这项工作得到了日本科学促进会KAKENHI赠款JP17J40084、JP18K15339、JP18H05009、JP18H01411、JP18K18835和JP17K18855的支持。我们还感谢实验室的技术人员（田村洋子）帮助我们制作凸起的角度。

根据冈山大学当地医学伦理委员会的政策，从受试者那里获得了书面知情同意。检测程序得到了冈山大学当地医学伦理委员会的审查和同意。
1. 设备的详细组成和功能
<ol><li>触觉角度刺激<ol>
<li>TSPAS 使用二维 （2D） 凸起的角度被动地滑过皮肤，形成角度的触觉空间表示（图 2）。触觉角度由塑料线和方形基座组成，均由透明丙烯酸板制成。由于构成角度的线是相等和对称的，通过对称地改变线的空间尺寸，可以创建所有类型的凸起平面角度。</li>
		<li>使用铣床，将丙烯酸板切割成两条相等的线（8.0 毫米长、1.5 毫米宽和 1.0 毫米高）对称地沿着假想的比塞克和方形基座（40.0 毫米长宽，3.0 毫米高）。</li>
		<li>将多线粘合到方形底座的中心，以创建 2D 凸起的触觉角度刺激。</li>
		<li>以 2° 增量制作角度尺寸从 50° 到 70° 的碎片。这些角度的终点距离（d，见 图2）为6.8毫米、7.0毫米、7.3毫米、7.5毫米、7.8毫米、8.0毫米（60°角）、8.2毫米、8.5毫米、8.7毫米、8.9毫米和9.2毫米。要将终点距离对角度歧视的影响降低到最低，请使用 60° 角作为参考角度，其他角度作为比较角度。</li>
		<li>组成 20 对被区分的角度，包括 20 个相同的参考角度和 10 对相同的比较角度，其测量的累积度± 0.2°。确保在测试每对时 50% 的时间内先呈现参考角度。该实验可以方便快捷地更新触觉角度刺激。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol><img alt="Figure 2" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/61218/61218fig02.jpg"> 图2:触觉角度刺激示例。 （A） 实验中使用的十个比较角度的参考角（60°）和两个（50°和70°）示例。特别地绘制了参考角度的详细参数。 d 表示终点距离 ，R 表示局部顶点曲率半径 ，r 表示终点曲率半径。（B） 在 3D 中看到的凸起角度示例。从 3D 视图看，凸起线的高度为 1.0 mm。 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/61218/61218fig02large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击这里查看此数字的较大版本。</a>
<ol start="2"><li>手板<ol>
<li>为了稳定受试者的手，制作一个垂直于电子幻灯片的手板（图3）。首先，使用铣床，将 5.0 毫米厚的丙烯酸板切成 14.0 厘米 x 22.0 厘米矩形板，然后用胶带和胶水将矩形板固定在底座上（14.0 厘米宽、14.0 厘米长和 8.5 高）。之后，使用铣床，在板的左上角切开一个矩形开口（宽2.5厘米，长5.0厘米）。这仅允许食指接触角度刺激。实验前，用尼龙胶带固定受试者的右手手腕，然后指示受试者在板的开口处轻轻放置右手食指。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol><img alt="Figure 3" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/61218/61218fig03.jpg"> 图3:主体的手位置和触觉角度刺激运动方向。 受试者的右手用尼龙胶带固定，并指示受试者将右手食指放入盘子的开口处。角度刺激被夹在仪器上，由电子滑梯水平移动，被动地滑过指垫。 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/61218/61218fig03large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击这里查看此数字的较大版本。</a>
<ol start="3"><li>机动线性滑动<ol>
<li>最大运动距离为 51.0 厘米的电子滑梯使用 5.0 厘米高、5.4 厘米宽和 71.0 厘米长的简单线性运动电机向直向移动（见 材料表），这是一个线性运动系统。将电机连接到个人计算机，使用专用数据编辑软件设置和编辑各种数据（见 材料表）。确保这些设置能够使电子幻灯片在参考点上使用给定速度移动指定距离。当将角度刺激直接从任意位置移动到指定位置时，这是必要的。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>计算机控制系统<ol>
<li>TSPAS 是一个半自动的计算机控制系统。用于控制幻灯片移动的数据编辑软件是基于 PC 的软件，用于编辑机动执行器操作所需的数据。在实验中，将幻灯片的速度设置为 20 mm/s，每次试验的移动距离设置为 80 mm。每次单击按钮时，幻灯片都会像以前设置的那样移动。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>2. 运行实验
<ol><li>实验前，首先将运动类型设置为"INC"，运动距离为"80 mm"，运动速度为"20 mm/s"，运动功能为"单"，轴为数据编辑软件中的"ID =0"（请参阅 材料表 中的操作手册，了解如何设置参数的说明），以确保电子幻灯片在 80 mm 的距离和 20 mm/s 的速度向前和向后移动，并在其他距离和速度下移动。</li>
	<li>招募手指没有受伤和呼叫的受试者。争取在18-35岁年龄范围内招募同等数量的男性和女性科目。请注意，女性和男性的触觉空间敏锐度以及老、少两个科目25、26之间存在差异。</li>
	<li>蒙住主题，坐在他或她的桌子与仪器（图1）。用尼龙胶带固定受试者的右手，然后指示受试者将右手食指轻轻放在手板的开口处（图3）。</li>
	<li>在幻灯片上夹住一对角度，包括参考角度和比较角度。单击按钮后，对角度滑动总距离为 80 mm。他们被动地以20毫米/s的速度穿过食指板。由于参考角和比较角度之间的距离为 31.8 ± 0.8 mm，因此其间刺激时间间隔约为 1.6 s。</li>
	<li>受试者感知角度的大小后，口头报告两个角度中哪一个较大。如果受试者无法识别哪个角度较大，则他可以指示角度相同。将主题的答案注册为响应数据。之后，下一对角度将以同样的方式不断更换、呈现和感知。</li>
	<li>在正式实验中，总共有10对角度。以伪语顺序呈现每对 10 倍，其中参考角度在 50% 的时间内经过。因此，该实验包含 100 项试验。为了避免食指上出现不舒服的感觉，每次20次试验后，受试者休息3分钟。实验前，每个受试者用其他角度进行10次试验，以熟悉实验过程。实验应该持续40分钟。</li>
</ol>

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作者宣称，他们没有任何相互竞争的利益冲突，财务或其他。

提出了触觉空间敏锐度的新措施，触觉广告。在此系统中，一对角度被动地滑过主体的固定食指板。AD 结合了 GO 和 TPD 的优势，减少了密集提示的影响和单点的神经峰值脉冲速率。研究表明，随着参考角度和比较角度4之间的角度差异的变化，感性歧视逐渐发生变化。除了年龄效应、训练效果和认知障碍诊断监测外，AD9、10、23、触觉AD是触觉空间敏锐性的宝贵尺度。<sup cl...

触摸感知是体感觉系统处理的感觉的基本形式，包括触觉感知和触觉感知。被动触觉感知，而不是主动探索，意味着物体被移动，使接触静态皮肤1，2。与其他意义上的触觉一样，触觉中的空间分辨率，也称为触觉空间敏锐度，通常以触觉阈值、检测阈值或歧视阈值2、3表示。在过去的100年里，两分阈值通常被用作触觉空间敏锐度4的衡量标准。然而，许多研究表明，两点阈值是触觉空间能力的无效索引，因为两点歧视（TPD）不能排除非空间线索（例如，如果两点太近，他们可能会找到一个容易引起神经活动增加的单一受体场），并维持一个稳定的响应标准3，4，5。由于TPD的缺点，已经开发了几种新的和有前途的方法作为替代品，如触觉光栅方向（GO）3，6，两点方向歧视5，提高字母识别，间隙检测7，点模式，兰多特C环8，角歧视（AD）9，10。目前，由于操作GO的优势，以及空间结构和使用的刺激的复杂性，GO越来越多地用于测量触觉空间敏锐度11，12，13。
虽然触觉 GO 被认为依赖于底层空间机制，从而产生了对触觉空间敏锐性的可靠测量，但 GO 性能是否部分受非空间提示14的影响（例如，可能提供识别方向刺激差异的提示的密集迹象）仍存在争议。此外，GO仅包括简单的空间定向（即水平和垂直）任务，主要涉及感官处理，这限制了它在探索主体体感觉皮层中的触觉初级处理和触觉高级拥有之间的层次相互作用，涉及后皮层皮层（PPC）和超毛陀螺（SMG）15，16，17。为了弥补这些缺点，触觉广告被开发用于测量触觉空间敏锐度9，10。在 AD 中，一对角度被动地滑过指尖。角度在大小上有所不同，受试者需要确定哪个角度较大。为了始终如一地完成此任务，必须将触觉角度的空间特征表示并存储在工作记忆中，然后进行比较和辨别。因此，触觉广告不仅涉及初级处理，而且涉及对触觉感知的高级认知，如工作记忆和注意力。
与各种线向感知测试一样，在触觉广告中，受试者连续呈现一个参考角度和一个比较角度，并被要求指出哪个角度较大，即18、19、20、21。构成角度的线条长度相等，并沿假想的比塞器对称分布。通过对称地更改线条的空间尺寸，可以创建所有类型的凸起平面角度。因此，这种方法的一个关键优点是，被区分的角度具有相似的空间结构。此外，AD 中获得的空间表示比在 GO 中获得的空间表示更具顺序性。然而，AD阈值提供了证据，证明触觉空间敏锐度足以允许对象22之间的空间歧视。此外，角度的触觉空间感知可以从点到线体验，最终形成一个二维平面角度，其中非空间线索可能只起到很小的作用。
AD 阈值被发现随着年龄的增长而增加，这可能是由于触觉 AD 任务中需要高认知负荷。因此，它可以提供认知障碍诊断9，10的监测机制。虽然广告表现受年龄下降的影响，但通过持续训练或类似的触觉任务训练，可以显著改善青少年的广告表现。此外，fMRI研究表明，延迟匹配到样本的触觉角度任务激活了负责工作记忆的某些皮质区域，如后皮层皮层17，24。这些发现表明，触觉角度歧视是衡量触觉空间敏锐性的有希望的指标，涉及高级认知。在这里，触觉AD设备及其使用被详细描述。其他触觉研究人员可以复制AD设备并将其用于研究。
触觉AD设备，或触觉半自动被动手指角刺激器（TSPAS），使用电子滑梯传达一对角度刺激，被动地滑过皮肤（图1）。受试者的手臂舒适地躺着，俯卧在桌面上。右手放在桌子上的手板上，食指板位于盘子开口的正下方。计算机软件可以控制幻灯片，以固定速度移动幻灯片，并向前和向后移动滑动当滑动向前移动时，角度刺激以固定速度从指尖开始被动地滑过皮肤。当滑动向后移动到其启动位置并更改为另一对角度刺激时，主体需要抬起食指，等待命令在打开时再次轻轻放置。因此，设备以可控的速度、稳定的接触持续时间和恒定的间歇间隔呈现触觉角度刺激。受试者口头报告序列号，实验者将其登记为响应，然后进行下一次试验。
<img alt="Figure 1" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/61218/61218fig01.jpg"> 图1:TSPAS概述。 设备由四部分组成:1）触觉角度刺激（即参考角和十个比较角度）:2） 固定受试者手部并仅使食指与刺激接触的手板:3） 携带触觉刺激的电子滑块:4） 控制电子幻灯片速度和运动距离的个人计算机 （PC） 控制系统。 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/61218/61218fig01large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击这里查看此数字的较大版本。</a>

<table>
	<tbody>
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			<td>Acrylic sheet (3 mm)</td>
			<td>MonotaRO Co.,Ltd.</td>
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			<td>ORIENTAL MOTOR CO., LTD. Made in Japan</td>
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			<td>Data Editing Software</td>
			<td>ORIENTAL MOTOR CO., LTD. Made in Japan</td>
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</table>

tactile semiautomatic passive-finger angle stimulator (tspas)

被动触觉感知是被动和静态感知来自皮肤的刺激信息的能力:例如，感知空间信息的能力是手部皮肤中最强的。这种能力被称为触觉空间敏锐度，由触觉阈值或歧视阈值来衡量。目前，两点阈值被广泛用作触觉空间敏锐性的衡量标准，尽管许多研究表明，两点歧视存在严重缺陷。因此，开发了计算机控制的触觉刺激系统，即触觉半自动被动手指角刺激器（TSPAS），利用触觉角度辨别阈值作为触觉空间敏锐度的新尺度。TSPAS 是一种简单易于操作的系统，在控制运动速度、距离和接触时间的同时，将凸起的角度刺激应用于受试者的被动指垫。TSPAS 的组件详细描述了计算触觉角度歧视阈值的程序。

在这项研究中，3AFC（3替代强制选择）技术和物流曲线用于估计触觉AD阈值。参与者被指示口头报告所感知的两个角度中较大的一个，或者如果他们没有检测到差异，他们可以指示相同的角度。物流曲线的方程，已普遍应用于心理物理实验，以测量阈值27，28，29是:
<img alt="Equation 1" s...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Tactile Semiautomatic Passive-Finger Angle Stimulator TSPAS at JoVE.com

Tactile Semiautomatic Passive-Finger Angle Stimulator TSPAS

呈现的是触觉半自动被动手指角刺激器 TSPAS，这是一种使用计算机控制的触觉刺激系统来评估触觉空间敏锐度和触觉角度辨别的新方法，该系统将凸起角度刺激应用到受试者的被动指垫上，同时控制运动速度、距离和接触时间。

触觉半自动被动手指角刺激器 （TSPAS）

Passive tactile perception is the ability to passively and statically perceive stimulus information coming from the skin; for example, the ability to ...

tactile-semiautomatic-passive-finger-angle-stimulator-tspas

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

Tactile Semiautomatic Passive-Finger Angle Stimulator (TSPAS)

2.8K 次观看.  Okayama University. 呈现的是触觉半自动被动手指角刺激器 TSPAS，这是一种使用计算机控制的触觉刺激系统来评估触觉空间敏锐度和触觉角度辨别的新方法，该系统将凸起角度刺激应用到受试者的被动指垫上，同时控制运动速度、距离和接触时间。

视频: Tactile Semiautomatic Passive-Finger Angle Stimulator TSPAS

Quantitative Assessment of Cortical Auditory-tactile Processing in Children with Disabilities

Objective and easy measurement of sensory processing is extremely difficult in nonverbal or vulnerable pediatric patients. We developed a new methodology to quantitatively assess children&#39;s cortical processing of light touch, speech sounds and the multisensory processing of the 2 stimuli, without requiring active subject participation or causing children discomfort. To accomplish this we developed a dual channel, time and strength calibrated air puff stimulator that allows both tactile stimulation and sham control. We combined this with the use of event-related potential methodology to allow for high temporal resolution of signals from the primary and secondary somatosensory cortices as well as higher order processing. This methodology also allowed us to measure a multisensory response to auditory-tactile stimulation.

Objective and easy measurement of sensory processing is extremely difficult in nonverbal or vulnerable pediatric patients. We developed a new methodology to quantitatively assess infants and children&#39;s cortical processing of light touch, speech sounds, and the multisensory processing of the 2 stimuli, without requiring active subject participation or causing discomfort in vulnerable patients.

皮质听觉，触觉加工的残疾儿童定量评价

Objective and easy measurement of sensory processing is extremely difficult in nonverbal or vulnerable pediatric patients. We developed a new methodology ...

科研

行为学

Measurement of Vibration Detection Threshold and Tactile Spatial Acuity in Human Subjects

Tests that allow the precise determination of psychophysical thresholds for vibration and grating orientation provide valuable information about mechanosensory function that are relevant for clinical diagnosis as well as for basic research. Here, we describe two psychophysical tests designed to determine the vibration detection threshold (automated system) and tactile spatial acuity (handheld device). Both procedures implement a two-interval forced-choice and a transformed-rule up and down experimental paradigm. These tests have been used to obtain mechanosensory profiles for individuals from distinct human cohorts such as twins or people with sensorineural deafness.

Here, we present protocols to determine vibration detection thresholds and tactile acuity using psychophysical methods in man.

振动检测阈值和触觉敏锐的空间在人类受试者的测量

Tests that allow the precise determination of psychophysical thresholds for vibration and grating orientation provide valuable information about ...

Testing Tactile Masking between the Forearms

Masking, in which one stimulus affects the detection of another, is a classic technique that has been used in visual, auditory, and tactile research, usually using stimuli that are close together to reveal local interactions. Masking effects have also been demonstrated in which a tactile stimulus alters the perception of a touch at a distant location. Such effects can provide insight into how components of the body's representations in the brain may be linked. Occasional reports have indicated that touches on one hand or forearm can affect tactile sensitivity at corresponding contralateral locations. To explore the matching of corresponding points across the body, we can measure the spatial tuning and effect of posture on contralateral masking. Careful controls are required to rule out direct effects of the remote stimulus, for example by mechanical transmission, and also attention effects in which thresholds may be altered by the participant's attention being drawn away from the stimulus of interest. The use of this technique is beneficial as a behavioural measure for exploring which parts of the body are functionally connected and whether the two sides of the body interact in a somatotopic representation. This manuscript describes a behavioural protocol that can be used for studying contralateral tactile masking.

Here we explore contralateral tactile masking between the forearms in which tactile detection thresholds are modulated by vibration applied to a remote site. The details of which remote sites have an effect can tell us about how the body is represented in the brain.

前臂之间的测试触觉掩蔽

Masking, in which one stimulus affects the detection of another, is a classic technique that has been used in visual, auditory, and tactile research, ...

Applying Incongruent Visual-Tactile Stimuli during Object Transfer with Vibro-Tactile Feedback

The application of incongruent sensory signals that involves disrupted tactile feedback is rarely explored, specifically with the presence of vibrotactile feedback (VTF). This protocol aims to test the effect of VTF on the response to incongruent visual-tactile stimuli. The tactile feedback is acquired by grasping a block and moving it across a partition. The visual feedback is a real-time virtual presentation of the moving block, acquired using a motion capture system. The congruent feedback is the reliable presentation of the movement of the block, so that the subject feels that the block is grasped and see it move along with the path of the hand. The incongruent feedback appears as the movement of the block diverts from the actual movement path, so that it seems to drop from the hand when it is actually still held by the subject, thereby contradicting the tactile feedback. Twenty subjects (age 30.2 &#177; 16.3) repeated 16 block transfers, while their hand was hidden. These were repeated with VTF and without VTF (total of 32 block transfers). Incongruent stimuli were presented randomly twice within the 16 repetitions in each condition (with and without VTF). Each subject was asked to rate the difficulty level of performing the task with and without the VTF. There were no statistically significant differences in the length of the hand paths and durations between transfers recorded with congruent and incongruent visual-tactile signals &#8211; with and without the VTF. The perceived difficulty level of performing the task with the VTF significantly correlated with the normalized path length of the block with VTF (r = 0.675, p = 0.002). This setup is used to quantify the additive or reductive value of VTF during motor function that involves incongruent visual-tactile stimuli. Possible applications are prosthetics design, smart sport-wear, or any other garments that incorporate VTF.

We present a protocol to apply incongruent visual-tactile stimuli during an object transfer task. Specifically, during block transfers, performed while the hand is hidden, a virtual presentation of the block shows random occurrences of false block drops. The protocol also describes adding vibrotactile feedback while performing the motor task.

在振动触觉反馈的对象传递过程中应用不一致的视觉触觉刺激

The application of incongruent sensory signals that involves disrupted tactile feedback is rarely explored, specifically with the presence of vibrotactile ...

Tactile Vibrating Toolkit and Driving Simulation Platform for Driving-Related Research

Collision warning system plays a key role in the prevention of driving distractions and drowsy driving. Previous studies have proven the advantages of tactile warnings in reducing driver&#8217;s brake response time. At the same time, tactile warnings have been proved effective in take-over request (TOR) for partially autonomous vehicles.
How the performance of tactile warnings can be optimized is an ongoing hot research topic in this field. Thus, the presented low-cost driving simulation software and methods are introduced to attract more researchers to take part in the investigation. The presented protocol has been divided into five sections: 1) participants, 2) driving simulation software configuration, 3) driving simulator preparation, 4) vibrating toolkit configuration and preparation, and 5) conducting the experiment.
In the exemplar study, participants wore the tactile vibrating toolkit and performed an established car-following task using the customized driving simulation software. The front vehicle braked intermittently, and vibrating warnings were delivered whenever the front vehicle was braking. Participants were instructed to respond as quickly as possible to the sudden brakes of the front vehicle. Driving dynamics, such as the brake response time and brake response rate, were recorded by the simulation software for data analysis.
The presented protocol offers insight into the exploration of the effectiveness of tactile warnings on different body locations. In addition to the car-following task that is demonstrated in the exemplar experiment, this protocol also provides options&#160;to apply other paradigms to the driving simulation studies by making simple software configuration without any code development. However, it is important to note that due to its affordable price, the driving simulation software and hardware introduced here may not be able to fully compete with other high-fidelity commercial driving simulators. Nevertheless, this protocol can act as an affordable and user-friendly alternative to the general high-fidelity commercial driving simulators.

This protocol describes a driving simulation platform and a tactile vibrating toolkit for the investigation of driving-related research. An exemplar experiment exploring the effectiveness of tactile warnings is also presented.&#160;

触觉振动工具包和驾驶模拟平台，用于驾驶相关研究

Collision warning system plays a key role in the prevention of driving distractions and drowsy driving. Previous studies have proven the advantages of ...

Assessment of Spatial Lingual Tactile Sensitivity using a Gratings Orientation Test

Individual thresholds by R-index estimates are calculated using a gratings orientation test (6 different tools of increasing grating size from 0.20-1.25 mm) to assess spatial lingual tactile sensitivity. During the experiment, the subjects are blindfolded and asked to specify the orientation of the grating (either horizontal or vertical) placed on the tongue. R-index is based on Signal Detection Theory (SDT), and it is an estimated probability of correctly identifying a target stimulus (the signal, e.g., the correct orientation) compared to an alternative stimulus (the noise, e.g., the incorrect orientation). Once the R-index values for each subject and each tool dimension are calculated, it is possible to derive the individual threshold by interpolating the two R-indices immediately below and above the established cut-off (typically 75%) based on one-sided R-index critical values. This procedure can be helpful in the medical field to study the association between oral tactile sensitivity, speech clarity, and swallowing disorders, as well as in sensory and consumer studies to explore individual variation in texture perception, food preferences, and eating behavior.

This work illustrates a standard procedure and threshold determination by the R-index to assess spatial lingual tactile sensitivity using a gratings orientation test.

使用光栅方向测试评估空间语言触觉灵敏度

Individual thresholds by R-index estimates are calculated using a gratings orientation test (6 different tools of increasing grating size from 0.20-1.25 ...

触觉半自动被动手指角刺激器 （TSPAS）

触觉半自动被动手指角刺激器（TSPAS）