我们要感谢Vikram Darbhe和Patrick Franks的实验指导。这项工作得到了美国国家科学基金会研究生研究奖学金计划的支持。DGE-1324585以及NIH R01D084009和F31AR076920。本材料中表达的任何意见，发现和结论或建议均为作者的观点，并不一定反映美国国家科学基金会或NIH的观点。

西北大学的机构审查委员会（IRB）批准了这项研究的程序。所有参加这项工作的参与者在开始下面详述的方案之前都给予了知情同意。 注意:本研究中使用的特定超声系统具有EFOV-US功能，并且被采用，因为我们能够审查科学文献中有关该算法的详细信息和有效性评估22，26;还存在多个具有EFOV-US的其他系统18，20，30。使用了线性阵列传感器14L5（频率带宽5-14 MHz）。在该协议中成像的肌肉只是已捕获美国图像并测量了分筋膜长度的一小部分肌肉（例如，肱三头肌25，腕尺伸肌23，内侧腓肠10，外侧騥24，股二头肌8，31）。该协议旨在提供指针并描述必要的标准，以便它可以应用于我们提供的两个示例之外的肌肉。
1. 收集EFOV-US肌肉图像
制备
<ol><li>超声医师准备<ol>
<li>在操作超声系统之前，请通读系统手册，以熟悉系统安全性，维护系统，系统设置和控制等。此外，请查看系统获取 EFOV-US 图像的说明，并熟悉为获取 EFOV-US 图像而实现的方法。 注:不同的超声系统使用不同的术语命名EFOV-US模式。例如，在这里使用的系统中，EFOV模式被称为"全景成像"。虽然在各种商业系统中实现的算法的技术细节通常是知识产权，因此不是免费提供的，但从粗略的回顾来看，许多具有全景超声功能的商业系统描述了一种类似于Weng等人描述的方法。在开始涉及人类参与者的研究之前，建议通过直接从制造系统的公司，通过使用成像phantom26，32或其他方式（例如，与动物解剖24进行比较）来评估从任何系统获得的测量的一般有效性，作为开始涉及人类参与者的研究之前的重要步骤。</li>
		<li>花点时间熟悉感兴趣的肌肉的解剖结构以及周围的解剖结构。建议超声医师使用解剖学教科书或最好是交互式在线3D解剖模型来熟悉感兴趣的解剖学。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>参与者准备<ol>
<li>在开始成像方案之前，向参与者解释研究方案并获得IRB批准的同意。</li>
		<li>要求参与者穿着合适的衣服，以便能够接触到感兴趣的肌肉。例如，如果超声医师计划对前臂肌肉进行成像，则应要求参与者穿短袖衬衫。</li>
		<li>将参与者坐在可调节的椅子上，该椅子可以锁定到位。花点时间调整椅子，使参与者尽可能舒适，同时仍然提供对感兴趣肌肉的访问。 注意:如果没有可以完全平放的可调节椅子，某些研究设计可能需要使用桌子来接触感兴趣的肌肉（即腿筋）。</li>
		<li>将感兴趣的肌肉伸展的关节放在可以控制和重复的姿势中。使用临床指导33 定位解剖学标志物并实施测角测量;使用 ISB 标准定义联合坐标系34，35。通常，要测量关节角度，请使用皮肤安全标记标记解剖标志物（材料表），然后将手持式测角仪的中心与关节的旋转轴向上对齐，测角仪的手臂与关节段向上对齐。 注意:如果对被动肌肉进行成像，建议将感兴趣的肌肉置于相对较长的位置，以避免对松弛肌肉进行成像。<ol>
<li>为了复制本研究中拍摄的肱二头肌，坐下参与者双脚支撑，背部挺直，肩部外展85°，水平屈曲10°，肘部屈曲25°，前臂，手腕和手指中性。</li>
			<li>为了复制本研究中拍摄的胫骨前部，膝盖屈曲60°，踝关节屈曲15°的受试者就座。</li>
		</ol>
</li>
		<li>使用布带固定参与者的肢体，以尽量减少成像方案期间的运动。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>图像采集
<ol start="3"><li>插入并打开超声波系统。确保检查设置为肌肉骨骼，选择正在使用的换能器（这里我们使用14L5），发射频率设置在5-17 MHz之间（这里使用11MHz），这是肌肉骨骼成像的典型频率范围。较高的频率通常用于更肤浅的成像，因为它们可以提高分辨率但降低波穿透力。</li>
	<li>进入系统设置以调整脚踏开关设置。出于本实验方案的目的，我们建议设置脚踏开关以启动/停止成像。如果正在使用的脚踏开关有多个踏板，请将其他踏板设置为"冻结"或"暂停"，以及"打印"或"存储"图像。</li>
	<li>在探头头部涂抹大量超声凝胶。</li>
	<li>将传感器放在参与者的皮肤上，在大致感兴趣的区域上。</li>
	<li>在肌肉的短轴平面上移动换能器。请注意，传感器的一侧有一个小的突起，称为指示器。具有指示器的换能器的一侧对应于超声图像的左侧。在短轴上成像时，让超声医师保持指示器横向指向，当超声医师处于长轴时，将指示器指向远端。</li>
	<li>识别短轴平面（垂直于肌纤维方向）中感兴趣的肌肉，并移动换能器远端和近端，以获得肌肉路径的完整可视化。<ol>
<li>使用皮肤安全墨水标记标记（材料表）标记重要的解剖学标志物（即肌肉的外侧和内侧边缘，肌肉肌腱连接处和肌肉插入）。</li>
	</ol></li>
	<li>一旦确定了肌肉的位置并进行了适当的标记，让超声医师在长轴平面（平行于肌肉纤维方向）中移动超声换能器。</li>
	<li>从肌肉的远端或近端开始，旋转和倾斜换能器以识别该点的分筋膜平面。当探头位置正确时，在皮肤上做一个标记。</li>
	<li>一旦沿着要扫描的整个所需长度建立了近似的分册平面，让超声医师按照此路径进行练习。</li>
	<li>要开始收集图像，请将超声系统置于EFOV-US模式。</li>
	<li>从肌肉的一端开始，单击脚踏开关开始图像采集，并在长轴上缓慢连续地移动超声换能器。到达肌肉末端后，单击脚踏开关以结束图像采集。</li>
	<li>练习并确保正确的传感器路径。在持续获得"高质量"EFOV-US图像之前，这可能需要几个练习图像（有关高质量图像的解释，请参阅第2节）。</li>
	<li>要优化图像可见性和清晰度，请考虑调整以下参数。<ol>
<li>深度:如果图像采集在捕获所需长度的肌肉之前结束，请增加图像的深度（在此处使用的系统中，增加图像深度会增加扫描的绝对长度）。</li>
		<li>对焦:将焦点箭头放在图像的下半部分，正好位于感兴趣的肌肉下方。</li>
		<li>增益:确保增益在图像深度之间保持平衡。</li>
		<li>速度:在指示器的指导下以最佳速度拍摄图像（在大多数系统中，全景成像期间，速度指示器显示在显示器上）。</li>
	</ol></li>
	<li>一旦收集了定性良好的图像（步骤2.1），点击 打印/存储 脚踏开关踏板或控制面板上的同义词按钮以保存图像。</li>
	<li>重复步骤1.13-1.16，直到获得3张高质量的EFOV-US肌肉图像。</li>
	<li>重复步骤1.6-1.17，直到获得所有感兴趣的肌肉。</li>
	<li>用毛巾轻轻擦拭参与者皮肤上的凝胶。然后让参与者冲洗掉皮肤区域或使用湿毛巾擦拭暴露于凝胶的皮肤。干。</li>
	<li>擦拭探头头部的凝胶并消毒。</li>
	<li>将映像作为未压缩的 DICOM 映像导出到 CD-DVD、闪存驱动器或通过本地网络导出到计算机上。</li>
</ol>2. 确定EFOV-US图像的"质量"
<ol><li>按照步骤1.13，让超声医师识别和评估感兴趣肌肉及其周围解剖结构的关键解剖学特征的质量。这是基于超声医师对解剖学和肌肉骨骼组织回声（组织反射超声波的能力）的了解的定性评估。要使EFOV-US图像在定性上被认为是"好的"，应满足以下条件:<ol>
<li>在任何肌肉的长轴图像中，检查超声医师是否可以清楚地将肌肉识别为低回声（深色）形状，具有代表深部和浅表肌肉筋膜的超回声（明亮）边界。</li>
		<li>在肌肉边界之间，检查超声医师是否可以将肌肉筋膜周围的结缔组织识别为超回声（明亮）线。 注意:当对多侧肌进行成像时，图像还应包含中央肌腱，这些肌腱显示在肌肉腹部，深部和浅表肌肉筋膜之间，作为高回声（明亮）结构。</li>
		<li>检查图像是否没有过度弯曲。这通常由图像中的阴影或间隙或图像上方的锯齿状柔性标尺线表示。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>如果图像缺少2.1中描述的一个或多个组织结构，则认为图像"定性较差"并返回实时2D模式。</li>
</ol>3. 肌束长度
<ol><li>要量化肌肉筋膜长度，请使用开源图像处理平台ImageJ。ImageJ可以在 https://imagej.net/Downloads 下载。 注意:虽然ImageJ经常实现24，25，31，36，37，38，但可以使用其他图像处理软件8，39 或自定义代码40，41测量肌肉束长度的量化。</li>
	<li>下载后，通过单击"文件"打开"图像J"中的DICOM图像作为DICOM 图像|打开 并选择要分析的图像。</li>
	<li>要确保保留 DICOM 图像属性，请单击"工具"菜单中的"直线"工具，然后在超声图像侧面的标尺上绘制一条从 0 到 1 cm 的直线。然后转到分析|测量以测量所制造的线。如果保留了图像属性，则直线的长度应为 1 cm。</li>
	<li>要测量图像中的分册长度，请完成以下操作。<ol>
<li>右键单击直线工具。</li>
		<li>选择 "分段线"。</li>
		<li>将光标移动到图像上，然后单击已选择要测量的分册的一端。 注意:只有在分册上进行测量，才能令人信服地看到整个筋膜路径（即，从一个腱膜病到下一个腱鞘炎或腱鞘炎到中央肌腱）。</li>
		<li>沿路径单击以确保捕获分册路径中的曲率。</li>
		<li>到达分册路径的末尾后，双击结束该行，然后转到 "分析|测量 以测量线的长度。 注意:首次进行测量时，将弹出一个新窗口"结果"。可以在"结果"窗口中通过转到"结果"|来管理显示的值 设置测量值。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>重复步骤3.4.3-3.4.5，直到在单个图像中进行多个分册测量。</li>
	<li>通过单击 "文件"|保存分册测量值保存 在结果选项卡上，或者可以将值复制并粘贴到另一个文档/电子表格中。</li>
</ol>

作者没有什么可透露的。

协议中的关键步骤。
获得高质量的EFOV-US图像有几个关键组成部分，可以产生有效和可靠的分册长度测量。首先，如方法1.1.2所示，超声医师必须花时间熟悉被成像肌肉的解剖结构以及周围的肌肉，骨骼和其他软组织结构。这将提高超声医师对正确肌肉进行成像的能力，并确定多个图像是否捕获了相同的肌肉平面。其次，超声医师在收集数据以供发表之前，应练习...

筋膜长度是骨骼肌结构的一个重要参数，总体上表明肌肉产生力的能力1，2。具体而言，肌肉的筋膜长度可以深入了解肌肉可以产生活动力的绝对长度范围3，4。例如，给定除筋膜长度外，所有等轴测力生成参数（即平均肌节长度、下角、生理横截面积、收缩状态等）具有相同值的两块肌有较长筋膜的肌肉将在较长的长度上产生其峰值力，并且将产生比具有较短束的肌肉更宽的长度范围的力 3.肌肉筋膜长度的量化对于了解健康的肌肉功能和肌肉的力产生能力的变化非常重要，这些变化可能是由于肌肉使用改变（例如，固定5，6，运动干预7，8，9，高跟鞋佩戴10）或肌肉环境的变化（例如，肌腱转移手术11，肢体分心12）而发生的).肌肉束长度的测量最初是通过离体尸体实验获得的，该实验允许直接测量解剖的筋膜13，14，15，16。这些离体实验提供的宝贵信息导致人们有兴趣实施体内方法17，18，19以解决尸体无法回答的问题;体内方法允许在天然状态以及不同的关节姿势，不同的肌肉收缩状态，不同的加载或卸载状态以及具有不同条件（即健康/受伤，年轻/年老等）的人群中量化肌肉参数。最常见的是，超声波是用于获得体内肌肉束长度的方法18，19，20;它比其他成像技术（如扩散张量成像（DTI））更快，更便宜，更容易实现18，21。
扩展视野超声（EFOV-US）已被证明是测量体内肌肉束长度的有效且可靠的方法。虽然通常采用传统超声（T-US），但其视场受超声换能器阵列长度的限制（通常在4至6厘米之间，尽管有些探头延伸至10 cm10）18，20。为了克服这一限制，Weng等人开发了一种EFOV-US技术，该技术可以从动态的长距离扫描中自动获取复合的二维"全景"图像（长达60厘米）22。图像是通过实时拟合一系列传统的B型超声图像而创建的，因为换能器动态扫描感兴趣的物体。由于连续的 T-US 图像具有较大的重叠区域，因此一个图像与下一个图像之间的微小差异可用于计算探头运动，而无需使用外部运动传感器。一旦计算出两个连续图像之间的探头运动，"当前"图像将连续与前面的图像合并。EFOV-US方法允许直接测量长而弯曲的肌肉束，并且已被证明在肌肉，试验和超声医师中是可靠的23，24，25 并且对平坦和弯曲的表面都有效23，26。
实施超声波来测量体内肌肉束长度并非易事。与其他涉及更多自动化方案（即MRI，CT）的成像技术不同，超声依赖于超声医师的技能和解剖学知识27，28。有人担心探头与分册平面的不对中可能导致分册措施出现重大误差。一项研究表明，使用超声和 DTI MRI 测量的分束长度测量几乎没有差异（平均< 3 mm），但也表明测量精度较低（差的标准偏差约为 12 mm）29。尽管如此，已经表明，新手超声医师在经验丰富的超声医师的实践和指导下，可以使用EFOV-US23获得有效的测量值。因此，应努力证明适当的协议，以减少人为错误并提高使用EFOV-US获得的测量的准确性。最终，开发和共享适当的方案可能会扩大实验者和实验室的数量，这些实验者和实验室可以从文献中重现分册长度数据，或者在尚未在体内研究的肌肉中获得新的数据。
在该协议中，我们展示了如何实施EFOV-US方法以获得可用于量化肌肉束长度的高质量肌肉骨骼图像。具体而言，我们解决了（a）收集单个上肢和单个下肢肌肉的EFOV-US图像（b）实时确定EFOV-US图像的"质量"，以及（c）离线量化肌肉结构参数。我们提供此详细指南，以鼓励采用EFOV-US方法在由于长筋膜而未在体内研究的肌肉中获取肌肉束长度数据。

<table><tbody><tr><td>14L5 linear transducers</td><td>Siemens</td><td>10789396</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Acuson S2000 Ultrasound System</td><td>Siemens</td><td>10032746</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Adjustable chair (Biodex System)</td><td>Biodex Medical Systems</td><td>System Pro 4</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Skin Marker Medium Tip</td><td>SportSafe</td><td>n/a</td><td>Multi-color 4 Pack recommended</td></tr><tr><td>Ultrasound Gel - Standard 8 Ounce Non-Sterile Fragrance Free Glacial Tint</td><td>MediChoice, Owens &amp;amp;Minor</td><td>M500812</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

obtaining quality extended field-of-view ultrasound images of skeletal muscle to measure muscle fascicle length

肌肉束长度通常在体内使用传统超声测量，是定义肌肉力产生能力的重要参数。然而，超过 90% 的上肢肌肉和 85% 的下肢肌有比普通传统超声（ T - US ）探头的视野更长的最佳分束长度。一种较新、不太常用的称为扩展视场超声（EFOV-US）的方法，可以直接测量比单个T-US图像的视场更长的薄片。这种方法可以自动将来自动态扫描的T-US图像序列拟合在一起，已被证明对于在体内获得肌肉束长度是有效和可靠的。尽管有许多具有长筋膜的骨骼肌，并且EFOV-US方法对这种筋膜进行测量的有效性，但很少有已发表的研究使用这种方法。在这项研究中，我们展示了如何实施EFOV-US方法来获得高质量的肌肉骨骼图像，以及如何量化这些图像的分筋膜长度。我们预计，该演示将鼓励使用EFOV-US方法来增加健康和受损人群中的肌肉池，我们有体内肌肉束长度数据。

实施扩展视野超声（EFOV-US）以从4名健康志愿者的肱二头肌长头和胫骨前部获得图像（表1）。 图1 显示了在这个代表性成像会议中两块肌肉的EFOV-US图像，并突出显示了每个图像的重要方面，例如肌肉腱鞘炎，中心肌腱，筋膜路径等。成像过程结束后，对每个个体中每块肌肉的3张定性"良好"图像（图2）进行了分析。实施ImageJ以测量每张图像...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Obtaining Quality Extended Field-of-View Ultrasound Images of Skeletal Muscle to Measure Muscle Fascicle Length at JoVE.com

Obtaining Quality Extended Field-of-View Ultrasound Images of Skeletal Muscle to Measure Muscle Fascicle Length

本研究描述了如何使用扩展视场超声（EFOV-US）方法获得高质量的肌肉骨骼图像，以进行肌肉束长度测量。我们将这种方法应用于具有束状物的肌肉，这些肌肉延伸到普通传统超声（T-US）探针的视野之外。

获得高质量的骨骼肌扩展视野超声图像，以测量肌肉束长度

Muscle fascicle length, which is commonly measured in vivo using traditional ultrasound, is an important parameter defining a muscle&#8217;s force ...

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Research

Education

JoVE Core

JoVE Journal

Anatomy and Physiology

Medicine

Unit 1

The Muscular System

SCIENTISTS IN ACTION

3.7K 次观看.  Northwestern University. 本研究描述了如何使用扩展视场超声（EFOV-US）方法获得高质量的肌肉骨骼图像，以进行肌肉束长度测量。我们将这种方法应用于具有束状物的肌肉，这些肌肉延伸到普通传统超声（T-US）探针的视野之外。

视频: Obtaining Quality Extended Field-of-View Ultrasound Images of Skeletal Muscle to Measure Muscle Fascicle Length

Myo-mechanical Analysis of Isolated Skeletal Muscle

To assess the in vivo effects of therapeutic interventions for the treatment of muscle disease 1,2,3, quantitative methods are needed that measure force generation and fatigability in treated muscle. We describe a detailed approach to evaluating myo-mechanical properties in freshly explanted hindlimb muscle from the mouse. We describe the atraumatic harvest of mouse extensor digitorum longus muscle, mounting the muscle in a muscle strip myograph (Model 820MS; Danish Myo Technology), and the measurement of maximal twitch and tetanic tension, contraction time, and half-relaxation time, using a square pulse stimulator (Model S48; Grass Technologies). Using these measurements, we demonstrate the calculation of specific twitch and tetanic tension normalized to muscle cross-sectional area, the twitch-to-tetanic tension ratio, the force-frequency relationship curve and the low frequency fatigue curve 4. This analysis provides a method for quantitative comparison between therapeutic interventions in mouse models of muscle disease 1,2,3,5, as well as comparison of the effects of genetic modification on muscle function 6,7,8,9.

To assess the in vivo effects of therapeutic interventions for muscle disease, methods are needed to quantitate force generation and fatigability in treated muscle. We detail an approach to evaluating myo-mechanical properties in explanted mouse hindlimb muscle. This analysis provides a robust approach to quantitating the effects of genetic modification on muscle function, as well as comparison of therapies in mouse models of muscle disease.

离体骨骼肌肌的力学分析

To assess the in vivo effects of therapeutic interventions for the treatment of muscle disease 1,2,3, quantitative methods are needed that measure force ...

科研

医学

A Novel Application of Musculoskeletal Ultrasound Imaging

Ultrasound is an attractive modality for imaging muscle and tendon motion during dynamic tasks and can provide a complementary methodological approach for biomechanical studies in a clinical or laboratory setting. Towards this goal, methods for quantification of muscle kinematics from ultrasound imagery are being developed based on image processing. The temporal resolution of these methods is typically not sufficient for highly dynamic tasks, such as drop-landing. We propose a new approach that utilizes a Doppler method for quantifying muscle kinematics. We have developed a novel vector tissue Doppler imaging (vTDI) technique that can be used to measure musculoskeletal contraction velocity, strain and strain rate with sub-millisecond temporal resolution during dynamic activities using ultrasound. The goal of this preliminary study was to investigate the repeatability and potential applicability of the vTDI technique in measuring musculoskeletal velocities during a drop-landing task, in healthy subjects. The vTDI measurements can be performed concurrently with other biomechanical techniques, such as 3D motion capture for joint kinematics and kinetics, electromyography for timing of muscle activation and force plates for ground reaction force. Integration of these complementary techniques could lead to a better understanding of dynamic muscle function and dysfunction underlying the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of musculoskeletal disorders.

We describe a new ultrasound-based vector tissue Doppler imaging technique to measure muscle contraction velocity, strain and strain rate with sub-millisecond temporal resolution during dynamic activities. This approach provides complementary measurements of dynamic muscle function and could lead to a better understanding of mechanisms underlying musculoskeletal disorders.

肌肉骨骼超声成像的一种新应用

Ultrasound is an attractive modality for imaging muscle and tendon  motion during dynamic tasks and can provide a complementary methodological  approach ...

X-ray Diffraction of Intact Murine Skeletal Muscle as a Tool for Studying the Structural Basis of Muscle Disease

Transgenic mouse models have been important tools for studying the relationship of genotype to phenotype for human diseases including those of skeletal muscle. Mouse skeletal muscle has been shown to produce high quality X-ray diffraction patterns on third generation synchrotron beamlines providing an opportunity to link changes at the level of the genotype to functional phenotypes in health and disease by determining the structural consequences of genetic changes. We present detailed protocols for preparation of specimens, collecting the X-ray patterns and extracting relevant structural parameters from the X-ray patterns that may help guide experimenters wishing to perform such experiments for themselves.

We present detailed protocols for performing small-angle X-ray diffraction experiments using intact mouse skeletal muscles. With the wide availability of transgenic mouse models for human diseases, this experimental platform can form a useful test bed for elucidating the structural basis of genetic muscle diseases

完整毛里丝骨骼肌的X射线衍射作为研究肌肉疾病结构基础的工具

Transgenic mouse models have been important tools for studying the relationship of genotype to phenotype for human diseases including those of skeletal ...

发育生物学

Quantitative Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Skeletal Muscle Disease

Quantitative magnetic resonance imaging (qMRI) describes the development and use of MRI to quantify physical, chemical, and/or biological properties of living systems. Neuromuscular diseases often exhibit a temporally varying, spatially heterogeneous, and multi-faceted pathology. The goal of this protocol is to characterize this pathology using qMRI methods. The MRI acquisition protocol begins with localizer images (used to locate the position of the body and tissue of interest within the MRI system), quality control measurements of relevant magnetic field distributions, and structural imaging for general anatomical characterization. The qMRI portion of the protocol includes measurements of the longitudinal and transverse relaxation time constants (T1 and T2, respectively). Also acquired are diffusion-tensor MRI data, in which water diffusivity is measured and used to infer pathological processes such as edema. Quantitative magnetization transfer imaging is used to characterize the relative tissue content of macromolecular and free water protons. Lastly, fat-water MRI methods are used to characterize fibro-adipose tissue replacement of muscle. In addition to describing the data acquisition and analysis procedures, this paper also discusses the potential problems associated with these methods, the analysis and interpretation of the data, MRI safety, and strategies for artifact reduction and protocol optimization.

Neuromuscular diseases often exhibit a temporally varying, spatially heterogeneous, and multi-faceted pathology. The goal of this protocol is to characterize this pathology using non-invasive magnetic resonance imaging methods.

骨骼肌疾病的定量磁共振成像

Quantitative magnetic resonance imaging (qMRI) describes the development and use of MRI to quantify physical, chemical, and/or biological properties of ...

3D Ultrasound Imaging: Fast and Cost-effective Morphometry of Musculoskeletal Tissue

The developmental goal of 3D ultrasound imaging (3DUS) is to engineer a modality to perform 3D morphological ultrasound analysis of human muscles. 3DUS images are constructed from calibrated freehand 2D B-mode ultrasound images, which are positioned into a voxel array. Ultrasound (US) imaging allows quantification of muscle size, fascicle length, and angle of pennation. These morphological variables are important determinants of muscle force and length range of force exertion. The presented protocol describes an approach to determine volume and fascicle length of m.&#160;vastus lateralis and m.&#160;gastrocnemius medialis. 3DUS facilitates standardization using 3D anatomical references. This approach provides a fast and cost-effective approach for quantifying 3D morphology in skeletal muscles. In healthcare and sports, information on the morphometry of muscles is very valuable in diagnostics and/or follow-up evaluations after treatment or training.

3D ultrasound imaging (3DUS) allows fast and cost-effective morphometry of musculoskeletal tissues. We present a protocol to measure muscle volume and fascicle length using 3DUS.

3D 超声成像: 快速、经济高效的肌骨骼组织形态分析

The developmental goal of 3D ultrasound imaging (3DUS) is to engineer a modality to perform 3D morphological ultrasound analysis of human muscles. 3DUS ...

Simultaneous Brightfield, Fluorescence, and Optical Coherence Tomographic Imaging of Contracting Cardiac Trabeculae Ex Vivo

In cardiac muscle, intracellular Ca2+ transients activate contractile myofilaments, causing contraction, macroscopic shortening, and geometric&#160;deformation. Our understanding of the internal relationships between these events has been limited because we can neither &#39;see&#39; inside the muscle nor precisely track the spatio-temporal nature of excitation-contraction dynamics. To resolve these problems, we have constructed a device that combines a suite of imaging modalities. Specifically, it integrates a brightfield microscope to measure local changes of sarcomere length and tissue strain, a fluorescence microscope to visualize the Ca2+ transient, and an optical coherence tomograph to capture the tissue&#39;s geometric&#160;changes throughout the time-course of a cardiac cycle. We present here the imaging infrastructure and associated data collection framework. Data are collected from isolated rod-like tissue structures known as trabeculae carneae. In our instrument, a pair of position-controlled platinum hooks hold each end of an ex vivo muscle sample while it is continuously superfused with nutrient-rich saline solution. The hooks are under independent control, permitting real-time control of muscle length and force. Lengthwise translation enables the piecewise scanning of the sample, overcoming limitations associated with the relative size of the microscope imaging window (540 &#181;m by 540 &#181;m) and the length of a typical trabecula (&#62;2000 &#181;m). Platinum electrodes at either end of the muscle chamber stimulate the trabecula at a user-defined rate. We exploit the stimulation signal as a trigger for synchronizing the data from each imaging window to reconstruct the entire sample twitching under steady-state conditions. Applying image-processing techniques to these brightfield imaging data provides tissue displacement and sarcomere length maps. Such a collection of data, when incorporated into an experiment-modeling pipeline, will provide a deeper understanding of muscle contractile homogeneity and heterogeneity in physiology and pathophysiology.

Simultaneous Brightfield, Fluorescence, and Optical Coherence Tomographic Imaging of Contracting Cardiac Trabeculae Ex Vivo

This protocol presents a collection of sarcomere, calcium, and macroscopic geometric&#160;data from an actively contracting cardiac trabecula ex vivo. These simultaneous measurements are made possible by the integration of three imaging modalities.

同时布莱特菲尔德， 荧光， 和光学相干断层成像收缩心脏特拉贝库莱 Ex Vivo

In cardiac muscle, intracellular Ca2+ transients activate contractile myofilaments, causing contraction, macroscopic shortening, and ...

生物工程

Muscle Function Obtained with Motion Mode Ultrasound and Surface Electromyography during Core Endurance Exercise

Motion mode (M-mode) ultrasound allows researchers and clinicians to measure the change of muscle thickness across time. Muscle thickness can be measured between fascial borders at a given time point during an exercise. This selected time point produces a one-dimensional image resulting in real-time, live observation of anatomy. Ultrasound used during functional movement can be referred to as dynamic ultrasound; this is feasible and reliable with the use of a linear transducer, elastic belt, and foam block to secure consistent transducer placement. The lateral abdominal wall is commonly investigated using ultrasound due to the overlapping nature of the muscles. Surface electromyography (sEMG) can complement M-mode ultrasound imaging because it measures the electrical representation of muscle activation. There is minimal evidence using M-mode ultrasound and sEMG simultaneously during core exercise. Exercises that challenge the core musculature involve both isometric holds (e.g., side plank), as well as oscillatory extremity movements (e.g., dead bug). In this study, both instruments will be used simultaneously to measure core muscle function during exercise. Ultrasound measurements will be obtained using a linear transducer and ultrasound unit, and sEMG measurements will be acquired from a wireless sEMG system. To make comparisons between participants and exercises, normalization methods using static, exercise starting positions for both instruments will be used. An activation ratio will be used for ultrasound and calculated by dividing the contracted thickness (thickness during a time point of exercise) by the rested (starting position) thickness. Muscle thickness will be measured in centimeters from the superior inferior fascial border to inferior superior fascial border. These methods aim to offer an innovative and practical measurement of muscle function with M-mode ultrasound and sEMG during core endurance exercises.

This protocol uses motion mode ultrasound and surface electromyography simultaneously to measure muscle function of the core. Muscle thickness and activation of the local stabilizers (e.g., transverse abdominis, internal oblique) and global movers (e.g., external oblique) is achievable during specific time points of the side plank and dead bug exercises.

核心耐力运动期间通过运动模式超声和表面肌电图获得的肌肉功能

Motion mode (M-mode) ultrasound allows researchers and clinicians to measure the change of muscle thickness across time. Muscle thickness can be measured ...

跟腱形态的超声评估

Measurement of Healthy and Injured Triceps Surae Morphology

Achilles tendon injuries occur throughout the lifespan and can negatively affect quality of life and overall health. Achilles tendinopathy is generally classified as an overuse injury associated with fusiform tendon thickening, neovascularization, and interstitial tendon degeneration. Current literature suggests these structural changes are associated with&#160;symptoms and lower physical activity levels, as well as&#160;symptoms and lower extremity function in the long term. Surgically and non-surgically managed Achilles tendon ruptures result in increased tendon cross-sectional area (CSA) and a lengthened Achilles tendon. Both structural outcomes have clinical implications, as larger CSA positively predicts function, whereas increased tendon lengthening predicts reduced function after Achilles tendon rupture. Given the relationship between structural changes associated with Achilles tendon injuries for both injury severity and injury recovery, it is critical to be able to quantify Achilles tendon structure reliably and accurately. Silbernagel&#39;s group has established a valid and reliable method for efficiently evaluating triceps surae muscle and tendon structure. In this protocol, B-mode musculoskeletal ultrasound imaging is used to measure triceps surae structure, including Achilles tendon thickness and CSA, soleus thickness, and the presence of additional findings (calcifications and bursitis). B-mode extended field-of-view is used to measure Achilles tendon length and gastrocnemius anatomical CSA. Finally, power Doppler is used to identify intratendinous neovascularization. Quantification of triceps surae structure allows for comparison between limbs as well as longitudinal changes in response to exercise and treatment for healthy individuals and those with Achilles tendon injuries. This protocol has been used in many research studies to date and proves valuable in understanding the relationship between tendon structure and injury development, severity, and recovery. As ultrasound devices are becoming more affordable and portable, this protocol proves promising as a clinical tool, given its quick and efficient methods.

作者聚焦:探索跟腱损伤的复杂性 — 研究和未来方向

Ultrasound imaging is becoming more accessible in clinical and research settings, and a consistent protocol will be beneficial for comparison between studies and for clinical interpretations. This protocol for ultrasound evaluation is a valid and reliable method to evaluate Achilles tendon morphology in healthy, tendinopathic, and ruptured tendons.

健康和受伤的肱三头肌形态的测量

Achilles tendon injuries occur throughout the lifespan and can negatively affect quality of life and overall health. Achilles tendinopathy is generally ...

获得高质量的骨骼肌扩展视野超声图像，以测量肌肉束长度

摘要

探索更多视频

离体骨骼肌肌的力学分析

肌肉骨骼超声成像的一种新应用

完整毛里丝骨骼肌的X射线衍射作为研究肌肉疾病结构基础的工具

骨骼肌疾病的定量磁共振成像

3D 超声成像: 快速、经济高效的肌骨骼组织形态分析

同时布莱特菲尔德，荧光，和光学相干断层成像收缩心脏特拉贝库莱 Ex Vivo

核心耐力运动期间通过运动模式超声和表面肌电图获得的肌肉功能

健康和受伤的肱三头肌形态的测量

健康和受伤的肱三头肌形态的测量

健康和受伤的肱三头肌形态的测量

获得高质量的骨骼肌扩展视野超声图像，以测量肌肉束长度

摘要

探索更多视频

离体骨骼肌肌的力学分析

肌肉骨骼超声成像的一种新应用

完整毛里丝骨骼肌的X射线衍射作为研究肌肉疾病结构基础的工具

骨骼肌疾病的定量磁共振成像

3D 超声成像: 快速、经济高效的肌骨骼组织形态分析

同时布莱特菲尔德， 荧光， 和光学相干断层成像收缩心脏特拉贝库莱 Ex Vivo

核心耐力运动期间通过运动模式超声和表面肌电图获得的肌肉功能

健康和受伤的肱三头肌形态的测量

健康和受伤的肱三头肌形态的测量

健康和受伤的肱三头肌形态的测量

同时布莱特菲尔德，荧光，和光学相干断层成像收缩心脏特拉贝库莱 Ex Vivo