+population.">Adult survival and breeding dispersal of common terns (Sterna hirundo) in a declining population.</a> Waterbirds. 38 (3), 221-228 (2015).</li><li>Buckley, F. G., Buckley, P. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microenvironmental+determinants+of+survival+in+saltmarsh-nesting+common+terns.">Microenvironmental determinants of survival in saltmarsh-nesting common terns.</a> Colonial Waterbirds. 5, 39 (1982).</li><li>Erwin, R. M., Brinker, D. F., Watts, B. D., Costanzo, G. R., Morton, D. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Islands+at+bay:+rising+seas,+eroding+islands,+and+waterbird+habitat+loss+in+Chesapeake+Bay+(USA).">Islands at bay: rising seas, eroding islands, and waterbird habitat loss in Chesapeake Bay (USA).</a> Journal of Coastal Conservation. 15 (1), 51-60 (2010).</li><li>Drury, W. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Population+changes+in+New+England+seabirds+(Continued).">Population changes in New England seabirds (Continued).</a> Bird-Banding. 45 (1), 1 (1974).</li><li>Anderson, J. G., Devlin, C. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Restoration+of+a+multi-species+seabird+colony.">Restoration of a multi-species seabird colony.</a> Biological Conservation. 90 (3), 175-181 (1999).</li><li>Erwin, R. M., Miller, J., Reese, J. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Poplar+Island+environmental+restoration+project:+challenges+in+waterbird+restoration+on+an+island+in+Chesapeake+Bay.">Poplar Island environmental restoration project: challenges in waterbird restoration on an island in Chesapeake Bay.</a> Ecological Restoration. 25 (4), 256-262 (2007).</li><li>Kress, S. W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+status+of+tern+populations+in+northeastern+United+States+and+adjacent+Canada.">The status of tern populations in northeastern United States and adjacent Canada.</a> Colonial Waterbirds. 6, 84-106 (1983).</li><li>Carney, K. M., Sydeman, W. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+review+of+human+disturbance+effects+on+nesting+colonial+waterbirds.">A review of human disturbance effects on nesting colonial waterbirds.</a> Waterbirds. 22 (1), 68-79 (1999).</li><li>Brubeck, M. V., Thompson, B. C., Slack, R. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+effects+of+trapping,+banding,+and+patagial+tagging+on+the+parental+behavior+of+least+terns+in+Texas.">The effects of trapping, banding, and patagial tagging on the parental behavior of least terns in Texas.</a> Colonial Waterbirds. 4, 54 (1981).</li><li>Gochfeld, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differences+in+behavioral+responses+of+young+common+terns+and+black+skimmers+to+intrusion+and+handling.">Differences in behavioral responses of young common terns and black skimmers to intrusion and handling.</a> Colonial Waterbirds. 4, 47 (1981).</li><li>Nisbet, I. C. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Behavior+of+common+and+roseate+terns+after+trapping.">Behavior of common and roseate terns after trapping.</a> Colonial Waterbirds. 4, 44 (1981).</li><li>Carey, M. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Investigator+disturbance+reduces+reproductive+success+in+Short-tailed+Shearwaters+Puffinus+tentuirostris.">Investigator disturbance reduces reproductive success in Short-tailed Shearwaters Puffinus tentuirostris.</a> IBIS. 153 (2), 363-372 (2011).</li><li>Stein, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Absence+from+the+nest+due+to+human+disturbance+induces+higher+nest+predation+risk+than+natural+recesses+in+Common+Eiders+Somateria+mollissima.">Absence from the nest due to human disturbance induces higher nest predation risk than natural recesses in Common Eiders Somateria mollissima.</a> IBIS. 158 (2), 249-260 (2015).</li><li>Safina, C., Burger, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+human+disturbance+on+reproductive+success+in+the+black+skimmer.">Effects of human disturbance on reproductive success in the black skimmer.</a> The Condor. 85 (2), 164-171 (1983).</li><li>Ellenburg, U., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Assessing+the+impact+of+nest+searches+on+breeding+birds-+a+case+study+on+Fiordland+creasted+penguins+(Eudyptes+pachyrhynchus).">Assessing the impact of nest searches on breeding birds- a case study on Fiordland creasted penguins (Eudyptes pachyrhynchus).</a> New Zealand Journal of Ecology. 39 (2), 231-244 (2015).</li><li>Erwin, M. R., Beck, R. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Restoration+of+waterbird+habitats+in+Chesapeake+Bay:+great+expectations+or+sisyphus+revisited?.">Restoration of waterbird habitats in Chesapeake Bay: great expectations or sisyphus revisited?.</a> Waterbirds. 30 (1), 163-176 (2007).</li><li>Erwin, M. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Post phase I dike construction faunal component surveys of the Paul S. Sarbanes ecosystem restoration project at Poplar Island: the 2012 assessment of waterbird nesting. , (2012).</li><li>Cox, W. A., Pruett, M. S., Benson, T. J., Chiavacci, S. J., Thompson, F. R., Ribic, C. A., Thompson, F. R., Pietz, P. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+of+camera+technology+for+monitoring+nests.">Development of camera technology for monitoring nests.</a> Video surveillance of nesting birds. , 185-198 (2012).</li><li>Mckinnon, L., B&#234;ty, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+camera+monitoring+on+survival+rates+of+High-Arctic+shorebird+nests.">Effect of camera monitoring on survival rates of High-Arctic shorebird nests.</a> Journal of Field Ornithology. 80 (3), 280-288 (2009).</li><li>. LW3211 series specs Available from: <a target="_blank" href="https://www.lorextechnology.com/downloads/wireless-security-cameras/LW3211-Series/LW3211_Series_Spec_R1.pdf">https://www.lorextechnology.com/downloads/wireless-security-cameras/LW3211-Series/LW3211_Series_Spec_R1.pdf</a> (2017)</li><li>Nisbet, I. C. T., Cohen, M. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Asynchronous+hatching+in+common+and+roseate+terns,+Sterna+Hirundo+and+S.+Dougallii.">Asynchronous hatching in common and roseate terns, Sterna Hirundo and S. Dougallii.</a> IBIS. 117 (3), 374-379 (2008).</li><li>. 720P Wireless digital security camera LW3211 series quick start guide Available from: <a target="_blank" href="https://www.lorextechnology.com/downloads/wireless-security-cameras/LW3211-Series/LW3211_SERIES_QSG_EN_R1.pdf">https://www.lorextechnology.com/downloads/wireless-security-cameras/LW3211-Series/LW3211_SERIES_QSG_EN_R1.pdf</a> (2017)</li></ol>

作者没有什么可透露的。

监测水鸟可能是破坏性的, 调查人员的干扰, 而监测水鸟已与巢遗弃和减少在生殖成功12,13,14。这里提出的协议提供了一种微创监测方法, 允许研究人员建立和记录地面嵌套水鸟的嵌套行为, 通过连续的视频镜头。
因为这种方法是微创的, 它需要大量的初始劳动, 以确保系统在没有研究人员在场的情况下运行?...

共同的燕鸥 (燕鸥家燕, 以后的科特迪瓦), 一个水鸟物种广泛繁殖分布, 已成为一个旗舰的例子, 需要保护和监测计划1。在女帽贸易摘除附近, 联邦立法在1900s 使人口反弹。然而, 切萨皮克湾的人口趋势下降, 除了许多其他水鸟2, 也引起了对科特迪瓦的更多关注。目前, 由于养殖数量的减少和活跃繁殖菌落3, 科特迪瓦被列为马里兰州濒危物种。压力包括繁殖场所的洪水和承受力4,5,6, 人为干扰, 竞争/捕食与海鸥7,8, 和捕食大角猫头鹰 (特斯·布波鹑)和红狐 (狐狸狐狸)9,10, 被认为是导致目前的人口下降;然而, 个别压力源的相对贡献是未知的。了解与繁殖周期的不同阶段相关的压力源, 如孵化、后孵化和雏鹰成功是重要的, 但可以是密集的, 包括需要进入巢群11的频繁调查。这种监测技术可能对燕鸥种群造成破坏性, 在某些情况下可能导致巢弃和/或减少生殖成功12、13、14。
虽然研究人员对共同燕鸥的影响有很好的记录, 但密集的监测可能会影响到一些额外的地面嵌套殖民物种, 如短尾 shearwaters (Puffinus tenuirostris)15, 共同 eiders (Somateria 板栗)16, 黑色漏勺 (Rynchops 尼日尔)17, 峡湾冠企鹅 (Eudyptes pachyrhynchus)18。例如, 对短尾 shearwaters 的研究发现, 监测强度与孵化成功率呈反比关系, 并会加剧种群的下降。这些例子说明了在保持全面监测程序的同时减少干扰的需求越来越大。在本文所概述的视频系统中, 我们的目的是获取关于巢的注意和观察捕食者的信息, 这种方式将减少人类在殖民地内的身体存在。
我们的研究位于 38°46′01″N (76°22′54″W, 此后杨树岛) 的保罗 s 萨班斯生态修复项目, 在马里兰州的几个已知的筑巢地点之一。杨树岛正在进行的监测项目确定了由科特迪瓦统一筑巢, 尽管由于鸟类或哺乳类捕食者19、20的存在, 其成功程度有变。由于这些因素, 白杨岛被认定为进行这项研究的理想地点。
虽然通过视频技术监测水鸟人口的能力对观察21、22的物种有明显的好处, 但在实施这种方法时必须考虑到若干技术考虑因素。例如, 视频分辨率必须足以识别研究人员感兴趣的项目, 如食物项、巢标记或彩色腿部带, 以供个人识别。此外, 物理组件必须足够耐用, 以抵御天气事件和野生动物的相互作用。无线安全摄像头的选择由于其高清晰度图片质量, 彩色显示与无线和红外线功能, 户外耐久性, 和整体成本效益23。
本研究的目的是设计一个视频监控系统, 以便对地面嵌套的殖民物种进行远程观察, 同时对这些人和殖民地造成最小的干扰。本文概述了用于采集数据的特定视频系统。

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Morningstar SS-20L-12V (2)</td>
			<td>Morningstar Corporation</td>
			<td>3680192</td>
			<td>Charge controller</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Renogy 100 W 12V Panel (4)</td>
			<td>Renogy</td>
			<td>RNG-100D</td>
			<td>Solar panel</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LOREX LW3211 (6)</td>
			<td>Lorex</td>
			<td>LW3211-2PK</td>
			<td>Wireless camera with receivers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sawhorse (4)</td>
			<td>HDX</td>
			<td>SH106</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LOREX DV7082</td>
			<td>Lorex</td>
			<td>DV7082W</td>
			<td>8ch 1080p HD DVR; Comes with computer mouse</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>12V dry cell Absorbent Glass Mat (AGM) car batteries (6)</td>
			<td>Optima</td>
			<td>DS46B24R</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TCT LCD color monitor</td>
			<td>Kuman</td>
			<td>X0013XAI51</td>
			<td>Mini display monitor</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>22 in. display monitor</td>
			<td>Dell</td>
			<td>S2218H</td>
			<td>For office</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>18 gallon plastic bin (2)</td>
			<td>Sterilite</td>
			<td>1446</td>
			<td>Plastic container</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Black copper insulated 10 AWG wire</td>
			<td>Southwire</td>
			<td>22973257</td>
			<td>Black electrical wire</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Red copper insulated 10 AWG wire</td>
			<td>Southwire</td>
			<td>37113803</td>
			<td>Red electrical wire</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>3/8 in. ring terminals</td>
			<td>Autocraft</td>
			<td>85417</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>5/16 in. ring terminals</td>
			<td>AutoCraft</td>
			<td>85445</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Winged wire connectors (red)</td>
			<td>Commercial Electric</td>
			<td>775304</td>
			<td>Connector is large enough to accommodate 3 10AWG wires inside</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>12V male DC adapter (2)</td>
			<td>Avue</td>
			<td>162537</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Male DC 2.1 x 5.5 mm power plugs for CCTV (4)</td>
			<td>WinBook</td>
			<td>231001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Four port DC power splitters, 1 female to 4</td>
			<td>ClearView</td>
			<td>PWRSPIDER4</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1.5 ft. wooden board (5)</td>
			<td>Home Depot</td>
			<td>461443</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>5 ft. wooden board</td>
			<td>Vigoro</td>
			<td>RC 85N</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1/4 in. x 2 in. eye bolt (8)</td>
			<td>Everbilt</td>
			<td>816721</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>5/16 in. hex nuts (16)</td>
			<td>Everbilt</td>
			<td>804886</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>5/16 in. washers (16)</td>
			<td>Everbilt</td>
			<td>807220</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SAE size 6 stainless steel clamps (8)</td>
			<td>Everbilt</td>
			<td>670655E</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>60ft. BNC extension cables (6)</td>
			<td>WinBook</td>
			<td>432377</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2 ft. x 4 ft. wooden plywood</td>
			<td>Home Depot</td>
			<td>1502104</td>
			<td>Cut to 1 ft. x 2 ft.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>5 ft. metal rebar (8)</td>
			<td>Weyerhaeuser</td>
			<td>35616</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bungee cord (2)</td>
			<td>HDX</td>
			<td>56128</td>
			<td>For securing lid</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>15 ft. x 3/4 in. sticky back tape</td>
			<td>Velcro</td>
			<td>239540</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Duct tape</td>
			<td>Duck</td>
			<td>392875</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Permanent Marker</td>
			<td>Sharpie</td>
			<td>35010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1/4 in. x 400 ft. white diamond braid nylon rope</td>
			<td>Everbilt</td>
			<td>72716</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Weatherproof electrical tape</td>
			<td>Scotch</td>
			<td>6143-BA-10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Schumacher 6A 12V automatic battery charger/ Carquest battery charger 8A</td>
			<td>Schumacher/ Carquest</td>
			<td>SP6/ CQ-80CR</td>
			<td>Two possible car battery chargers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>6 in. nails (14)</td>
			<td>Grip-Rite</td>
			<td>60HGC</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>18 Volt 1/2 in. Drill-Driver</td>
			<td>Ryobi</td>
			<td>P208B</td>
			<td>Drill</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>25 watt standard duty soldering iron</td>
			<td>Weller</td>
			<td>SP25NKUS</td>
			<td>Soldering iron</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Leaded rosin core solder</td>
			<td>Bernzomatic</td>
			<td>354123</td>
			<td>Solder</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Wire cutter</td>
			<td>Stanley</td>
			<td>84-199</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Screwdriver</td>
			<td>Husky</td>
			<td>146340142</td>
			<td>Came from 14 piece set of Phillips and flathead drivers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>15 in. aggressive tooth saw</td>
			<td>Home Depot</td>
			<td>122SS159</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rubber mallet</td>
			<td>HDX</td>
			<td>31030</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Post driver</td>
			<td>Everbilt</td>
			<td>901147EB</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a video surveillance system to monitor breeding colonies of common terns (sterna hirundo)

在上个世纪, 许多水鸟人口面临下降, 其中包括共同的燕鸥 (燕鸥家燕), 一种具有广泛繁殖分布的水鸟物种, 最近在其范围的某些生境中被列为濒临绝种。水鸟监测程序存在跟踪人口的时间;然而, 一些较为密集的方法需要进入殖民地, 并可能对嵌套种群造成破坏。本文介绍了一种利用微创监测系统连续监测典型地嵌套群落中常见的燕窝行为的协议。视频监控系统利用无线摄像头专注于单个巢, 以及整个殖民地, 并允许观察而不进入殖民地。视频系统的动力与 12 V 汽车电池, 不断充电使用太阳能电池板。视频记录使用数字录像机 (DVR) 连接到硬盘驱动器, 可以更换时, 充分。DVR 可能被放在蚁群之外以减少干扰。在这项研究中, 3624 小时的录像记录超过63天的天气条件, 从12.8 °c 到35.0 °c 产生 3006 h (83%) 的可用行为数据。从录制的视频中检索到的数据类型可能会有所不同;我们用它来检测外部扰动, 并测量孵化过程中的嵌套行为。虽然此处详述的协议是为地面嵌套水鸟设计的, 但可以很容易地修改主系统, 以适应其他方案, 如殖民树栖巢种, 使之广泛适用于各种研究需要。

该视频监控协议的实施将导致连续的数据集从五水鸟巢在接近的范围和一组镜头的整个殖民地从一个高的优势点。该系统的成功使用将减少镜头超出范围或显示质量较差的图像的时间, 并将最大限度地提高影片的高质量的时间 (图 2;图 3)。在杨树岛上的摄像头安装在夏季2017在巢与一个鸡蛋, 因为成年燕鸥没有开始定期参加他们的...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Video Surveillance System to Monitor Breeding Colonies of Common Terns Sterna Hirundo at JoVE.com

A Video Surveillance System to Monitor Breeding Colonies of Common Terns Sterna Hirundo

本文介绍了一种利用远程视频监控监控系统对地面嵌套水鸟繁殖菌落进行连续监测的协议。该系统包括五台监控单个巢的摄像头, 一个摄像头监视整个蜂群, 并由通过太阳能电池板充电的汽车电池供电。

监测常见燕鸥繁殖菌落的视频监控系统 (燕鸥家燕)

Many waterbird populations have faced declines over the last century, including the common tern (Sterna hirundo), a waterbird species with a widespread ...

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A Video Surveillance System to Monitor Breeding Colonies of Common Terns (Sterna Hirundo)

Steady-State Transmission Lines and Power Flows

SCIENTISTS IN ACTION

7.5K 次观看.  Chesapeake Bay Trust. 本文介绍了一种利用远程视频监控监控系统对地面嵌套水鸟繁殖菌落进行连续监测的协议。该系统包括五台监控单个巢的摄像头, 一个摄像头监视整个蜂群, 并由通过太阳能电池板充电的汽车电池供电。

视频: A Video Surveillance System to Monitor Breeding Colonies of Common Terns Sterna Hirundo

The Use of an Automated System (GreenFeed) to Monitor Enteric Methane and Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Ruminant Animals

Ruminant animals (domesticated or wild) emit methane (CH4) through enteric fermentation in their digestive tract and from decomposition of manure during storage. These processes are the major sources of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from animal production systems. Techniques for measuring enteric CH4 vary from direct measurements (respiration chambers, which are highly accurate, but with limited applicability) to various indirect methods (sniffers, laser technology, which are practical, but with variable accuracy). The sulfur hexafluoride (SF6)&#160;tracer gas method is commonly used to measure enteric CH4 production by animal scientists and more recently, application of an Automated Head-Chamber System (AHCS) (GreenFeed, C-Lock, Inc., Rapid City, SD), which is the focus of this experiment, has been growing. AHCS is an automated system to monitor CH4 and carbon dioxide (CO2) mass fluxes from the breath of ruminant animals. In a typical AHCS operation, small quantities of baiting feed are dispensed to individual animals to lure them to AHCS multiple times daily. As the animal visits AHCS, a fan system pulls air past the animal&#8217;s muzzle into an intake manifold, and through an air collection pipe where continuous airflow rates are measured. A sub-sample of air is pumped out of the pipe into non-dispersive infra-red sensors for continuous measurement of CH4 and CO2 concentrations. Field comparisons of AHCS to respiration chambers or SF6 have demonstrated that AHCS produces repeatable and accurate CH4 emission results, provided that animal visits to AHCS are sufficient so emission estimates are representative of the diurnal rhythm of rumen gas production. Here, we demonstrate the use of AHCS to measure CO2 and CH4 fluxes from dairy cows given a control diet or a diet supplemented with technical-grade cashew nut shell liquid.

The Use of an Automated System GreenFeed to Monitor Enteric Methane and Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Ruminant Animals

Accuracy and precision of the techniques used to measure methane emissions from ruminant animals are critically important for the success of greenhouse gas mitigation efforts. This manuscript describes the principles and operation of an automated system to monitor methane and carbon dioxide mass fluxes from the breath of ruminant animals.

自动系统（绿色饲料）的用于监视肠道的甲烷和二氧化碳从反刍动物排放

Ruminant animals (domesticated or wild) emit methane (CH4) through enteric fermentation in their digestive tract and from decomposition of manure during ...

科研

环境科学

Calibrated Passive Sampling - Multi-plot Field Measurements of NH3 Emissions with a Combination of Dynamic Tube Method and Passive Samplers

Agricultural ammonia (NH3) emissions (90% of total EU emissions) are responsible for about 45% airborne eutrophication, 31% soil acidification and 12% fine dust formation within the EU15. But NH3 emissions also mean a considerable loss of nutrients. Many studies on NH3 emission from organic and mineral fertilizer application have been performed in recent decades. Nevertheless, research related to NH3 emissions after application fertilizers is still limited in particular with respect to relationships to emissions, fertilizer type, site conditions and crop growth. Due to the variable response of crops to treatments, effects can only be validated in experimental designs including field replication for statistical testing. The dominating ammonia loss methods yielding quantitative emissions require large field areas, expensive equipment or current supply, which restricts their application in replicated field trials. This protocol describes a new methodology for the measurement of NH3 emissions on many plots linking a simple semi-quantitative measuring method used in all plots, with a quantitative method by simultaneous measurements using both methods on selected plots. As a semi-quantitative measurement method passive samplers are used. The second method is a dynamic chamber method (Dynamic Tube Method) to obtain a transfer quotient, which converts the semi-quantitative losses of the passive sampler to quantitative losses (kg nitrogen ha-1). The principle underlying this approach is that passive samplers placed in a homogeneous experimental field have the same NH3 absorption behavior under identical environmental conditions. Therefore, a transfer co-efficient obtained from single passive samplers can be used to scale the values of all passive samplers used in the same field trial. The method proved valid under a wide range of experimental conditions and is recommended to be used under conditions with bare soil or small canopies (&#60;0.3 m). Results obtained from experiments with taller plants should be treated more carefully.

Calibrated Passive Sampling - Multi-plot Field Measurements of NH3 Emissions with a Combination of Dynamic Tube Method and Passive Samplers

Ammonia emissions are a major threat to the environment by eutrophication, soil acidification and fine particle formation and stem mainly from agricultural sources. This method allows ammonia loss measurements in replicated field trials enabling statistical analysis of emissions and of relationships between crop development and emissions.

校准被动采样 - NH多情节场测量<sub&gt; 3</sub&gt;与动态管法和被动采样的组合排放

Agricultural ammonia (NH3) emissions (90% of total EU emissions) are responsible for about 45% airborne eutrophication, 31% soil acidification and 12% ...

Methods of Soil Resampling to Monitor Changes in the Chemical Concentrations of Forest Soils

Recent soils research has shown that important chemical soil characteristics can change in less than a decade, often the result of broad environmental changes. Repeated sampling to monitor these changes in forest soils is a relatively new practice that is not well documented in the literature and has only recently been broadly embraced by the scientific community. The objective of this protocol is therefore to synthesize the latest information on methods of soil resampling in a format that can be used to design and implement a soil monitoring program. Successful monitoring of forest soils requires that a study unit be defined within an area of forested land that can be characterized with replicate sampling locations. A resampling interval of 5 years is recommended, but if monitoring is done to evaluate a specific environmental driver, the rate of change expected in that driver should be taken into consideration. Here, we show that the sampling of the profile can be done by horizon where boundaries can be clearly identified and horizons are sufficiently thick to remove soil without contamination from horizons above or below. Otherwise, sampling can be done by depth interval. Archiving of sample for future reanalysis is a key step in avoiding analytical bias and providing the opportunity for additional analyses as new questions arise.

Repeated soil sampling has recently been shown to be an effective way to monitor forest soil change over years and decades. To support its use, a protocol is presented that synthesizes the latest information on soil resampling methods to aid in the design and implementation of successful soil monitoring programs.

土壤重采样的方法监控森林土壤的化学浓度的变化

Recent soils research has shown that important chemical soil characteristics can change in less than a decade, often the result of broad environmental ...

Video Tracking Protocol to Screen Deterrent Chemistries for Honey Bees

The European honey bee, Apis mellifera L., is an economically and agriculturally important pollinator that generates billions of dollars annually. Honey bee colony numbers have been declining in the United States and many European countries since 1947. A number of factors play a role in this decline, including the unintentional exposure of honey bees to pesticides. The development of new methods and regulations are warranted to reduce pesticide exposures to these pollinators. One approach is the use of repellent chemistries that deter honey bees from a recently pesticide-treated crop. Here, we describe a protocol to discern the deterrence of honey bees exposed to select repellent chemistries. Honey bee foragers are collected and starved overnight in an incubator 15 h prior to testing. Individual honey bees are placed into Petri dishes that have either a sugar-agarose cube (control treatment) or sugar-agarose-compound cube (repellent treatment) placed into the middle of the dish. The Petri dish serves as the arena that is placed under a camera in a light box to record the honey bee locomotor activities using video tracking software. A total of 8 control and 8 repellent treatments were analyzed for a 10 min period with each treatment was duplicated with new honey bees. Here, we demonstrate that honey bees are deterred from the sugar-agarose cubes with a compound treatment whereas honey bees are attracted to the sugar-agarose cubes without an added compound.

The loss of honey bee colonies presents a challenge to crop pollination services. Current pollinator protection practices warrant an alternative approach to minimize the contact of honey bees to harmful pesticides using repellent chemistries. Here, we provide detailed methods for a visual tracking protocol to screen deterrents for bees.

用于蜂蜜蜜蜂筛选化学成分的视频跟踪协议

The European honey bee, Apis mellifera L., is an economically and agriculturally important pollinator that generates billions of dollars annually. Honey ...

Measuring and Mapping Patterns of Soil Erosion and Deposition Related to Soil Carbonate Concentrations Under Agricultural Management

Spatial patterns of soil erosion and deposition can be inferred from differences in ground elevation mapped at appropriate time increments. Such changes in elevation are related to changes in near-surface soil carbonate (CaCO3) profiles. The objective is to describe a simple conceptual model and detailed protocol for repeatable field and laboratory measurements of these quantities. Here, accurate elevation is measured using a ground-based differential global positioning system (GPS); other data acquisition methods could be applied to the same basic method. Soil samples are collected from prescribed depth intervals and analyzed in the lab using an efficient and precise modified pressure-calcimeter method for quantitative analysis of inorganic carbon concentration. Standard statistical methods are applied to point data, and representative results show significant correlations between changes in soil surface layer CaCO3 and changes in elevation consistent with the conceptual model; CaCO3 generally decreased in depositional areas and increased in erosional areas. Maps are derived from point measurements of elevation and soil CaCO3 to aid analyses. A map of erosional and depositional patterns at the study site, a rain-fed winter wheat field cropped in alternating wheat-fallow strips, shows the interacting effects of water and wind erosion affected by management and topography. Alternative sampling methods and depth intervals are discussed and recommended for future work relating soil erosion and deposition to soil CaCO3.

Spatial patterns of soil erosion and deposition can be inferred from differences in ground elevation mapped at appropriate time increments. Such changes in elevation are related to changes in near-surface soil carbonates. Repeatable methods for field and laboratory measurements of these quantities and data analysis methods are described here.

农业经营条件下土壤侵蚀和沉积与土壤碳酸盐浓度关系的测量与制图

Spatial patterns of soil erosion and deposition can be inferred from differences in ground elevation mapped at appropriate time increments. Such changes ...

The Calibration and Use of Capacitance Sensors to Monitor Stem Water Content in Trees

Water transport and storage through the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum is critical to the terrestrial water cycle, and has become a major research focus area. Biomass capacitance plays an integral role in the avoidance of hydraulic impairment to transpiration. However, high temporal resolution measurements of dynamic changes in the hydraulic capacitance of large trees are rare. Here, we present procedures for the calibration and use of capacitance sensors, typically used to monitor soil water content, to measure the volumetric water content in trees in the field. Frequency domain reflectometry-style observations are sensitive to the density of the media being studied. Therefore, it is necessary to perform species-specific calibrations to convert from the sensor-reported values of dielectric permittivity to volumetric water content. Calibration is performed on a harvested branch or stem cut into segments that are dried or re-hydrated to produce a full range of water contents used to generate a best-fit regression with sensor observations. Sensors are inserted into calibration segments or installed in trees after pre-drilling holes to a tolerance fit using a fabricated template to ensure proper drill alignment. Special care is taken to ensure that sensor tines make good contact with the surrounding media, while allowing them to be inserted without excessive force. Volumetric water content dynamics observed via the presented methodology align with sap flow measurements recorded using thermal dissipation techniques and environmental forcing data. Biomass water content data can be used to observe the onset of water stress, drought response and recovery, and has the potential to be applied to the calibration and evaluation of new plant-level hydrodynamics models, as well as to the partitioning of remotely sensed moisture products into above- and belowground components.

The hydraulic capacitance of biomass is a key component of the vegetation water budget, which serves as a buffer against short and long-term drought stresses. Here, we present a protocol for the calibration and use of soil moisture capacitance sensors to monitor water content in the stems of large trees.

电容式传感器监测林木茎含水量的标定及应用

Water transport and storage through the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum is critical to the terrestrial water cycle, and has become a major research focus ...

A Strain Gauge Monitor (SGM) for Continuous Valve Gape Measurements in Bivalve Molluscs in Response to Laboratory Induced Diel-cycling Hypoxia and pH

An inexpensive, laboratory-based, strain gauge valve gape monitor (SGM) was developed to monitor the valve gape behavior of bivalve molluscs in response to diel-cycling hypoxia. A Wheatstone bridge was connected to strain gauges that were attached to the shells of oysters (Crassostrea virginica). The recorded signals allowed for the opening and closing of the bivalves to be recorded continuously over two-day periods of experimentally-induced diel-cycling hypoxia and diel-cycling changes in pH. Here, we describe a protocol for developing an inexpensive strain gauge monitor and describe, in an example laboratory experiment, how we used it to measure the valve gape behavior of Eastern oysters (C. virginica), in response to diel-cycling hypoxia and cyclical changes in pH. Valve gape was measured on oysters subjected to cyclical severe hypoxic (0.6 mg/L) dissolved oxygen conditions with and without cyclical changes in pH, cyclical mild hypoxic (1.7 mg/L) conditions and normoxic (7.3 mg/L) conditions. We demonstrate that when oysters encounter repeated diel cycles, they rapidly close their shells in response to severe hypoxia and close with a time lag to mild hypoxia. When normoxia is restored, they rapidly open again. Oysters did not respond to cyclical pH conditions superimposed on diel cycling severe hypoxia. At reduced oxygen conditions, more than one third of the oysters closed simultaneously. We demonstrate that oysters respond to diel-cycling hypoxia, which must be considered when assessing the behavior of bivalves to dissolved oxygen. The valve SGM can be used to assess responses of bivalve molluscs to changes in dissolved oxygen or contaminants. Sealing techniques to better seal the valve gape strain gauges from sea water need further improvement to increase the longevity of the sensors.

A Strain Gauge Monitor SGM for Continuous Valve Gape Measurements in Bivalve Molluscs in Response to Laboratory Induced Diel-cycling Hypoxia and pH

Understanding the behavioral responses of bivalve suspension-feeders to environmental variables, such as dissolved oxygen, can explain some ecosystem processes. We have developed an inexpensive, laboratory-based, strain gauge monitor (SGM) to measure valve gape responses of oysters, Crassostrea virginica, to diel-cycling hypoxia and cyclical pH.

基于实验室诱导的昼夜循环缺氧和 pH 值的双壳软体动物连续气门目瞪口呆测量用应变计监测仪 (通用)

An inexpensive, laboratory-based, strain gauge valve gape monitor (SGM) was developed to monitor the valve gape behavior of bivalve molluscs in response ...

Combining Eye-tracking Data with an Analysis of Video Content from Free-viewing a Video of a Walk in an Urban Park Environment

As individuals increasingly live in cities, methods to study their everyday movements and the data that can be collected becomes important and valuable. Eye-tracking informatics are known to connect to a range of feelings, health conditions, mental states and actions. But because vision is the result of constant eye-movements, teasing out what is important from what is noise is complex and data intensive. Furthermore, a significant challenge is controlling for what people look at compared to what is presented to them.
The following presents a methodology for combining and analyzing eye-tracking on a video of a natural and complex scene with a machine learning technique for analyzing the content of the video. In the protocol we focus on analyzing data from filmed videos, how a video can be best used to record participants&#39; eye-tracking data, and importantly how the content of the video can be analyzed and combined with the eye-tracking data. We present a brief summary of the results and a discussion of the potential of the method for further studies in complex environments.

The objective of the protocol is to detail how to collect video data for use in the laboratory; how to record eye-tracking data of participants looking at the data and how to efficiently analyze the content of the videos that they were looking at using a machine learning technique.

将眼动追踪数据与从自由观看城市公园环境中的步行视频中获得的视频内容进行分析

As individuals increasingly live in cities, methods to study their everyday movements and the data that can be collected becomes important and valuable. ...

Evaluation of the Productivity of Social Wasp Colonies (Vespinae) and an Introduction to the Traditional Japanese Vespula Wasp Hunting Technique

For vespine wasps, colony productivity is typically estimated by counting the number of larval cells. This paper presents an improved method that enables researchers to estimate more accurately the number of adults produced, counting the number of meconia (the stools left in the cells by wasp larvae when pupating into adults, per 100 cells) in each comb. This method can be applied before or after colony collapse (i.e., in active or inactive nests). The paper also describes how to locate wild Vespula wasp colonies by &#34;flagging&#34; wasp baits and chasing the wasp collecting them, using a method traditionally performed by local people in central Japan (as illustrated in the associated video). The Vespula chasing method described has several advantages: it is easy to reinitiate the chase from a point where the forager flying back to the nest was lost, and it is easy to pinpoint the nest location as marked wasps often lose their flag at the nest entrance. These methods for estimating colony productivity and collecting nests can be valuable for researchers studying social wasps.

Evaluation of the Productivity of Social Wasp Colonies Vespinae and an Introduction to the Traditional Japanese Vespula Wasp Hunting Technique

This methodological paper evaluates the productivity of a social wasp colony by examining the number of meconia per 100 cells of comb, to estimate the total number of adults the wasps produced. The associated video describes how to search for Vespula wasp nests, a method developed by amateur wasp chasers.

社会黄蜂群落（韦皮纳）生产力评价及日本传统黄蜂狩猎技术简介

For vespine wasps, colony productivity is typically estimated by counting the number of larval cells. This paper presents an improved method that enables ...

Investigation of Plant Interactions Across Common Mycorrhizal Networks Using Rotated Cores

Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi influence plant mineral nutrient uptake and growth, hence, they have the potential to influence plant interactions. The power of their influence is in extraradical mycelia that spread beyond nutrient depletion zones found near roots to ultimately interconnect individuals within a common mycorrhizal network (CMN). Most experiments, however, have investigated the role of AM fungi in plant interactions by growing plants with versus without mycorrhizal fungi, a method that fails to explicitly address the role of CMNs. Here, we propose a method that manipulates CMNs to investigate their role in plant interactions. Our method uses modified containers with conical bottoms with a nylon mesh and/or hydrophobic material covering slotted openings, 15N fertilizer, and a nutrient-poor interstitial sand. CMNs are left either intact between interacting individuals, severed by rotation of containers, or prevented from forming by a solid barrier. Our findings suggest that rotating containers is sufficient to disrupt CMNs and prevent their effects on plant interactions across CMNs. Our approach is advantageous because it mimics aspects of nature, such as seedlings tapping into already established CMNs and the use of a suite of AM fungi that may provide diverse benefits. Although our experiment is limited to investigating plants at the seedling stage, plant interactions across CMNs can be detected using our approach which therefore can be applied to investigate biological questions about the functioning of CMNs in ecosystems.

Most plants within communities likely are interconnected by arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, but mediation of plant interactions by them has been investigated primarily by growing plants with versus without mycorrhizas. We present a method to manipulate common mycorrhizal networks among mycorrhizal plants to investigate their consequences for plant interactions.

旋转芯在常见菌根网络中植物相互作用的研究

Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi influence plant mineral nutrient uptake and growth, hence, they have the potential to influence plant interactions. The ...