我们感谢美津野贵子对IFC和H和E染色的支持，凡妮莎·加西亚对组织切片的支持，以及阿尼卡·钱德拉塞卡兰对手稿准备的帮助。这项工作得到了美国国立卫生研究院（5RO1HL135163-04，PO1HL108793-08）和新基IDEAL联盟的支持。

人体肺组织是从已故组织捐赠者那里获得的，符合国际医学促进会（IIAM）制定的同意程序，并得到锡达斯 - 西奈医学中心内部审查委员会的批准。
1. 用于从气管支气管或小气道/实质（小气道和肺泡）区域分离肺细胞的组织处理
<ol><li>在细胞分离前一天准备并高压灭菌所有解剖仪器，玻璃器皿和适当的溶液。</li>
	<li>接收肺组织后，识别并分离近端和远端区域。气管和支气管被认为是“近端”的。出于该协议的目的，气管和前2-3代支气管被解剖并用于分离“近端”气道上皮。出于本方案的目的，直径为2mm或更小的小气道和周围的实质组织被认为是“远端”肺上皮（图1A）。 注意：所有涉及处理人体肺组织的程序都应在生物安全柜中进行，并使用适当的个人防护设备。</li>
</ol>2. 肺远端组织中小气道和肺泡上皮祖细胞的富集和亚化
<ol><li>远端组织制备<ol>
<li>将远端肺组织置于无菌培养皿（150 x 15 mm）中。将组织切成约1厘米3 块，并放入干净的50 mL管中。</li>
		<li>用冰镇的HBSS清洗组织3x，每次丢弃HBSS洗涤液以去除血液和上皮衬里液。</li>
		<li>将纸巾放入新的培养皿中，用无菌防绒湿巾擦干。使用镊子和剪刀，尽可能多地切除内脏胸膜（覆盖肺部表面的精致透明膜）。</li>
		<li>用剪刀将组织切成直径约2毫米的碎片。将切碎的组织转移到干净的培养皿中，并用无菌单面剃须刀片将其切成大约1毫米的大小，从而进一步切碎。</li>
	</ol></li>
	<li>酶消化 注意：自由酶储备溶液为5毫克/毫升（100倍），DNase储备液为2.5毫克/毫升（100倍）（材料表）。<ol>
<li>在50 mL锥形管中将50μg/ mL自由酶和25μg/ mL脱氢核糖酶加入无菌HBSS中。</li>
		<li>将约2-3g切碎的组织转移到含有25mL HBSS的新50 mL锥形管中，含有自由酶和DNA酶。在37°C下孵育40-60分钟，使用设置为900rpm的混合器连续振荡。孵育30分钟后，使用30mL注射器研磨消化的组织，无需针头以避免形成团块并继续孵育。 注意：酶的孵育时间可能因组织的类型或状况而异。例如，正常组织的酶消化大约需要45分钟。然而，来自特发性肺纤维化样品的纤维化组织可能需要长达60分钟的更长的孵育时间。因此，在此步骤中仔细监测组织，以防止损坏表面标记物，这对于FACS至关重要。</li>
	</ol></li>
	<li>单细胞分离<ol>
<li>通过安装在30 mL注射器上的16 G针头绘制5x来研磨组织。将组织悬浮液吸入宽口径移液器中，并在真空压力下通过一系列细胞过滤器（500μm，300μm，100μm，70μm，40μm）。用20 mL HBSS+缓冲液洗涤过滤器以收集剩余的细胞。HBSS+缓冲液的配方可以在 材料表中找到。
</li>
		<li>在45分钟后向滤液中加入等体积的HBSS +缓冲液以抑制Liberase活性并防止过度消化。</li>
		<li>在4°C下以500 ×g 离心滤液5分钟。 小心地取出并丢弃上清液。向沉淀中加入1mL红细胞（RBC）裂解缓冲液，轻轻摇动管以移出沉淀并在冰上孵育1分钟。 注意：红细胞裂解液中的数量和时间取决于沉淀的大小。重要的是将细胞保持在冰上并仔细监测红细胞裂解溶液中的时间，以防止靶细胞的裂解。如果红细胞裂解不足，请重复该步骤。</li>
		<li>加入10-20 mL HBSS+缓冲液以中和红细胞裂解缓冲液。在4°C下以500 ×g 离心滤液5分钟。</li>
		<li>如果裂解的红细胞（鬼细胞）在细胞沉淀上方形成浑浊层，则将沉淀重悬于10mL HBSS +缓冲液中，并通过70μm细胞过滤器过滤悬浮液以消除幽灵细胞。在4°C下以500 ×g 离心滤液5分钟，然后继续进一步的步骤。</li>
	</ol></li>
	<li>免疫细胞和内皮细胞的消耗（可选步骤）<ol>
<li>根据制造商的方案，使用与单克隆抗人CD31和 CD45抗体（同种型小鼠IgG1）和LS柱偶联的CD31 &GT45微珠，从总细胞池中耗尽CD31 +内皮细胞和CD45 + 免疫细胞（材料表）。</li>
		<li>将主要由上皮细胞和基质细胞组成的流收集在新鲜的无菌管中，并在4°C下以500 ×g 离心5分钟。 执行细胞计数以确定流经的细胞总数。</li>
	</ol></li>
	<li>用于荧光相关细胞分选 （FACS） 的细胞表面染色<ol>
<li>重悬 1 x 107 个细胞/1 mL HBSS+ 缓冲液。以所需浓度加入一抗，并在黑暗中在4°C下孵育细胞30分钟。在这项研究中，除非另有说明，否则使用荧光团偶联的一抗。抗体来源和滴度的详细信息在 材料表中描述。 注意：HTII-280是目前最好的表面反应性抗体，允许将远端肺细胞亚化为主要气道（HTII-280-）和肺泡2型（HTII-280+）细胞级分。这种策略的一个警告是，AT1细胞没有使用这种方法染色，并且由于它们的脆弱性而表现不佳。然而，AT1细胞在远端肺制备中代表性较差，可能是由于它们在FACS选择活细胞期间的脆弱性和损失，因此仅代表气道细胞部分的罕见污染物。</li>
		<li>通过加入3mL HBSS +缓冲液洗涤细胞，并在4°C下以500 ×g 离心5分钟。</li>
		<li>如果使用未偶联的一抗，则加入所需浓度的适当荧光团偶联的二抗，并在冰上孵育30分钟。通过加入3mL HBSS +缓冲液洗去多余的二抗，并在4°C下以500 ×g 离心5分钟。</li>
		<li>弃去上清液，每1×107 个细胞/ mL将细胞重悬于HBSS +缓冲液中。通过过滤器盖将细胞过滤到5 mL聚苯乙烯管中，以确保形成单个细胞悬浮液。加入DAPI（1微克/毫升）以染色可渗透（死）细胞。 注意：必须使用适当的单色和荧光减一 （FMO） 对照（即，抗体染色鸡尾酒减去各一种抗体），以尽量减少 FACS 期间的假阳性。在这项研究中，正极和负极选择珠用于对荧光团之间发射光谱重叠的经验补偿（材料表）。流式细胞仪可富集感兴趣的细胞类型。活的上皮细胞根据其CD45阴性，CD31阴性，CD236阳性细胞表面表型和DAPI阴性染色进行富集。这种上皮细胞级分可以根据细胞类型特异性表面标志物的染色进一步分化，例如AT2细胞富集的HTII-280阳性细胞的特异性染色。相反，HTII-280的阴性选择允许富集小气道上皮细胞，如俱乐部和纤毛细胞（图2）。</li>
	</ol></li>
</ol>3. 气管支气管气道上皮祖细胞的富集和亚化
<ol><li>组织准备<ol>
<li>从肺部切除近端气道（气管/支气管）。使用剪刀沿其长度打开气道以暴露腔，并加入50μg/ mL Liberase以完全覆盖组织。</li>
		<li>在37°C下孵育20分钟，使用设置为900rpm的热混合器连续振荡。</li>
		<li>从离心管中取出近端气道并将其置于无菌培养皿（150×15mm）中。使用手术刀轻轻刮擦气道表面，以完全剥离组织的腔上皮细胞。</li>
		<li>用5 mL无菌HBSS +缓冲液洗涤培养皿，以收集所有脱落的腔上皮细胞，并将脱落的细胞转移到50 mL锥形离心管中。通过将5x穿过16 G针头和18 G针头研磨悬浮液，并安装在10 mL注射器上以获得单细胞悬浮液。</li>
		<li>在4°C下以500 ×g 离心悬浮液5分钟。 将沉淀重悬于新鲜的HBSS +缓冲液中，并将这些腔气道细胞储存在冰上，准备在后续步骤中与切碎的近端气道产生的单细胞悬浮液结合。</li>
		<li>使用剪刀，沿着其环切割剩余的气管支气管组织以产生小条组织，并将条状转移到新鲜的培养皿中。使用单面剃须刀片切碎组织条以制成较小的碎片。 注意：由于近端气道是软骨的，因此不能像远端肺组织那样细碎。</li>
		<li>将切碎的组织转移到C管中，向管中加入2mL自由酶，确保组织被浸没。将C管加载到自动解离器上，并运行人肺协议-2以机械方式进一步解离组织。 注意：该协议中使用的解离器针对此特定应用提供了称为人肺协议-2的优化程序（参见 材料表）。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>酶消化和单细胞分离<ol>
<li>将约2g切碎的近端组织从C管转移到每个50 mL锥形离心管中，并向每个管中加入50μg/ mL自由酶和25μg/ mL DNase溶液。 注意：为确保有效解离，试管的填充量不应超过 30 mL 标记。</li>
		<li>将切碎的组织在37°C下孵育45分钟，使用设置为900rpm的混合器连续振荡。</li>
		<li>如上所述，将解离的组织悬浮液通过一系列细胞滤网（500μm，300μm，100μm，70μm，40μm）并收集流过。用20 mL HBSS+缓冲液洗涤过滤器以收集剩余的细胞。 注意：由于与远端组织相比，近端组织是软骨和笨重的，因此过滤器堵塞的可能性更高。使用漏斗可以帮助防止液体在通过过滤器时溢出。</li>
		<li>向滤液中加入等体积的HBSS +缓冲液，以抑制自由酶活性并防止过度消化。在此步骤中将分离的腔近端气道细胞从3.1.5加入到细胞悬浮液中。</li>
		<li>将组合的细胞悬浮液以500×g离心10分钟。取出上清液并在HBSS +缓冲液中重复细胞洗涤。如上所述，在2.4（可选步骤）中执行CD45 +免疫细胞和CD31 +内皮细胞的消耗。</li>
		<li>染色方法与远端肺组织相似，按照2.5中的步骤操作。根据 CD45 阴性、CD31 阴性、CD236 阳性细胞表面表型和 DAPI 阴性染色，富集活的上皮细胞。</li>
		<li>进一步子集上皮细胞级数基于细胞类型特异性表面标志物的染色，例如NGFR，允许富集基础（NGFR阳性）和非基础（NGFR阴性，分泌，纤毛，神经内分泌）细胞类型（图3）。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>4. 类器官培养
<ol><li>将5，000个（可以调整该数字以产生所需密度的上皮类器官）分选的近端或远端上皮细胞与7.5×104 MRC-5细胞（人肺成纤维细胞系）一起分选至无菌的1.5 mL管中。上皮-间充质相互作用对于祖细胞的扩增至关重要。</li>
	<li>在4°C下以500 ×g 离心5分钟。 注意：手动确认从分选机获得的细胞计数非常重要，以确保准确的类器官集落形成效率。</li>
	<li>小心地取出并丢弃上清液，并将细胞沉淀重悬于补充有抗生素的50μL冰冷培养基中。将细胞悬浮液保持在冰上。</li>
	<li>向小瓶中加入50μL冰冷的1x生长因子耗尽的基底膜基质培养基，并轻轻移取冰上的悬浮液以混合。 注意：重要的是使用冰冷的介质并将细胞保持在冰上，以避免基底膜基质介质过早聚合。</li>
	<li>将细胞悬浮液转移到24孔板（1.4 x10 4 细胞/ cm2）中的0.4μm孔径细胞培养插入物上，注意避免引入气泡。</li>
	<li>在37°C下孵育30-45分钟以使基质固化。</li>
	<li>向孔中加入600μL预热生长培养基。 注意：培养基在接种后的前24小时补充抗真菌剂（0.4%）和笔链球菌（1%），在前72小时内补充10μM Rho激酶抑制剂。</li>
	<li>在37°C下在5%CO2 培养箱中培养30天，在此期间应每48小时更换培养基。 注意：可以根据实验的目的更改培养持续时间。较长的终点用于研究分化，而较短的终点（7天，14天等）可用于实验目的，如果实验的目的不是实现完全分化。</li>
	<li>向培养基中加入10μM TGFβ抑制剂15天，以维持细胞处于增殖期并抑制成纤维细胞的过度生长。 注意：结果因用于测定的培养基而异。例如，本文所示的结果使用Pneumacult-ALI培养基产生，其导致从远端肺产生大的类器官，从近端肺产生分化良好和较大的类器官。</li>
</ol>5. 类器官染色
<ol><li>类器官的固定和嵌入<ol>
<li>从上部和下部跨膜插入室中抽吸培养基，并用温热的PBS冲洗一次。</li>
		<li>通过在插入片段中放置300μLPFA（2%w / v）并在37°C下在孔中放置500μL1小时来固定培养物。 取出固定剂并用温热的PBS冲洗，注意不要移开底膜基质塞。 注意：固定的类器官可以在4°C的PBS中浸没储存一到两周，然后再开始进一步的步骤。</li>
		<li>吸出PBS，倒置插入物，并小心地在其外围切割插入膜。使用镊子，取下跨孔膜，注意不要干扰基质塞。</li>
		<li>在培养皿中，点击插入物以恢复基质塞。</li>
		<li>将一滴标本处理凝胶如组胶（保持在37°C）加入基质塞中并保持在4°C，直到凝胶凝固。</li>
		<li>将塞子转移到包埋盒中，通过增加浓度的乙醇（70，90和100%）脱水，在二甲苯中透明并嵌入石蜡中。</li>
		<li>在切片机上切割7μm切片，并收集在带正电荷的载玻片上。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>类器官的免疫荧光染色<ol>
<li>将载玻片在65°C下放置30分钟至脱蜡。</li>
		<li>通过浸入二甲苯中使切片脱蜡，并通过降低乙醇浓度来再水合。</li>
		<li>使用市售的取栓剂在抗原揭开溶液，柠檬酸碱中进行高温抗原检索，方法是将载玻片浸入溶液中15分钟（材料表）。</li>
		<li>使用pap笔用疏水屏障包围组织。</li>
		<li>通过在封闭缓冲液中孵育，阻断一抗和组织之间的非特异性染色。</li>
		<li>在4°C的孵育室中以适当浓度的一抗稀释的一抗切片在4°C下孵育过夜。</li>
		<li>用洗涤缓冲液在室温下冲洗切片3x。</li>
		<li>在室温下以适当浓度的荧光染料偶联二抗孵育1小时。</li>
		<li>用0.1%吐温20-TBS在室温下冲洗切片3x，将切片在DAPI（1μg/ mL）中孵育5分钟。用0.1%吐温20在TBS（Tris缓冲盐水）中冲洗切片一次，干燥并安装在安装溶液中（图4 和 图5）。 注意：用于免疫荧光染色的一抗和二抗的来源和最佳工作稀释度包含在 材料表中。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>

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作者没有什么可披露的。

我们描述了一种可靠的方法，用于从人体肺组织中分离出确定的肺细胞亚群，以进行分子或功能分析和疾病建模。方法的关键要素包括实现组织解离和表面表位保存的能力，这允许抗体介导的新鲜分离细胞的富集，以及用于有效生成区域特异性上皮类器官的培养方法的优化。我们专注于恢复和富集上皮祖细胞，当在三维培养中与基质支持细胞重组时能够形成类器官。尽管我们没有定义这些培养物?...

人体呼吸系统的空气空间大致可分为传导区和呼吸区，分别介导气体的运输及其随后穿过上皮- 微血管屏障的交换。传导气道包括气管、细支气管、细支气管和终末细支气管，而呼吸空气空间包括呼吸细支气管、肺泡管和肺泡。这些空域的上皮衬里沿近端-远端轴改变组成，以适应每个功能独特区域的独特要求。气管支气管气道的假分层上皮由基底、分泌和纤毛三种主要细胞类型组成，此外还有较少的细胞类型，包括刷子、神经内分泌和离子细胞1，2，3。支气管气道具有形态上相似的上皮细胞类型，尽管它们的丰度和功能特性有区别。例如，基底细胞在支气管气道内的丰度较低，分泌细胞包括更大比例的俱乐部细胞，而不是气管支气管气道中占主导地位的浆液细胞和杯状细胞。 呼吸区域的上皮细胞包括呼吸细支气管中定义不明确的立方体细胞类型，以及肺泡导管和肺泡的I型肺泡（ATI）和II型（ATII）细胞1，4。
上皮茎和祖细胞类型的特性有助于每个区域上皮的维持和更新，其特征描述不完整，并且主要从动物模型5，6，7，8中的研究中推断出来。对小鼠的研究表明，假分层气道的基础细胞，或细支气管气道的俱乐部细胞或肺泡上皮的ATII细胞，都可以作为基于无限自我更新和多能分化能力的上皮干细胞7，9，10，11，12.尽管无法进行遗传谱系追踪研究来评估人肺上皮细胞类型的干性，但基于类器官的培养模型的可用性，以评估上皮干细胞和祖细胞的功能潜力，为小鼠和人类13，14，15，16，17之间的比较研究提供了工具。
我们描述了从人肺不同区域分离上皮细胞类型的方法，并使用3D类器官系统来概括区域细胞类型。已经开发了类似的方法，用于来自其他器官系统的上皮细胞的功能分析和疾病建模18，19，20，21。这些方法为鉴定区域上皮祖细胞，进行机械研究以研究其调节和微环境以及实现疾病建模和药物发现提供了平台。尽管在动物模型中进行的肺上皮祖细胞研究可以从 体内 或 体外的分析中受益，但对人类肺上皮祖细胞身份的见解在很大程度上取决于模型生物的外推。因此，这些方法提供了一个桥梁，将人肺上皮细胞类型的特性和行为与他们研究的干细胞/祖细胞的调节联系起来。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:694px;" width="694">
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	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:214px;">Cell Isolation</td>
			<td style="width:152px;"></td>
			<td style="width:161px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:214px;">10 mL Sterile syringes, Luer-Lok Tip</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Fisher scientific</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">BD 309646</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:214px;">30 mL Sterile syringes, Luer-Lok Tip</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">BD302832</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:214px;">Biohazard bags</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">89495-440</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:214px;">Biohazard bags</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">89495-440</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:214px;">connecting ring</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Pluriselect</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">41-50000-03</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:214px;">Deoxyribonuclease (lot#SLBF7798V)</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">DN25-1G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:214px;">Disposable Petri dishes</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Corning/Falcon</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">25373-187</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:214px;">Funnel</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Pluriselect</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">42-50000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:214px;">HBSS</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Corning</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">21-023</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:214px;">Liberase TM Research Grade</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">5401127001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:214px;">needle 16G</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">305198</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:214px;">needle 18G</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">305199</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:214px;">PluriStrainer 100 &#181;m (Cell Strainer)</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Pluriselect</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">43-50100-51</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:214px;">PluriStrainer 300 &#181;m (Cell Strainer)</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Pluriselect</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">43-50300-03</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:214px;">PluriStrainer 40 &#181;m (Cell Strainer)</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Pluriselect</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">43-50040-51</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:214px;">PluriStrainer 500 &#181;m (Cell Strainer)</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Pluriselect</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">43-50500-03</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:214px;">PluriStrainer 70 &#181;m (Cell Strainer)</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Pluriselect</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">43-50070-51</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:214px;">Razor blades</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">55411-050</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:214px;">Red Blood Cell lysis buffer</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">eBioscience</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">00-4333-57</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:214px;">Equipment&#8217;s</td>
			<td style="width:152px;"></td>
			<td style="width:161px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:214px;">GentleMACS C Tubes</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">MACS Miltenyi Biotec</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">130-096-334</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:214px;">GentleMACS Octo Dissociator</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">MACS Miltenyi Biotec</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">130-095-937</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:214px;">Leica ASP 300s Tissue processor</td>
			<td style="width:152px;"></td>
			<td style="width:161px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:214px;">LS Columns</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">MACS Miltenyi Biotec</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">130-042-401</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:214px;">MACS MultiStand**</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Miltenyi Biotech</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">130-042-303</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:214px;">Thermomixer</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Eppendorf</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">05-412-503</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:214px;">Thermomixer</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Eppendorf</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">05-412-503</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">HBSS+ Buffer</td>
			<td style="width:152px;"></td>
			<td style="width:161px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:214px;">Amphotericin B</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Thermo fisher scientific</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">15290018</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">2ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">EDTA (0.5 M), pH 8.0, RNase-free</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Thermo fisher scientific</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">AM9260G</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">500&#181;l</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="30">
			<td height="30" style="height:30px;">Fetal Bovine Serum</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Gemini Bio-Products</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">100-106</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">10ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:214px;">HBSS Hank&#39;s Balanced Salt Solution 1X 500 ml</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">45000-456</td>
			<td>500ml bottle</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">HEPES (1 M)</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Thermo fisher scientific</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">15630080</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">5ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="60">
			<td height="60" style="height:60px;width:214px;">Penicillin-Streptomycin-Neomycin (PSN) Antibiotic Mixture</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Thermo fisher scientific</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">15640055</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">5ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">List of antibodies for FACS</td>
			<td style="width:152px;"></td>
			<td style="width:161px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:214px;">Alexa Fluor 647 anti-human CD326 (EpCAM) Antibody</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">BioLegend</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">369820</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">1:50</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:214px;">BD CompBead Anti-Mouse Ig, K/ Negative control particles set</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">BDB552843</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;width:214px;">CD31 MicroBead Kit, human</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Miltenyi Biotec</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">130-091-935</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">20&#181;l/ 107 total cells</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;width:214px;">CD45 MicroBeads, human</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Miltenyi Biotec</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">130-045-801</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">20&#181;l/ 107 total cells</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:214px;">DAPI</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">D9542-10MG</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">1:10000</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:214px;">FITC anti-human CD235a</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">BioLegend</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">349104</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">1:100</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:214px;">FITC anti-human CD31</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">BioLegend</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">303104</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">1:100</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:214px;">FITC anti-human CD45</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">BioLegend</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">304054</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">1:100</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:214px;">FITC anti-mouse IgM Antibody</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">BioLegend</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">406506</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">1:500</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:214px;">Mouse IgM anti human HT2-280</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Terrace Biotech</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">TB-27AHT2-280</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">1:300</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:214px;">PE anti-human CD271(NGFR)</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">BioLegend</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">345106</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">1:50</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td colspan="2" height="21" style="height:21px;width:367px;">Composition of Organoid Culture mediums</td>
			<td style="width:161px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:214px;">MRC-5</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">ATCC</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">CCL-171</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:214px;">PneumaCult -ALI Medium</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Stemcell Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">5001</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:214px;">Small Airway Epithelial Cell Growth Medium</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">PromoCell</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">C-21170</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:214px;">ThinCert Tissue Culture Inserts, Sterile</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Greiner Bio-One</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">662641</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:214px;">Y-27632 (ROCK inhibitor) 100mM stock (1000x)</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Stemcell Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">72302</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:214px;">Mouse Basal medium:</td>
			<td style="width:152px;"></td>
			<td style="width:161px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:214px;">Amphotericin B</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Thermo fisher scientific</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">15290018</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">50 &#181;l</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:214px;">DMEM/F-12, HEPES</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">ThermoFisher scientific</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">11330032</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">50 ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:214px;">Fetal Bovine Serum</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Gemini Bio-Products</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">100-106</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">5 ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:214px;">Insulin-Transferrin-Selenium (ITS -G) (100X)</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">ThermoFisher scientific</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">41400045</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">500 &#181;l</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:214px;">Penicillin-Streptomycin-Neomycin (PSN) Antibiotic Mixture</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Thermo fisher scientific</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">15640055</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">500 &#181;l</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:214px;">SB431542 TGF-&#946; pathway inhibitor (stock 100 mM)</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Stem cell</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">72234</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">5 &#181;l</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td colspan="2" height="42" style="height:42px;width:367px;">List of antibodies for Immunohistochemistry</td>
			<td style="width:161px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:214px;">Antigen unmasking solution, citric acid based</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Vector</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">H-3300</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">937 &#181;l in 100ml water</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:214px;">Histogel</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">HG-4000-012</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:214px;">Primary Antibodies</td>
			<td style="width:152px;"></td>
			<td style="width:161px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:214px;">Anti HT2-280</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Terracebiotech</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">TB-27AHT2-280</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">1:500</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:214px;">FOXJ1 Monoclonal Antibody (2A5)</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">14-9965-82</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">1:300</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:214px;">Human Uteroglobin/SCGB1A1 Antibody</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">R and D systems</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">MAB4218</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">1:300</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:214px;">Keratin 5 Polyclonal Chicken Antibody, Purified [Poly9059]</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Biolegend</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">905901</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">1:500</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:214px;">MUC5AC Monoclonal Antibody (45M1)</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">MA5-12178</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">1:300</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:214px;">PDPN / Podoplanin Antibody (clone 8.1.1)</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">LifeSpan Biosciences</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">LS-C143022-100</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">1:300</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:214px;">Purified Mouse Anti-E-Cadherin</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">BD biosciences</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">610182</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">1:1000</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:214px;">Sox-2 Antibody</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Santa Cruz biotechnologies</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">sc-365964</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">1:300</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:214px;">Secondary Antibodies</td>
			<td style="width:152px;"></td>
			<td style="width:161px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:214px;">Donkey anti-rabbit lgG, 488</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">A-21206</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">1:500</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:214px;">FITC anti-mouse IgM Antibody</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">BioLegend</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">406506</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">1:500</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:214px;">Goat anti-Hamster IgG (H+L), Alexa Fluor 594</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">A-21113</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">1:500</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:214px;">Goat anti-Mouse IgG1 Cross-Adsorbed Secondary Antibody, Alexa Fluor 488</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">A-21121</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">1:500</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:214px;">Goat anti-Mouse IgG2a Cross-Adsorbed Secondary Antibody, Alexa Fluor 488</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">A-21131</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">1:500</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:214px;">Goat anti-Mouse IgG2a Cross-Adsorbed Secondary Antibody, Alexa Fluor 568</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">A-21134</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">1:500</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:214px;">Goat anti-Mouse IgG2b Cross-Adsorbed Secondary Antibody, Alexa Fluor 568</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">A-21144</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">1:500</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:214px;">Buffers</td>
			<td style="width:152px;"></td>
			<td style="width:161px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:214px;">Immunohistochemistry Blocking Solution</td>
			<td style="width:152px;"></td>
			<td style="width:161px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;">3% BSA, o.4% Triton-x100 in TBS (Tris based saline)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:214px;">Immunohistochemistry Incubation Solution</td>
			<td style="width:152px;"></td>
			<td style="width:161px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;">3% BSA, ).1% Triton-X100 in TBS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:214px;">Immunohistochemistry Washing Solution</td>
			<td style="width:152px;"></td>
			<td style="width:161px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;">TBS with 0.1% Tween 20</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

isolation and enrichment of human lung epithelial progenitor cells for organoid culture

上皮类器官模型是研究器官系统基础生物学和疾病建模的宝贵工具。当作为类器官生长时，上皮祖细胞可以自我更新并产生分化的后代，其表现出与 体内 对应物相似的细胞功能。在这里，我们描述了一种从人肺中分离区域特异性祖细胞并生成3D类器官培养物作为实验和验证工具的分步方案。我们定义肺的近端和远端区域，目的是分离区域特异性祖细胞。我们利用酶解离和机械解离的组合从肺和气管中分离出总细胞。然后使用基于细胞类型特异性表面标志物的荧光相关细胞分选（FACS）从近端或远端起源细胞中分离出特异性祖细胞，例如用于分选基底细胞的NGFR和用于分选II型肺泡细胞的HTII-280。分离的基础或肺泡II型祖细胞用于生成3D类器官培养物。远端和近端祖细胞均形成类器官，当在第30天接种5000个细胞/孔时，远端区域的集落形成效率为9-13%，近端区域的集落形成效率为7-10%。远端类器官在培养物中维持HTII-280 + 肺泡II型细胞，而近端类器官在第30天分化为纤毛和分泌细胞。这些3D类器官培养物可用作研究肺上皮细胞生物学和上皮间充质相互作用的实验工具，以及开发和验证针对疾病中上皮功能障碍的治疗策略。

源肺组织 气管和肺外支气管（图1A）被用作分离近端气道上皮细胞和随后产生近端类器官的源组织。包括实质和直径小于2mm的小气道（图1A）的远端肺组织用于分离小气道和肺泡上皮细胞（远端肺上皮）和生成小气道或肺泡类器官。由假分层上皮衬里的近端气道包括丰富的基底祖细胞，这些细胞对膜蛋白NGFR具有免疫反应性（<strong class="xf...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Isolation and Enrichment of Human Lung Epithelial Progenitor Cells for Organoid Culture at JoVE.com

Isolation and Enrichment of Human Lung Epithelial Progenitor Cells for Organoid Culture

本文提供了组织解离和细胞分馏方法的详细方法，允许从人肺的近端和远端区域富集活的上皮细胞。本文将这些方法应用于通过使用3D类器官培养模型对肺上皮祖细胞进行功能分析。

分离和富集人肺上皮祖细胞用于类器官培养

Epithelial organoid models serve as valuable tools to study the basic biology of an organ system and for disease modeling. When grown as organoids, ...

isolation-enrichment-human-lung-epithelial-progenitor-cells-for

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

7.9K 次观看.  Cedars-Sinai Medical Center. 本文提供了组织解离和细胞分馏方法的详细方法，允许从人肺的近端和远端区域富集活的上皮细胞。本文将这些方法应用于通过使用3D类器官培养模型对肺上皮祖细胞进行功能分析。

视频: Isolation and Enrichment of Human Lung Epithelial Progenitor Cells for Organoid Culture

Isolation and Culture of Post-Natal Mouse Cerebellar Granule Neuron Progenitor Cells and Neurons 

The cerebellar cortex is a well described structure that provides unique opportunities for studying neuronal properties and development1,2. Of the cerebellar neuronal types (granule cells, Purkinje cells and inhibitory interneurons), granule neurons are by far the most numerous and are the most abundant type of neurons in the mammalian brain. In rodents, cerebellar granule neurons are generated during the first two post-natal weeks from progenitor cells in the outermost layer of the cerebellar cortex, the external granule layer (EGL). The protocol presented here describes techniques to enrich and culture granule neurons and their progenitor cells from post-natal mouse cerebellum. We will describe procedures to obtain cultures of increasing purity3,4, which can be used to study the differentiation of proliferating progenitor cells into granule neurons5,6. Once the progenitor cells differentiate, the cultures also provide a homogenous population of granule neurons for experimental manipulation and characterization of phenomena such as synaptogenesis, glutamate receptor function7, interaction with other purified cerebellar cells8,9 or cell death7.

Isolation and Culture of Post-Natal Mouse Cerebellar Granule Neuron Progenitor Cells and Neurons

Here we present a method to isolate and culture cerebellar granule neuron progenitor cells and cerebellar granule neurons from postnatal mouse.

产后小鼠小脑颗粒神经元祖细胞和神经元的分离和培养

The cerebellar cortex is a well described structure that provides unique opportunities for studying neuronal properties and development1,2. Of the ...

科研

生物学

Isolation and Large Scale Expansion of Adult Human Endothelial Colony Forming Progenitor Cells

This paper introduces a novel recovery strategy for endothelial colony forming progenitor cells (ECFCs) from heparinized but otherwise unmanipulated adult human peripheral blood within a mean of 12 days. After large scale expansion &gt;1x108 ECFCs can be obtained for further tests. Advantageously by using pHPL the contact of human cells with bovine serum antigens can be excluded. By flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry the isolated cells can be characterized as ECFC and their in vitro functionality to form vascular like structures can be tested in a matrigel assay. Further these cells can be subcutaneously injected in a mouse model to form functional, perfused vessels in vivo. After long term expansion and cryopreservation proliferation, function and genomic stability appear to be preserved. 3,4
This animal-protein free isolation and expansion method is easily applicable to generate a large quantity of ECFCs.

Endothelial colony forming progenitor cells (ECFCs) are a promising tool to study vascular homeostasis and repair.1,2 This paper introduces a novel animal-serum free method for isolation and expansion of ECFC from heparinised adult human peripheral blood with pooled human platelet lysate (pHPL) diminishing the risk of anti-bovine immunisation.

成人内皮细胞集落形成祖细胞的分离和大型规模扩张

This paper introduces a novel recovery strategy for endothelial colony forming progenitor cells (ECFCs) from heparinized but otherwise unmanipulated adult ...

Isolation and Culture of Avian Embryonic Valvular Progenitor Cells

Proper formation and function of embryonic heart valves is critical for developmental progression. The early embryonic heart is a U-shaped tube of endocardium surrounded by myocardium. The myocardium secretes cardiac jelly, a hyaluronan-rich gelatinous matrix, into the atrioventricular (AV) junction and outflow tract (OFT) lumen. At stage HH14 valvulogenesis begins when a subset of endocardial cells receive signals from the myocardium, undergo endocardial to mesenchymal transformation (EMT), and invade the cardiac jelly. At stage HH25 the valvular cushions are fully mesenchymalized, and it is this mesenchyme that eventually forms the valvular and septal apparatus of the heart. Understanding the mechanisms that initiate and modulate the process of EMT and cell differentiation are important because of their connection to serious congenital heart defects. In this study we present methods to isolate pre-EMT endocardial and post-EMT mesenchymal cells, which are the two different cell phenotypes of the prevalvular cushion. Pre-EMT endocardial cells can be cultured with or without the myocardium. Post-EMT AV cushion mesenchymal cells can be cultured inside mechanically constrained or stress-free collagen gels. These 3D in vitro models mimic key valvular morphogenic events and are useful for deconstructing the mechanisms of early and late stage valvulogenesis.

This article will provide a method for isolating and culturing quail or chicken HH14- valve endocardial cells and HH25 valve cushion mesenchymal cells.

禽流感胚胎瓣膜祖细胞的分离和培养

Proper formation and function of embryonic heart valves is critical for developmental progression. The early embryonic heart is a U-shaped tube of ...

Isolation and Culture of Adult Epithelial Stem Cells from Human Skin

The homeostasis of all self-renewing tissues is dependent on adult stem cells. As undifferentiated stem cells undergo asymmetric divisions, they generate daughter cells that retain the stem cell phenotype and transit-amplifying cells (TA cells) that migrate from the stem cell niche, undergo rapid proliferation and terminally differentiate to repopulate the tissue.
Epithelial stem cells have been identified in the epidermis, hair follicle, and intestine as cells with a high in vitro proliferative potential and as slow-cycling label-retaining cells in vivo 1-3. Adult, tissue-specific stem cells are responsible for the regeneration of the tissues in which they reside during normal physiologic turnover as well as during times of stress 4-5. Moreover, stem cells are generally considered to be multi-potent, possessing the capacity to give rise to multiple cell types within the tissue 6. For example, rodent hair follicle stem cells can generate epidermis, sebaceous glands, and hair follicles 7-9. We have shown that stem cells from the human hair follicle bulge region exhibit multi-potentiality 10.
Stem cells have become a valuable tool in biomedical research, due to their utility as an in vitro system for studying developmental biology, differentiation, tumorigenesis and for their possible therapeutic utility. It is likely that adult epithelial stem cells will be useful in the treatment of diseases such as ectodermal dysplasias, monilethrix, Netherton syndrome, Menkes disease, hereditary epidermolysis bullosa and alopecias 11-13. Additionally, other skin problems such as burn wounds, chronic wounds and ulcers will benefit from stem cell related therapies 14,15. Given the potential for reprogramming of adult cells into a pluripotent state (iPS cells)16,17, the readily accessible and expandable adult stem cells in human skin may provide a valuable source of cells for induction and downstream therapy for a wide range of disease including diabetes and Parkinson's disease.

A rapid, robust way of isolating viable adult epithelial stem cells from human skin is described. The method utilizes enzymatic digestion of skin collagen matrix , followed by plucking of hair follicles and isolation of single cell suspensions or tissue fragments for cell culture.

成人从人体皮肤的上皮干细胞的分离和培养

The homeostasis of all self-renewing tissues is dependent on adult stem cells. As undifferentiated stem cells undergo asymmetric divisions, they generate ...

Ex Vivo Culture of Primary Human Fallopian Tube Epithelial Cells

Epithelial ovarian cancer is a leading cause of female cancer mortality in the United States. In contrast to other women-specific cancers, like breast and uterine carcinomas, where death rates have fallen in recent years, ovarian cancer cure rates have remained relatively unchanged over the past two decades 1. This is largely due to the lack of appropriate screening tools for detection of early stage disease where surgery and chemotherapy are most effective 2, 3. As a result, most patients present with advanced stage disease and diffuse abdominal involvement. This is further complicated by the fact that ovarian cancer is a heterogeneous disease with multiple histologic subtypes 4, 5. Serous ovarian carcinoma (SOC) is the most common and aggressive subtype and the form most often associated with mutations in the BRCA genes. Current experimental models in this field involve the use of cancer cell lines and mouse models to better understand the initiating genetic events and pathogenesis of disease 6, 7. Recently, the fallopian tube has emerged as a novel site for the origin of SOC, with the fallopian tube (FT) secretory epithelial cell (FTSEC) as the proposed cell of origin 8, 9. There are currently no cell lines or culture systems available to study the FT epithelium or the FTSEC. Here we describe a novel ex vivo culture system where primary human FT epithelial cells are cultured in a manner that preserves their architecture, polarity, immunophenotype, and response to physiologic and genotoxic stressors. This ex vivo model provides a useful tool for the study of SOC, allowing a better understanding of how tumors can arise from this tissue, and the mechanisms involved in tumor initiation and progression.

Ex Vivo Culture of Primary Human Fallopian Tube Epithelial Cells

The fallopian tube (FT) is emerging as an alternative site of origin for serous ovarian carcinoma (SOC). This protocol describes a novel method for the isolation and ex vivo culture of fallopian tube epithelial cells. This system recapitulates the in vivo epithelium and allows the study of SOC pathogenesis.

前初级人类输卵管上皮细胞的体外培养

Epithelial ovarian cancer is a leading cause of female cancer mortality in the United States. In contrast to other women-specific cancers, like breast and ...

Isolation of Mammary Epithelial Cells from Three-dimensional Mixed-cell Spheroid Co-culture

While enormous efforts have gone into identifying signaling pathways and molecules involved in normal and malignant cell behaviors1-2, much of this work has been done using classical two-dimensional cell culture models, which allow for easy cell manipulation. It has become clear that intracellular signaling pathways are affected by extracellular forces, including dimensionality and cell surface tension3-4. Multiple approaches have been taken to develop three-dimensional models that more accurately represent biologic tissue architecture3. While these models incorporate multi-dimensionality and architectural stresses, study of the consequent effects on cells is less facile than in two-dimensional tissue culture due to the limitations of the models and the difficulty in extracting cells for subsequent analysis.
The important role of the microenvironment around tumors in tumorigenesis and tumor behavior is becoming increasingly recognized4. Tumor stroma is composed of multiple cell types and extracellular molecules. During tumor development there are bidirectional signals between tumor cells and stromal cells5. Although some factors participating in tumor-stroma co-evolution have been identified, there is still a need to develop simple techniques to systematically identify and study the full array of these signals6. Fibroblasts are the most abundant cell type in normal or tumor-associated stromal tissues, and contribute to deposition and maintenance of basement membrane and paracrine growth factors7.
Many groups have used three dimensional culture systems to study the role of fibroblasts on various cellular functions, including tumor response to therapies, recruitment of immune cells, signaling molecules, proliferation, apoptosis, angiogenesis, and invasion8-15. We have optimized a simple method for assessing the effects of mammary fibroblasts on mammary epithelial cells using a commercially available extracellular matrix model to create three-dimensional cultures of mixed cell populations (co-cultures)16-22. With continued co-culture the cells form spheroids with the fibroblasts clustering in the interior and the epithelial cells largely on the exterior of the spheroids and forming multi-cellular projections into the matrix. Manipulation of the fibroblasts that leads to altered epithelial cell invasiveness can be readily quantified by changes in numbers and length of epithelial projections23. Furthermore, we have devised a method for isolating epithelial cells out of three-dimensional co-culture that facilitates analysis of the effects of fibroblast exposure on epithelial behavior. We have found that the effects of co-culture persist for weeks after epithelial cell isolation, permitting ample time to perform multiple assays. This method is adaptable to cells of varying malignant potential and requires no specialized equipment. This technique allows for rapid evaluation of in vitro cell models under multiple conditions, and the corresponding results can be compared to in vivo animal tissue models as well as human tissue samples.

A simple method is described for analyzing effects of tissue fibroblasts on associated epithelial cells. The combination of this method and three-dimensional tissue culture can facilitate analysis of cells after isolation from 3D. The technique is applicable to cells of varying malignant potential, allowing systematic study of effects of tumor-associated stroma on tumor cells.

从三维混合细胞球体共培养的乳腺上皮细胞的隔离

While enormous efforts have gone into identifying signaling pathways and molecules involved in normal and malignant cell behaviors1-2, much of this work ...

Chromatin Isolation by RNA Purification (ChIRP)

Long noncoding RNAs are key regulators of chromatin states for important biological processes such as dosage compensation, imprinting, and developmental gene expression 1,2,3,4,5,6,7. The recent discovery of thousands of lncRNAs in association with specific chromatin modification complexes, such as Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 (PRC2) that mediates histone H3 lysine 27 trimethylation (H3K27me3), suggests broad roles for numerous lncRNAs in managing chromatin states in a gene-specific fashion 8,9. While some lncRNAs are thought to work in cis on neighboring genes, other lncRNAs work in trans to regulate distantly located genes. For instance, Drosophila lncRNAs roX1 and roX2 bind numerous regions on the X chromosome of male cells, and are critical for dosage compensation 10,11. However, the exact locations of their binding sites are not known at high resolution. Similarly, human lncRNA HOTAIR can affect PRC2 occupancy on hundreds of genes genome-wide 3,12,13, but how specificity is achieved is unclear. LncRNAs can also serve as modular scaffolds to recruit the assembly of multiple protein complexes. The classic trans-acting RNA scaffold is the TERC RNA that serves as the template and scaffold for the telomerase complex 14; HOTAIR can also serve as a scaffold for PRC2 and a H3K4 demethylase complex 13.
Prior studies mapping RNA occupancy at chromatin have revealed substantial insights 15,16, but only at a single gene locus at a time. The occupancy sites of most lncRNAs are not known, and the roles of lncRNAs in chromatin regulation have been mostly inferred from the indirect effects of lncRNA perturbation. Just as chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by microarray or deep sequencing (ChIP-chip or ChIP-seq, respectively) has greatly improved our understanding of protein-DNA interactions on a genomic scale, here we illustrate a recently published strategy to map long RNA occupancy genome-wide at high resolution 17. This method, Chromatin Isolation by RNA Purification (ChIRP) (Figure 1), is based on affinity capture of target lncRNA:chromatin complex by tiling antisense-oligos, which then generates a map of genomic binding sites at a resolution of several hundred bases with high sensitivity and low background. ChIRP is applicable to many lncRNAs because the design of affinity-probes is straightforward given the RNA sequence and requires no knowledge of the RNA's structure or functional domains.

Chromatin Isolation by RNA Purification ChIRP

ChIRP is a novel and rapid technique to map genomic binding sites of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs). The method takes advantage of the specificity of anti-sense tiling oligonucleotides to allow the enumeration of lncRNA-bound genomic sites.

RNA纯化的染色质隔离（CHIRP）

Long noncoding RNAs are key regulators of chromatin states for important biological processes such as dosage compensation, imprinting, and developmental ...

Serial Enrichment of Spermatogonial Stem and Progenitor Cells (SSCs) in Culture for Derivation of Long-term Adult Mouse SSC Lines

Spermatogonial stem and progenitor cells (SSCs) of the testis represent a classic example of adult mammalian stem cells and preserve fertility for nearly the lifetime of the animal. While the precise mechanisms that govern self-renewal and differentiation in vivo are challenging to study, various systems have been developed previously to propagate murine SSCs in vitro using a combination of specialized culture media and feeder cells1-3.
Most in vitro forays into the biology of SSCs have derived cell lines from neonates, possibly due to the difficulty in obtaining adult cell lines4. However, the testis continues to mature up until ~5 weeks of age in most mouse strains. In the early post-natal period, dramatic changes occur in the architecture of the testis and in the biology of both somatic and spermatogenic cells, including alterations in expression levels of numerous stem cell-related genes. Therefore, neonatally-derived SSC lines may not fully recapitulate the biology of adult SSCs that persist after the adult testis has reached a steady state.
Several factors have hindered the production of adult SSC lines historically. First, the proportion of functional stem cells may decrease during adulthood, either due to intrinsic or extrinsic factors5,6. Furthermore, as with other adult stem cells, it has been difficult to enrich SSCs sufficiently from total adult testicular cells without using a combination of immunoselection or other sorting strategies7. Commonly employed strategies include the use of cryptorchid mice as a source of donor cells due to a higher ratio of stem cells to other cell types8. Based on the hypothesis that removal of somatic cells from the initial culture disrupts interactions with the stem cell niche that are essential for SSC survival, we previously developed methods to derive adult lines that do not require immunoselection or cryptorchid donors but rather employ serial enrichment of SSCs in culture, referred to hereafter as SESC2,3.
The method described below entails a simple procedure for deriving adult SSC lines by dissociating adult donor seminiferous tubules, followed by plating of cells on feeders comprised of a testicular stromal cell line (JK1)3. Through serial passaging, strongly adherent, contaminating non-germ cells are depleted from the culture with concomitant enrichment of SSCs. Cultures produced in this manner contain a mixture of spermatogonia at different stages of differentiation, which contain SSCs, based on long-term self renewal capability. The crux of the SESC method is that it enables SSCs to make the difficult transition from self-renewal in vivo to long-term self-renewal in vitro in a radically different microenvironment, produces long-term SSC lines, free of contaminating somatic cells, and thereby enables subsequent experimental manipulation of SSCs.

Serial Enrichment of Spermatogonial Stem and Progenitor Cells SSCs in Culture for Derivation of Long-term Adult Mouse SSC Lines

A simple method to derive and maintain spermatogonial stem and progenitor cell lines from adult mice is presented here. The method utilizes feeder cells originating from the somatic cell compartment of the adult mouse testis. This technique is applicable to common mouse strains, including transgenic, knock-out, and knock-in mice.

在文化序列富集的精原干细胞和祖细胞（SSCS）推导长期成年小鼠SSC线

Spermatogonial stem and progenitor cells (SSCs) of the testis represent a classic example of adult mammalian stem cells and preserve fertility for nearly ...

Induction and Analysis of Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition

Epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is essential for proper morphogenesis during development. Misregulation of this process has been implicated as a key event in fibrosis and the progression of carcinomas to a metastatic state. Understanding the processes that underlie EMT is imperative for the early diagnosis and clinical control of these disease states. Reliable induction of EMT in vitro is a useful tool for drug discovery as well as to identify common gene expression signatures for diagnostic purposes. Here we demonstrate a straightforward method for the induction of EMT in a variety of cell types. Methods for the analysis of cells pre- and post-EMT induction by immunocytochemistry are also included. Additionally, we demonstrate the effectiveness of this method through antibody-based array analysis and migration/invasion assays.

A straightforward method is described for the induction of epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) in a variety of cell types. Methods for the analysis of cells in EMT states by immunocytochemistry are included.

诱导上皮和分析间质转化

Epithelial  to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is essential for proper morphogenesis during  development. Misregulation of this  process has been implicated ...

Culturing of Human Nasal Epithelial Cells at the Air Liquid Interface

In vitro models using human primary epithelial cells are essential in understanding key functions of the respiratory epithelium in the context of microbial infections or inhaled agents. Direct comparisons of cells obtained from diseased populations allow us to characterize different phenotypes and dissect the underlying mechanisms mediating changes in epithelial cell function. Culturing epithelial cells from the human tracheobronchial region has been well documented, but is limited by the availability of human lung tissue or invasiveness associated with obtaining the bronchial brushes biopsies. Nasal epithelial cells are obtained through much less invasive superficial nasal scrape biopsies and subjects can be biopsied multiple times with no significant side effects. Additionally, the nose is the entry point to the respiratory system and therefore one of the first sites to be exposed to any kind of air-borne stressor, such as microbial agents, pollutants, or allergens. 
Briefly, nasal epithelial cells obtained from human volunteers are expanded on coated tissue culture plates, and then transferred onto cell culture inserts. Upon reaching confluency, cells continue to be cultured at the air-liquid interface (ALI), for several weeks, which creates more physiologically relevant conditions. The ALI culture condition uses defined media leading to a differentiated epithelium that exhibits morphological and functional characteristics similar to the human nasal epithelium, with both ciliated and mucus producing cells. Tissue culture inserts with differentiated nasal epithelial cells can be manipulated in a variety of ways depending on the research questions (treatment with pharmacological agents, transduction with lentiviral vectors, exposure to gases, or infection with microbial agents) and analyzed for numerous different endpoints ranging from cellular and molecular pathways, functional changes, morphology, etc. 
In vitro models of differentiated human nasal epithelial cells will enable investigators to address novel and important research questions by using organotypic experimental models that largely mimic the nasal epithelium in vivo.

Nasal epithelial cells, obtained through superficial scrape biopsy of human volunteers, are expanded and transferred onto tissue culture inserts. Upon reaching confluency, cells are grown at air liquid interface, yielding cultures of ciliated and non-ciliated cells. Differentiated nasal epithelial cell cultures provide viable experimental models for studying the respiratory mucosa.

人鼻粘膜上皮细胞在气液界面培养

In vitro models using human primary  epithelial cells are essential in understanding key functions of the respiratory  epithelium in the context of ...