我们感谢亚利桑那州立大学的 H.O.G. 小组制定了这些热液实验的初步方法, 特别是感谢我. 古尔德、e. 休克、l. 威廉斯、c. Glein、h. Hartnett、k. 费克图、鲁滨逊和 c. Bockisch, 他们指导和帮助。从奥克兰大学到 z 杨的创业基金资助了他和 x。

1. 制备热液试验样品
<ol><li>选择石英或石英玻璃管的尺寸,如2 毫米内径 (ID) x 6 毫米外径 (外径) 或6毫米 x 12 毫米外径, 并确定使用的有机化合物和矿物质的数量。在这项工作中, 硝基苯和磁铁矿的数量 (Fe3O4) 加载到二氧化硅管 (如2 毫米 ID x 6 毫米外径) 分别为3.0 µL 和13.9 毫克。 注: 大口径管允许材料更容易加载, 但需要更多的管道密封工作。</li>
	<li>用管子切割机将干净的石英玻璃管切成30厘米长的小块。密封的一端的管关闭使用氢氧焰火炬与适当的火焰头。 注意事项: 遵循使用氢氧焰火炬的安全程序。</li>
	<li>在0.1 毫克天平上 (如果它是实心的) 将起始有机化合物的预定量称重, 并使用称重纸将其转移到二氧化硅玻璃管中。如果化合物是液体 (例如, 硝基苯在这种情况下), 使用微升注射器 (例如, 10 µL) 把它转移到小二氧化硅管。通过巴斯德吸管将称重矿物加入硅胶管, 然后加入去离子和脱氧水 (如0.3 毫升)。用 18.2 MΩ·cm 去离子水, deoxygenate 超声波。</li>
	<li>用闭式阀门将硅胶管连接至真空线 (〜1厘米的 ID)。将管子浸入装满液氮的杜瓦瓶中, 浸泡3分钟, 直到有机物和水完全结冰。 注意事项: 按照安全规程转移和使用液氮。</li>
	<li>当管子停留在液氮中时, 打开真空阀, 从管子顶部卸下空气。 注: 此过程应持续到真空泵压力表上的压力降至 100 mtorr 以下。</li>
	<li>关掉阀门, 从液氮中取出管子, 让管子预热到室温。轻轻地敲击管子底部, 将剩余的气泡从溶液中释放到顶空。</li>
	<li>重复上述冷冻泵-解冻循环两次, 并保持管在液氮前密封的另一端的管。关闭真空线, 使用氢氧焰火焰, 使整个管关闭。 注: 当管道进行热液实验时, 由于液态水的膨胀, 管的顶空体积会降低。例如, 水的密度减少约30% 从室温到300摄氏度。在封管时计算并留下足够的顶空容积。</li>
</ol>2. 建立热液实验
<ol><li>密封步骤后, 将硅胶管放入小钢管 (长度为30厘米, 直径为1.5 厘米), 用松散的螺钉盖, 以防止管道内任何压力建筑物或管道损坏。</li>
	<li>把管子放在一个井温控制的炉子或烤箱里, 加热到所需的温度 (例如, 150 摄氏度)。在烤箱内使用热电偶, 通过热液反应来监测温度。</li>
	<li>当反应时间到达 (例如,在这工作中的2小时), 快速地把管子放进冰水浴中, 使硅管淬火。 注: 淬火过程需不到1分钟冷却至室温, 避免潜在的逆行反应。</li>
</ol>3. 实验后分析样品
<ol><li>使用管刀打开硅胶管, 并迅速将所有产品 (例如, 小二氧化硅管中的0.3 毫升) 转换成10毫升的玻璃瓶, 使用巴斯德吸管。</li>
	<li>用3毫升二氯甲烷 (DCM) 溶液提取有机产物, 其中含有8.8 毫米烷基作为气相色谱 (GC) 的内部标准。把瓶子盖上, 用手摇动2分钟, 然后将它旋转1分钟。 注: 这有助于促进有机产物的萃取进入有机相中。同时, 用 DCM 冲洗硅胶管的转移吸管和内壁, 确保产品的回收。对于含矿物质含量较高的样品, 油脂实验在 DCM 溶液中进行比较, 以更好地提取。</li>
	<li>允许矿物颗粒在萃取液中安定下来 (即, DCM 与烷基) 为5分钟. 使用巴斯德吸管小心地将1毫升的样品从 DCM 层 (即底部层) 转移到 GC 瓶中。</li>
	<li>用聚毛细管柱 (如5% diphenyl/95%dimethylsiloxane) 和火焰电离探测器对有机产物的分布进行分析。设置 GC 烤箱与程序开始在50°c 和举行8分钟, 增加10°c/分钟到220°c 和举行10分钟, 增加20°c/分钟300°c 和举行5分钟. 将喷油器温度设置为300摄氏度。 注: GC 程序需要根据所分析的有机化合物类型进行更改。</li>
	<li>通过将分析物的峰值面积比与所分析物的浓度进行绘制, 建立 GC 校准曲线。</li>
	<li>根据反应前后起始有机物的浓度计算反应转化,即conversion% = ([初始]-[最终]) ⁄ [初始] ×100%。使用转换来确定矿物是否有利于或减慢热液有机转换。</li>
</ol>

<ol>
	<li>Yang, Z., Gould, I. R., Williams, L. B., Hartnett, H. E., Shock, E. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+iron-containing+minerals+on+hydrothermal+reactions+of+ketones.">Effects of iron-containing minerals on hydrothermal reactions of ketones.</a> Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. 223, 107-126 (2018).</li><li>Seewald, J. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Organic-inorganic+interactions+in+petroleum-producing+sedimentary+basins.">Organic-inorganic interactions in petroleum-producing sedimentary basins.</a> Nature. 426 (6964), 327-333 (2003).</li><li>Sogin, M. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microbial+diversity+in+the+deep+sea+and+the+underexplored+"rare+biosphere".">Microbial diversity in the deep sea and the underexplored "rare biosphere".</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 103 (32), 12115 (2006).</li><li>McCollom, T. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Laboratory+Simulations+of+Abiotic+Hydrocarbon+Formation+in+Earth's+Deep+Subsurface.">Laboratory Simulations of Abiotic Hydrocarbon Formation in Earth's Deep Subsurface.</a> Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry. 75 (1), 467-494 (2013).</li><li>Foustoukos, D. I., Seyfried, W. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hydrocarbons+in+Hydrothermal+Vent+Fluids:+The+Role+of+Chromium-Bearing+Catalysts.">Hydrocarbons in Hydrothermal Vent Fluids: The Role of Chromium-Bearing Catalysts.</a> Science. 304 (5673), 1002 (2004).</li><li>Bell, J. L. S., Palmer, D. A., Pittman, E. D., Lewan, M. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=10.1007/978-3-642-78356-2_9.">10.1007/978-3-642-78356-2_9.</a> Organic Acids in Geological Processes. , 226-269 (1994).</li><li>Palmer, D. A., Drummond, S. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Thermal+decarboxylation+of+acetate.+Part+I.+The+kinetics+and+mechanism+of+reaction+in+aqueous+solution.">Thermal decarboxylation of acetate. Part I. The kinetics and mechanism of reaction in aqueous solution.</a> Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. 50 (5), 813-823 (1986).</li><li>Yang, Z., Gould, I. R., Williams, L. B., Hartnett, H. E., Shock, E. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+central+role+of+ketones+in+reversible+and+irreversible+hydrothermal+organic+functional+group+transformations.">The central role of ketones in reversible and irreversible hydrothermal organic functional group transformations.</a> Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. 98, 48-65 (2012).</li><li>McCollom, T. M., Ritter, G., Simoneit, B. R. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lipid+Synthesis+Under+Hydrothermal+Conditions+by+Fischer-+Tropsch-Type+Reactions.">Lipid Synthesis Under Hydrothermal Conditions by Fischer- Tropsch-Type Reactions.</a> Origins of life and evolution of the biosphere. 29 (2), 153-166 (1999).</li><li>Bell, J. L. S., Palmer, D. A., Barnes, H. L., Drummond, S. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Thermal+decomposition+of+acetate:+III.+Catalysis+by+mineral+surfaces.">Thermal decomposition of acetate: III. Catalysis by mineral surfaces.</a> Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. 58 (19), 4155-4177 (1994).</li><li>Yang, Z., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hydrothermal+Photochemistry+as+a+Mechanistic+Tool+in+Organic+Geochemistry:+The+Chemistry+of+Dibenzyl+Ketone.">Hydrothermal Photochemistry as a Mechanistic Tool in Organic Geochemistry: The Chemistry of Dibenzyl Ketone.</a> The Journal of Organic Chemistry. 79 (17), 7861-7871 (2014).</li><li>Yang, Z., Hartnett, H. E., Shock, E. L., Gould, I. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Organic+Oxidations+Using+Geomimicry.">Organic Oxidations Using Geomimicry.</a> The Journal of Organic Chemistry. 80 (24), 12159-12165 (2015).</li><li>Venturi, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mineral-assisted+production+of+benzene+under+hydrothermal+conditions:+Insights+from+experimental+studies+on+C6+cyclic+hydrocarbons.">Mineral-assisted production of benzene under hydrothermal conditions: Insights from experimental studies on C6 cyclic hydrocarbons.</a> Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. 346, 21-27 (2017).</li><li>Lemke, K. H., Rosenbauer, R. J., Bird, D. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Peptide+Synthesis+in+Early+Earth+Hydrothermal+Systems.">Peptide Synthesis in Early Earth Hydrothermal Systems.</a> Astrobiology. 9 (2), 141-146 (2009).</li><li>Byrappa, K., Yoshimura, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Handbook of Hydrothermal Technology. , (2001).</li><li>Johnson, J. W., Oelkers, E. H., Helgeson, H. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=SUPCRT92:+A+software+package+for+calculating+the+standard+molal+thermodynamic+properties+of+minerals,+gases,+aqueous+species,+and+reactions+from+1+to+5000+bar+and+0+to+1000&#176;C.">SUPCRT92: A software package for calculating the standard molal thermodynamic properties of minerals, gases, aqueous species, and reactions from 1 to 5000 bar and 0 to 1000&#176;C.</a> Computers &amp; Geosciences. 18 (7), 899-947 (1992).</li></ol>

作者没有什么可透露的。

本研究以硝基苯为矿物磁铁矿为例, 说明如何评价矿物对热液有机反应的影响。虽然在小型石英玻璃管中进行了实验, 但在磁铁矿实验中观察到了高重现性的结果,即30.3 1.4% 的硝基苯转化, 表明了该热液协议。在无矿物实验中, 硝基苯的转化率为 5.2, 为 2.1%, 表现出的重现性比矿物试验低。在无矿物实验中, 相对较高的不确定性可能是由于起始材料的低转换, 考虑到小管中所用样品的µL (或 mg)。?...

水热环境 (即高温和高压下的水介质) 在地球上无处不在。有机化合物的热液化学在多种地球化学环境中起着重要作用, 如有机沉积盆地、油气藏和深生物圈1、2、3。热液系统中的有机碳转化不仅发生在纯净的水介质中, 而且还与溶解或固体无机材料 (如富含地球的矿物) 相结合。矿物被发现对各种有机化合物的水热反应性有显著的选择性影响,1、4、5 , 但如何识别复杂的热液体系中的矿物效应仍然是一个挑战。本研究的目的是为研究矿物对热液有机反应的影响提供一个相对简单的实验协议。
水热反应的实验室研究传统上使用的是由金, 钛, 或不锈钢6,7,8,9制成的坚固的反应堆。例如, 金袋或胶囊已经得到了良好的使用, 因为黄金是灵活的, 它允许样品压力由外部加压水控制, 从而避免在样品内产生汽相。然而, 这些反应堆是昂贵的, 可能会与潜在的金属催化效应10。因此, 为这些热液实验寻找一种成本低但可靠性高的替代方法势在必行。
近年来, 石英或熔融石英玻璃的反应管越来越多地应用于水热实验11,12,13。与贵重的金或钛相比, 石英或二氧化硅玻璃的价格要便宜得多, 而且材料也很结实。更重要的是, 石英管显示的催化效果很少, 并且可以像金一样惰性的热液反应11,14。在本协议中, 我们描述了在厚壁石英管中进行小规模热液有机矿物实验的一般方法。我们提出一个例子实验使用模型化合物 (即硝基苯) 在存在/没有铁氧化物矿物 (即磁铁矿) 在150°c 热液溶液, 为了显示矿物作用, 并且证明此方法的有效性。

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Chemicals:</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dichloromethane</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>BDH23373.400</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dodecane</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>297879</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nitrobenzene</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>252379</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fe2O3</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>310050</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fe3O4</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>637106</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Supplies:</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Silica tube</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vacuum pump</td>
			<td>WELCH</td>
			<td>2546B-01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vacuum line</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Oven</td>
			<td>Hewlett Packard</td>
			<td>5890</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Thermocouple</td>
			<td>BENETECH</td>
			<td>GM1312</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gas chromatography</td>
			<td>Agilent</td>
			<td>7820A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

an experimental protocol for studying mineral effects on organic hydrothermal transformations

有机-矿物相互作用在热液环境中广泛发生, 如温泉、陆地间歇泉和深海热液喷口。矿物在许多热液有机地球化学过程中的作用是至关重要的。传统的热液方法, 包括使用由金、钛、铂或不锈钢制成的反应堆, 通常与高成本或不想要的金属催化效应有关。近年来, 在水热实验中使用经济高效、惰性石英或熔融二氧化硅玻璃管的趋势越来越大。在此, 我们提供了一种在石英管中进行有机矿物热液实验的协议, 并描述了样品制备、实验装置、产品分离和定量分析的基本步骤。我们还演示了一个实验使用的一个模型有机化合物, 硝基苯, 以显示的影响, 含铁矿物, 磁铁矿, 对其降解在特定的水热条件下。该技术可应用于比较简单的实验室系统中复杂的有机矿物热液相互作用的研究。

为了演示如何使用这种方法来研究热液有机矿物相互作用, 一个简单的实验使用了一个模型化合物, 硝基苯, 用矿物磁铁矿 (Fe3O4) 在热液条件150°c 和52小时的酒吧。为了显示矿物效应, 在同一热液条件下, 还进行了无矿物硝基苯的实验。如图 1a所示, 在热液实验之前, 两个硅胶管是按照协议进行的。没有矿物的密封管是明确的, 与磁铁矿?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about An Experimental Protocol for Studying Mineral Effects on Organic Hydrothermal Transformations at JoVE.com

An Experimental Protocol for Studying Mineral Effects on Organic Hydrothermal Transformations

地球丰富的矿物在天然热液系统中起着重要的作用。本文介绍了水热条件下有机矿物相互作用实验研究的一种可靠、经济有效的方法。

研究矿物对有机热液转化影响的实验协议

Organic-mineral interactions are widely occurring in hydrothermal environments, such as hot springs, geysers on land, and the hydrothermal vents in the ...

an-experimental-protocol-for-studying-mineral-effects-on-organic

Research

JoVE Journal

Environment

5.6K 次观看.  Oakland University. 地球丰富的矿物在天然热液系统中起着重要的作用。本文介绍了水热条件下有机矿物相互作用实验研究的一种可靠、经济有效的方法。

视频: An Experimental Protocol for Studying Mineral Effects on Organic Hydrothermal Transformations

Experimental Protocol for Manipulating Plant-induced Soil Heterogeneity

Coexistence theory has often treated environmental heterogeneity as being independent of the community composition; however biotic feedbacks such as plant-soil feedbacks (PSF) have large effects on plant performance, and create environmental heterogeneity that depends on the community composition. Understanding the importance of PSF for plant community assembly necessitates understanding of the role of heterogeneity in PSF, in addition to mean PSF effects. Here, we describe a protocol for manipulating plant-induced soil heterogeneity. Two example experiments are presented: (1) a field experiment with a 6-patch grid of soils to measure plant population responses and (2) a greenhouse experiment with 2-patch soils to measure individual plant responses. Soils can be collected from the zone of root influence (soils from the rhizosphere and directly adjacent to the rhizosphere) of plants in the field from conspecific and heterospecific plant species. Replicate collections are used to avoid pseudoreplicating soil samples. These soils are then placed into separate patches for heterogeneous treatments or mixed for a homogenized treatment. Care should be taken to ensure that heterogeneous and homogenized treatments experience the same degree of soil disturbance. Plants can then be placed in these soil treatments to determine the effect of plant-induced soil heterogeneity on plant performance. We demonstrate that plant-induced heterogeneity results in different outcomes than predicted by traditional coexistence models, perhaps because of the dynamic nature of these feedbacks. Theory that incorporates environmental heterogeneity influenced by the assembling community and additional empirical work is needed to determine when heterogeneity intrinsic to the assembling community will result in different assembly outcomes compared with heterogeneity extrinsic to the community composition.

Understanding the role of environmental heterogeneity in species coexistence has typically focused on types of heterogeneity that are extrinsic to the community&#8217;s species composition. We provide novel detailed methods for creating soil heterogeneity treatments using soils subject to plant-soil feedback conditioning, or heterogeneity intrinsic to the community composition.

用于操纵植物诱导土壤异质性的实验协议

Coexistence theory has often treated environmental heterogeneity as being independent of the community composition; however biotic feedbacks such as ...

科研

环境科学

Evaluation of Integrated Anaerobic Digestion and Hydrothermal Carbonization for Bioenergy Production

Lignocellulosic biomass is one of the most abundant yet underutilized renewable energy resources. Both anaerobic digestion (AD) and hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) are promising technologies for bioenergy production from biomass in terms of biogas and HTC biochar, respectively. In this study, the combination of AD and HTC is proposed to increase overall bioenergy production. Wheat straw was anaerobically digested in a novel upflow anaerobic solid state reactor (UASS) in both mesophilic (37 &#176;C) and thermophilic (55 &#176;C) conditions. Wet digested from thermophilic AD was hydrothermally carbonized at 230 &#176;C for 6 hr for HTC biochar production. At thermophilic temperature, the UASS system yields an average of 165 LCH4/kgVS&#160;(VS: volatile solids) and 121 L CH4/kgVS&#160;at mesophilic AD over the continuous operation of 200 days. Meanwhile, 43.4 g of HTC biochar with 29.6 MJ/kgdry_biochar was obtained from HTC of 1 kg digestate (dry basis) from mesophilic AD. The combination of AD and HTC, in this particular set of experiment yield 13.2 MJ of energy per 1 kg of dry wheat straw, which is at least 20% higher than HTC alone and 60.2% higher than AD only.

A novel Upflow Anaerobic Solid State (UASS) reactor was used for biogas production from fibrous feedstock. Digestate from UASS reactor was hydrothermally carbonized into HTC biochar in a pressurized batch reactor. The integration of the two bioenergy concepts was applied in this study to increase overall bioenergy production.

评定一体化厌氧消化和水热碳化对生物能源生产

Lignocellulosic biomass is one of the most abundant yet underutilized renewable energy resources. Both anaerobic digestion (AD) and hydrothermal ...

Exploring the Effects of Atmospheric Forcings on Evaporation: Experimental Integration of the Atmospheric Boundary Layer and Shallow Subsurface

Evaporation is directly influenced by the interactions between the atmosphere, land surface and soil subsurface. This work aims to experimentally study evaporation under various surface boundary conditions to improve our current understanding and characterization of this multiphase phenomenon as well as to validate numerical heat and mass transfer theories that couple Navier-Stokes flow in the atmosphere and Darcian flow in the porous media. Experimental data were collected using a unique soil tank apparatus interfaced with a small climate controlled wind tunnel. The experimental apparatus was instrumented with a suite of state of the art sensor technologies for the continuous and autonomous collection of soil moisture, soil thermal properties, soil and air temperature, relative humidity, and wind speed. This experimental apparatus can be used to generate data under well controlled boundary conditions, allowing for better control and gathering of accurate data at scales of interest not feasible in the field. Induced airflow at several distinct wind speeds over the soil surface resulted in unique behavior of heat and mass transfer during the different evaporative stages.

A protocol for the design and construction of a soil tank interfaced to a small climate controlled wind tunnel to study the effects of atmospheric forcings on evaporation is presented. Both the soil tank and wind tunnel are instrumented with sensor technologies for the continuous in situ measurement of environmental conditions.

在探索大气蒸发强迫的影响:大气边界层和浅地层的实验整合

Evaporation is directly influenced by the interactions between the atmosphere, land surface and soil subsurface. This work aims to experimentally study ...

Experimental Protocol for Detecting Cyanobacteria in Liquid and Solid Samples with an Antibody Microarray Chip

Global warming and eutrophication make some aquatic ecosystems behave as true bioreactors that trigger rapid and massive cyanobacterial growth; this has relevant health and economic consequences. Many cyanobacterial strains are toxin producers, and only a few cells are necessary to induce irreparable damage to the environment. Therefore, water-body authorities and administrations require rapid and efficient early-warning systems providing reliable data to support their preventive or curative decisions. This manuscript reports an experimental protocol for the in-field detection of toxin-producing cyanobacterial strains by using an antibody microarray chip with 17 antibodies (Abs) with taxonomic resolution (CYANOCHIP). Here, a multiplex fluorescent sandwich microarray immunoassay (FSMI) for the simultaneous monitoring of 17 cyanobacterial strains frequently found blooming in freshwater ecosystems, some of them toxin producers, is described. A microarray with multiple identical replicates (up to 24) of the CYANOCHIP was printed onto a single microscope slide to simultaneously test a similar number of samples. Liquid samples can be tested either by direct incubation with the antibodies (Abs) or after cell concentration by filtration through a 1- to 3-&#956;m filter. Solid samples, such as sediments and ground rocks, are first homogenized and dispersed by a hand-held ultrasonicator in an incubation buffer. They are then filtered (5 - 20 &#956;m) to remove the coarse material, and the filtrate is incubated with Abs. Immunoreactions are revealed by a final incubation with a mixture of the 17 fluorescence-labeled Abs and are read by a portable fluorescence detector. The whole process takes around 3 h, most of it corresponding to two 1-h periods of incubation. The output is an image, where bright spots correspond to the positive detection of cyanobacterial markers.

Experimental Protocol for Detecting Cyanobacteria in Liquid and Solid Samples with an Antibody Microarray Chip

The presence of cyanobacterial toxins in fresh water reservoirs for human consumption is a major concern for water management authorities. To evaluate the risk of water contamination, this article describes an protocol for the in-field detection of cyanobacterial strains in liquid and solid samples by using an antibody microarray chip.

用于检测实验方案<em&gt;蓝藻</em&gt;与抗体基因芯片液体和固体样品

Global warming and eutrophication make some aquatic ecosystems behave as true bioreactors that trigger rapid and massive cyanobacterial growth; this has ...

Protocol for Microplastics Sampling on the Sea Surface and Sample Analysis

Microplastic pollution in the marine environment is a scientific topic that has received increasing attention over the last decade. The majority of scientific publications address microplastic pollution of the sea surface. The protocol below describes the methodology for sampling, sample preparation, separation and chemical identification of microplastic particles. A manta net fixed on an &#187;A frame&#171; attached to the side of the vessel was used for sampling. Microplastic particles caught in the cod end of the net were separated from samples by visual identification and use of stereomicroscopes. Particles were analyzed for their size using an image analysis program and for their chemical structure using ATR-FTIR and micro FTIR spectroscopy. The described protocol is in line with recommendations for microplastics monitoring published by the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) Technical Subgroup on Marine Litter. This written protocol with video guide will support the work of researchers that deal with microplastics monitoring all over the world.

The protocol below describes the methodology for: microplastics sampling on the sea surface, separation of microplastic and chemical identification of particles. This protocol is in line with the recommendations for microplastics monitoring published by the MSFD Technical Subgroup on Marine Litter.

协议塑料微粒采样的海面和样品分析

Microplastic pollution in the marine environment is a scientific topic that has received increasing attention over the last decade. The majority of ...

Protocol for Assessing the Relative Effects of Environment and Genetics on Antler and Body Growth for a Long-lived Cervid

Cervid phenotype can be placed into one of two categories: efficiency, which promotes survival over extravagant morphometric growth, and luxury, which promotes growth of large weaponry and body size. Populations of the same species display each phenotype depending on environmental conditions. Although antler and body size of male white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) varies by physiographic region in Mississippi, USA and is strongly correlated with regional variation in nutritional quality, the effects of population-level genetics from native stocks and previous re-stocking efforts cannot be disregarded. This protocol describes how we designed a controlled study, where other factors that influence phenotype, such as age and nutrition, are controlled. We brought wild-caught pregnant females and six-month-old fawns from three distinct physiographic regions in Mississippi, USA to the Mississippi State University Rusty Dawkins Memorial Deer Unit. Deer from the same region were bred to produce a second generation of offspring, allowing us to assess generational responses and maternal effects. All deer ate the same high-quality (20% crude protein deer pellet) diet ad libitum. We uniquely marked each neonate and recorded body mass, hind foot, and total body length. Each subsequent fall, we sedated individuals via remote injection and sampled the same morphometrics plus antlers of adults. We found that all morphometrics increased in size from first to second generation, with full compensation of antler size (regional variation no longer present) and partial compensation of body mass (some evidence of regional variation) evident in the second generation. Second generation males that originated from our poorest quality soil region displayed about a 40% increase in antler size and about a 25% increase in body mass when compared to their wild harvested counterparts. Our results suggest phenotypic variation of wild male white-tailed deer in Mississippi are more related to differences in nutritional quality than population-level genetics.

Phenotypic differences among cervid populations may be related to population-level genetics or nutrition; discerning which is difficult in the wild. This protocol describes how we designed a controlled study where nutritional variation was eliminated. We found that phenotypic variation of male white-tailed deer was more limited by nutrition than genetics.

评估环境和遗传因素对鹿茸和长寿命的鹿的身体生长的相对影响的议定书 》

Cervid phenotype can be placed into one of two categories: efficiency, which promotes survival over extravagant morphometric growth, and luxury, which ...

Experimental Column Setup for Studying Anaerobic Biogeochemical Interactions Between Iron (Oxy)Hydroxides, Trace Elements, and Bacteria

Fate and speciation of trace elements (TEs), such as arsenic (As) and mercury (Hg), in aquifers are closely related to physio-chemical conditions, such as redox potential (Eh) and pH, but also to microbial activities that can play a direct or indirect role on speciation and/or mobility. Indeed, some bacteria can directly oxidize As(III) to As(V) or reduce As(V) to As(III). Likewise, bacteria are strongly involved in Hg cycling, either through its methylation, forming the neurotoxin monomethyl mercury, or through its reduction to elemental Hg&#176;. The fates of both As and Hg are also strongly linked to soil or aquifer composition; indeed, As and Hg can bind to organic compounds or (oxy)hydroxides, which will influence their mobility. In turn, bacterial activities such as iron (oxy)hydroxide reduction or organic matter mineralization can indirectly influence As and Hg sequestration. The presence of sulfate/sulfide can also strongly impact these particular elements through the formation of complexes such as thio-arsenates with As or metacinnabar with Hg.
Consequently, many important questions have been raised on the fate and speciation of As and Hg in the environment and how to limit their toxicity. However, due to their reactivity towards aquifer components, it is difficult to clearly dissociate the biogeochemical processes that occur and their different impacts on the fate of these TE.
To do so, we developed an original, experimental, column setup that mimics an aquifer with As- or Hg-iron-oxide rich areas versus iron depleted areas, enabling a better understanding of TE biogeochemistry in anoxic conditions. The following protocol gives step by step instructions for the column set-up either for As or Hg, as well as an example with As under iron and sulfate reducing conditions.

Experimental Column Setup for Studying Anaerobic Biogeochemical Interactions Between Iron OxyHydroxides, Trace Elements, and Bacteria

Fate and speciation of arsenic and mercury in aquifers are closely related to physio-chemical conditions and microbial activity. Here, we present an original experimental column setup that mimics an aquifer and enables a better understanding of trace element biogeochemistry in anoxic conditions. Two examples are presented, combining geochemical and microbiological approaches.

用于研究铁 (氧) 氢氧化物、微量元素和细菌之间厌氧生物地球化学相互作用的实验柱装置

Fate and speciation of trace elements (TEs), such as arsenic (As) and mercury (Hg), in aquifers are closely related to physio-chemical conditions, such as ...

Collection and Extraction of Occupational Air Samples for Analysis of Fungal DNA

Traditional methods of identifying fungal exposures in occupational environments, such as culture and microscopy-based approaches, have several limitations that have resulted in the exclusion of many species. Advances in the field over the last two decades have led occupational health researchers to turn to molecular-based approaches for identifying fungal hazards. These methods have resulted in the detection of many species within indoor and occupational environments that have not been detected using traditional methods. This protocol details an approach for determining fungal diversity within air samples through genomic DNA extraction, amplification, sequencing, and taxonomic identification of fungal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions. ITS sequencing results in the detection of many fungal species that are either not detected or difficult to identify to species level using culture or microscopy. While these methods do not provide quantitative measures of fungal burden, they offer a new approach to hazard identification and can be used to determine overall species richness and diversity within an occupational environment.

Determining the fungal diversity within an environment is a method utilized in occupational health studies to identify health hazards. This protocol describes DNA extraction from occupational air samples for amplification and sequencing of fungal ITS regions. This approach detects many fungal species that can be overlooked by traditional assessment methods.

真菌 DNA 分析用职业空气标本的收集与提取

Traditional methods of identifying fungal exposures in occupational environments, such as culture and microscopy-based approaches, have several ...

Experimental Protocol for Detecting Mitochondrial Function in Hepatocytes Exposed to Organochlorine Pesticides

This paper presents detailed methods on detecting hepatic mitochondrial function for a better understanding the cause of metabolic disorders caused by environmental organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in hepatocytes. HepG2 cells were exposed to &#946;-hexachlorocyclohexane (&#946;-HCH) for 24 h at an equivalent dose of internal exposure in general population. Ultrastructure in hepatocytes was examined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to show the damage of mitochondria. Mitochondrial function was further evaluated by mitochondrial fluorescence intensity, adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) levels, oxygen consumption rate (OCR) and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) in HepG2 cells incubated with &#946;-HCH. The mitochondria fluorescence intensity after stained by mitochondrial green fluorescent probe was observed with a fluorescence microscopy. The luciferin-luciferase reaction was used to determine ATP levels. The MMP was detected by the cationic dye JC-1 and analyzed under flow cytometry. OCR was measured with an extracellular flux analyzer. In summary, these protocols were used in detecting mitochondrial function in hepatocytes with to investigate mitochondria damages.

Understanding the influence of environmental organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) on mitochondrial function in hepatocytes is important in exploring the mechanism of OCPs causing metabolic disorders. This paper presents detailed methods on detecting hepatic mitochondrial function.

检测暴露于有机氯农药的肝细胞线粒体功能的实验方案

This paper presents detailed methods on detecting hepatic mitochondrial function for a better understanding the cause of metabolic disorders caused by ...

The Hawaii Protocol for Scientific Monitoring of Coffee Berry Borer: a Model for Coffee Agroecosystems Worldwide

Coffee berry borer (CBB) is the most devastating insect pest for coffee crops worldwide. We developed a scientific monitoring protocol that is aimed at capturing and quantifying the dynamics and impact of this invasive insect pest as well as the development of its host plant across a heterogeneous landscape. The cornerstone of this comprehensive monitoring system is timely georeferenced data collection on CBB movement, coffee berry infestation, mortality by the fungus Beauveria bassiana, and coffee plant phenology via a mobile electronic data recording application. This electronic data collection system allows field records to be georeferenced through built-in global positioning systems, and is backed by a network of weather stations and records of farm management practices. Comprehensive monitoring of CBB and host plant dynamics is an essential part of an area-wide project in Hawaii to aggregate landscape-level data for research to improve management practices. Coffee agroecosystems in other parts of the world that experience highly variable environmental and socioeconomic factors will also benefit from implementing this protocol, in that it will drive the development of customized integrated pest management (IPM) to manage CBB populations.

Comprehensive monitoring of coffee berry borer and host plant dynamics is essential for aggregating landscape-level data to improve management of this invasive pest. Here, we present a protocol for scientific monitoring of coffee berry borer movement, infestation, mortality, coffee plant phenology, weather, and farm management via a mobile electronic data recording application.

夏威夷咖啡莓科学监测协议: 全球咖啡农田模型

Coffee berry borer (CBB) is the most devastating insect pest for coffee crops worldwide. We developed a scientific monitoring protocol that is aimed at ...