Bu çalışma, Kore Ulusal Araştırma Vakfı (NRF) ve Hallym Üniversitesi Araştırma Fonu'ndan (NRF-2018-R1D1A1B07050175, HURF-2017-66) araştırma hibeleri ile desteklenmiştir.

ICR farelerini içeren tüm araştırma protokolleri Wonju Tıp Fakültesi'ndeki Yonsei Üniversitesi Kurumsal Hayvan Bakım ve Kullanım Komitesi (IACUC) tarafından onaylandı. Deneyler Dünya Tabipler Birliği Etik Kuralları'na göre gerçekleştirildi. Bu protokolde, hamile ICR fareleri yiyecek ve suya ücretsiz erişim ile 12/12 saat açık / karanlık bir döngüde tutuldu.
1. Koklea diseksiyonu
<ol><li>Ultraviyole ışığını ~30 dakika açarak laminer akış dokusu kültür davlumbazını sterilize edin ve kullanmadan önce tüm yüzeyleri% 70 etanol ile püskürtün. Yüzeylerin kurumasını bekleyin.</li>
	<li>Diseksiyon aletlerini 10 dakika boyunca% 70 etanol içine yerleştirin ve kullanmadan önce kurutun.</li>
	<li>Doğum sonrası 3-4 günlük farelerin kafasını kesmek için bir çalışma bıçağı kullanın (Şekil 2A).</li>
	<li>Kafatasını laminer akış başlığına bir stereomikroskopun altına yerleştirin ve dokuyu% 70 etanol içine batırın.</li>
	<li>Etanol çıkarmak için dokuyu doku diseksiyon çözeltisine (1x Hank'in Dengeli Tuz Çözeltisi, 1 mM HEPES) hızlı bir şekilde batırın.</li>
	<li>Kafatasının orta çizgisini cerrahi bir bıçakla kesin (Şekil 2B,C).</li>
	<li>Cildi ön olarak aşağı çekerek ve kulağın dış işitsel kanalını keserek kafatasını ortaya çıkarın (Şekil 2D).</li>
	<li>Ön kısımdan kafatasının arka kısmına göz çizgisi boyunca kesin (Şekil 2E).</li>
	<li>Kafatasını açın ve künt forps ile beyin, beyincik ve beyin sapı çıkarın (Şekil 2F,G).</li>
	<li>Mikro kümes uçlarını kullanarak kokleayı temporal kemikten ayırın (Şekil 2H).</li>
	<li>Kokleayı doku diseksiyon çözeltisi içeren bir Petri kabına aktarın.</li>
	<li>Koklear otik kapsülün tümünü dikkatlice parçalara ayırın, sadece iç koklear yumuşak doku bırakın(Şekil 2I,J).</li>
	<li>Kokleanın modiolularını başka bir çift asa ile kümes ve koklear kanal ile tutun ve iki dokuyu yavaşça ayırın (Şekil 2K).</li>
	<li>Stria vascularis ve tectorial membranları nazikçe soyup çıkararak çıkarın (Şekil 2L,M).</li>
	<li>Sterilize edilmiş bir plastik kapak kapağını yeni doku diseksiyon çözeltisine yerleştirin ve ardından Basilar zarının aşağı doğru yüzleştiğinden emin olarak Corti organını 9 mm çapında bir kapak kapağına yerleştirin (Şekil 2N-P).</li>
	<li>Reissner'ın zarını ve kalan modiolus dokusunups ile kapak kılıfına bastırarak dokuyu hareketsiz hale verin (Şekil 2N-P).</li>
	<li>Gömülü doku ile kapak sapını 35 mm çapındaki bir konfokal kabın ortasına aktarın.</li>
	<li>Cam klonlama silindirini, koklear eksplant ile çanağın ortasına yerleştirin ve silindirin içine 100 μL eksizyon kültürü ortamı (DMEM / F12,% 10 fetal sığır serumu (FBS),% 1 N2 takviyesi, ampisilin (10 μg / mL))10 ekleyin (Şekil 2Q).</li>
	<li>Plaka 5 ×10 3 hücre fare kemiği iliği türevi yeşil floresan protein (GFP)-etiketli MSC'ler 2 mL kültür ortamında (%45 DMEM + %45 DMEM/F12, %10 FBS, %1 N2 takviyesi, 10 μg/mL ampisilin) cam silindirin dışında (Şekil 2R).<ol>
<li>MSC'ler % 80-90 birleştiğinde, tripin-etilenediamin tetraasetik asit ile ayırarak bunları geçiştirin.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>Konfokal kabı dikkatlice nemlendirilmiş bir inkübatöre aktarın ve % 5 CO2 atmosferinde 37 °C'de bir gecede kuluçkaya yatırın.</li>
	<li>Silindirin içindeki ve dışındaki tüm ortamı aspire edin ve ardından cam silindiri konfokal tabaktan çıkarın.</li>
	<li>Konfokal yemeğe 2 mL taze kültür ortamı ekleyin ve doku kültürü çanağini analize hazır olana kadar nemlendirilmiş bir inkübatörde kuluçkaya yatırın.</li>
</ol><img alt="Figure 2" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/61947/61947fig2v2.jpg"> Şekil 2. Bir fare kokleasının diseksiyonu ve Corti ve MSC organlarının kokültürü. (A) Farenin kafasının kesilmesi, (B) ve (C) başın orta çizgi sagittal diseksiyonu, (D) ve (E) beynin koronal diseksiyonu, (F) ve (G) beyin ve temporal kemiğin çıkarılması, (H) koklea, (I) kemik koklear duvarının çıkarılması, (J) koklear kanalın modiolustan ayrılması, (L) stria vascularis (SV) ve spiral ligamentin (SL) Corti'nin organından ayrılması, (M) tectorial membranının çıkarılması, (N-P) kokleanın plastik bir kapak kaymasına sabitlenmesi, (Q) konfokal çanaktaki kapak ve cam silindirin yeri, (R) MSC'lerin aşılanması. Beyaz ölçek çubuğu (A-E) = 1 cm; turuncu (F, G, P) ve sarı ölçek çubuğu (H,I) = 1 mm; yeşil ölçek çubuğu (J-O) = 0,5 mm. <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/61947/61947fig2v2large.jpg" target="_blank">Bu şeklin daha büyük bir versiyonunu görüntülemek için lütfen buraya tıklayın.</a>
2. Zaman atlamalı görüntüleme
<ol><li>Burada sunulan deneyler için, sahne üstü inkübatör sistemine sahip bir konfokal mikroskopi sistemi kullanın.</li>
	<li>Konfokal mikroskobu, floresan ışığı ve bilgisayarı açın.</li>
	<li>Konfokal mikroskop sahnesine yerleştirilen sahne üstü inkübatörün koşullarını 37 °C ve %5 CO2 atmosfere ayarlayın.</li>
	<li>Numune kabını bulaşık sabitleme kabına yerleştirin, bulaşık sabitleme kapağıyla örtün ve odayı üst ısıtıcı kapağıyla kapatın.</li>
	<li>Corti ve MSC'lerin organını görüş alanında yerelleştirmek için yakınlaştırmayı ve odağı ayarlayın.</li>
	<li>Görüntü işleme yazılımını açın. Bul seçeneğinin altında, 20x Plan-Apochromat hedefi (sayısal diyafram 0,8) ve 0,5x kırpma alanıseçin.</li>
	<li>Edinmealtında, akıllı kuruluma tıklayın ve EGFP'yi seçin.</li>
	<li>Satın Almaaltındaki kanal sekmesini açın ve lazer gücünü% 0.2, iğne deliğini 44 μm, ana kazancı 750 Vve dijital kazancı 1.0olarak ayarlayın.</li>
	<li>Görüntüleme kurulumualtında ESID'ye tıklayın ve ESID kazancını 4'e ve dijital kazancı 7,5olarak ayarlayın.</li>
	<li>210 fayans üretmek için Fayans ve kazık tıklayın.</li>
	<li>Odak stratejisini açın ve odak modunuseçin.</li>
	<li>Zaman serisialtında, süreyi 24 saat ve aralığı 10 dk olarak ayarlayın.</li>
	<li>Edinmealtında, çerçeve boyutunu 512 x 512 piksel, tarama hızını 8, yönü çift yönlü, ortalamayı 4xve piksel başına bitleri 16olarak ayarlayın.</li>
	<li>Denemeye başlamak için denemeyi başlat'a tıklayın.</li>
</ol>3. Görüntü dosyası değişikliği
<ol><li>İşlemealtında, dikişetıklayın ve minimum kaplamayı% 5'e ve maksimum kaymayı% 10'aayarlayın.</li>
	<li>Film dışa aktarma, sıkıştırılmamışolarak ayarlayın ve hızı 7,5olarak ayarlayın.</li>
</ol>4. İmmünasyon
<ol><li>Ortamı dikkatlice emiş edin ve numuneyi fosfat tamponlu salin (PBS) ile 5 dakika boyunca iki kez yıkayın.</li>
	<li>Örneği PBS'de %4 formalin ile 15 dakika sabitlayın ve numuneyi PBS ile 3 kez 5 dakika yıkayın.</li>
	<li>Numuneyi PBS'de %0,1 Triton X-100'de 10 dakika permeabilize edin ve 5 dakika pbs ile 3 kez yıkayın.</li>
	<li>250 μL phalloidin-iFluor 647 reaktifi (PBS'de 1:1000 seyreltme) ekleyin ve numuneyi çalkalayıcıda oda sıcaklığında 1 saat kuluçkaya yatırın.</li>
	<li>Numuneyi PBS ile 5 dakika boyunca 3 kez yıkayın.</li>
	<li>Kapak kapağını cam slayda aktarın ve 2 damla montaj çözeltisi ekleyin.</li>
	<li>Slayda hafifçe bir kapak kılıfı yerleştirin.</li>
	<li>Kapak kapağını berrak oje ile kapatın ve hücreler gözlemlenene kadar karanlıkta 4 °C'de saklayın.</li>
	<li>Slaydı, phalloidin için 650/665 nm ve EGFP için Ex/Em=488/507 nm'de uygun bir filtreye sahip bir konfokal mikroskop kullanarak görüntüleyin.</li>
</ol>

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Yazarların açıklayacak bir şeyi yok.

Hasarlı hücrelerin yenilenmesini teşvik etmek için MSC'lerin hasarlı bölgelere nakli kapsamlı bir şekilde incelenmiştir ve terapötik etki açıktır. MSC'lerin transplantasyonu ve daha sonra farklılaşması, 3-nitropropionik asit13tarafından indüklenen işitme kaybı olan sıçanlarda işitmeyi geri getirdiği bildirilmiştir. Lee ve arkadaşları insanlara trans-venöz olarak MSC'ler uygulamış olsalar da, işitmede önemli bir iyileşme sağlayamadılar14. Y...

İşitme kaybı doğuştan ortaya çıkabilir veya yaşlanma, ilaçlar ve gürültü de dahil olmak üzere çeşitli faktörlerden giderek kaynaklanabilir. İşitme kaybı genellikle tedavi etmek zordur, çünkü işitmeden sorumlu saç hücreleri hasar gördükten sonra bozulmuş işlevi geri yüklemek çok zordur1. Dünya Sağlık Örgütü'ne göre, dünya nüfusunun %6,1'ini oluşturan dünya genelinde 461 milyon kişinin işitme kaybı olduğu tahmin edilmektedir. İşitme kaybı olanların %93'ü yetişkin, %7'si çocuk.
İşitme kaybını tedavi etmek için bir dizi yaklaşım denenmiştir; özellikle MSC'leri kullanan bir rejenerasyon yaklaşımı umut verici bir tedavi olarak ortaya çıkmıştır. Doku hasar gördüğünde, MSC'ler doğal olarak dolaşım sistemine salınır ve rejenerasyon2'yidestekleyen bir mikroçevre oluşturmak için çeşitli moleküller salgıladıkları yaralanma bölgesine göç eder. Bu nedenle, hasarlı hücre fonksiyonu 3,4,5'inrestorasyonunu geliştirmek için organları hedeflemek için dışarıdan implante edilmiş MSC'lerin göçü ve daha sonra güçlü bağışıklıkdüzenlemesine, anjiogenez ve anti-apoptoza neden olan moleküllerin salgılanması yoluyla hasarlı dokuları tedavi etmek için bir yöntem geliştirmek önemlidir.
MSC'lerin hasarlı dokulara göç ettiği takip süreci aşılması gereken en önemli engel olabilir. MSC'ler, bağlama/yuvarlama, aktivasyon, tutuklama, transmidigrasyon/diapedez ve geçiş 6,7,8sıralı adımlarına sahip sistemik bir homingmekanizmasınasahiptir. Şu anda, bu adımları iyileştirmenin yollarını belirleme çabaları devam ediyor. Genetik modifikasyon, hücre yüzey mühendisliği, in vitro astarlama ve manyetik rehberlik gibi çeşitli stratejiler test edilmiştir6,7. Buna ek olarak, MSC'leri hasarlı koklea bölgesine yerle bir ederek işitsel saç hücrelerinin korunmasını ve yenilenmesini teşvik etmek için çeşitli girişimlerde bulunulmuştır. Bununla birlikte, VIVO'daki MSC'leri izlemek zaman alıcı ve emek yoğundur ve son derece özel beceriler gerektirir9.
Bu sorunu çözmek için, hücrelerin birkaç saat boyunca geçişini fotoğraflayan zaman atlamalı konfokal mikroskopi yoluyla kokleadaki MSC'lerin homingini gözlemlemek için bir yöntem geliştirilmiştir (Şekil 1). 20. yüzyılın başlarında geliştirilmiştir ve son zamanlarda belirli hücrelerin göçlerini incelemek için güçlü bir araçhaline gelmiştir.
<img alt="Figure 1" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/61947/61947fig01.jpg" style="font-size: 14px;"> Şekil 1: Grafiksel özet. (A) Corti'nin parçalanmış organı, uzunlayıp kullanılarak plastik bir kapakçık üzerine yapıştıktan sonra, kapak kapağı 35 mm cam tabanlı konfokal mikroskobik bir kabın üzerine yerleştirilir ve (B) cam silindir yerleştirilir. (C) Cam silindirin içini orta ile doldurduktan sonra, (D) orta ile GFP etiketli MSC'ler silindirin dışına dikkatlice eklenir. (E) Bir gecede inkübasyondan sonra, (F) cam silindir çıkarılır ve konfokal mikroskopla görüntüler alınır. Kısaltmalar: GFP = yeşil floresan protein; MSC'ler = mezenkimal kök hücreler. <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/61947/61947fig01large.jpg" style="font-size: 14px;" target="_blank">Bu rakamın daha büyük bir sürümünü görüntülemek için lütfen buraya tıklayın.</a>

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>10X PBS Buffer</td>
			<td>GenDEPOT</td>
			<td>P2100-104</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>4% Formalin</td>
			<td>T&#38;I</td>
			<td>BPP-9004</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ampicillin</td>
			<td>sigma&#160;</td>
			<td>A5354-10ml</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BSA</td>
			<td>sigma&#160;</td>
			<td>A4503-100G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>confocal dish</td>
			<td>SPL</td>
			<td>200350</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>confocal microscope&#160;</td>
			<td>ZEISS</td>
			<td>LSM800</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>coverslip</td>
			<td>SPL</td>
			<td>20009</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM/F12</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>10565-018</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal Bovine Serum</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher scientific</td>
			<td>16140071</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fluorsheild with DAPI</td>
			<td>sigma&#160;</td>
			<td>F6057</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Forcep</td>
			<td>Dumont</td>
			<td>0508-L5-P0</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HBSS</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher scientific</td>
			<td>14065056</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HEPES</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher scientific</td>
			<td>15630080</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>N2 supplement</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>17502-048</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phalloidin-iFluor 647 Reagent</td>
			<td>abcam</td>
			<td>ab176759</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stage Top Incubator</td>
			<td>TOKAI HIT</td>
			<td>WELSX</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Strain C57BL/6 mouse messenchymal stem cells with GFP</td>
			<td>cyagen</td>
			<td>MUBMX-01101</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Triton X-100</td>
			<td>sigma&#160;</td>
			<td>T8787</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

in vitro time-lapse live-cell imaging to explore cell migration toward the organ of corti

Mezenkimal kök hücrelerin (MSC' ler) hücre yenilenmesi ve tedavisi üzerindeki etkilerini incelemek için bu yöntem koklear epitel ile birlikte kültürden sonra MSC göç ve morfolojik değişiklikleri izler. Corti'nin organı, reissner'ın diseksiyon sırasında üretilen zarının bir kısmına basılarak plastik bir kapak kapağı üzerinde hareketsiz hale getirildi. Cam silindirle sınırlı olan MSC'ler, silindir çıkarıldığında koklear epitellere doğru göç etti. Baskın lokalizasyonları, Corti organının modiolusunda, sinir liflerine benzer bir yönde hizalanmış olarak gözlendi. Bununla birlikte, bazı MSC'ler limbus bölgesinde lokalize edildi ve yatay olarak uzatılmış bir şekil gösterdi. Ayrıca saç hücresi bölgesine göç arttırıldı ve kanamycin tedavisinden sonra MSC'lerin morfolojisi çeşitli formlara dönüştü. Sonuç olarak, bu çalışmanın sonuçları, KOKLEAR epitel ile MSC'lerin kokültürünün hücre nakli yoluyla terapötiklerin gelişimi ve çeşitli durumları ve faktörleri inceleyebilen hücre yenilenmesi çalışmaları için yararlı olacağını göstermektedir.

MSC'lerin üç boyutlu modda in vitro geçişi, iki boyutlu (2D) mod11'degeçişi gözlemlemek için bir Transwell sistemi veya geleneksel yara iyileştirme yöntemi ile değerlendirilmiştir. Corti'nin organı Boettcher hücreleri, Claudius hücreleri, Deiters hücreleri, sütun hücreleri, Hensen hücreleri, dış saç hücreleri, iç saç hücreleri, sinir lifleri, basilar membran ve retiküler lamina12gibi çeşitli hücrelerden oluşan ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about In vitro Time-lapse Live-Cell Imaging to Explore Cell Migration toward the Organ of Corti at JoVE.com

In vitro Time-lapse Live-Cell Imaging to Explore Cell Migration toward the Organ of Corti

Bu çalışmada, Corti organını içeren koklear epitel ile eks vivo inkübasyon ile hasarlı dokuya doğru hareket eden hücreleri gözlemlemek için konfokal mikroskopi kullanarak gerçek zamanlı bir görüntüleme yöntemi sunuyoruz.

Corti Organına Doğru Hücre Göçünü Keşfetmek için Tüp Bebek Zaman Atlamalı Canlı Hücre Görüntüleme

To study the effects of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) on cell regeneration and treatment, this method tracks MSC migration and morphological changes after ...

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Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

3.7K Görüntüleme.  Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine. Bu çalışmada, Corti organını içeren koklear epitel ile eks vivo inkübasyon ile hasarlı dokuya doğru hareket eden hücreleri gözlemlemek için konfokal mikroskopi kullanarak gerçek zamanlı bir görüntüleme yöntemi sunuyoruz.

Video: In vitro Time-lapse Live-Cell Imaging to Explore Cell Migration toward the Organ of Corti

Evaluation of Cancer Stem Cell Migration Using Compartmentalizing Microfluidic Devices and Live Cell Imaging

In the last 40 years, the United States invested over 200 billion dollars on cancer research, resulting in only a 5% decrease in death rate. A major obstacle for improving patient outcomes is the poor understanding of mechanisms underlying cellular migration associated with aggressive cancer cell invasion, metastasis and therapeutic resistance1. Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM), the most prevalent primary malignant adult brain tumor2, exemplifies this difficulty. Despite standard surgery, radiation and chemotherapies, patient median survival is only fifteen months, due to aggressive GBM infiltration into adjacent brain and rapid cancer recurrence2. The interactions of aberrant cell migratory mechanisms and the tumor microenvironment likely differentiate cancer from normal cells3. Therefore, improving therapeutic approaches for GBM require a better understanding of cancer cell migration mechanisms. Recent work suggests that a small subpopulation of cells within GBM, the brain tumor stem cell (BTSC), may be responsible for therapeutic resistance and recurrence. Mechanisms underlying BTSC migratory capacity are only starting to be characterized1,4.
Due to a limitation in visual inspection and geometrical manipulation, conventional migration assays5 are restricted to quantifying overall cell populations. In contrast, microfluidic devices permit single cell analysis because of compatibility with modern microscopy and control over micro-environment6-9.
We present a method for detailed characterization of BTSC migration using compartmentalizing microfluidic devices. These PDMS-made devices cast the tissue culture environment into three connected compartments: seeding chamber, receiving chamber and bridging microchannels. We tailored the device such that both chambers hold sufficient media to support viable BTSC for 4-5 days without media exchange. Highly mobile BTSCs initially introduced into the seeding chamber are isolated after migration though bridging microchannels to the parallel receiving chamber. This migration simulates cancer cellular spread through the interstitial spaces of the brain. The phase live images of cell morphology during migration are recorded over several days. Highly migratory BTSC can therefore be isolated, recultured, and analyzed further. 
Compartmentalizing microfluidics can be a versatile platform to study the migratory behavior of BTSCs and other cancer stem cells. By combining gradient generators, fluid handling, micro-electrodes and other microfluidic modules, these devices can also be used for drug screening and disease diagnosis6. Isolation of an aggressive subpopulation of migratory cells will enable studies of underlying molecular mechanisms.

A compartmentalizing microfluidic device for investigating cancer stem cell migration is described. This novel platform creates a viable cellular microenvironment and enables microscopic visualization of live cell locomotion. Highly motile cancer cells are isolated to study molecular mechanisms of aggressive infiltration, potentially leading to more effective future therapies.

Bölümlere Mikroakışkan Cihazlar ve Canlı Hücre Görüntüleme kullanma Kanser Kök Hücre Göç Değerlendirilmesi

In the last 40 years, the United States invested over 200 billion dollars on cancer research, resulting in only a 5% decrease in death rate. A major ...

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MAME Models for 4D Live-cell Imaging of Tumor: Microenvironment Interactions that Impact Malignant Progression

We have developed 3D coculture models, which we term MAME (mammary architecture and microenvironment engineering), and used them for live-cell imaging in real-time of cell:cell interactions. Our overall goal was to develop models that recapitulate the architecture of preinvasive breast lesions to study their progression to an invasive phenotype. Specifically, we developed models to analyze interactions among pre-malignant breast epithelial cell variants and other cell types of the tumor microenvironment that have been implicated in enhancing or reducing the progression of preinvasive breast epithelial cells to invasive ductal carcinomas. Other cell types studied to date are myoepithelial cells, fibroblasts, macrophages and blood and lymphatic microvascular endothelial cells. In addition to the MAME models, which are designed to recapitulate the cellular interactions within the breast during cancer progression, we have developed comparable models for the progression of prostate cancers. 
Here we illustrate the procedures for establishing the 3D cocultures along with the use of live-cell imaging and a functional proteolysis assay to follow the transition of cocultures of breast ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) cells and fibroblasts to an invasive phenotype over time, in this case over twenty-three days in culture. The MAME cocultures consist of multiple layers. Fibroblasts are embedded in the bottom layer of type I collagen. On that is placed a layer of reconstituted basement membrane (rBM) on which DCIS cells are seeded. A final top layer of 2% rBM is included and replenished with every change of media. To image proteolysis associated with the progression to an invasive phenotype, we use dye-quenched (DQ) fluorescent matrix proteins (DQ-collagen I mixed with the layer of collagen I and DQ-collagen IV mixed with the middle layer of rBM) and observe live cultures using confocal microscopy. Optical sections are captured, processed and reconstructed in 3D with Volocity visualization software. Over the course of 23 days in MAME cocultures, the DCIS cells proliferate and coalesce into large invasive structures. Fibroblasts migrate and become incorporated into these invasive structures. Fluorescent proteolytic fragments of the collagens are found in association with the surface of DCIS structures, intracellularly, and also dispersed throughout the surrounding matrix. Drugs that target proteolytic, chemokine/cytokine and kinase pathways or modifications in the cellular composition of the cocultures can reduce the invasiveness, suggesting that MAME models can be used as preclinical screens for novel therapeutic approaches.

We have developed 3D coculture models for live-cell imaging in real-time of interactions among breast tumor cells and other cells in their microenvironment that impact progression to an invasive phenotype. These models can serve as preclinical screens for drugs to target paracrine-induced proteolytic, chemokine/cytokine and kinase pathways implicated in invasiveness.

Tümör 4D Canlı hücre Görüntüleme için MAME Modeller: Mikroçevre etkileşimler olduğunu Etki Malign İlerlemesi

We have developed 3D coculture models, which we term MAME (mammary architecture and microenvironment engineering), and used them for live-cell imaging in ...

The Use of Pharmacological-challenge fMRI in Pre-clinical Research: Application to the 5-HT System

Pharmacological MRI (phMRI) is a new and promising method to study the effects of substances on brain function that can ultimately be used to unravel underlying neurobiological mechanisms behind drug action and neurotransmitter-related disorders, such as depression and ADHD. Like most of the imaging methods (PET, SPECT, CT) it represents a progress in the investigation of brain disorders and the related function of neurotransmitter pathways in a non-invasive way with respect of the overall neuronal connectivity. Moreover it also provides the ideal tool for translation to clinical investigations. MRI, while still behind in molecular imaging strategies compared to PET and SPECT, has the great advantage to have a high spatial resolution and no need for the injection of a contrast-agent or radio-labeled molecules, thereby avoiding the repetitive exposure to ionizing radiations. Functional MRI (fMRI) is extensively used in research and clinical setting, where it is generally combined with a psycho-motor task. phMRI is an adaptation of fMRI enabling the investigation of a specific neurotransmitter system, such as serotonin (5-HT), under physiological or pathological conditions following activation via administration of a specific challenging drug.
The aim of the method described here is to assess brain 5-HT function in free-breathing animals. By challenging the 5-HT system while simultaneously acquiring functional MR images over time, the response of the brain to this challenge can be visualized. Several studies in animals have already demonstrated that drug-induced increases in extracellular levels of e.g. 5-HT (releasing agents, selective re-uptake blockers, etc) evoke region-specific changes in blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) MRI signals (signal due to a change of the oxygenated/deoxygenated hemoglobin levels occurring during brain activation through an increase of the blood supply to supply the oxygen and glucose to the demanding neurons) providing an index of neurotransmitter function. It has also been shown that these effects can be reversed by treatments that decrease 5-HT availability16,13,18,7. In adult rats, BOLD signal changes following acute SSRI administration have been described in several 5-HT related brain regions, i.e. cortical areas, hippocampus, hypothalamus and thalamus9,16,15. Stimulation of the 5-HT system and its response to this challenge can be thus used as a measure of its function in both animals and humans2,11.

The goal of this technique is to assess serotonin (5-HT) neurotransmitter function in the live and free-breathing animal with pharmacological magnetic resonance imaging (phMRI) and an intravenous challenge with a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), fluoxetine.

Pre-klinik araştırma Farmakolojik-meydan fMRI Kullanımı: 5-HT Sistemi Uygulaması

Pharmacological MRI (phMRI) is a new and promising method to study the effects of substances on brain function that can ultimately be used to unravel ...

Time-lapse Imaging of Primary Preneoplastic Mammary Epithelial Cells Derived from Genetically Engineered Mouse Models of Breast Cancer

Time-lapse imaging can be used to compare behavior of cultured primary preneoplastic mammary epithelial cells derived from different genetically engineered mouse models of breast cancer. For example, time between cell divisions (cell lifetimes), apoptotic cell numbers, evolution of morphological changes, and mechanism of colony formation can be quantified and compared in cells carrying specific genetic lesions. Primary mammary epithelial cell cultures are generated from mammary glands without palpable tumor. Glands are carefully resected with clear separation from adjacent muscle, lymph nodes are removed, and single-cell suspensions of enriched mammary epithelial cells are generated by mincing mammary tissue followed by enzymatic dissociation and filtration. Single-cell suspensions are plated and placed directly under a microscope within an incubator chamber for live-cell imaging. Sixteen 650 &mu;m x 700 &mu;m fields in a 4x4 configuration from each well of a 6-well plate are imaged every 15 min for 5 days. Time-lapse images are examined directly to measure cellular behaviors that can include mechanism and frequency of cell colony formation within the first 24 hr of plating the cells (aggregation versus cell proliferation), incidence of apoptosis, and phasing of morphological changes. Single-cell tracking is used to generate cell fate maps for measurement of individual cell lifetimes and investigation of cell division patterns. Quantitative data are statistically analyzed to assess for significant differences in behavior correlated with specific genetic lesions.

Time-lapse imaging is used to assess behavior of primary preneoplastic mammary epithelial cells derived from genetically engineered mouse models of breast cancer risk to determine if there are correlations between specific behavioral parameters and distinct genetic lesions.

Birincil Preneoplastic Meme Epitel Hücrelerinin Time-lapse görüntüleme Meme Kanseri Genetik Fare Modelleri türetilen

Time-lapse  imaging can be used to compare behavior of cultured primary preneoplastic  mammary epithelial cells derived from different genetically ...

The Use of Reverse Phase Protein Arrays (RPPA) to Explore Protein Expression Variation within Individual Renal Cell Cancers

Currently there is no curative treatment for metastatic clear cell renal cell cancer, the commonest variant of the disease. A key factor in this treatment resistance is thought to be the molecular complexity of the disease 1. Targeted therapy such as the tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI)-sunitinib have been utilized, but only 40% of patients will respond, with the overwhelming majority of these patients relapsing within 1 year 2. As such the question of intrinsic and acquired resistance in renal cell cancer patients is highly relevant 3.
In order to study resistance to TKIs, with the ultimate goal of developing effective, personalized treatments, sequential tissue after a specific period of targeted therapy is required, an approach which had proved successful in chronic myeloid leukaemia 4. However the application of such a strategy in renal cell carcinoma is complicated by the high level of both inter- and intratumoral heterogeneity, which is a feature of renal cell carcinoma5,6 as well as other solid tumors 7. Intertumoral heterogeneity due to transcriptomic and genetic differences is well established even in patients with similar presentation, stage and grade of tumor. In addition it is clear that there is great morphological (intratumoral) heterogeneity in RCC, which is likely to represent even greater molecular heterogeneity. Detailed mapping and categorization of RCC tumors by combined morphological analysis and Fuhrman grading allows the selection of representative areas for proteomic analysis.
Protein based analysis of RCC8 is attractive due to its widespread availability in pathology laboratories; however, its application can be problematic due to the limited availability of specific antibodies 9. Due to the dot blot nature of the Reverse Phase Protein Arrays (RPPA), antibody specificity must be pre-validated; as such strict quality control of antibodies used is of paramount importance. Despite this limitation the dot blot format does allow assay miniaturization, allowing for the printing of hundreds of samples onto a single nitrocellulose slide. Printed slides can then be analyzed in a similar fashion to Western analysis with the use of target specific primary antibodies and fluorescently labelled secondary antibodies, allowing for multiplexing. Differential protein expression across all the samples on a slide can then be analyzed simultaneously by comparing the relative level of fluorescence in a more cost-effective and high-throughput manner.

The Use of Reverse Phase Protein Arrays RPPA to Explore Protein Expression Variation within Individual Renal Cell Cancers

RPPA enables the protein expression of hundreds of samples, printed on nitrocellulose slides to be interrogated simultaneously, using fluorescently labelled antibodies. This technique has been applied to study the effect of drug treatment heterogeneity within clear cell renal carcinoma.

Bireysel Renal Hücreli Kanserlerde içinde Protein Ekspresyonu Varyasyon kaynakları için Ters Faz Protein Diziler (RPPA) ve Kullanımı

Currently there is no curative treatment for metastatic clear cell renal cell cancer, the commonest variant of the disease. A key factor in this treatment ...

Confocal Time Lapse Imaging as an Efficient Method for the Cytocompatibility Evaluation of Dental Composites

It is generally accepted that in vitro cell material interaction is a useful criterion in the evaluation of dental material biocompatibility. The objective of this study was to use 3D CLSM time lapse confocal imaging to assess the in vitro biocompatibility of dental composites. This method provides an accurate and sensitive indication of viable cell rate in contact with dental composite extracts. The ELS extra low shrinkage, a dental composite used for direct restoration, has been taken as example. In vitro assessment was performed on cultured primary human gingival fibroblast cells using Live/Dead staining. Images were obtained with the FV10i confocal biological inverted system and analyzed with the FV10-ASW 3.1 Software. Image analysis showed a very slight cytotoxicity in the presence of the tested composite after 5 hours of time lapse. A slight decrease of cell viability was shown in contact with the tested composite extracts compared to control cells. The findings highlighted the use of 3D CLSM time lapse imaging as a sensitive method to qualitatively and quantitatively evaluate the biocompatibility behavior of dental composites.

The most studied aspect of the biocompatibility of dental composites is their cytotoxicity 3D CLSM time lapse imaging combined with fluorescent signal quantification allows sensitive evaluation of the cell fate over time. Utilizing this method could be an efficient tool to assess the cytocompatibility of dental composites.

Diş Kompozit Cytocompatibility Değerlendirme Verimli Yöntemi olarak Confocal Time Lapse Görüntüleme

It is generally accepted that in vitro cell material interaction is a useful criterion in the evaluation of dental material biocompatibility. The ...

Cardiac Catheterization in Mice to Measure the Pressure Volume Relationship: Investigating the Bowditch Effect

Animal models that mimic human cardiac disorders have been created to test potential therapeutic strategies. A key component to evaluating these strategies is to examine their effects on heart function. There are several techniques to measure in vivo cardiac mechanics (e.g., echocardiography, pressure/volume relations, etc.). Compared to echocardiography, real-time left ventricular (LV) pressure/volume analysis via catheterization is more precise and insightful in assessing LV function. Additionally, LV pressure/volume analysis provides the ability to instantaneously record changes during manipulations of contractility (e.g., &#946;-adrenergic stimulation) and pathological insults (e.g., ischemia/reperfusion injury). In addition to the maximum (+dP/dt) and minimum (-dP/dt) rate of pressure change in the LV, an accurate assessment of LV function via several load-independent indexes (e.g., end systolic pressure volume relationship and preload recruitable stroke work) can be attained. Heart rate has a significant effect on LV contractility such that an increase in the heart rate is the primary mechanism to increase cardiac output (i.e., Bowditch effect). Thus, when comparing hemodynamics between experimental groups, it is necessary to have similar heart rates. Furthermore, a hallmark of many cardiomyopathy models is a decrease in contractile reserve (i.e., decreased Bowditch effect). Consequently, vital information can be obtained by determining the effects of increasing heart rate on contractility. Our and others data has demonstrated that the neuronal nitric oxide synthase (NOS1) knockout mouse has decreased contractility. Here we describe the procedure of measuring LV pressure/volume with increasing heart rates using the NOS1 knockout mouse model.

This article describes the measurement of murine left ventricular function via pressure/volume analysis at different heart rates.

Bowditch Efekt incelenmesi: Basınç Hacim İlişkisi Tedbir Fare Kardiyak Kateterizasyon

Animal models that mimic human cardiac disorders have been created to test potential therapeutic strategies. A key component to evaluating these ...

Leprdb Mouse Model of Type 2 Diabetes: Pancreatic Islet Isolation and Live-cell 2-Photon Imaging Of Intact Islets

Type 2 diabetes is a chronic disease affecting 382 million people in 2013, and is expected to rise to 592 million by 2035 1. During the past 2 decades, the role of beta-cell dysfunction in type 2 diabetes has been clearly established 2. Research progress has required methods for the isolation of pancreatic islets. The protocol of the islet isolation presented here shares many common steps with protocols from other groups, with some modifications to improve the yield and quality of isolated islets from both the wild type and diabetic Leprdb (db/db) mice. A live-cell 2-photon imaging method is then presented that can be used to investigate the control of insulin secretion within islets.

Leprdb Mouse Model of Type 2 Diabetes: Pancreatic Islet Isolation and Live-cell 2-Photon Imaging Of Intact Islets

We present here a protocol for the isolation of islets from the mouse model of type 2 diabetes, Leprdb and details of a live-cell assay for measurement of insulin secretion from intact islets that utilizes 2 photon microscopy.

Lepr<sup&gt; Db</sup&gt; Tip 2 Diyabet Fare Modeli: Bozulmamış Islets Of Pankreas Adacık İzolasyonu ve Canlı hücre 2-Foton Görüntüleme

Type 2 diabetes is a chronic disease affecting 382 million people in 2013, and is expected to rise to 592 million by 2035 1. During the past 2 decades, ...

Through the Looking Glass: Time-lapse Microscopy and Longitudinal Tracking of Single Cells to Study Anti-cancer Therapeutics

The response of single cells to anti-cancer drugs contributes significantly in determining the population response, and therefore is a major contributing factor in the overall outcome. Immunoblotting, flow cytometry and fixed cell experiments are often used to study how cells respond to anti-cancer drugs. These methods are important, but they have several shortcomings. Variability in drug responses between cancer and normal cells, and between cells of different cancer origin, and transient and rare responses are difficult to understand using population averaging assays and without being able to directly track and analyze them longitudinally. The microscope is particularly well suited to image live cells. Advancements in technology enable us to routinely image cells at a resolution that enables not only cell tracking, but also the observation of a variety of cellular responses. We describe an approach in detail that allows for the continuous time-lapse imaging of cells during the drug response for essentially as long as desired, typically up to 96 hr. Using variations of the approach, cells can be monitored for weeks. With the employment of genetically encoded fluorescent biosensors numerous processes, pathways and responses can be followed. We show examples that include tracking and quantification of cell growth and cell cycle progression, chromosome dynamics, DNA damage, and cell death. We also discuss variations of the technique and its flexibility, and highlight some common pitfalls.

Here, we describe a method of long-term time-lapse microscopy to longitudinally track single cells in response to anti-cancer therapeutics.

Looking Glass sayesinde: Time-lapse Mikroskopi ve Tek Hücre Boyuna izleme Anti-kanser Therapeutics Eğitim için

The response of single cells to anti-cancer drugs contributes significantly in determining the population response, and therefore is a major contributing ...

Extended Time-lapse Intravital Imaging of Real-time Multicellular Dynamics in the Tumor Microenvironment

In the tumor microenvironment, host stromal cells interact with tumor cells to promote tumor progression, angiogenesis, tumor cell dissemination and metastasis. Multicellular interactions in the tumor microenvironment can lead to transient events including directional tumor cell motility and vascular permeability. Quantification of tumor vascular permeability has frequently used end-point experiments to measure extravasation of vascular dyes. However, due to the transient nature of multicellular interactions and vascular permeability, the kinetics of these dynamic events cannot be discerned. By labeling cells and vasculature with injectable dyes or fluorescent proteins, high-resolution time-lapse intravital microscopy has allowed the direct, real-time visualization of transient events in the tumor microenvironment. Here we describe a method for using multiphoton microscopy to perform extended intravital imaging in live mice to directly visualize multicellular dynamics in the tumor microenvironment. This method details cellular labeling strategies, the surgical preparation of a mammary skin flap, the administration of injectable dyes or proteins by tail vein catheter and the acquisition of time-lapse images. The time-lapse sequences obtained from this method facilitate the visualization and quantitation of the kinetics of cellular events of motility and vascular permeability in the tumor microenvironment.

This protocol describes the use of multiphoton microscopy to perform extended time-lapse imaging of multicellular interactions in real time, in vivo at single cell resolution.

Tümör mikroçevresinde Gerçek zamanlı Multisellüler Dynamics Genişletilmiş Time-lapse intravital Görüntüleme

In the tumor microenvironment, host stromal cells interact with tumor cells to promote tumor progression, angiogenesis, tumor cell dissemination and ...