这项工作得到了韩国国家研究基金会（NRF-2018-R1D1A1B07050175，HURF-2017-66）和韩国国家研究基金会（NRF）和哈莱姆大学研究基金的研究赠款的支持。

所有涉及ICR小鼠的研究协议都得到了元州医学院延世大学机构动物护理与使用委员会（IACUC）的批准。实验是根据世界医学协会的道德规范进行的。在本协议中，怀孕的ICR小鼠被保存在12/12小时的光/暗循环中，可以自由获得食物和水。
1. 科克利解剖
<ol><li>通过打开紫外线约30分钟，对层层流动组织培养罩进行消毒，并在使用前用70%乙醇喷洒所有表面。让表面干燥。</li>
	<li>将解剖仪器放在70%乙醇中10分钟，在使用前干燥。</li>
	<li>使用手术刀片斩首产后3-4天大的老鼠（图2A）。</li>
	<li>将头骨置于层压流罩的立体显微镜下，并将组织浸泡在 70% 乙醇中。</li>
	<li>快速将组织浸泡在组织解剖溶液中（1x 汉克平衡盐溶液，1 mM HEPES），以去除乙醇。</li>
	<li>用手术刀片切开头骨的中心线（图2B，C）。</li>
	<li>通过前拉下皮肤并切割耳朵的外部听觉导管（图2D）来暴露头骨。</li>
	<li>从前切至颅骨的后部穿过眼线（图2E）。</li>
	<li>打开头骨，用钝钳切除前脑、小脑和脑干（图2F，G）。</li>
	<li>使用微钳，将科克菌与时间骨分离（图2H）。</li>
	<li>将鸡毛虫转移到含有组织解剖溶液的培养皿中。</li>
	<li>仔细解剖所有的软骨胶囊，只留下内部的软骨软组织（图2I，J）。</li>
	<li>用钳子和绞蜗管用另一对钳子握住鸡毛虫的修饰，慢慢地将两个组织分开（图2K）。</li>
	<li>通过轻轻剥去纹状血管和纹状膜去除纹状血管（图2L，M）。</li>
	<li>将灭菌塑料盖片放在新的组织解剖溶液中，然后将Corti的器官放在直径为9毫米的盖片上，确保罗勒膜朝下（图2N-P）。</li>
	<li>通过用钳子（图2N-P）将里斯纳的膜和剩余的模样组织压在盖上来固定组织。</li>
	<li>将带嵌入式组织的盖片转移到直径为 35 mm 的圆盘中心。</li>
	<li>将玻璃克隆缸放在盘子上，将仙人皮去植置于菜的中心，并在菜缸内加入100微升的去植物培养介质（DMEM/F12，10%胎儿牛血清（FBS），1%N2补充剂，安培素（10微克/毫升）10在圆柱体内（图2Q）。</li>
	<li>板 5 × 103 细胞的小鼠骨髓衍生的绿色荧光蛋白 （GFP） 标签 MSC 在 2 mL 培养介质 （45% DMEM + 45% DMEM/F12， 10% FBS， 1% N2 补充， 10μg/mL 的安非他林） 玻璃缸外 （图 2R）.<ol>
<li>当MSC是80-90%的对流，通过分离他们与锥蛋白-乙二胺四乙酸。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>小心地将圆锥体菜转移到加湿的孵化器中，并在 5% 的 CO2 大气中以 37 °C 的温过夜孵化。</li>
	<li>吸气缸内外的所有介质，然后从圆盘中取出玻璃缸。</li>
	<li>在圆盘中加入 2 mL 的新鲜培养介质，并在潮湿的孵化器中孵化组织培养盘，直到准备好进行分析。</li>
</ol><img alt="Figure 2" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/61947/61947fig2v2.jpg"> 图2。解剖小鼠鸡皮和科尔蒂和MSC器官的共养。 （A） 斩首鼠标， （B） 和 （C） 头部的中线下垂解剖， （D）和 （E） 大脑的冠状解剖， （F）和 （G）大脑和时间骨的切除， （H）骨绞痛，（I）去除骨绞痛壁，（J）分离的绞痛，（K）从修饰品分离的古利叶管， （L） 将纹状血管 （SV） 和螺旋韧带 （SL） 与 Corti 器官分离，（M）去除地膜，（N-P） 将毛细管固定在塑料盖片上，（Q）盖片和玻璃缸的位置，（R）接种 MSC. 白色鳞片条（A-E） = 1 厘米：橙色（F， G， P）和黄色比例杆（H，I） = 1 毫米：绿色比例杆（J-O） = 0.5 mm.<a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/61947/61947fig2v2large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击这里查看此图的更大版本。</a>
2. 延时成像
<ol><li>对于此处介绍的实验，请使用带舞台顶部孵化器系统的共聚焦显微镜系统。</li>
	<li>打开共焦显微镜、荧光灯和计算机。</li>
	<li>将放置在共焦显微镜舞台上的舞台顶孵化器的状况设置为 37 °C 和 5% CO2 大气。</li>
	<li>将样品盘放在盘子固定容器上，用盘子固定盖盖住，用顶部加热器盖合腔盖。</li>
	<li>调整变焦和对焦，使科尔蒂和MSC的器官在视界中定位。</li>
	<li>打开图像处理软件。根据 定位 选项，选择 20 倍计划-阿波克罗马特目标（数孔径 0.8） 和 0.5 倍作物面积。</li>
	<li>在收购下，单击智能设置并选择EGFP。</li>
	<li>在获取下打开通道选项卡，并将激光功率设置为0.2%，针孔设置为44 μm，主增益为750 V，数字增益设置为1.0。</li>
	<li>在成像设置下单击ESID，并将ESID 增益设置为4，数字增益设置为7.5。</li>
	<li>点击 瓷砖 和 股份 ，生产210块瓷砖。</li>
	<li>打开 对焦策略 并选择 对焦模式。</li>
	<li>根据 时间系列，将 持续时间 设置 为24小时 ， 间隔 为 10分钟。</li>
	<li>在收购下，将帧尺寸设置为512 x 512 像素，扫描速度设置为8，方向为双向，平均为 4 倍，每像素位为16。</li>
	<li>单击 启动实验 以开始实验。</li>
</ol>3. 图像文件修改
<ol><li>在处理下，单击拼接，并将最小覆盖物设置为5%，最大换档设置为10%。</li>
	<li>点击电影出口，设置未压缩，并设置速度为7.5。</li>
</ol>4. 免疫染色
<ol><li>小心吸气介质，用磷酸盐缓冲盐水 （PBS） 清洗样品两次，时间为 5 分钟。</li>
	<li>在 PBS 中用 4% 正式素修复样品 15 分钟，用 PBS 清洗样品 3 次 5 分钟。</li>
	<li>在PBS中将样品渗透到0.1%的Triton X-100中10分钟，用PBS清洗3次5分钟。</li>
	<li>加入 250 μL 的法洛丁-iFluor 647 试剂（PBS 中稀释 1：1000），并在摇床的室温下将样品孵育 1 小时。</li>
	<li>用PBS清洗样品3次5分钟。</li>
	<li>将盖子滑移到玻璃滑梯上，并添加 2 滴安装解决方案。</li>
	<li>轻轻地在幻灯片上放置盖子。</li>
	<li>用透明指甲油密封盖片，在黑暗中储存在 4 °C，直到观察到细胞。</li>
	<li>使用带适当滤光片的对焦显微镜在兴奋/发射时（Ex/Em）=650/665 nm 用于法勒林，在 Ex/Em=488/507 nm 上为 EGFP 映像幻灯片。</li>
</ol>

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作者没有什么可透露的。

对MSC移植到受损部位，促进受损细胞再生进行了广泛的研究，治疗效果明显。据报道，MSC的移植和随后的分化，以恢复大鼠的听力损失引起的3硝基丙酸13。虽然李等人将MSC应用于人类，但他们在听力14方面并没有取得任何显著改善。直到最近，通过MSC移植，还进行了近12项实验，以恢复啮齿动物模型的听力。虽然由于异质性，结果有些不清楚，但有迹象表明，MSC...

听力损失可能是先天发生的，也可以是由几个因素逐渐引起的，包括衰老、药物和噪音。听力损失往往很难治疗，因为一旦负责听力的毛细胞受损，恢复受损的功能是非常具有挑战性的。据世界卫生组织统计，全世界估计有4.61亿人听力损失，占世界人口的6.1%。在听力损失者中，93%是成年人，7%是儿童。
已尝试采取若干方法治疗听力损失：值得注意的是，使用MSC的再生方法已成为一种很有前途的治疗方法。当组织受损时，MSC自然释放到循环系统中，并迁移到损伤部位，在那里它们分泌各种分子，形成促进再生的微环境2。因此，重要的是要开发一种方法，通过外部植入的MSC迁移来治疗受损组织的目标器官及其随后的分子分泌，导致强大的免疫调节，血管生成和抗凋亡，以加强恢复受损细胞功能3，4，5。
MSC 迁移到受损组织的回程过程可能是最重要的障碍。MSC 具有系统性定位机制，具有连续的系绳/滚动、激活、逮捕、迁移/迁移和迁移6、7、8等步骤。目前，正在努力确定改进这些步骤的方法。各种策略，包括基因改造，细胞表面工程，体外启动，磁导，已经测试了6，7。此外，还多次试图通过将MSC吊到受损的科克菌部位来促进听觉毛细胞的保护和再生。然而，在体内跟踪MSC是耗时和劳动密集型的，需要高度专业化的技能9。
为了解决这个问题，开发了一种方法，通过延时共焦显微镜观察耳蜗中MSC的生长情况，该显微镜可拍摄细胞在几个小时内的迁移（图1）。它开发于20世纪初 ，最近已成为研究特定细胞迁移的有力工具。
<img alt="Figure 1" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/61947/61947fig01.jpg" style="font-size: 14px;"> 图1：图形摘要。 （A） Corti 的解剖器官使用钳子粘附在塑料盖片上后，盖片被放置在 35 毫米玻璃底的圆角微碟上，并且（B） 玻璃缸被定位。（C） 在玻璃缸内填充中等物后，在气缸外小心添加带有中型的 GFP 标签的 MSC。（E） 在一夜之间孵化后，（F） 玻璃缸被移除，图像用共聚焦显微镜拍摄。缩写：GFP = 绿色荧光蛋白;MSC=中性干细胞。<a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/61947/61947fig01large.jpg" style="font-size: 14px;" target="_blank">请单击此处查看此图的较大版本。</a>

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>10X PBS Buffer</td>
			<td>GenDEPOT</td>
			<td>P2100-104</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>4% Formalin</td>
			<td>T&#38;I</td>
			<td>BPP-9004</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ampicillin</td>
			<td>sigma&#160;</td>
			<td>A5354-10ml</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BSA</td>
			<td>sigma&#160;</td>
			<td>A4503-100G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>confocal dish</td>
			<td>SPL</td>
			<td>200350</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>confocal microscope&#160;</td>
			<td>ZEISS</td>
			<td>LSM800</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>coverslip</td>
			<td>SPL</td>
			<td>20009</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM/F12</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>10565-018</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal Bovine Serum</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher scientific</td>
			<td>16140071</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fluorsheild with DAPI</td>
			<td>sigma&#160;</td>
			<td>F6057</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Forcep</td>
			<td>Dumont</td>
			<td>0508-L5-P0</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HBSS</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher scientific</td>
			<td>14065056</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HEPES</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher scientific</td>
			<td>15630080</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>N2 supplement</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>17502-048</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phalloidin-iFluor 647 Reagent</td>
			<td>abcam</td>
			<td>ab176759</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stage Top Incubator</td>
			<td>TOKAI HIT</td>
			<td>WELSX</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Strain C57BL/6 mouse messenchymal stem cells with GFP</td>
			<td>cyagen</td>
			<td>MUBMX-01101</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Triton X-100</td>
			<td>sigma&#160;</td>
			<td>T8787</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

in vitro time-lapse live-cell imaging to explore cell migration toward the organ of corti

为了研究间质干细胞（MSCs）对细胞再生和治疗的影响，该方法跟踪MSC迁移和与声蜗上皮共同培养后的形态变化。Corti 的器官通过按压解剖过程中产生的里斯纳膜的一部分，在塑料盖上固定。当气缸被移除时，被玻璃缸限制的 MSC 迁移到高音表皮。它们的主要定位是在科尔蒂器官的修饰中观察到的，其方向与神经纤维的方向相似。然而，一些MSC在limbus区域被本地化，并显示出水平拉长的形状。此外，进入毛细胞区的迁移增加，在卡那霉素治疗后，MSC的形态转变为各种形式。最后，这项研究的结果表明，MSC与人工增生上皮的共生将有助于通过细胞移植和细胞再生研究，可以检查各种条件和因素的治疗发展。

在三维模式下，MSC的体外迁移已通过Transwell系统或传统的伤口愈合方法进行评估，以观察二维（2D）模式11中的迁移。科尔蒂的器官是一个复杂的结构，由各种细胞组成，如博彻细胞，克劳迪斯细胞，神细胞，支柱细胞，汉森的细胞，外毛细胞，内毛细胞，神经纤维，罗勒膜，和网状拉米纳12。当MSC被移植到由这种复杂细胞组成的组织中?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about In vitro Time-lapse Live-Cell Imaging to Explore Cell Migration toward the Organ of Corti at JoVE.com

In vitro Time-lapse Live-Cell Imaging to Explore Cell Migration toward the Organ of Corti

在这项研究中，我们提出了一种实时成像方法，使用共聚焦显微镜观察细胞通过与含有Corti器官的耳蜗上皮的外活体孵化向受损组织移动。

体外延时活细胞成像探索细胞向科尔蒂器官迁移

To study the effects of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) on cell regeneration and treatment, this method tracks MSC migration and morphological changes after ...

in-vitro-time-lapse-live-cell-imaging-to-explore-cell-migration

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

3.7K 次观看.  Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine. 在这项研究中，我们提出了一种实时成像方法，使用共聚焦显微镜观察细胞通过与含有Corti器官的耳蜗上皮的外活体孵化向受损组织移动。

视频: In vitro Time-lapse Live-Cell Imaging to Explore Cell Migration toward the Organ of Corti

Evaluation of Cancer Stem Cell Migration Using Compartmentalizing Microfluidic Devices and Live Cell Imaging

In the last 40 years, the United States invested over 200 billion dollars on cancer research, resulting in only a 5% decrease in death rate. A major obstacle for improving patient outcomes is the poor understanding of mechanisms underlying cellular migration associated with aggressive cancer cell invasion, metastasis and therapeutic resistance1. Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM), the most prevalent primary malignant adult brain tumor2, exemplifies this difficulty. Despite standard surgery, radiation and chemotherapies, patient median survival is only fifteen months, due to aggressive GBM infiltration into adjacent brain and rapid cancer recurrence2. The interactions of aberrant cell migratory mechanisms and the tumor microenvironment likely differentiate cancer from normal cells3. Therefore, improving therapeutic approaches for GBM require a better understanding of cancer cell migration mechanisms. Recent work suggests that a small subpopulation of cells within GBM, the brain tumor stem cell (BTSC), may be responsible for therapeutic resistance and recurrence. Mechanisms underlying BTSC migratory capacity are only starting to be characterized1,4.
Due to a limitation in visual inspection and geometrical manipulation, conventional migration assays5 are restricted to quantifying overall cell populations. In contrast, microfluidic devices permit single cell analysis because of compatibility with modern microscopy and control over micro-environment6-9.
We present a method for detailed characterization of BTSC migration using compartmentalizing microfluidic devices. These PDMS-made devices cast the tissue culture environment into three connected compartments: seeding chamber, receiving chamber and bridging microchannels. We tailored the device such that both chambers hold sufficient media to support viable BTSC for 4-5 days without media exchange. Highly mobile BTSCs initially introduced into the seeding chamber are isolated after migration though bridging microchannels to the parallel receiving chamber. This migration simulates cancer cellular spread through the interstitial spaces of the brain. The phase live images of cell morphology during migration are recorded over several days. Highly migratory BTSC can therefore be isolated, recultured, and analyzed further. 
Compartmentalizing microfluidics can be a versatile platform to study the migratory behavior of BTSCs and other cancer stem cells. By combining gradient generators, fluid handling, micro-electrodes and other microfluidic modules, these devices can also be used for drug screening and disease diagnosis6. Isolation of an aggressive subpopulation of migratory cells will enable studies of underlying molecular mechanisms.

A compartmentalizing microfluidic device for investigating cancer stem cell migration is described. This novel platform creates a viable cellular microenvironment and enables microscopic visualization of live cell locomotion. Highly motile cancer cells are isolated to study molecular mechanisms of aggressive infiltration, potentially leading to more effective future therapies.

癌症干细胞迁移的使用进行划分的微流控芯片和活细胞成像的评价

In the last 40 years, the United States invested over 200 billion dollars on cancer research, resulting in only a 5% decrease in death rate. A major ...

科研

医学

MAME Models for 4D Live-cell Imaging of Tumor: Microenvironment Interactions that Impact Malignant Progression

We have developed 3D coculture models, which we term MAME (mammary architecture and microenvironment engineering), and used them for live-cell imaging in real-time of cell:cell interactions. Our overall goal was to develop models that recapitulate the architecture of preinvasive breast lesions to study their progression to an invasive phenotype. Specifically, we developed models to analyze interactions among pre-malignant breast epithelial cell variants and other cell types of the tumor microenvironment that have been implicated in enhancing or reducing the progression of preinvasive breast epithelial cells to invasive ductal carcinomas. Other cell types studied to date are myoepithelial cells, fibroblasts, macrophages and blood and lymphatic microvascular endothelial cells. In addition to the MAME models, which are designed to recapitulate the cellular interactions within the breast during cancer progression, we have developed comparable models for the progression of prostate cancers. 
Here we illustrate the procedures for establishing the 3D cocultures along with the use of live-cell imaging and a functional proteolysis assay to follow the transition of cocultures of breast ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) cells and fibroblasts to an invasive phenotype over time, in this case over twenty-three days in culture. The MAME cocultures consist of multiple layers. Fibroblasts are embedded in the bottom layer of type I collagen. On that is placed a layer of reconstituted basement membrane (rBM) on which DCIS cells are seeded. A final top layer of 2% rBM is included and replenished with every change of media. To image proteolysis associated with the progression to an invasive phenotype, we use dye-quenched (DQ) fluorescent matrix proteins (DQ-collagen I mixed with the layer of collagen I and DQ-collagen IV mixed with the middle layer of rBM) and observe live cultures using confocal microscopy. Optical sections are captured, processed and reconstructed in 3D with Volocity visualization software. Over the course of 23 days in MAME cocultures, the DCIS cells proliferate and coalesce into large invasive structures. Fibroblasts migrate and become incorporated into these invasive structures. Fluorescent proteolytic fragments of the collagens are found in association with the surface of DCIS structures, intracellularly, and also dispersed throughout the surrounding matrix. Drugs that target proteolytic, chemokine/cytokine and kinase pathways or modifications in the cellular composition of the cocultures can reduce the invasiveness, suggesting that MAME models can be used as preclinical screens for novel therapeutic approaches.

We have developed 3D coculture models for live-cell imaging in real-time of interactions among breast tumor cells and other cells in their microenvironment that impact progression to an invasive phenotype. These models can serve as preclinical screens for drugs to target paracrine-induced proteolytic, chemokine/cytokine and kinase pathways implicated in invasiveness.

MAME的模型四维活细胞成像肿瘤微环境的相互作用，影响的恶性进展

We have developed 3D coculture models, which we term MAME (mammary architecture and microenvironment engineering), and used them for live-cell imaging in ...

The Use of Pharmacological-challenge fMRI in Pre-clinical Research: Application to the 5-HT System

Pharmacological MRI (phMRI) is a new and promising method to study the effects of substances on brain function that can ultimately be used to unravel underlying neurobiological mechanisms behind drug action and neurotransmitter-related disorders, such as depression and ADHD. Like most of the imaging methods (PET, SPECT, CT) it represents a progress in the investigation of brain disorders and the related function of neurotransmitter pathways in a non-invasive way with respect of the overall neuronal connectivity. Moreover it also provides the ideal tool for translation to clinical investigations. MRI, while still behind in molecular imaging strategies compared to PET and SPECT, has the great advantage to have a high spatial resolution and no need for the injection of a contrast-agent or radio-labeled molecules, thereby avoiding the repetitive exposure to ionizing radiations. Functional MRI (fMRI) is extensively used in research and clinical setting, where it is generally combined with a psycho-motor task. phMRI is an adaptation of fMRI enabling the investigation of a specific neurotransmitter system, such as serotonin (5-HT), under physiological or pathological conditions following activation via administration of a specific challenging drug.
The aim of the method described here is to assess brain 5-HT function in free-breathing animals. By challenging the 5-HT system while simultaneously acquiring functional MR images over time, the response of the brain to this challenge can be visualized. Several studies in animals have already demonstrated that drug-induced increases in extracellular levels of e.g. 5-HT (releasing agents, selective re-uptake blockers, etc) evoke region-specific changes in blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) MRI signals (signal due to a change of the oxygenated/deoxygenated hemoglobin levels occurring during brain activation through an increase of the blood supply to supply the oxygen and glucose to the demanding neurons) providing an index of neurotransmitter function. It has also been shown that these effects can be reversed by treatments that decrease 5-HT availability16,13,18,7. In adult rats, BOLD signal changes following acute SSRI administration have been described in several 5-HT related brain regions, i.e. cortical areas, hippocampus, hypothalamus and thalamus9,16,15. Stimulation of the 5-HT system and its response to this challenge can be thus used as a measure of its function in both animals and humans2,11.

The goal of this technique is to assess serotonin (5-HT) neurotransmitter function in the live and free-breathing animal with pharmacological magnetic resonance imaging (phMRI) and an intravenous challenge with a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), fluoxetine.

挑战的药理功能磁共振成像：在临床前研究使用的5  - 羟色胺系统中的应用

Pharmacological MRI (phMRI) is a new and promising method to study the effects of substances on brain function that can ultimately be used to unravel ...

Time-lapse Imaging of Primary Preneoplastic Mammary Epithelial Cells Derived from Genetically Engineered Mouse Models of Breast Cancer

Time-lapse imaging can be used to compare behavior of cultured primary preneoplastic mammary epithelial cells derived from different genetically engineered mouse models of breast cancer. For example, time between cell divisions (cell lifetimes), apoptotic cell numbers, evolution of morphological changes, and mechanism of colony formation can be quantified and compared in cells carrying specific genetic lesions. Primary mammary epithelial cell cultures are generated from mammary glands without palpable tumor. Glands are carefully resected with clear separation from adjacent muscle, lymph nodes are removed, and single-cell suspensions of enriched mammary epithelial cells are generated by mincing mammary tissue followed by enzymatic dissociation and filtration. Single-cell suspensions are plated and placed directly under a microscope within an incubator chamber for live-cell imaging. Sixteen 650 &mu;m x 700 &mu;m fields in a 4x4 configuration from each well of a 6-well plate are imaged every 15 min for 5 days. Time-lapse images are examined directly to measure cellular behaviors that can include mechanism and frequency of cell colony formation within the first 24 hr of plating the cells (aggregation versus cell proliferation), incidence of apoptosis, and phasing of morphological changes. Single-cell tracking is used to generate cell fate maps for measurement of individual cell lifetimes and investigation of cell division patterns. Quantitative data are statistically analyzed to assess for significant differences in behavior correlated with specific genetic lesions.

Time-lapse imaging is used to assess behavior of primary preneoplastic mammary epithelial cells derived from genetically engineered mouse models of breast cancer risk to determine if there are correlations between specific behavioral parameters and distinct genetic lesions.

延时成像的主要癌前乳腺上皮细胞来源于遗传工程小鼠乳腺癌模型

Time-lapse  imaging can be used to compare behavior of cultured primary preneoplastic  mammary epithelial cells derived from different genetically ...

The Use of Reverse Phase Protein Arrays (RPPA) to Explore Protein Expression Variation within Individual Renal Cell Cancers

Currently there is no curative treatment for metastatic clear cell renal cell cancer, the commonest variant of the disease. A key factor in this treatment resistance is thought to be the molecular complexity of the disease 1. Targeted therapy such as the tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI)-sunitinib have been utilized, but only 40% of patients will respond, with the overwhelming majority of these patients relapsing within 1 year 2. As such the question of intrinsic and acquired resistance in renal cell cancer patients is highly relevant 3.
In order to study resistance to TKIs, with the ultimate goal of developing effective, personalized treatments, sequential tissue after a specific period of targeted therapy is required, an approach which had proved successful in chronic myeloid leukaemia 4. However the application of such a strategy in renal cell carcinoma is complicated by the high level of both inter- and intratumoral heterogeneity, which is a feature of renal cell carcinoma5,6 as well as other solid tumors 7. Intertumoral heterogeneity due to transcriptomic and genetic differences is well established even in patients with similar presentation, stage and grade of tumor. In addition it is clear that there is great morphological (intratumoral) heterogeneity in RCC, which is likely to represent even greater molecular heterogeneity. Detailed mapping and categorization of RCC tumors by combined morphological analysis and Fuhrman grading allows the selection of representative areas for proteomic analysis.
Protein based analysis of RCC8 is attractive due to its widespread availability in pathology laboratories; however, its application can be problematic due to the limited availability of specific antibodies 9. Due to the dot blot nature of the Reverse Phase Protein Arrays (RPPA), antibody specificity must be pre-validated; as such strict quality control of antibodies used is of paramount importance. Despite this limitation the dot blot format does allow assay miniaturization, allowing for the printing of hundreds of samples onto a single nitrocellulose slide. Printed slides can then be analyzed in a similar fashion to Western analysis with the use of target specific primary antibodies and fluorescently labelled secondary antibodies, allowing for multiplexing. Differential protein expression across all the samples on a slide can then be analyzed simultaneously by comparing the relative level of fluorescence in a more cost-effective and high-throughput manner.

The Use of Reverse Phase Protein Arrays RPPA to Explore Protein Expression Variation within Individual Renal Cell Cancers

RPPA enables the protein expression of hundreds of samples, printed on nitrocellulose slides to be interrogated simultaneously, using fluorescently labelled antibodies. This technique has been applied to study the effect of drug treatment heterogeneity within clear cell renal carcinoma.

使用反时相蛋白的阵列（RPPA）探索在个人的肾细胞癌蛋白表达的变化

Currently there is no curative treatment for metastatic clear cell renal cell cancer, the commonest variant of the disease. A key factor in this treatment ...

Confocal Time Lapse Imaging as an Efficient Method for the Cytocompatibility Evaluation of Dental Composites

It is generally accepted that in vitro cell material interaction is a useful criterion in the evaluation of dental material biocompatibility. The objective of this study was to use 3D CLSM time lapse confocal imaging to assess the in vitro biocompatibility of dental composites. This method provides an accurate and sensitive indication of viable cell rate in contact with dental composite extracts. The ELS extra low shrinkage, a dental composite used for direct restoration, has been taken as example. In vitro assessment was performed on cultured primary human gingival fibroblast cells using Live/Dead staining. Images were obtained with the FV10i confocal biological inverted system and analyzed with the FV10-ASW 3.1 Software. Image analysis showed a very slight cytotoxicity in the presence of the tested composite after 5 hours of time lapse. A slight decrease of cell viability was shown in contact with the tested composite extracts compared to control cells. The findings highlighted the use of 3D CLSM time lapse imaging as a sensitive method to qualitatively and quantitatively evaluate the biocompatibility behavior of dental composites.

The most studied aspect of the biocompatibility of dental composites is their cytotoxicity 3D CLSM time lapse imaging combined with fluorescent signal quantification allows sensitive evaluation of the cell fate over time. Utilizing this method could be an efficient tool to assess the cytocompatibility of dental composites.

焦时间推移成像为牙科复合材料的细胞相容性评价的有效方法

It is generally accepted that in vitro cell material interaction is a useful criterion in the evaluation of dental material biocompatibility. The ...

Cardiac Catheterization in Mice to Measure the Pressure Volume Relationship: Investigating the Bowditch Effect

Animal models that mimic human cardiac disorders have been created to test potential therapeutic strategies. A key component to evaluating these strategies is to examine their effects on heart function. There are several techniques to measure in vivo cardiac mechanics (e.g., echocardiography, pressure/volume relations, etc.). Compared to echocardiography, real-time left ventricular (LV) pressure/volume analysis via catheterization is more precise and insightful in assessing LV function. Additionally, LV pressure/volume analysis provides the ability to instantaneously record changes during manipulations of contractility (e.g., &#946;-adrenergic stimulation) and pathological insults (e.g., ischemia/reperfusion injury). In addition to the maximum (+dP/dt) and minimum (-dP/dt) rate of pressure change in the LV, an accurate assessment of LV function via several load-independent indexes (e.g., end systolic pressure volume relationship and preload recruitable stroke work) can be attained. Heart rate has a significant effect on LV contractility such that an increase in the heart rate is the primary mechanism to increase cardiac output (i.e., Bowditch effect). Thus, when comparing hemodynamics between experimental groups, it is necessary to have similar heart rates. Furthermore, a hallmark of many cardiomyopathy models is a decrease in contractile reserve (i.e., decreased Bowditch effect). Consequently, vital information can be obtained by determining the effects of increasing heart rate on contractility. Our and others data has demonstrated that the neuronal nitric oxide synthase (NOS1) knockout mouse has decreased contractility. Here we describe the procedure of measuring LV pressure/volume with increasing heart rates using the NOS1 knockout mouse model.

This article describes the measurement of murine left ventricular function via pressure/volume analysis at different heart rates.

心导​​管在小鼠测量压力体积的关系：调查的影响鲍迪奇

Animal models that mimic human cardiac disorders have been created to test potential therapeutic strategies. A key component to evaluating these ...

Leprdb Mouse Model of Type 2 Diabetes: Pancreatic Islet Isolation and Live-cell 2-Photon Imaging Of Intact Islets

Type 2 diabetes is a chronic disease affecting 382 million people in 2013, and is expected to rise to 592 million by 2035 1. During the past 2 decades, the role of beta-cell dysfunction in type 2 diabetes has been clearly established 2. Research progress has required methods for the isolation of pancreatic islets. The protocol of the islet isolation presented here shares many common steps with protocols from other groups, with some modifications to improve the yield and quality of isolated islets from both the wild type and diabetic Leprdb (db/db) mice. A live-cell 2-photon imaging method is then presented that can be used to investigate the control of insulin secretion within islets.

Leprdb Mouse Model of Type 2 Diabetes: Pancreatic Islet Isolation and Live-cell 2-Photon Imaging Of Intact Islets

We present here a protocol for the isolation of islets from the mouse model of type 2 diabetes, Leprdb and details of a live-cell assay for measurement of insulin secretion from intact islets that utilizes 2 photon microscopy.

瘦素受体<sup&gt;分贝</sup&gt; 2型糖尿病小鼠模型：胰岛分离和活细胞双光子成像完好胰岛

Type 2 diabetes is a chronic disease affecting 382 million people in 2013, and is expected to rise to 592 million by 2035 1. During the past 2 decades, ...

Through the Looking Glass: Time-lapse Microscopy and Longitudinal Tracking of Single Cells to Study Anti-cancer Therapeutics

The response of single cells to anti-cancer drugs contributes significantly in determining the population response, and therefore is a major contributing factor in the overall outcome. Immunoblotting, flow cytometry and fixed cell experiments are often used to study how cells respond to anti-cancer drugs. These methods are important, but they have several shortcomings. Variability in drug responses between cancer and normal cells, and between cells of different cancer origin, and transient and rare responses are difficult to understand using population averaging assays and without being able to directly track and analyze them longitudinally. The microscope is particularly well suited to image live cells. Advancements in technology enable us to routinely image cells at a resolution that enables not only cell tracking, but also the observation of a variety of cellular responses. We describe an approach in detail that allows for the continuous time-lapse imaging of cells during the drug response for essentially as long as desired, typically up to 96 hr. Using variations of the approach, cells can be monitored for weeks. With the employment of genetically encoded fluorescent biosensors numerous processes, pathways and responses can be followed. We show examples that include tracking and quantification of cell growth and cell cycle progression, chromosome dynamics, DNA damage, and cell death. We also discuss variations of the technique and its flexibility, and highlight some common pitfalls.

Here, we describe a method of long-term time-lapse microscopy to longitudinally track single cells in response to anti-cancer therapeutics.

透过玻璃看：时间推移显微镜和单细胞的纵向跟踪研究抗癌治疗

The response of single cells to anti-cancer drugs contributes significantly in determining the population response, and therefore is a major contributing ...

Extended Time-lapse Intravital Imaging of Real-time Multicellular Dynamics in the Tumor Microenvironment

In the tumor microenvironment, host stromal cells interact with tumor cells to promote tumor progression, angiogenesis, tumor cell dissemination and metastasis. Multicellular interactions in the tumor microenvironment can lead to transient events including directional tumor cell motility and vascular permeability. Quantification of tumor vascular permeability has frequently used end-point experiments to measure extravasation of vascular dyes. However, due to the transient nature of multicellular interactions and vascular permeability, the kinetics of these dynamic events cannot be discerned. By labeling cells and vasculature with injectable dyes or fluorescent proteins, high-resolution time-lapse intravital microscopy has allowed the direct, real-time visualization of transient events in the tumor microenvironment. Here we describe a method for using multiphoton microscopy to perform extended intravital imaging in live mice to directly visualize multicellular dynamics in the tumor microenvironment. This method details cellular labeling strategies, the surgical preparation of a mammary skin flap, the administration of injectable dyes or proteins by tail vein catheter and the acquisition of time-lapse images. The time-lapse sequences obtained from this method facilitate the visualization and quantitation of the kinetics of cellular events of motility and vascular permeability in the tumor microenvironment.

This protocol describes the use of multiphoton microscopy to perform extended time-lapse imaging of multicellular interactions in real time, in vivo at single cell resolution.

实时多细胞动力学延长时间推移活体成像在肿瘤微环境

In the tumor microenvironment, host stromal cells interact with tumor cells to promote tumor progression, angiogenesis, tumor cell dissemination and ...