Todos los datos registrados en este manuscrito se recolectaron según protocolo aprobado por el Patuxent Wildlife Research centro Animal cuidado y uso. Este proyecto fue financiado por el Departamento de recursos naturales de Maryland y apoyado por la zona de la misión de USGS los ecosistemas.  Producción de video fue financiada por el fideicomiso de Bahía de Chesapeake y amigos de Patuxent. Nos gustaría agradecer a la US Army Corps of Engineers, servicio ambiental de Maryland y Maryland transporte Maryland puerto de administración del Departamento de apoyo logístico general y permitir la filmación en vídeo en el sitio. Nos gustaría reconocer Dr. Bill Bowerman y el Dr. Daniel Gruner de la Universidad de Maryland para su entrada en el diseño del sistema y la implementación. También quisiéramos reconocer Bill Schultz, Kaitlyn Reintsma y Katie DeVoss por su ayuda en la solución de problemas y en configuración de campo en el verano de 2017. Por último, queremos dar las gracias a Michael Glow (revisión interna) y los revisores anónimos por su aporte. El uso del comercio, producto o nombres firmes en esta publicación es para los propósitos descriptivos solamente y no implica la aprobación por el gobierno de Estados Unidos.

<ol>
	<li>Nisbet, I. C. T., Arnold, J. M., Oswald, S. A., Pyle, P., Patten, M. A., Rodewald, P. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Common+Tern+(Sterna+hirundo.).">Common Tern (Sterna hirundo.).</a> The Birds of North America. , (2017).</li><li>Brinker, D. F., Mccann, J. M., Williams, B., Watts, B. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Colonial-nesting+seabirds+in+the+Chesapeake+Bay+region:+where+have+we+been+and+where+are+we+going?.">Colonial-nesting seabirds in the Chesapeake Bay region: where have we been and where are we going?.</a> Waterbirds. 30 (1), 93-104 (2007).</li><li>Maryland Natural Heritage Program. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> List of rare, threatened, and endangered animals of Maryland. , 21401 (2016).</li><li>Palestis, B. G., Hines, J. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Adult+survival+and+breeding+dispersal+of+common+terns+(Sterna+hirundo)+in+a+declining+population.">Adult survival and breeding dispersal of common terns (Sterna hirundo) in a declining population.</a> Waterbirds. 38 (3), 221-228 (2015).</li><li>Buckley, F. G., Buckley, P. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microenvironmental+determinants+of+survival+in+saltmarsh-nesting+common+terns.">Microenvironmental determinants of survival in saltmarsh-nesting common terns.</a> Colonial Waterbirds. 5, 39 (1982).</li><li>Erwin, R. M., Brinker, D. F., Watts, B. D., Costanzo, G. R., Morton, D. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Islands+at+bay:+rising+seas,+eroding+islands,+and+waterbird+habitat+loss+in+Chesapeake+Bay+(USA).">Islands at bay: rising seas, eroding islands, and waterbird habitat loss in Chesapeake Bay (USA).</a> Journal of Coastal Conservation. 15 (1), 51-60 (2010).</li><li>Drury, W. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Population+changes+in+New+England+seabirds+(Continued).">Population changes in New England seabirds (Continued).</a> Bird-Banding. 45 (1), 1 (1974).</li><li>Anderson, J. G., Devlin, C. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Restoration+of+a+multi-species+seabird+colony.">Restoration of a multi-species seabird colony.</a> Biological Conservation. 90 (3), 175-181 (1999).</li><li>Erwin, R. M., Miller, J., Reese, J. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Poplar+Island+environmental+restoration+project:+challenges+in+waterbird+restoration+on+an+island+in+Chesapeake+Bay.">Poplar Island environmental restoration project: challenges in waterbird restoration on an island in Chesapeake Bay.</a> Ecological Restoration. 25 (4), 256-262 (2007).</li><li>Kress, S. W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+status+of+tern+populations+in+northeastern+United+States+and+adjacent+Canada.">The status of tern populations in northeastern United States and adjacent Canada.</a> Colonial Waterbirds. 6, 84-106 (1983).</li><li>Carney, K. M., Sydeman, W. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+review+of+human+disturbance+effects+on+nesting+colonial+waterbirds.">A review of human disturbance effects on nesting colonial waterbirds.</a> Waterbirds. 22 (1), 68-79 (1999).</li><li>Brubeck, M. V., Thompson, B. C., Slack, R. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+effects+of+trapping,+banding,+and+patagial+tagging+on+the+parental+behavior+of+least+terns+in+Texas.">The effects of trapping, banding, and patagial tagging on the parental behavior of least terns in Texas.</a> Colonial Waterbirds. 4, 54 (1981).</li><li>Gochfeld, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differences+in+behavioral+responses+of+young+common+terns+and+black+skimmers+to+intrusion+and+handling.">Differences in behavioral responses of young common terns and black skimmers to intrusion and handling.</a> Colonial Waterbirds. 4, 47 (1981).</li><li>Nisbet, I. C. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Behavior+of+common+and+roseate+terns+after+trapping.">Behavior of common and roseate terns after trapping.</a> Colonial Waterbirds. 4, 44 (1981).</li><li>Carey, M. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Investigator+disturbance+reduces+reproductive+success+in+Short-tailed+Shearwaters+Puffinus+tentuirostris.">Investigator disturbance reduces reproductive success in Short-tailed Shearwaters Puffinus tentuirostris.</a> IBIS. 153 (2), 363-372 (2011).</li><li>Stein, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Absence+from+the+nest+due+to+human+disturbance+induces+higher+nest+predation+risk+than+natural+recesses+in+Common+Eiders+Somateria+mollissima.">Absence from the nest due to human disturbance induces higher nest predation risk than natural recesses in Common Eiders Somateria mollissima.</a> IBIS. 158 (2), 249-260 (2015).</li><li>Safina, C., Burger, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+human+disturbance+on+reproductive+success+in+the+black+skimmer.">Effects of human disturbance on reproductive success in the black skimmer.</a> The Condor. 85 (2), 164-171 (1983).</li><li>Ellenburg, U., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Assessing+the+impact+of+nest+searches+on+breeding+birds-+a+case+study+on+Fiordland+creasted+penguins+(Eudyptes+pachyrhynchus).">Assessing the impact of nest searches on breeding birds- a case study on Fiordland creasted penguins (Eudyptes pachyrhynchus).</a> New Zealand Journal of Ecology. 39 (2), 231-244 (2015).</li><li>Erwin, M. R., Beck, R. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Restoration+of+waterbird+habitats+in+Chesapeake+Bay:+great+expectations+or+sisyphus+revisited?.">Restoration of waterbird habitats in Chesapeake Bay: great expectations or sisyphus revisited?.</a> Waterbirds. 30 (1), 163-176 (2007).</li><li>Erwin, M. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Post phase I dike construction faunal component surveys of the Paul S. Sarbanes ecosystem restoration project at Poplar Island: the 2012 assessment of waterbird nesting. , (2012).</li><li>Cox, W. A., Pruett, M. S., Benson, T. J., Chiavacci, S. J., Thompson, F. R., Ribic, C. A., Thompson, F. R., Pietz, P. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+of+camera+technology+for+monitoring+nests.">Development of camera technology for monitoring nests.</a> Video surveillance of nesting birds. , 185-198 (2012).</li><li>Mckinnon, L., B&#234;ty, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+camera+monitoring+on+survival+rates+of+High-Arctic+shorebird+nests.">Effect of camera monitoring on survival rates of High-Arctic shorebird nests.</a> Journal of Field Ornithology. 80 (3), 280-288 (2009).</li><li>. LW3211 series specs Available from: <a target="_blank" href="https://www.lorextechnology.com/downloads/wireless-security-cameras/LW3211-Series/LW3211_Series_Spec_R1.pdf">https://www.lorextechnology.com/downloads/wireless-security-cameras/LW3211-Series/LW3211_Series_Spec_R1.pdf</a> (2017)</li><li>Nisbet, I. C. T., Cohen, M. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Asynchronous+hatching+in+common+and+roseate+terns,+Sterna+Hirundo+and+S.+Dougallii.">Asynchronous hatching in common and roseate terns, Sterna Hirundo and S. Dougallii.</a> IBIS. 117 (3), 374-379 (2008).</li><li>. 720P Wireless digital security camera LW3211 series quick start guide Available from: <a target="_blank" href="https://www.lorextechnology.com/downloads/wireless-security-cameras/LW3211-Series/LW3211_SERIES_QSG_EN_R1.pdf">https://www.lorextechnology.com/downloads/wireless-security-cameras/LW3211-Series/LW3211_SERIES_QSG_EN_R1.pdf</a> (2017)</li></ol>

Los autores no tienen nada que revelar.

Monitoreo de aves acuáticas puede ser disruptiva, y disturbio del investigador vigilando las aves acuáticas se ha ligado para anidar abandono y disminuye el éxito reproductivo12,13,14. El protocolo presentado aquí ofrece un acercamiento como mínimo invasor de monitoreo que permite a los investigadores a establecer y documentar el comportamiento de anidación de aves acuáticas nidifican en tierra a través de secuencias de ...

Charrán común (Sterna hirundo, de ahora en adelante COTE), una especie de aves acuáticas con una distribución generalizada de la crianza, se ha convertido en un ejemplo emblemático de la necesidad de conservación y monitoreo de programas1. Una vez cosechada a cerca de la extirpación para el comercio de sombreros, legislación federal en la década de 1900 permitió a las poblaciones para recuperarse. Sin embargo, tendencia descendente de la población en la bahía de Chesapeake ha impulsado la creciente preocupación sobre COTE, además de muchas otras aves acuáticas2. COTE se enumeran actualmente como una especie amenazada del estado de Maryland debido a las reducciones en número de cría y de las colonias de cría activa3. Estresores como inundaciones y lavados de criar sitios4,5,6, disturbio antropogénico, competencia/depredación de gaviotas7,8y depredación por () grandes buhos de cuernos Bubo virginianus) y zorro rojo (Vulpes vulpes)9,10, se cree que han contribuido a la disminución de la población actual; sin embargo, las contribuciones relativas de factores estresantes individuales no se conocen. Estresores de comprensión asociados a diferentes etapas del ciclo de cría, como incubación, tras la incubación y el éxito incipiente son importantes pero son intensivos e incluyen encuestas frecuentes que requieren la entrada en la anidación de la Colonia11. Estas técnicas de monitoreo pueden ser perjudiciales para las poblaciones de charrán y en algunos casos pueden resultar en el abandono del nido o reducciones en el éxito reproductivo12,13,14.
Mientras que el impacto de los investigadores en el charrán común está bien documentado, vigilancia intensiva puede afectar a un número de tierra-nesting coloniales especies adicionales, como la pardela cola corta (Puffinus tenuirostris)15, eiders comunes ( Somateria mollissima)16, negro skimmers (Rynchops Níger)17y Fiordland crested penguins (Eudyptes pachyrhynchus)18. Por ejemplo, un estudio sobre la pardela cola corta encontró que control intensidad tenía una relación inversa en el éxito de eclosión y puede exacerbar la descensos poblacionales. Estos ejemplos ilustran la creciente necesidad de reducir la perturbación manteniendo programas de supervisión integrales. Con el sistema de vídeo que se describe en este documento, el objetivo fue obtener información sobre atención de nido y la observación de los depredadores de una manera que podría reducir la presencia física de los seres humanos dentro de la Colonia.
Nuestro estudio se encuentra en el proyecto de restauración ecosistemas de Paul S. Sarbanes en la isla de álamo (38 ° 46′01″N, 76 ° 22′54″W, en adelante isla de álamo), uno de los pocos sitios de anidación conocidos para la costa de Maryland. Programas de monitoreo permanentes en la isla de álamo han identificado anidación constante por COTE, aunque con niveles variables de éxito dependiendo de la presencia de aves o mamíferos depredadores19,20. Debido a estos factores, isla de álamo fue identificada como un lugar ideal para realizar este estudio.
Mientras que la capacidad para monitorear las poblaciones de aves acuáticas con tecnología de vídeo tiene claros beneficios a la especie bajo observación21,22, una serie de consideraciones técnicas debe tenerse en cuenta al aplicar este enfoque. Por ejemplo, resolución de vídeo debe ser suficiente para identificar artículos de interés para el investigador, tales como alimentos, anidan las marcas o bandas de color de la pierna para identificación individual. Adicionalmente, los componentes físicos deben ser lo suficientemente resistente para soportar fenómenos meteorológicos y las interacciones de la vida silvestre. Cámaras inalámbricas de seguridad fueron elegidas debido a su calidad de imagen de alta definición, pantalla a color con capacidad inalámbrica e infrarrojo, durabilidad al aire libre y costos de efectividad23.
El objetivo de este estudio fue diseñar un sistema que permitiría la observación remota de una especie colonial del tierra-nesting mientras causando disturbio mínimo a las personas y la colonia de vigilancia de video. Este documento describe el sistema de vídeo específico utilizado para recopilar datos.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Morningstar SS-20L-12V (2)</td>
			<td>Morningstar Corporation</td>
			<td>3680192</td>
			<td>Charge controller</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Renogy 100 W 12V Panel (4)</td>
			<td>Renogy</td>
			<td>RNG-100D</td>
			<td>Solar panel</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LOREX LW3211 (6)</td>
			<td>Lorex</td>
			<td>LW3211-2PK</td>
			<td>Wireless camera with receivers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sawhorse (4)</td>
			<td>HDX</td>
			<td>SH106</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LOREX DV7082</td>
			<td>Lorex</td>
			<td>DV7082W</td>
			<td>8ch 1080p HD DVR; Comes with computer mouse</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>12V dry cell Absorbent Glass Mat (AGM) car batteries (6)</td>
			<td>Optima</td>
			<td>DS46B24R</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TCT LCD color monitor</td>
			<td>Kuman</td>
			<td>X0013XAI51</td>
			<td>Mini display monitor</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>22 in. display monitor</td>
			<td>Dell</td>
			<td>S2218H</td>
			<td>For office</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>18 gallon plastic bin (2)</td>
			<td>Sterilite</td>
			<td>1446</td>
			<td>Plastic container</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Black copper insulated 10 AWG wire</td>
			<td>Southwire</td>
			<td>22973257</td>
			<td>Black electrical wire</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Red copper insulated 10 AWG wire</td>
			<td>Southwire</td>
			<td>37113803</td>
			<td>Red electrical wire</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>3/8 in. ring terminals</td>
			<td>Autocraft</td>
			<td>85417</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>5/16 in. ring terminals</td>
			<td>AutoCraft</td>
			<td>85445</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Winged wire connectors (red)</td>
			<td>Commercial Electric</td>
			<td>775304</td>
			<td>Connector is large enough to accommodate 3 10AWG wires inside</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>12V male DC adapter (2)</td>
			<td>Avue</td>
			<td>162537</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Male DC 2.1 x 5.5 mm power plugs for CCTV (4)</td>
			<td>WinBook</td>
			<td>231001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Four port DC power splitters, 1 female to 4</td>
			<td>ClearView</td>
			<td>PWRSPIDER4</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1.5 ft. wooden board (5)</td>
			<td>Home Depot</td>
			<td>461443</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>5 ft. wooden board</td>
			<td>Vigoro</td>
			<td>RC 85N</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1/4 in. x 2 in. eye bolt (8)</td>
			<td>Everbilt</td>
			<td>816721</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>5/16 in. hex nuts (16)</td>
			<td>Everbilt</td>
			<td>804886</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>5/16 in. washers (16)</td>
			<td>Everbilt</td>
			<td>807220</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SAE size 6 stainless steel clamps (8)</td>
			<td>Everbilt</td>
			<td>670655E</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>60ft. BNC extension cables (6)</td>
			<td>WinBook</td>
			<td>432377</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2 ft. x 4 ft. wooden plywood</td>
			<td>Home Depot</td>
			<td>1502104</td>
			<td>Cut to 1 ft. x 2 ft.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>5 ft. metal rebar (8)</td>
			<td>Weyerhaeuser</td>
			<td>35616</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bungee cord (2)</td>
			<td>HDX</td>
			<td>56128</td>
			<td>For securing lid</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>15 ft. x 3/4 in. sticky back tape</td>
			<td>Velcro</td>
			<td>239540</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Duct tape</td>
			<td>Duck</td>
			<td>392875</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Permanent Marker</td>
			<td>Sharpie</td>
			<td>35010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1/4 in. x 400 ft. white diamond braid nylon rope</td>
			<td>Everbilt</td>
			<td>72716</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Weatherproof electrical tape</td>
			<td>Scotch</td>
			<td>6143-BA-10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Schumacher 6A 12V automatic battery charger/ Carquest battery charger 8A</td>
			<td>Schumacher/ Carquest</td>
			<td>SP6/ CQ-80CR</td>
			<td>Two possible car battery chargers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>6 in. nails (14)</td>
			<td>Grip-Rite</td>
			<td>60HGC</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>18 Volt 1/2 in. Drill-Driver</td>
			<td>Ryobi</td>
			<td>P208B</td>
			<td>Drill</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>25 watt standard duty soldering iron</td>
			<td>Weller</td>
			<td>SP25NKUS</td>
			<td>Soldering iron</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Leaded rosin core solder</td>
			<td>Bernzomatic</td>
			<td>354123</td>
			<td>Solder</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Wire cutter</td>
			<td>Stanley</td>
			<td>84-199</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Screwdriver</td>
			<td>Husky</td>
			<td>146340142</td>
			<td>Came from 14 piece set of Phillips and flathead drivers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>15 in. aggressive tooth saw</td>
			<td>Home Depot</td>
			<td>122SS159</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rubber mallet</td>
			<td>HDX</td>
			<td>31030</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Post driver</td>
			<td>Everbilt</td>
			<td>901147EB</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a video surveillance system to monitor breeding colonies of common terns (sterna hirundo)

Muchas poblaciones de aves acuáticas han sufrido descensos en el último siglo, como el charrán común (Sterna hirundo), una especie de aves acuáticas con una distribución generalizada de la crianza, que ha sido recientemente clasificada como en peligro de extinción en algunos hábitats de su gama. Programas de monitoreo de aves acuáticas existen para el seguimiento de las poblaciones a través del tiempo; sin embargo, algunos de los enfoques más intensivos requieren entrar en colonias y pueden ser perjudiciales para las poblaciones de anidación. Este papel describe un protocolo que utiliza un sistema de vigilancia mínimamente invasivo para monitorear comportamiento anidación del Charrán común en colonias típicas del tierra-nesting. El sistema de vigilancia de video utiliza cámaras inalámbricas enfocadas en nidos individuales, así como sobre la Colonia en su conjunto y permite la observación sin entrar en la Colonia. El sistema es alimentado por varios 12 V coche las baterías que se recargan continuamente utilizando paneles solares. Material de archivo se registra utilizando un grabador de vídeo digital (DVR) conectado a un disco duro, que se puede sustituir cuando esté lleno. El DVR puede ser colocado fuera de la Colonia para reducir el disturbio. En este estudio, 3.624 h de secuencias grabadas durante 63 días en las condiciones climáticas que van desde 12,8 ° C a 35,0 ° C producido 3.006 h (83%) de datos de comportamiento utilizables. Los tipos de datos de video grabado pueden variar; lo usamos para detectar disturbios externos y medir el comportamiento de anidación durante la incubación. Aunque el protocolo detallado aquí fue diseñado para aves acuáticas nidifican en tierra, el sistema principal podría modificarse fácilmente para adaptarse a escenarios alternativos, como el coloniales especies arbóreas de anidación, lo que es ampliamente aplicable a una variedad de investigación necesidades.

La aplicación de este protocolo de vigilancia de video resultará en conjuntos de datos continua de imágenes de cinco nidos de las aves acuáticas en la gama cercana y un conjunto de imágenes de la colonia entera desde un punto de vista elevado. Un uso acertado de este sistema minimizará el tiempo donde el material está fuera de gama o mostrar una imagen de mala calidad y maximiza el tiempo de que el material es de alta calidad (figura 2; <strong class="...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Video Surveillance System to Monitor Breeding Colonies of Common Terns Sterna Hirundo at JoVE.com

A Video Surveillance System to Monitor Breeding Colonies of Common Terns Sterna Hirundo

Este papel describe un protocolo que utiliza un sistema de vigilancia remoto de monitorado para monitorear colonias de cría de aves acuáticas del tierra-nesting. El sistema incluye cinco cámaras de monitoreo de nidos individuales y una cámara de vigilancia de la Colonia como un todo y es alimentado por baterías de automóviles que se recargan mediante paneles solares.

Un sistema de videovigilancia para controlar colonias de charranes comunes (Sterna Hirundo) de cría

Many waterbird populations have faced declines over the last century, including the common tern (Sterna hirundo), a waterbird species with a widespread ...

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Unit 1

A Video Surveillance System to Monitor Breeding Colonies of Common Terns (Sterna Hirundo)

Steady-State Transmission Lines and Power Flows

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7.5K vistas.  Chesapeake Bay Trust. Este papel describe un protocolo que utiliza un sistema de vigilancia remoto de monitorado para monitorear colonias de cría de aves acuáticas del tierra-nesting. El sistema incluye cinco cámaras de monitoreo de nidos individuales y una cámara de vigilancia de la Colonia como un todo y es alimentado por baterías de automóviles que se recargan mediante paneles solares.

Video: A Video Surveillance System to Monitor Breeding Colonies of Common Terns Sterna Hirundo

The Use of an Automated System (GreenFeed) to Monitor Enteric Methane and Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Ruminant Animals

Ruminant animals (domesticated or wild) emit methane (CH4) through enteric fermentation in their digestive tract and from decomposition of manure during storage. These processes are the major sources of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from animal production systems. Techniques for measuring enteric CH4 vary from direct measurements (respiration chambers, which are highly accurate, but with limited applicability) to various indirect methods (sniffers, laser technology, which are practical, but with variable accuracy). The sulfur hexafluoride (SF6)&#160;tracer gas method is commonly used to measure enteric CH4 production by animal scientists and more recently, application of an Automated Head-Chamber System (AHCS) (GreenFeed, C-Lock, Inc., Rapid City, SD), which is the focus of this experiment, has been growing. AHCS is an automated system to monitor CH4 and carbon dioxide (CO2) mass fluxes from the breath of ruminant animals. In a typical AHCS operation, small quantities of baiting feed are dispensed to individual animals to lure them to AHCS multiple times daily. As the animal visits AHCS, a fan system pulls air past the animal&#8217;s muzzle into an intake manifold, and through an air collection pipe where continuous airflow rates are measured. A sub-sample of air is pumped out of the pipe into non-dispersive infra-red sensors for continuous measurement of CH4 and CO2 concentrations. Field comparisons of AHCS to respiration chambers or SF6 have demonstrated that AHCS produces repeatable and accurate CH4 emission results, provided that animal visits to AHCS are sufficient so emission estimates are representative of the diurnal rhythm of rumen gas production. Here, we demonstrate the use of AHCS to measure CO2 and CH4 fluxes from dairy cows given a control diet or a diet supplemented with technical-grade cashew nut shell liquid.

The Use of an Automated System GreenFeed to Monitor Enteric Methane and Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Ruminant Animals

Accuracy and precision of the techniques used to measure methane emissions from ruminant animals are critically important for the success of greenhouse gas mitigation efforts. This manuscript describes the principles and operation of an automated system to monitor methane and carbon dioxide mass fluxes from the breath of ruminant animals.

El uso de un sistema automatizado (Magnetovisor Verde) para supervisar entérica de metano y dióxido de carbono Las emisiones de los rumiantes

Ruminant animals (domesticated or wild) emit methane (CH4) through enteric fermentation in their digestive tract and from decomposition of manure during ...

Investigación

Medio ambiente

Calibrated Passive Sampling - Multi-plot Field Measurements of NH3 Emissions with a Combination of Dynamic Tube Method and Passive Samplers

Agricultural ammonia (NH3) emissions (90% of total EU emissions) are responsible for about 45% airborne eutrophication, 31% soil acidification and 12% fine dust formation within the EU15. But NH3 emissions also mean a considerable loss of nutrients. Many studies on NH3 emission from organic and mineral fertilizer application have been performed in recent decades. Nevertheless, research related to NH3 emissions after application fertilizers is still limited in particular with respect to relationships to emissions, fertilizer type, site conditions and crop growth. Due to the variable response of crops to treatments, effects can only be validated in experimental designs including field replication for statistical testing. The dominating ammonia loss methods yielding quantitative emissions require large field areas, expensive equipment or current supply, which restricts their application in replicated field trials. This protocol describes a new methodology for the measurement of NH3 emissions on many plots linking a simple semi-quantitative measuring method used in all plots, with a quantitative method by simultaneous measurements using both methods on selected plots. As a semi-quantitative measurement method passive samplers are used. The second method is a dynamic chamber method (Dynamic Tube Method) to obtain a transfer quotient, which converts the semi-quantitative losses of the passive sampler to quantitative losses (kg nitrogen ha-1). The principle underlying this approach is that passive samplers placed in a homogeneous experimental field have the same NH3 absorption behavior under identical environmental conditions. Therefore, a transfer co-efficient obtained from single passive samplers can be used to scale the values of all passive samplers used in the same field trial. The method proved valid under a wide range of experimental conditions and is recommended to be used under conditions with bare soil or small canopies (&#60;0.3 m). Results obtained from experiments with taller plants should be treated more carefully.

Calibrated Passive Sampling - Multi-plot Field Measurements of NH3 Emissions with a Combination of Dynamic Tube Method and Passive Samplers

Ammonia emissions are a major threat to the environment by eutrophication, soil acidification and fine particle formation and stem mainly from agricultural sources. This method allows ammonia loss measurements in replicated field trials enabling statistical analysis of emissions and of relationships between crop development and emissions.

Calibrada de muestreo pasivo - Mediciones de campo multi-trama de NH<sub&gt; 3</sub&gt; Las emisiones con una combinación del método Dynamic Tube y muestreadores pasivos

Agricultural ammonia (NH3) emissions (90% of total EU emissions) are responsible for about 45% airborne eutrophication, 31% soil acidification and 12% ...

Methods of Soil Resampling to Monitor Changes in the Chemical Concentrations of Forest Soils

Recent soils research has shown that important chemical soil characteristics can change in less than a decade, often the result of broad environmental changes. Repeated sampling to monitor these changes in forest soils is a relatively new practice that is not well documented in the literature and has only recently been broadly embraced by the scientific community. The objective of this protocol is therefore to synthesize the latest information on methods of soil resampling in a format that can be used to design and implement a soil monitoring program. Successful monitoring of forest soils requires that a study unit be defined within an area of forested land that can be characterized with replicate sampling locations. A resampling interval of 5 years is recommended, but if monitoring is done to evaluate a specific environmental driver, the rate of change expected in that driver should be taken into consideration. Here, we show that the sampling of the profile can be done by horizon where boundaries can be clearly identified and horizons are sufficiently thick to remove soil without contamination from horizons above or below. Otherwise, sampling can be done by depth interval. Archiving of sample for future reanalysis is a key step in avoiding analytical bias and providing the opportunity for additional analyses as new questions arise.

Repeated soil sampling has recently been shown to be an effective way to monitor forest soil change over years and decades. To support its use, a protocol is presented that synthesizes the latest information on soil resampling methods to aid in the design and implementation of successful soil monitoring programs.

Los métodos de remuestreo del suelo para controlar los cambios en las concentraciones químicas de los suelos forestales

Recent soils research has shown that important chemical soil characteristics can change in less than a decade, often the result of broad environmental ...

Video Tracking Protocol to Screen Deterrent Chemistries for Honey Bees

The European honey bee, Apis mellifera L., is an economically and agriculturally important pollinator that generates billions of dollars annually. Honey bee colony numbers have been declining in the United States and many European countries since 1947. A number of factors play a role in this decline, including the unintentional exposure of honey bees to pesticides. The development of new methods and regulations are warranted to reduce pesticide exposures to these pollinators. One approach is the use of repellent chemistries that deter honey bees from a recently pesticide-treated crop. Here, we describe a protocol to discern the deterrence of honey bees exposed to select repellent chemistries. Honey bee foragers are collected and starved overnight in an incubator 15 h prior to testing. Individual honey bees are placed into Petri dishes that have either a sugar-agarose cube (control treatment) or sugar-agarose-compound cube (repellent treatment) placed into the middle of the dish. The Petri dish serves as the arena that is placed under a camera in a light box to record the honey bee locomotor activities using video tracking software. A total of 8 control and 8 repellent treatments were analyzed for a 10 min period with each treatment was duplicated with new honey bees. Here, we demonstrate that honey bees are deterred from the sugar-agarose cubes with a compound treatment whereas honey bees are attracted to the sugar-agarose cubes without an added compound.

The loss of honey bee colonies presents a challenge to crop pollination services. Current pollinator protection practices warrant an alternative approach to minimize the contact of honey bees to harmful pesticides using repellent chemistries. Here, we provide detailed methods for a visual tracking protocol to screen deterrents for bees.

Protocolo de seguimiento de vídeo a la pantalla Químicos de disuasión para las abejas de miel

The European honey bee, Apis mellifera L., is an economically and agriculturally important pollinator that generates billions of dollars annually. Honey ...

Measuring and Mapping Patterns of Soil Erosion and Deposition Related to Soil Carbonate Concentrations Under Agricultural Management

Spatial patterns of soil erosion and deposition can be inferred from differences in ground elevation mapped at appropriate time increments. Such changes in elevation are related to changes in near-surface soil carbonate (CaCO3) profiles. The objective is to describe a simple conceptual model and detailed protocol for repeatable field and laboratory measurements of these quantities. Here, accurate elevation is measured using a ground-based differential global positioning system (GPS); other data acquisition methods could be applied to the same basic method. Soil samples are collected from prescribed depth intervals and analyzed in the lab using an efficient and precise modified pressure-calcimeter method for quantitative analysis of inorganic carbon concentration. Standard statistical methods are applied to point data, and representative results show significant correlations between changes in soil surface layer CaCO3 and changes in elevation consistent with the conceptual model; CaCO3 generally decreased in depositional areas and increased in erosional areas. Maps are derived from point measurements of elevation and soil CaCO3 to aid analyses. A map of erosional and depositional patterns at the study site, a rain-fed winter wheat field cropped in alternating wheat-fallow strips, shows the interacting effects of water and wind erosion affected by management and topography. Alternative sampling methods and depth intervals are discussed and recommended for future work relating soil erosion and deposition to soil CaCO3.

Spatial patterns of soil erosion and deposition can be inferred from differences in ground elevation mapped at appropriate time increments. Such changes in elevation are related to changes in near-surface soil carbonates. Repeatable methods for field and laboratory measurements of these quantities and data analysis methods are described here.

Medición y mapeo de patrones de erosión y deposición relacionadas las concentraciones de carbonato de suelo bajo manejo agrícola

Spatial patterns of soil erosion and deposition can be inferred from differences in ground elevation mapped at appropriate time increments. Such changes ...

The Calibration and Use of Capacitance Sensors to Monitor Stem Water Content in Trees

Water transport and storage through the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum is critical to the terrestrial water cycle, and has become a major research focus area. Biomass capacitance plays an integral role in the avoidance of hydraulic impairment to transpiration. However, high temporal resolution measurements of dynamic changes in the hydraulic capacitance of large trees are rare. Here, we present procedures for the calibration and use of capacitance sensors, typically used to monitor soil water content, to measure the volumetric water content in trees in the field. Frequency domain reflectometry-style observations are sensitive to the density of the media being studied. Therefore, it is necessary to perform species-specific calibrations to convert from the sensor-reported values of dielectric permittivity to volumetric water content. Calibration is performed on a harvested branch or stem cut into segments that are dried or re-hydrated to produce a full range of water contents used to generate a best-fit regression with sensor observations. Sensors are inserted into calibration segments or installed in trees after pre-drilling holes to a tolerance fit using a fabricated template to ensure proper drill alignment. Special care is taken to ensure that sensor tines make good contact with the surrounding media, while allowing them to be inserted without excessive force. Volumetric water content dynamics observed via the presented methodology align with sap flow measurements recorded using thermal dissipation techniques and environmental forcing data. Biomass water content data can be used to observe the onset of water stress, drought response and recovery, and has the potential to be applied to the calibration and evaluation of new plant-level hydrodynamics models, as well as to the partitioning of remotely sensed moisture products into above- and belowground components.

The hydraulic capacitance of biomass is a key component of the vegetation water budget, which serves as a buffer against short and long-term drought stresses. Here, we present a protocol for the calibration and use of soil moisture capacitance sensors to monitor water content in the stems of large trees.

La calibración y uso de sensores de capacitancia para monitorear el contenido de agua del tallo en árboles

Water transport and storage through the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum is critical to the terrestrial water cycle, and has become a major research focus ...

A Strain Gauge Monitor (SGM) for Continuous Valve Gape Measurements in Bivalve Molluscs in Response to Laboratory Induced Diel-cycling Hypoxia and pH

An inexpensive, laboratory-based, strain gauge valve gape monitor (SGM) was developed to monitor the valve gape behavior of bivalve molluscs in response to diel-cycling hypoxia. A Wheatstone bridge was connected to strain gauges that were attached to the shells of oysters (Crassostrea virginica). The recorded signals allowed for the opening and closing of the bivalves to be recorded continuously over two-day periods of experimentally-induced diel-cycling hypoxia and diel-cycling changes in pH. Here, we describe a protocol for developing an inexpensive strain gauge monitor and describe, in an example laboratory experiment, how we used it to measure the valve gape behavior of Eastern oysters (C. virginica), in response to diel-cycling hypoxia and cyclical changes in pH. Valve gape was measured on oysters subjected to cyclical severe hypoxic (0.6 mg/L) dissolved oxygen conditions with and without cyclical changes in pH, cyclical mild hypoxic (1.7 mg/L) conditions and normoxic (7.3 mg/L) conditions. We demonstrate that when oysters encounter repeated diel cycles, they rapidly close their shells in response to severe hypoxia and close with a time lag to mild hypoxia. When normoxia is restored, they rapidly open again. Oysters did not respond to cyclical pH conditions superimposed on diel cycling severe hypoxia. At reduced oxygen conditions, more than one third of the oysters closed simultaneously. We demonstrate that oysters respond to diel-cycling hypoxia, which must be considered when assessing the behavior of bivalves to dissolved oxygen. The valve SGM can be used to assess responses of bivalve molluscs to changes in dissolved oxygen or contaminants. Sealing techniques to better seal the valve gape strain gauges from sea water need further improvement to increase the longevity of the sensors.

A Strain Gauge Monitor SGM for Continuous Valve Gape Measurements in Bivalve Molluscs in Response to Laboratory Induced Diel-cycling Hypoxia and pH

Understanding the behavioral responses of bivalve suspension-feeders to environmental variables, such as dissolved oxygen, can explain some ecosystem processes. We have developed an inexpensive, laboratory-based, strain gauge monitor (SGM) to measure valve gape responses of oysters, Crassostrea virginica, to diel-cycling hypoxia and cyclical pH.

Un Monitor de galgas extensométricas (SGM) para válvula abren las mediciones continuas en los moluscos bivalvos en respuesta a hipoxia laboratorio inducida por Diel-ciclismo y pH

An inexpensive, laboratory-based, strain gauge valve gape monitor (SGM) was developed to monitor the valve gape behavior of bivalve molluscs in response ...

Combining Eye-tracking Data with an Analysis of Video Content from Free-viewing a Video of a Walk in an Urban Park Environment

As individuals increasingly live in cities, methods to study their everyday movements and the data that can be collected becomes important and valuable. Eye-tracking informatics are known to connect to a range of feelings, health conditions, mental states and actions. But because vision is the result of constant eye-movements, teasing out what is important from what is noise is complex and data intensive. Furthermore, a significant challenge is controlling for what people look at compared to what is presented to them.
The following presents a methodology for combining and analyzing eye-tracking on a video of a natural and complex scene with a machine learning technique for analyzing the content of the video. In the protocol we focus on analyzing data from filmed videos, how a video can be best used to record participants&#39; eye-tracking data, and importantly how the content of the video can be analyzed and combined with the eye-tracking data. We present a brief summary of the results and a discussion of the potential of the method for further studies in complex environments.

The objective of the protocol is to detail how to collect video data for use in the laboratory; how to record eye-tracking data of participants looking at the data and how to efficiently analyze the content of the videos that they were looking at using a machine learning technique.

Combinando los datos de seguimiento ocular con un análisis de contenido de vídeo de la visualización gratuita de un vídeo de un paseo en un entorno de parque urbano

As individuals increasingly live in cities, methods to study their everyday movements and the data that can be collected becomes important and valuable. ...

Evaluation of the Productivity of Social Wasp Colonies (Vespinae) and an Introduction to the Traditional Japanese Vespula Wasp Hunting Technique

For vespine wasps, colony productivity is typically estimated by counting the number of larval cells. This paper presents an improved method that enables researchers to estimate more accurately the number of adults produced, counting the number of meconia (the stools left in the cells by wasp larvae when pupating into adults, per 100 cells) in each comb. This method can be applied before or after colony collapse (i.e., in active or inactive nests). The paper also describes how to locate wild Vespula wasp colonies by &#34;flagging&#34; wasp baits and chasing the wasp collecting them, using a method traditionally performed by local people in central Japan (as illustrated in the associated video). The Vespula chasing method described has several advantages: it is easy to reinitiate the chase from a point where the forager flying back to the nest was lost, and it is easy to pinpoint the nest location as marked wasps often lose their flag at the nest entrance. These methods for estimating colony productivity and collecting nests can be valuable for researchers studying social wasps.

Evaluation of the Productivity of Social Wasp Colonies Vespinae and an Introduction to the Traditional Japanese Vespula Wasp Hunting Technique

This methodological paper evaluates the productivity of a social wasp colony by examining the number of meconia per 100 cells of comb, to estimate the total number of adults the wasps produced. The associated video describes how to search for Vespula wasp nests, a method developed by amateur wasp chasers.

Evaluación de la productividad de las colonias sociales de la ecspa (Vespinae) y una introducción a la técnica tradicional japonesa de caza de la siera de La Vespula

For vespine wasps, colony productivity is typically estimated by counting the number of larval cells. This paper presents an improved method that enables ...

Investigation of Plant Interactions Across Common Mycorrhizal Networks Using Rotated Cores

Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi influence plant mineral nutrient uptake and growth, hence, they have the potential to influence plant interactions. The power of their influence is in extraradical mycelia that spread beyond nutrient depletion zones found near roots to ultimately interconnect individuals within a common mycorrhizal network (CMN). Most experiments, however, have investigated the role of AM fungi in plant interactions by growing plants with versus without mycorrhizal fungi, a method that fails to explicitly address the role of CMNs. Here, we propose a method that manipulates CMNs to investigate their role in plant interactions. Our method uses modified containers with conical bottoms with a nylon mesh and/or hydrophobic material covering slotted openings, 15N fertilizer, and a nutrient-poor interstitial sand. CMNs are left either intact between interacting individuals, severed by rotation of containers, or prevented from forming by a solid barrier. Our findings suggest that rotating containers is sufficient to disrupt CMNs and prevent their effects on plant interactions across CMNs. Our approach is advantageous because it mimics aspects of nature, such as seedlings tapping into already established CMNs and the use of a suite of AM fungi that may provide diverse benefits. Although our experiment is limited to investigating plants at the seedling stage, plant interactions across CMNs can be detected using our approach which therefore can be applied to investigate biological questions about the functioning of CMNs in ecosystems.

Most plants within communities likely are interconnected by arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, but mediation of plant interactions by them has been investigated primarily by growing plants with versus without mycorrhizas. We present a method to manipulate common mycorrhizal networks among mycorrhizal plants to investigate their consequences for plant interactions.

Investigación de las interacciones de la planta a través de redes de micorrizas comunes utilizando núcleos girados

Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi influence plant mineral nutrient uptake and growth, hence, they have the potential to influence plant interactions. The ...