这项工作得到了复旦大学中山医院临床研究专项基金（2016ZSLC17）的支持。作者非常感谢复旦大学中山医院胡祥林博士对英语写作的专业建议。

这项单中心回顾性研究得到了复旦大学中山医院地方机构评审委员会的批准。
1. 获得知情同意
<ol><li>在TRA干预之前，请介入放射科医生（IRs）向患者解释TRA的好处和潜在的并发症。</li>
</ol>2. 患者评价
<ol><li>在获得知情同意后，评估 RA 的穿刺和罐装的可行性。</li>
	<li>全面回顾患者的病史。确认患者是否患有严重的血管结肠炎、严重的周围血管疾病、透析的膀胱或 RA 透析手术的准备。这些是接受TRA干预的患者的相对禁忌症。</li>
	<li>评估 RA 的可见性。<ol>
<li>使用脉冲氧化测量进行巴博测试，以评估干预11之前手部辅助动脉的可见度。巴博 D 波形被认为是 RA 罐装的绝对禁忌。</li>
		<li>对于测试为 Barbeau C 波形的患者，应用多普勒超声波检查，以提供有关前臂和手部附带循环量的更可靠的信息。内径小于 2 毫米被视为禁忌症。 注：在病史评估和RA评估后，禁忌症患者应避免通过ipsilaterAL进行穿刺。如果通过 Barbeau 测试评估发现该 RA 是专利，则反向 RA 可能会成为理想的供应。左 RA 最初被选为首选访问路线。如果发现左 RA 不合适，右 RA 可能会作为替代选择。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>3. 径向动脉通道
<ol><li>将患者置于血管造影表的上位。然后，将左臂与患者的身体平行，靠近左腰，方便放置导管和导线，使操作员的定位与 TFA 相媲美。</li>
	<li>按触觉标记脱位RA脉冲。用 10% 的 povidone 碘手术磨砂溶液清洁皮肤表面，并允许溶液使空气干燥。用手术窗帘盖住左臂。<ol>
<li>如果潜在的左 RA 穿刺失败，请通过消毒和拖曳右臂或右侧内侧区域来准备替代访问路线。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>应用局部麻醉（即利多卡因1 mL 2%）沿着左 RA 最强大的脉动轴线的样式过程近似。</li>
	<li>延长手腕，使用改良的塞尔丁格技术用 20 G 针刺穿 RA。当脉动动脉血液返回被观察到时，引入一条0.025英寸的亲水导线。<ol>
<li>如果遇到阻力，请收回导线并重新调整针头。不要强制插入导线。在数字减法血管造影术 （DSA） 的帮助下，注入约 1 到 2 mL 的对比度，以突出 RA 并帮助插入亲水导线。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>一旦获得访问，取出针头，并引入一个4-法国亲水护套与导线。插入护套后，用注射器轻轻泵回少量动脉血，以确认护套尖端在容器内。</li>
</ol>4. 抗凝和血管扩散
<ol><li>准备 10 mL 的血管化鸡尾酒溶液（3，000 IU 未受破坏的肝素、0.1 毫克硝化甘油和 20 毫克利多卡因）。</li>
	<li>以 0.5 mL/s 的速度通过护套管理 8 mL 的血管化鸡尾酒解决方案（图 1）。 注意：减少或停止中度或高出血风险患者的肝素剂量。</li>
</ol>5. 导管选择
<ol><li>使用 4-French，125 厘米普通导管和标准 0.035 英寸 x 180 厘米亲水线穿过亚克拉维安动脉，并接合下降的主动脉。使用 DSA 荧光镜在手臂内导航期间可视化近轴动脉，以避免动脉环或血管侵权的潜在病变。 注：亚克拉维安动脉有许多动脉分支。血管学导管可防止导管导管在逆行导管过程中进入辅助容器。少数情况下径向动脉有动脉环。如果标准电线无法通过环路，建议使用微型信箱和角度为 0.016 英寸或 0.018 英寸的微线。</li>
	<li>使用 4-French，125 厘米普通导管与标准 0.035 英寸导线组合，协商横向拱门，将导线引导到下降的主动脉。 注：如果主动脉和左亚克拉维安动脉之间的角度非常尖锐，建议使用眼镜蛇 2 形导管（如西蒙斯 I 或西蒙斯 II 导管）来完成此转弯。</li>
	<li>下降主动脉导管后，通过同轴技术更换普通导管。一旦将公用导管插入下降的主动脉，在 DSA 荧光镜检查的指导下，将导管尖直通，进行腹腔躯干导管。在大多数情况下，很容易导管和进行血管造影的腹腔树干，肝动脉，和优越的中动脉。 注意：如果腹腔动脉和下降主动脉之间的角度非常尖锐，请使用眼镜蛇导管完成手术。</li>
	<li>对于肝栓塞程序，使用同轴技术进行超选择性导管和化疗，并将一个2.8-French 150cm的微导管放入喂养肿瘤的肝动脉靶向分支（图2）。根据疾病负担和患者偏好执行 TACE。</li>
	<li>使用高压喷油器通过普通导管进行血管造影，以确认足够的栓塞。导管尖端通常位于常见的肝动脉中。以每秒 3-4 mL 的速度注入 9-12 mL 的对比剂，荧镜检查时间为 15 秒。然后，在导管上取下导管，以避免对 RA 造成损坏。</li>
</ol>6. 径向动脉血吸虫病
注：非包容性血吸虫使用特殊的旅行服进行，以保持RA的父权（图3）。
<ol><li>通过 RA 护套管理剩余的 2 mL 血管化鸡尾酒解决方案（第 4 节）。紧接着，取回约5厘米的护套。</li>
	<li>在左手腕的径向通道上放置一个旅游通道，并使用随附的注射器用空气充分充气。然后完全取下护套，慢慢放气袋。在访问站点观察到泄漏时，将 1 mL 的空气重新添加到袖口中。通常，在气囊中加入 10-15 mL 的空气以保持血吸。</li>
	<li>确认没有出血或泄漏。同时，确保断端径向动脉脉搏在血吸期间明显。使用脉冲氧化计波形来确认左拇指上的动脉波形。</li>
	<li>以每2小时~2 mL的速度慢慢充气，不超过6小时。再次确认，一旦手术后6小时切除导体，就会完成止血。 注意：如果在通缩期间观察到穿刺部位出血或泄漏，空气会重新添加到空气囊中 30 分钟，并重复这个过程。</li>
	<li>出院前，进行巴博测试，以确认RA的性格，并记录患者的径向动脉闭塞和密切跟踪。</li>
</ol>7. 跟进
<ol><li>干预约1个月后，给TRA患者进行彻底的身体检查，包括检查左手腕和脉搏检查。对于可能被遮挡的 RA 患者，使用前臂多普勒超声波或脉搏氧化术对手部血液供应进行后续评估。</li>
	<li>在 TACE 之后密切跟踪所有患者。如果新的肿瘤结节在CT扫描中明显，并且初始病变似乎重新血管化，则执行另一种 TACE 治疗。</li>
</ol>

<ol>
	<li>Yoon, S. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Efficacy+and+Safety+of+Transarterial+Chemoembolization+Plus+External+Beam+Radiotherapy+vs+Sorafenib+in+Hepatocellular+Carcinoma+with+Macroscopic+Vascular+Invasion+A+Randomized+Clinical+Trial.">Efficacy and Safety of Transarterial Chemoembolization Plus External Beam Radiotherapy vs Sorafenib in Hepatocellular Carcinoma with Macroscopic Vascular Invasion A Randomized Clinical Trial.</a> JAMA Oncology. 4 (5), 661-669 (2018).</li><li>Global Burden of Disease. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Global+Burden+of+Cancer+2013.">The Global Burden of Cancer 2013.</a> JAMA Oncology. 1 (4), 505-527 (2015).</li><li>Iezzi, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transradial+versus+Transfemoral+Access+for+Hepatic+Chemoembolization:+Intrapatient+Prospective+Single-Center+Study.">Transradial versus Transfemoral Access for Hepatic Chemoembolization: Intrapatient Prospective Single-Center Study.</a> Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology. 28 (9), 1234-1239 (2017).</li><li>Rao, S. V., Cohen, M. G., Kandzari, D. E., Bertrand, O. F., Gilchrist, I. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+transradial+approach+to+percutaneous+coronary+intervention:+historical+perspective,+current+concepts,+and+future+directions.">The transradial approach to percutaneous coronary intervention: historical perspective, current concepts, and future directions.</a> Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 55 (20), 2187-2195 (2010).</li><li>Hamon, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Consensus+document+on+the+radial+approach+in+percutaneous+cardiovascular+interventions:+position+paper+by+the+European+Association+of+Percutaneous+Cardiovascular+Interventions+and+Working+Groups+on+Acute+Cardiac+Care+and+Thrombosis+of+the+European+Society+of+Cardiology.">Consensus document on the radial approach in percutaneous cardiovascular interventions: position paper by the European Association of Percutaneous Cardiovascular Interventions and Working Groups on Acute Cardiac Care and Thrombosis of the European Society of Cardiology.</a> EuroIntervention. 8 (11), 1242-1251 (2013).</li><li>Feldman, D. N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Adoption+of+radial+access+and+comparison+of+outcomes+to+femoral+access+in+percutaneous+coronary+intervention:+an+updated+report+from+the+national+cardiovascular+data+registry+(2007-2012).">Adoption of radial access and comparison of outcomes to femoral access in percutaneous coronary intervention: an updated report from the national cardiovascular data registry (2007-2012).</a> Circulation. 127 (23), 2295-2306 (2013).</li><li>Jolly, S. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Radial+versus+femoral+access+for+coronary+angiography+and+intervention+in+patients+with+acute+coronary+syndromes+(RIVAL):+a+randomised,+parallel+group,+multicentre+trial.">Radial versus femoral access for coronary angiography and intervention in patients with acute coronary syndromes (RIVAL): a randomised, parallel group, multicentre trial.</a> Lancet. 377 (9775), 1409-1420 (2011).</li><li>Valgimigli, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Radial+versus+femoral+access+in+patients+with+acute+coronary+syndromes+undergoing+invasive+management:+a+randomised+multicentre+trial.">Radial versus femoral access in patients with acute coronary syndromes undergoing invasive management: a randomised multicentre trial.</a> Lancet. 385 (9986), 2465-2476 (2015).</li><li>Du, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transradial+access+chemoembolization+for+hepatocellular+carcinoma+in+comparation+with+transfemoral+access.">Transradial access chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma in comparation with transfemoral access.</a> Translational Cancer Research. 8 (5), 1795-1805 (2019).</li><li>Galyfos, G., Sigala, F., Filis, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transradial+versus+Transfemoral+access+in+patients+undergoing+peripheral+artery+angioplasty/stenting:+A+meta-analysis.">Transradial versus Transfemoral access in patients undergoing peripheral artery angioplasty/stenting: A meta-analysis.</a> Cardiovascular Revascularization Medicine. 19 (4), 457-465 (2018).</li><li>Barbeau, G. R., Arsenault, F., Dugas, L., Simard, S., Lariviere, M. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluation+of+the+ulnopalmar+arterial+arches+with+pulse+oximetry+and+plethysmography:+comparison+with+the+Allen's+test+in+1010+patients.">Evaluation of the ulnopalmar arterial arches with pulse oximetry and plethysmography: comparison with the Allen's test in 1010 patients.</a> American Heart Journal. 147 (3), 489-493 (2004).</li><li>Kiemeneij, F., Laarman, G. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Percutaneous+transradial+artery+approach+for+coronary+Palmaz-Schatz+stent+implantation.">Percutaneous transradial artery approach for coronary Palmaz-Schatz stent implantation.</a> American Heart Journal. 128 (1), 167-174 (1994).</li><li>Achenbach, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transradial+versus+transfemoral+approach+for+coronary+angiography+and+intervention+in+patients+above+75+years+of+age.">Transradial versus transfemoral approach for coronary angiography and intervention in patients above 75 years of age.</a> Catheterization and Cardiovascular Interventions. 72 (5), 629-635 (2008).</li><li>Agostoni, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Radial+versus+femoral+approach+for+percutaneous+coronary+diagnostic+and+interventional+procedures;+Systematic+overview+and+meta-analysis+of+randomized+trials.">Radial versus femoral approach for percutaneous coronary diagnostic and interventional procedures; Systematic overview and meta-analysis of randomized trials.</a> Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 44 (2), 349-356 (2004).</li><li>Caputo, R. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transradial+cardiac+catheterization+in+elderly+patients.">Transradial cardiac catheterization in elderly patients.</a> Catheterization and Cardiovascular Interventions. 51 (3), 287-290 (2000).</li><li>Cox, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparison+of+the+risk+of+vascular+complications+associated+with+femoral+and+radial+access+coronary+catheterization+procedures+in+obese+versus+nonobese+patients.">Comparison of the risk of vascular complications associated with femoral and radial access coronary catheterization procedures in obese versus nonobese patients.</a> American Journal of Cardiology. 94 (9), 1174-1177 (2004).</li><li>Titano, J. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Safety+and+Feasibility+of+Transradial+Access+for+Visceral+Interventions+in+Patients+with+Thrombocytopenia.">Safety and Feasibility of Transradial Access for Visceral Interventions in Patients with Thrombocytopenia.</a> Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiology. 39 (5), 676-682 (2016).</li><li>Mortensen, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Prospective+Study+on+Total+Fluoroscopic+Time+in+Patients+Undergoing+Uterine+Artery+Embolization:+Comparing+Transradial+and+Transfemoral+Approaches.">Prospective Study on Total Fluoroscopic Time in Patients Undergoing Uterine Artery Embolization: Comparing Transradial and Transfemoral Approaches.</a> Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiology. 42 (3), 441-447 (2019).</li><li>Iezzi, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Operator+learning+curve+for+transradial+liver+cancer+embolization:+implications+for+the+initiation+of+a+transradial+access+program.">Operator learning curve for transradial liver cancer embolization: implications for the initiation of a transradial access program.</a> Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology. 25 (5), 368-374 (2019).</li><li>Mounsey, C. A., Mawhinney, J. A., Werner, R. S., Taggart, D. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Does+Previous+Transradial+Catheterization+Preclude+Use+of+the+Radial+Artery+as+a+Conduit+in+Coronary+Artery+Bypass+Surgery.">Does Previous Transradial Catheterization Preclude Use of the Radial Artery as a Conduit in Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery.</a> Circulation. 134 (9), 681-688 (2016).</li><li>Hibbert, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transradial+versus+transfemoral+artery+approach+for+coronary+angiography+and+percutaneous+coronary+intervention+in+the+extremely+obese.">Transradial versus transfemoral artery approach for coronary angiography and percutaneous coronary intervention in the extremely obese.</a> JACC: Cardiovascular Interventions. 5 (8), 819-826 (2012).</li><li>Fischman, A. M., Swinburne, N. C., Patel, R. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Technical+Guide+Describing+the+Use+of+Transradial+Access+Technique+for+Endovascular+Interventions.">A Technical Guide Describing the Use of Transradial Access Technique for Endovascular Interventions.</a> Techniques in Vascular and Interventional Radiology. 18 (2), 58-65 (2015).</li><li>Caputo, R. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transradial+arterial+access+for+coronary+and+peripheral+procedures:+executive+summary+by+the+Transradial+Committee+of+the+SCAI.">Transradial arterial access for coronary and peripheral procedures: executive summary by the Transradial Committee of the SCAI.</a> Catheterization and Cardiovascular Interventions. 78 (6), 823-839 (2011).</li><li>Shiozawa, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transradial+approach+for+transcatheter+arterial+chemoembolization+in+patients+with+hepatocellular+carcinoma+-+Comparison+with+conventional+transfemoral+approach.">Transradial approach for transcatheter arterial chemoembolization in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma - Comparison with conventional transfemoral approach.</a> Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology. 37 (5), 412-417 (2003).</li><li>Mitchell, M. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Systematic+review+and+cost-benefit+analysis+of+radial+artery+access+for+coronary+angiography+and+intervention.">Systematic review and cost-benefit analysis of radial artery access for coronary angiography and intervention.</a> Circulation: Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes. 5 (4), 454-462 (2012).</li><li>Shoji, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stroke+After+Percutaneous+Coronary+Intervention+in+the+Era+of+Transradial+Intervention.">Stroke After Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in the Era of Transradial Intervention.</a> Circulation: Cardiovascular Interventions. 11 (12), 006761 (2018).</li><li>Jurga, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cerebral+microembolism+during+coronary+angiography:+a+randomized+comparison+between+femoral+and+radial+arterial+access.">Cerebral microembolism during coronary angiography: a randomized comparison between femoral and radial arterial access.</a> Stroke. 42 (5), 1475-1477 (2011).</li><li>Bishay, V. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transradial+Approach+for+Hepatic+Radioembolization:+Initial+Results+and+Technique.">Transradial Approach for Hepatic Radioembolization: Initial Results and Technique.</a> AJR: American Journal of Roentgenology. 207 (5), 1112-1121 (2016).</li><li>Bernat, I., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=ST-segment+elevation+myocardial+infarction+treated+by+radial+or+femoral+approach+in+a+multicenter+randomized+clinical+trial:+the+STEMI-RADIAL+trial.">ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction treated by radial or femoral approach in a multicenter randomized clinical trial: the STEMI-RADIAL trial.</a> Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 63 (10), 964-972 (2014).</li></ol>

研究WZ和ZPY的概念和设计;通过ND、ZHZ和MJY获取数据;由ZPY获得资金。提交人没有相关的财务披露。

近年来，TRA介入疗法在全球显著增长，特别是在诊断和介入心脏病学程序12。此外，人们越来越重视外周血管疾病干预。在不影响程序成功率的情况下，TRA到心脏干预可以有效地降低出血率和血管并发症相比，TFA13，14。与 TFA 相比，TRA 在多个能力方面都更胜一筹，包括手术后的监测时间、消沉时间以及更高的患者总体满意度 15、16、17?...

肝细胞癌（HCC）是一种非常常见的恶性肿瘤，发病率居世界第六位。这也是全球癌症死亡率的第二大原因。因为只有5%-20%的患者可以接受治疗，跨动脉化疗（TACE）是HCC2患者最流行的姑息治疗。TACE 已被公认为中度3期 HCC 患者最常用和最有效的治疗方法。跨女性获取 （TFA） 化疗是 TACE4最常见的方法。然而，有与TFA干预相关的风险，包括进入现场出血和主要血管并发症5。这些并发症导致长期住院和增加费用。此外，TFA 要求固定至少 6 小时，这增加了患者的不适和不满。
跨径向访问 （TRA） 是一种替代方法，已用于皮下冠状动脉干预 （PCI） 超过20年 5，6。TRA PCI有几个优点：增加手术舒适性，减少接触部位相关的出血，减少主要血管并发症，降低死亡率7，8。径向动脉（RA）是很容易访问和穿刺，因为它的表面位置7。血吸虫病易于干预后进行，没有严格的熏蒸9。尽管在心脏导管治疗方面有令人鼓舞的 TRA 干预证据，但迄今为止，只有少数研究在周围疾病干预中使用了 TRA。恶性肝肿瘤的TRA干预更为罕见。分析了TRA肝栓塞的临床可行性和安全性。还介绍了一个机构在提供分步 TRA 协议方面的经验。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:553px;" width="553">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:141px;">Reagents</td>
			<td style="width:127px;"></td>
			<td style="width:123px;"></td>
			<td style="width:163px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:141px;">Embosphere</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Merit</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">20173776165</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:141px;">Gelfoam</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Alicon</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">20143771056</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:141px;">Heparin</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Hepatunn</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">H51021209</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:141px;">Injection syringe</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">KDL</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">20163150518</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:141px;">Iodinated oil</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Yantai Luyin Pharmaceutical Co.Ltd</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">H37022398</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:141px;">Lidocaine</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Shandong Hualu Pharmaceutical Co.Ltd</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">H37022147</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="84">
			<td height="84" style="height:84px;width:141px;">Lobaplatin</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Hainan Changan International Pharmaceutical Co.Ltd</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">H20050308</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:141px;">Nitroglycerin</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Brijing Yimin Pharmaceutical Co.Ltd</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">H11020289</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:141px;">Normal saline</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Anhui Shuanghe Pharmaceutical Co.Ltd</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">H34023609</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:141px;">Pharmorubicin</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Pfizer</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">H20000496</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:141px;">Ultravist 370</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Bayer</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">H20171333</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:141px;">Material</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:141px;">Hydrophilic Guide Wire</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Merit</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">LWSTDA38180</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:141px;">Injection syringe</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">KDL</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">20163150518</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:141px;">Maestro Microcatheter</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Merit</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">28MC24150SN</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">MPA1 (I) catheter</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Cordis</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">451-406P0</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:141px;">Sheath Introducer</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Merit</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">PSI-4F-11-035</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:141px;">Steerable Guidewire</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Merit</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">TNR2411</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:141px;">TR Band</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Terumo</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">XX*RF06</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:141px;">Equipment</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:141px;">DSA</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Toshiba</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">INFX-9000V</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:141px;">Ultrasonic machine</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">SonoScape</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">20172231180</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

transradial access chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma patients

跨动脉化疗 （TACE） 是治疗中间阶段肝细胞癌 （HCC） 的最常见方式。TACE 通常通过跨性别访问 （TFA） 执行。然而，由于并发症和死亡率的降低，冠状动脉干预中优先使用横向通道 （TRA）。TRA 的优势是否可以应用于 TACE 需要调查。
在单个中心接受TRA TACE的患者被追溯性地注册学习。对程序细节、技术成功、径向动脉闭塞率（RAO）和访问部位相关的出血并发症进行了评估。从 2017 年 10 月到 2018 年 10 月，112 名患者接受了 160 例 TRA TACE 手术。总体技术成功率为95.0%（152/160）。从特拉到 Tfa 的交叉率为 1.9%。在任何情况下均未发现与访问站点相关的出血并发症。无症状RA闭塞发生在三个患者（2.7%）。与 TFA 相比，TRA 可提高安全性和患者满意度，同时减少与访问部位相关的出血并发症。此外，TRA 干预措施可使老年、肥胖或出血并发症的高危患者受益。

2017年10月至2018年10月，112名患者接受了160例TRA TACE手术，总体技术成功率为95.0%（152/160）。有8个案件出现技术故障。其中5例是由左RA穿刺失败引起的，随后在右RA访问下成功进行了TACE。其他三个病例是由禁食失败引起的，随后通过交叉到右足总访问成功干预。RA 访问 FA 访问的交叉率仅为 1.9%。在任何病例中均未发现与出入部位相关的出血并发症。
比较了技术成功或技术故障?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Transradial Access Chemoembolization for Hepatocellular Carcinoma Patients at JoVE.com

Transradial Access Chemoembolization for Hepatocellular Carcinoma Patients

跨动脉化疗 （TACE） 是治疗肝细胞癌中间阶段患者的标准疗法，通常通过股动脉进行。与跨性别接触相比，跨径接触（TRA）可以降低出血并发症的发生率，提高患者的耐受性。这里介绍了一种通过径向动脉访问进行跨动脉化疗的方法。

肝细胞癌患者的跨径向获取化疗

Transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) is the most common modality for treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) at the intermediate stage. TACE is ...

transradial-access-chemoembolization-for-hepatocellular-carcinoma

Research

JoVE Journal

Cancer Research

5.3K 次观看.  Fudan University. 跨动脉化疗 （TACE） 是治疗肝细胞癌中间阶段患者的标准疗法，通常通过股动脉进行。与跨性别接触相比，跨径接触（TRA）可以降低出血并发症的发生率，提高患者的耐受性。这里介绍了一种通过径向动脉访问进行跨动脉化疗的方法。

视频: Transradial Access Chemoembolization for Hepatocellular Carcinoma Patients

Study of Viral Vectors in a Three-dimensional Liver Model Repopulated with the Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cell Line HepG2

This protocol describes the generation of a three-dimensional (3D) ex vivo liver model and its application to the study and development of viral vector systems. The model is obtained by repopulating the extracellular matrix of a decellularized rat liver with a human hepatocyte cell line. The model permits studies in a vascularized 3D cell system, replacing potentially harmful experiments with living animals. Another advantage is the humanized nature of the model, which is closer to human physiology than animal models.
In this study, we demonstrate the transduction of this liver model with a viral vector derived from adeno-associated viruses (AAV vector). The perfusion circuit that supplies the 3D liver model with media provides an easy means to apply the vector. The system permits monitoring of the major metabolic parameters of the liver. For final analysis, tissue samples can be taken to determine the extent of recellularization by histological techniques. Distribution of the virus vector and expression of the delivered transgene can be analyzed by quantitative PCR (qPCR), Western blotting and immunohistochemistry. Numerous applications of the vector model in basic research and in the development of gene therapeutic applications can be envisioned, including the development of novel antiviral therapeutics, cancer research, and the study of viral vectors and their potential side effects.

The recellularized extracellular matrix of a decellularized rat liver can be used as a humanized, three-dimensional ex vivo model to study the distribution and transgene expression of a virus or viral vector.

研究病毒载体在三维肝模型重新填充与人肝癌细胞株HepG2

This protocol describes the generation of a three-dimensional (3D) ex vivo liver model and its application to the study and development of viral vector ...

科研

癌症研究

A Model for Perineural Invasion in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Perineural invasion (PNI) is found in approximately 40% of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC). Despite multimodal treatment with surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy, locoregional recurrences and distant metastases occur at higher rates, and overall survival is decreased by 40% compared to HNSCC without PNI. In vitro studies of the pathways involved in HNSCC PNI have historically been challenging given the lack of a consistent, reproducible assay. Described here is the adaptation of the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) assay for the examination of PNI in HNSCC. In this model, DRG are harvested from the spinal column of a sacrificed nude mouse and placed within a semisolid matrix. Over the subsequent days, neurites are generated and grow in a radial pattern from the cell bodies of the DRG. HNSCC cell lines are then placed peripherally around the matrix and invade preferentially along the neurites toward the DRG. This method allows for rapid evaluation of multiple treatment conditions, with very high assay success rates and reproducibility.

Perineural invasion (PNI) is a common feature of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), conferring lower survival rates. Its mechanisms are poorly understood. Utilizing neurites generated from murine dorsal root ganglia confined to a semisolid matrix, the pathways involved in the PNI of HNSCC cell lines can be investigated.

在头颈部鳞状细胞癌的神经浸润模型

Perineural invasion (PNI) is found in approximately 40% of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC). Despite multimodal treatment with surgery, ...

Automated Multiplex Immunofluorescence Panel for Immuno-oncology Studies on Formalin-fixed Carcinoma Tissue Specimens

Continued developments in immuno-oncology require an increased understanding of the mechanisms of cancer immunology. The immunoprofiling analysis of tissue samples from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) biopsies has become a key tool for understanding the complexity of tumor immunology and discovering novel predictive biomarkers for cancer immunotherapy. Immunoprofiling analysis of tissues requires the evaluation of combined markers, including inflammatory cell subpopulations and immune checkpoints, in the tumor microenvironment. The advent of novel multiplex immunohistochemical methods allows for a more efficient multiparametric analysis of single tissue sections than does standard monoplex immunohistochemistry (IHC). One commercially available multiplex immunofluorescence (IF) method is based on tyramide-signal amplification and, combined with multispectral microscopic analysis, allows for a better signal separation of diverse markers in tissue. This methodology is compatible with the use of unconjugated primary antibodies that have been optimized for standard IHC on FFPE tissue samples. Herein we describe in detail an automated protocol that allows multiplex IF labeling of carcinoma tissue samples with a six-marker multiplex antibody panel comprising PD-L1, PD-1, CD68, CD8, Ki-67, and AE1/AE3 cytokeratins with 4&#8242;,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole as a nuclear cell counterstain. The multiplex panel protocol is optimized in an automated IHC stainer for a staining time that is shorter than that of the manual protocol and can be directly applied and adapted by any laboratory investigator for immuno-oncology studies on human FFPE tissue samples. Also described are several controls and tools, including a drop-control method for fine quality control of a new multiplex IF panel, that are useful for the optimization and validation of the technique.

A detailed protocol for a six-marker multiplex immunofluorescence panel is optimized and performed, using an automated stainer for more consistent results and a shorter procedure time. This approach can be directly adapted by any laboratory for immuno-oncology studies.

福尔马林固定癌组织标本免疫肿瘤学自动复合免疫荧光小组研究

Continued developments in immuno-oncology require an increased understanding of the mechanisms of cancer immunology. The immunoprofiling analysis of ...

Multidimensional Coculture System to Model Lung Squamous Carcinoma Progression

Tumor-stroma interactions play a critical role in the development of lung squamous carcinoma (LUSC). However, understanding how these dynamic interactions contribute to tissue architectural changes observed during tumorigenesis remains challenging due to the lack of appropriate models. In this protocol, we describe the generation of a 3D coculture model using a LUSC primary cell culture known as TUM622. TUM622 cells were established from a LUSC patient-derived xenograft (PDX) and have the unique property to form acinar-like structures when seeded in a basement membrane matrix. We demonstrate that TUM622 acini in 3D coculture recapitulate key features of tissue architecture during LUSC progression as well as the dynamic interactions between LUSC cells and components of the tumor microenvironment (TME), including the extracellular matrix (ECM) and cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs). We further adapt our principal 3D culturing protocol to demonstrate how this system could be utilized for various downstream analyses. Overall, this organoid model creates a biologically rich and adaptable platform that enables one to gain insight into the cell-intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms that promote the disruption of epithelial architectures during carcinoma progression and will aid the search for new therapeutic targets and diagnostic markers.

An in vitro model system was developed to capture tissue architectural changes during lung squamous carcinoma (LUSC) progression in a 3-dimensional (3D) co-culture with cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs). This organoid system provides a unique platform to investigate the roles of diverse tumor cell-intrinsic and extrinsic changes that modulate the tumor phenotype.

多维共同培养系统模拟肺鳞癌进展

Tumor-stroma interactions play a critical role in the development of lung squamous carcinoma (LUSC). However, understanding how these dynamic interactions ...

Analysis of Liver Microenvironment During Early Progression of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease-Associated Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Zebrafish

Liver cancer is currently the third&#160;leading cause of cancer related death worldwide, and Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) accounts for 75-90% of all liver cancer cases. With the introduction of effective treatments to prevent and treat hepatitis B/C, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and the more aggressive form know as non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), are quickly becoming the number one risk factors to develop HCC in modern societies. To better understand the role NASH has on the development of HCC we designed a NASH-associated HCC zebrafish. The optical clarity and genetic tractability of the zebrafish larvae make them an appealing and powerful model to study the liver microenvironment and immune cell composition using non-invasive fluorescent live imaging. This protocol describes how to use a NASH-associated HCC zebrafish model to investigate the effect of cholesterol surplus in the liver microenvironment and its impact on immune cell composition at early stages of the disease. First, we feed HCC larvae (s704Tg), which express hepatocyte-specific activated beta-catenin, with a 10% high cholesterol diet for 8 days to develop a NASH-associated HCC model. Here we describe how to make use of different transgenic lines to evaluate several early malignancy features in the liver by non-invasive confocal microscopy, such as liver area, cell, and nuclear morphology (hepatocytes area, nuclear area, nuclear:cytoplasmic ratio (N:C ratio), nuclear circularity, micronuclei/nuclear herniation scoring) and angiogenesis. Then, using transgenic lines with tagged immune cells (neutrophils, macrophages, and T cells) we show how to analyze liver immune cell composition in NASH-associated HCC larvae. The described techniques are useful to evaluate liver microenvironment and immune cell composition at early hepatocarcinogenesis stages, but they can also be modified to study such features in other liver disease models.

Here, we present how to generate a non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)-associated Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) zebrafish model to study the impact of cholesterol surplus on liver microenvironment and immune cell landscape.

斑马鱼非酒精性脂肪肝相关肝细胞癌早期进展期间的肝脏微环境分析

Liver cancer is currently the third&#160;leading cause of cancer related death worldwide, and Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) accounts for 75-90% of all ...

A Three-Dimensional Spheroid Model to Investigate the Tumor-Stromal Interaction in Hepatocellular Carcinoma

The aggressiveness and lack of well-tolerated and widely effective treatments for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the predominant form of liver cancer, rationalize its rank as the second most common cause of cancer-related death. Preclinical models need to be adapted to recapitulate the human conditions to select the best therapeutic candidates for clinical development and aid the delivery of personalized medicine. Three-dimensional (3D) cellular spheroid models show promise as an emerging in vitro alternative to two-dimensional (2D) monolayer cultures. Here, we describe a 3D tumor spheroid&#160;model which exploits the ability of individual cells to aggregate when maintained in hanging droplets, and is more representative of an in vivo environment than standard monolayers. Furthermore, 3D spheroids can be produced by combining homotypic or heterotypic cells, more reflective of the cellular heterogeneity in vivo, potentially enabling the study of environmental interactions that can influence progression and treatment responses. The current research optimized the cell density to form 3D homotypic and heterotypic tumor spheroids by immobilizing cell suspensions on the lids of standard 10 cm3 Petri dishes. Longitudinal analysis was performed to generate growth curves for homotypic versus heterotypic tumor/fibroblasts spheroids. Finally, the proliferative impact of fibroblasts (COS7 cells) and liver myofibroblasts (LX2) on homotypic tumor (Hep3B) spheroids was investigated. A seeding density of 3,000 cells (in 20 &#181;L media) successfully yielded Huh7/COS7 heterotypic spheroids, which displayed a steady increase in size up to culture day 8, followed by growth retardation. This finding was corroborated using Hep3B homotypic spheroids cultured in LX2 (human hepatic stellate cell line) conditioned medium (CM). LX2 CM triggered the proliferation of Hep3B spheroids compared to control tumor spheroids. In conclusion, this protocol has shown that 3D tumor spheroids can be used as a simple, economical, and prescreen in vitro tool to study tumor-stromal interactions more comprehensively.

Comprehensive in vitro models that faithfully recapitulate the relevant human disease are lacking. The current study presents three-dimensional (3D) tumor spheroid creation and culture, a reliable in vitro tool to study the tumor-stromal interaction in human hepatocellular carcinoma.

一种三维球体模型研究肝细胞癌肿瘤-基质相互作用

The aggressiveness and lack of well-tolerated and widely effective treatments for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the predominant form of liver ...

Non-Invasive PET/MR Imaging in an Orthotopic Mouse Model of Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Preclinical experimental models of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) that recapitulate human disease represent an important tool to study tumorigenesis and evaluate novel therapeutic approaches. Non-invasive whole-body imaging using positron emission tomography (PET) provides critical insights into the in vivo characteristics of tissues at the molecular level in real-time. We present here a protocol for orthotopic HCC xenograft creation with and without hepatic artery ligation (HAL) to induce tumor hypoxia and the assessment of their tumor metabolism in vivo using [18F]Fluoromisonidazole ([18F]FMISO) and [18F]Fluorodeoxyglucose ([18F]FDG) PET/magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. Tumor hypoxia could be readily visualized using the hypoxia marker [18F]FMISO, and it was found that the [18F]FMISO uptake was higher in HCC mice that underwent HAL than in the non-HAL group, whereas [18F]FDG could not distinguish tumor hypoxia between the two groups. HAL tumors also displayed a higher level of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1&#945; expression in response to hypoxia. Quantification of HAL tumors showed a 2.3-fold increase in [18F]FMISO uptake based on the standardized value uptake (SUV) approach.

Here, we present a protocol to create orthotopic hepatocellular carcinoma xenografts with and without hepatic artery ligation and perform non-invasive positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of tumor hypoxia using [18F]Fluoromisonidazole ([18F]FMISO) and [18F]Fluorodeoxyglucose ([18F]FDG).

肝细胞癌原位小鼠模型中的无创PET/MR成像

Preclinical experimental models of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) that recapitulate human disease represent an important tool to study tumorigenesis and ...

Establishment and Characterization of Patient-Derived Xenograft Models of Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma and Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models faithfully preserve the histological and genetic characteristics of the primary tumor and maintain its heterogeneity. Pharmacodynamic results based on PDX models are highly correlated with clinical practice. Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC) is the most malignant subtype of thyroid cancer, with strong invasiveness, poor prognosis, and limited treatment. Although the incidence rate of ATC accounts for only 2%-5% of thyroid cancer, its mortality rate is as high as 15%-50%. Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is one of the most common head and neck malignancies, with over 600,000 new cases worldwide each year. Herein, detailed protocols are presented to establish PDX models of ATC and HNSCC. In this work, the key factors influencing the success rate of model construction were analyzed, and the histopathological features were compared between the PDX model and the primary tumor. Furthermore, the clinical relevance of the model was validated by evaluating the in vivo therapeutic efficacy of representative clinically used drugs in the successfully constructed PDX models.

The present protocol establishes and characterizes a patient-derived xenograft (PDX) model of anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC) and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), as PDX models are rapidly becoming the standard in the field of translational oncology.

间变性甲状腺癌和头颈部鳞状细胞癌患者来源异种移植模型的建立与表征

Patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models faithfully preserve the histological and genetic characteristics of the primary tumor and maintain its ...

优化 HCC 类器官形成，用于靶标识别和药物开发

Development and Optimization of A Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma Patient-Derived Organoid Model for Potential Target Identification and Drug Discovery

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a highly prevalent and lethal tumor worldwide and its late discovery and lack of effective specific therapeutic agents necessitate further research into its pathogenesis and treatment. Organoids, a novel model that closely resembles native tumor tissue and can be cultured in vitro, have garnered significant interest in recent years, with numerous reports on the development of organoid models for liver cancer. In this study, we have successfully optimized the procedure and established a culture protocol that enables the formation of larger-sized HCC organoids with stable passaging and culture conditions. We have comprehensively outlined each step of the procedure, covering the entire process of HCC tissue dissociation, organoid plating, culture, passaging, cryopreservation, and resuscitation, and provided detailed precautions in this paper. These organoids exhibit genetic similarity to the original HCC tissues and can be utilized for diverse applications, including the identification of potential therapeutic targets for tumors and subsequent drug development.

作者聚焦：使用患者来源的类器官研究肝癌发病机制 

We provide a comprehensive overview and refinement of existing protocols for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) organoid formation, encompassing all stages of organoid cultivation. This system serves as a valuable model for the identification of potential therapeutic targets and the assessment of drug candidate effectiveness.

开发和优化用于潜在靶点识别和药物发现的人肝细胞癌患者来源类器官模型

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a highly prevalent and lethal tumor worldwide and its late discovery and lack of effective specific therapeutic agents ...